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187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13773" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13773"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/andromeda-constellation/">Andromeda Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13774" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13774"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/antlia-constellation/">Antlia Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13775" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13775"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/apus-constellation/">Apus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13776" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13776"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aquarius-constellation/">Aquarius Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13777" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13777"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aquila-constellation/">Aquila Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13778" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13778"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ara-constellation/">Ara Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13779" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13779"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aries-constellation/">Aries Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13780" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13780"><a 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class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13789"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/carina-constellation/">Carina Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13790" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13790"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cassiopeia-constellation/">Cassiopeia Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13791" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13791"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/centaurus-constellation/">Centaurus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13792" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13792"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cepheus-constellation/">Cepheus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13793" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13793"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cetus-constellation/">Cetus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13794" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13794"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/chamaeleon-constellation/">Chamaeleon Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13795" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13795"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/circinus-constellation/">Circinus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13796" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13796"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/columba-constellation/">Columba Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13797" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13797"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/coma-berenices-constellation/">Coma Berenices Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13798" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13798"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-australis-constellation/">Corona Australis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13799" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13799"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-borealis-constellation/">Corona Borealis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13800" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13800"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corvus-constellation/">Corvus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13801" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13801"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crater-constellation/">Crater Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13802" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13802"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crux-constellation/">Crux Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13803" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13803"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/">Cygnus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13804" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13804"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/delphinus-constellation/">Delphinus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13805" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13805"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/dorado-constellation/">Dorado Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13806" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13806"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/draco-constellation/">Draco Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13807" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13807"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/equuleus-constellation/">Equuleus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13808" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13808"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/eridanus-constellation/">Eridanus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13809" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13809"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/fornax-constellation/">Fornax Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13810" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13810"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/gemini-constellation/">Gemini Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13811" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13811"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/grus-constellation/">Grus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13812" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13812"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hercules-constellation/">Hercules Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13813" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13813"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/horologium-constellation/">Horologium Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13814" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13814"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydra-constellation/">Hydra Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13815" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13815"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydrus-constellation/">Hydrus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13816" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13816"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/indus-constellation/">Indus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13826" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13826"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lacerta-constellation/">Lacerta Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13827" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13827"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-constellation/">Leo Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13828" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13828"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-minor-constellation/">Leo Minor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13829" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13829"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lepus-constellation/">Lepus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13830" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13830"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/libra-constellation/">Libra Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13831" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13831"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lupus-constellation/">Lupus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13832" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13832"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lynx-constellation/">Lynx Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13833" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13833"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13834" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13834"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/mensa-constellation/">Mensa Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13835" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13835"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/microscopium-constellation/">Microscopium Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13836" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13836"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/monoceros-constellation/">Monoceros Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13837" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13837"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/musca-constellation/">Musca Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13838" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13838"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/norma-constellation/">Norma Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13839" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13839"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/octans-constellation/">Octans Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13840" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13840"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ophiuchus-constellation/">Ophiuchus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13841" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13841"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/orion-constellation/">Orion Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13842" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13842"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pavo-constellation/">Pavo Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13843" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13843"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pegasus-constellation/">Pegasus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13844" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13844"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/perseus-constellation/">Perseus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13845" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13845"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/phoenix-constellation/">Phoenix Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13846" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13846"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pictor-constellation/">Pictor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13847" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13847"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pisces-constellation/">Pisces Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13848" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13848"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/piscis-austrinus-constellation/">Piscis Austrinus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13849" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13849"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/puppis-constellation/">Puppis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13850" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13850"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pyxis-constellation/">Pyxis Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13851" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13851"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/reticulum-constellation/">Reticulum Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13852" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13852"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagitta-constellation/">Sagitta Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13853" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13853"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagittarius-constellation/">Sagittarius Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13854" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13854"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scorpius-constellation/">Scorpius Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13855" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13855"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sculptor-constellation/">Sculptor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13856" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13856"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scutum-constellation/">Scutum Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13857" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13857"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/serpens-constellation/">Serpens Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13858" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13858"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sextans-constellation/">Sextans Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13859" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13859"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/taurus-constellation/">Taurus Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13860" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13860"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/telescopium-constellation/">Telescopium Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13861" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13861"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-australe-constellation/">Triangulum Australe Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13862" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13862"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-constellation/">Triangulum Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13863" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13863"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/tucana-constellation/">Tucana Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13864" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13864"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13865" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13865"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-minor-constellation/">Ursa Minor Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13866" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13866"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vela-constellation/">Vela Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13867" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13867"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/virgo-constellation/">Virgo Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13868" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13868"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/volans-constellation/">Volans Constellation</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13869" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-3045 current_page_item menu-item-13869"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vulpecula-constellation/" aria-current="page">Vulpecula Constellation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li id="menu-item-13817" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13817"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellation Map</span><div role="none" tabindex="-1" class="caret-wrap 94" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-13870" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13870"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/northern-constellations/">Northern Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13872" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13872"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/southern-constellations/">Southern Constellations</a></li> <li id="menu-item-13873" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type 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24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-17278" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17278"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/big-dipper/">Big Dipper</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17283" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17283"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17285" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17285"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-belt/">Orion’s Belt</a></li> <li id="menu-item-18219" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18219"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-sword/">Orion’s Sword</a></li> <li id="menu-item-17293" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type 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href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/andromeda-constellation/">Andromeda Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13774"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/antlia-constellation/">Antlia Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13775"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/apus-constellation/">Apus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13776"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aquarius-constellation/">Aquarius Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13777"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aquila-constellation/">Aquila Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13778"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ara-constellation/">Ara Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13779"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aries-constellation/">Aries Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13780"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/auriga-constellation/">Auriga Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13781"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/bootes-constellation/">Boötes Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13782"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/caelum-constellation/">Caelum Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13783"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/camelopardalis-constellation/">Camelopardalis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13784"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cancer-constellation/">Cancer Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13785"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/canes-venatici-constellation/">Canes Venatici Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13786"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/canis-major-constellation/">Canis Major Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13787"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/canis-minor-constellation/">Canis Minor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13788"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/capricornus-constellation/">Capricornus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13789"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/carina-constellation/">Carina Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13790"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cassiopeia-constellation/">Cassiopeia Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13791"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/centaurus-constellation/">Centaurus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13792"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cepheus-constellation/">Cepheus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13793"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cetus-constellation/">Cetus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13794"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/chamaeleon-constellation/">Chamaeleon Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13795"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/circinus-constellation/">Circinus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13796"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/columba-constellation/">Columba Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13797"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/coma-berenices-constellation/">Coma Berenices Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13798"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-australis-constellation/">Corona Australis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13799"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-borealis-constellation/">Corona Borealis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13800"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corvus-constellation/">Corvus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13801"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crater-constellation/">Crater Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13802"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crux-constellation/">Crux Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13803"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/">Cygnus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13804"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/delphinus-constellation/">Delphinus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13805"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/dorado-constellation/">Dorado Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13806"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/draco-constellation/">Draco Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13807"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/equuleus-constellation/">Equuleus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13808"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/eridanus-constellation/">Eridanus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13809"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/fornax-constellation/">Fornax Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13810"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/gemini-constellation/">Gemini Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13811"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/grus-constellation/">Grus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13812"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hercules-constellation/">Hercules Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13813"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/horologium-constellation/">Horologium Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13814"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydra-constellation/">Hydra Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13815"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydrus-constellation/">Hydrus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13816"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/indus-constellation/">Indus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13826"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lacerta-constellation/">Lacerta Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13827"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-constellation/">Leo Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13828"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/leo-minor-constellation/">Leo Minor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13829"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lepus-constellation/">Lepus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13830"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/libra-constellation/">Libra Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13831"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lupus-constellation/">Lupus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13832"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lynx-constellation/">Lynx Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13833"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13834"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/mensa-constellation/">Mensa Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13835"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/microscopium-constellation/">Microscopium Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13836"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/monoceros-constellation/">Monoceros Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13837"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/musca-constellation/">Musca Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13838"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/norma-constellation/">Norma Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13839"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/octans-constellation/">Octans Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13840"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ophiuchus-constellation/">Ophiuchus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13841"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/orion-constellation/">Orion Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13842"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pavo-constellation/">Pavo Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13843"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pegasus-constellation/">Pegasus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13844"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/perseus-constellation/">Perseus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13845"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/phoenix-constellation/">Phoenix Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13846"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pictor-constellation/">Pictor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13847"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pisces-constellation/">Pisces Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13848"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/piscis-austrinus-constellation/">Piscis Austrinus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13849"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/puppis-constellation/">Puppis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13850"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pyxis-constellation/">Pyxis Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13851"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/reticulum-constellation/">Reticulum Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13852"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagitta-constellation/">Sagitta Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13853"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagittarius-constellation/">Sagittarius Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13854"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scorpius-constellation/">Scorpius Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13855"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sculptor-constellation/">Sculptor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13856"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scutum-constellation/">Scutum Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13857"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/serpens-constellation/">Serpens Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13858"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sextans-constellation/">Sextans Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13859"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/taurus-constellation/">Taurus Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13860"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/telescopium-constellation/">Telescopium Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13861"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-australe-constellation/">Triangulum Australe Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13862"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-constellation/">Triangulum Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13863"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/tucana-constellation/">Tucana Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13864"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-major-constellation/">Ursa Major Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13865"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ursa-minor-constellation/">Ursa Minor Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13866"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vela-constellation/">Vela Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13867"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/virgo-constellation/">Virgo Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13868"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/volans-constellation/">Volans Constellation</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page current-menu-item page_item page-item-3045 current_page_item menu-item-13869"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/vulpecula-constellation/" aria-current="page">Vulpecula Constellation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13817"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellation Map</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 94" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13870"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/northern-constellations/">Northern Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13872"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/southern-constellations/">Southern Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13873"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/circumpolar-constellations/">Circumpolar Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-16671"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/equatorial-constellations/">Equatorial Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13874"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/zodiac-constellations/">Zodiac Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13875"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/largest-constellations/">Largest Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13876"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-map/smallest-constellations/">Smallest Constellations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13818"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellation Names</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 102" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13967"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/greek-constellations/">Greek Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13819"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-names/constellation-families/">Constellation Families</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-17273"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/asterisms/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Asterisms</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 105" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17278"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/big-dipper/">Big Dipper</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17283"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/little-dipper/">Little Dipper</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17285"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-belt/">Orion’s Belt</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18219"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/orions-sword/">Orion’s Sword</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17293"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-southern-cross/">Southern Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17276"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/summer-triangle/">Summer Triangle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17284"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/northern-cross/">Northern Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17491"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/cassiopeias-w/">Cassiopeia’s W</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17287"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/spring-triangle/">Spring Triangle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17280"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-diamond/">Great Diamond</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17295"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-hexagon/">Winter Hexagon</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17296"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/winter-triangle/">Winter Triangle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17289"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/teapot/">Teapot</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17277"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-kite/">The Kite</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17281"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-square-of-pegasus/">Great Square of Pegasus</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17275"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/water-jar/">Water Jar</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17279"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/false-cross/">False Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17834"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/diamond-cross/">Diamond Cross</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18941"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-fish-hook/">The Fish Hook</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17292"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-sickle/">The Sickle</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17274"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/pointer-stars/">Pointer Stars</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18704"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/aurigas-hexagon/">Auriga’s Hexagon</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18942"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/spicas-spanker/">Spica’s Spanker</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-20157"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-coathanger-brocchis-cluster/">The Coathanger (Brocchi’s Cluster)</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17282"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/kembles-cascade/">Kemble’s Cascade</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-17290"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-keystone/">The Keystone</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-18705"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/three-leaps-of-the-gazelle/">Three Leaps of the Gazelle</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13822"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/messier-objects/">Messier Objects</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13820"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Constellations by Month</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 134" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13821"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/january-constellations/">January Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13871"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/february-constellations/">February Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13880"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/march-constellations/">March Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13881"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/april-constellations/">April Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13882"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/may-constellations/">May Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13883"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/june-constellations/">June Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13884"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/july-constellations/">July Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13885"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/august-constellations/">August Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13886"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/september-constellations/">September Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13887"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/october-constellations/">October Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13888"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/november-constellations/">November Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13889"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations-by-month/december-constellations/">December Constellations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13823"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/seasonal-constellations/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Seasonal Constellations</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 147" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13824"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/seasonal-constellations/spring-constellations/">Spring Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13877"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/seasonal-constellations/summer-constellations/">Summer Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13878"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/seasonal-constellations/autumn-constellations/">Autumn Constellations</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-13879"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/seasonal-constellations/winter-constellations/">Winter Constellations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-13825"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/what-is-a-constellation/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">What Is a Constellation?</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 152" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-14588"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/what-is-a-constellation/how-many-constellations-are-there/">How Many Constellations Are There?</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-17710"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/caldwell-catalogue/">Caldwell Catalogue</a></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-20558"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/telescopes-and-night-sky-guides/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Telescopes and Night Sky Guides</span><div role="none" tabindex="0" class="caret-wrap 155" style="margin-left:5px;"><span class="caret"><svg aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></a> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-20564"><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/telescopes-and-night-sky-guides/best-telescopes-for-beginners/">Best Telescopes for Beginners</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="header-menu-sidebar-overlay hfg-ov hfg-pe"></div> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="neve-main"> <div class="container single-page-container"> <div class="row"> <div class="nv-single-page-wrap col"> <div class="nv-page-title-wrap nv-big-title" > <div class="nv-page-title"> <h1>Vulpecula Constellation</h1> </div> </div> <div class="nv-content-wrap entry-content"><p>Vulpecula constellation lies in the northern sky. Its name means “the little fox” in Latin. It is not associated with any myths.</p> <p>The constellation is a relatively faint one, with no stars brighter than fourth magnitude. It lies in the middle of the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/summer-triangle/">Summer Triangle</a>, an asterism formed by the bright stars <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/vega/">Vega</a> in the constellation <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra</a>, <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/altair/">Altair</a> in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aquila-constellation/">Aquila</a>, and <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/deneb/">Deneb</a> in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/">Cygnus</a>.</p> <p>Vulpecula was introduced by the Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius in the late 17th century. Hevelius originally named the constellation Vulpecula cum ansere, or Vulpecula et Anser, which means the little fox with the goose. The constellation was depicted as a fox holding a goose in its jaws. The stars were later separated to form two constellations, Anser and Vulpecula, and then merged back together into the present-day Vulpecula constellation. The goose was left out of the constellation’s name, but instead the brightest star, Alpha Vulpeculae, carries the name <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/anser/">Anser</a>.</p> <p>Notable deep sky objects in Vulpecula include the famous <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/dumbbell-nebula-messier-27/">Dumbbell Nebula</a> (<a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-27-dumbbell-nebula/">Messier 27</a>), which was the first planetary nebula to be discovered, the elliptical galaxy NGC 7052, and Brocchi’s Cluster. The constellation is also home to the first pulsar ever discovered, PSR B1919+21, first observed by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish in 1967.</p> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Facts, location and map</h2> <p>Vulpecula is the 55th constellation in size, occupying an area of 268 square degrees. It is located in the fourth quadrant of the northern hemisphere (NQ4) and can be seen at latitudes between +90° and -55°. The neighboring constellations are <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/">Cygnus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/delphinus-constellation/">Delphinus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hercules-constellation/">Hercules</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/pegasus-constellation/">Pegasus</a> and <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagitta-constellation/">Sagitta</a>.</p> <p>The constellation name Vulpecula is pronounced /vʌlˈpɛkjʊlə/. In English, the constellation is known as the Fox. The genitive form of Vulpecula, used in star names, is Vulpeculae (pronunciation: /vʌlˈpɛkjʊliː/). The three-letter abbreviation, adopted by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in 1922, is Vul.</p> <p>Vulpecula belongs to the Hercules family of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations/">constellations</a>, along with <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aquila-constellation/">Aquila</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ara-constellation/">Ara</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/centaurus-constellation/">Centaurus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corona-australis-constellation/">Corona Australis</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/corvus-constellation/">Corvus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crater-constellation/">Crater</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/crux-constellation/">Crux</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cygnus-constellation/">Cygnus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hercules-constellation/">Hercules</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/hydra-constellation/">Hydra</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lupus-constellation/">Lupus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">Lyra</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/ophiuchus-constellation/">Ophiuchus</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagitta-constellation/">Sagitta</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/scutum-constellation/">Scutum</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sextans-constellation/">Sextans</a>, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/serpens-constellation/">Serpens</a> and <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/triangulum-australe-constellation/">Triangulum Australe</a>.</p> <p>Vulpecula contains one Messier object – <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/dumbbell-nebula-messier-27/">Messier 27</a> (M27, NGC 6853, <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-27-dumbbell-nebula/">Dumbbell Nebula</a>) – and has four stars with known planets. The brightest star in the constellation is <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/anser/">Anser</a>, Alpha Vulpeculae, with an apparent magnitude of 4.44. There are no meteor showers associated with the constellation.</p> <p>Vulpecula contains one <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/star-names/">named star</a>. The star name approved by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) is Anser.</p> <div id="attachment_16602" style="width: 560px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16602" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-16602" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Vulpecula-constellation-map.webp" alt="Vulpecula constellation,fox constellation,vulpecula stars,vulpecula location" width="550" height="517" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Vulpecula-constellation-map.webp 551w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Vulpecula-constellation-map-300x282.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px" /> <noscript><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16602" class="wp-image-16602" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Vulpecula-constellation-map.webp" alt="Vulpecula constellation,fox constellation,vulpecula stars,vulpecula location" width="550" height="517" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Vulpecula-constellation-map.webp 551w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Vulpecula-constellation-map-300x282.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 550px) 100vw, 550px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-16602" class="wp-caption-text">Vulpecula constellation map by IAU and Sky&Telescope magazine</p></div> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Story</h2> <p>Vulpecula constellation has not been named after a figure in mythology. It was introduced by Johannes Hevelius in 1687. Hevelius placed it near two constellations that also represent hunting animals: the eagle (<a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aquila-constellation/">Aquila</a>) and the vulture (which the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/lyra-constellation/">constellation Lyra</a> used to be associated with).</p> <p>Hevelius said that Vulpecula et Anser, or the little fox with the goose, represented a fox carrying a goose to Cerberus, the dog that guarded the entrance to the Underworld in Greek mythology. Hevelius had invented the Cerberus constellation too, but it is now <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellations/former-constellations/">obsolete</a>.</p> <p>Vulpecula and Anser were later split into two constellations, the Fox and the Goose, only to be merged again under the name Vulpecula. The brightest star in the constellation, Alpha Vulpeculae, carries the name Anser and now represents the Goose.</p> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Vulpecula stars</h2> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Anser – α Vulpeculae (Alpha Vulpeculae)</h3> <p><a href="https://www.star-facts.com/anser/">Anser</a> is a red giant star with the stellar classification M0III. It has an apparent magnitude of 4.44 and is approximately 297 light years distant from the Sun. It is the brightest star in Vulpecula. It is sometimes also known as Lucida Anseris or Lukida.</p> <p>Alpha Vulpeculae forms a wide optical binary with the star 8 Vulpeculae, an orange giant of the spectral type K0III, about 484 light years distant from Earth. 8 Vulpeculae has an apparent magnitude of 5.81.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">23 Vulpeculae</h3> <p>23 Vulpeculae is the second brightest star in Vulpecula constellation. It has an apparent magnitude of 4.52 and is approximately 328 light years distant. It is a star in a binary system. It has the stellar classification K3III.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">31 Vulpeculae</h3> <p>31 Vulpeculae is the third brightest star in the constellation. It has a visual magnitude of 4.59 and is 216.57 light years distant from the Sun. It is a variable star. It has the stellar classification G8III.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">HD 189733 (V452 Vulpeculae)</h3> <p>HD 189733 is a binary star located 0.3 degrees east of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/dumbbell-nebula-messier-27/">Messier 27</a> (the Dumbbell Nebula). The primary component is believed to be an orange dwarf with the stellar classification K1.5V, and the other star is a red dwarf. The stars have an apparent magnitude of 6.07 and 10.116 and have an orbital period of about 3,200 years. The system can easily be found with binoculars.</p> <p>The primary star is smaller and much less luminous than the Sun. It has 82% the solar mass, 75% the radius, and only 26.4% the luminosity. It is believed to be over 600 million years old. HD 189733 is classified as a BY Draconis variable, which means that it exhibits variations in luminosity as a result of rotation of the star coupled with star spots. The starspots affect the star’s luminosity by 1.5 percent in visible light.</p> <p>In October 2005, an extrasolar planet, HD 189733 b, was confirmed to be orbiting the primary star. It is a hot Jupiter class planet with a close orbit to the orange dwarf. It was the first extrasolar planet to be discovered with carbon dioxide in its atmosphere.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">PSR B1919+21</h3> <p>PSR B1919+21 was the first pulsar ever discovered. The name PSR B1919+21 comes from the word “pulsar” and the declination and right ascension at which it is located. British astrophysicist Jocelyn Bell Burnell and her thesis supervisor Antony Hewish discovered the pulsar in 1967, and Hewish shared the Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery. Before they figured out what the nature of the signal was, Bell and Hewish had considered the possibility that they had picked up a signal from an extra-terrestrial civilization. Astrophysicist Thomas Gold and astronomer Fred Hoyle eventually identified these signals as rapidly rotating neutron stars that had very strong magnetic fields.</p> <p>The pulsar is 2,283.12 light years distant and has a period of 1.3373 seconds and a pulse width of 0.04 second. The original designation of the pulsar was CP 1919.</p> <p>English post-punk band Joy Division used an image of the pulsar’s radio pulses on the cover of their debut album <em>Unknown Pleasures</em>, released in June 1979.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">PSR B1937+21</h3> <p>PSR B1937+21 is the first millisecond pulsar ever discovered, located only a few degrees away from PSR B1919+21. It was discovered in 1982. The pulsar has a rotational period of 1.557708 miliseconds, which means that it completes nearly 642 rotations per second.</p> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Asterism</h2> <h3 style="text-align: center;">The Coathanger (Brocchi’s Cluster)</h3> <p>The <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/the-coathanger-brocchis-cluster/">Coathanger</a> is an <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/asterisms/">asterism</a> formed a group of stars located near the border with <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/sagitta-constellation/">Sagitta</a>. It appears as a patch of light to the unaided eye and can easily be seen in binoculars.</p> <p>The asterism is also known as Brocchi’s Cluster or Al Sufi’s Cluster. Even though it is called a cluster and was believed to be one for most of the 20th century, Brocchi’s Cluster is really a chance alignment of stars that are not physically related to one another. It was catalogued as Collinder 399 in Swedish astronomer Per Collinder’s catalogue of open cluster, published in 1931.</p> <div id="attachment_16603" style="width: 489px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16603" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-16603" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/The-Coathanger-Brocchis-Cluster.webp" alt="the coathanger,brocchi's cluster,al sufi's cluster" width="479" height="302" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/The-Coathanger-Brocchis-Cluster.webp 500w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/The-Coathanger-Brocchis-Cluster-300x189.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 100vw, 479px" /> <noscript><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16603" class="wp-image-16603" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/The-Coathanger-Brocchis-Cluster.webp" alt="the coathanger,brocchi's cluster,al sufi's cluster" width="479" height="302" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/The-Coathanger-Brocchis-Cluster.webp 500w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/The-Coathanger-Brocchis-Cluster-300x189.webp 300w" sizes="(max-width: 479px) 100vw, 479px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-16603" class="wp-caption-text">The Coathanger (Brocchi’s Cluster), image: Wikisky</p></div> <h2 style="text-align: center;">Deep sky objects in Vulpecula</h2> <h3 style="text-align: center;">Dumbbell Nebula – Messier 27 (M27, NGC 6853)</h3> <p>The <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/dumbbell-nebula-messier-27/">Dumbbell Nebula</a> is one of the best known planetary nebulae in the sky. It was formed when a star in its final stages threw off its gas, and named Dumbbell because it has a double-lobed structure resembling a bar-bell. It is also sometimes called the Apple Core Nebula.</p> <p><a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/dumbbell-nebula-messier-27/">Messier 27</a> was the first planetary nebula ever discovered. Charles Messier first observed it in 1764.</p> <p>The nebula has an apparent magnitude of 7.5 and is approximately 1,360 light years distant from the solar system. It is about 8 arc minutes in diameter and can easily be observed in binoculars and amateur telescopes. The central star, a white dwarf, is larger than any other known white dwarf.</p> <div id="attachment_16073" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16073" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-16073" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Dumbbell-Nebula-featured.webp" alt="m27 nebula,dumbbell nebula,planetary nebula in vulpecula" width="590" height="587" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Dumbbell-Nebula-featured.webp 600w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Dumbbell-Nebula-featured-150x150.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px" /> <noscript><img decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16073" class="wp-image-16073" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Dumbbell-Nebula-featured.webp" alt="m27 nebula,dumbbell nebula,planetary nebula in vulpecula" width="590" height="587" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Dumbbell-Nebula-featured.webp 600w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Dumbbell-Nebula-featured-150x150.webp 150w" sizes="(max-width: 590px) 100vw, 590px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-16073" class="wp-caption-text">The Dumbbell Nebula — also known as Messier 27 or NGC 6853 — is a typical planetary nebula and is located in the constellation Vulpecula (The Fox). The distance is rather uncertain, but is believed to be around 1200 light-years. It was first described by the French astronomer and comet hunter Charles Messier who found it in 1764 and included it as no. 27 in his famous list of extended sky objects. Despite its class, the Dumbbell Nebula has nothing to do with planets. It consists of very rarified gas that has been ejected from the hot central star now in one of its last evolutionary stages. Image: ESO</p></div> <h3 style="text-align: center;">NGC 7052</h3> <p>NGC 7052 is an elliptical galaxy in Vulpecula. It has an apparent magnitude of 13.4 and is approximately 191 million light years distant. It is a known radio source.</p> <p>The galaxy has a dust disk that is 3,700 light years in diameter and believed to have formed in a galaxy collision a long time ago. In the next several billion years, the disk will be swallowed by the galaxy’s black hole, which is 100 times more massive than the disk itself.</p> <div id="attachment_16604" style="width: 546px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16604" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-16604" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-7052.webp" alt="galaxy in vulpecula" width="536" height="428" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-7052.webp 536w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-7052-300x240.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 536px) 100vw, 536px" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16604" class="wp-image-16604" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-7052.webp" alt="galaxy in vulpecula" width="536" height="428" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-7052.webp 536w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-7052-300x240.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 536px) 100vw, 536px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-16604" class="wp-caption-text">NGC 7052, image: NASA</p></div> <h3 style="text-align: center;">NGC 6820 and NGC 6823</h3> <p>NGC 6820 is an emission nebula in Vulpecula. It surrounds the open cluster NGC 6823, located near Messier 27. The cluster is about 50 light years across and lies about 6,000 light years from Earth.</p> <p>The center of NGC 6823 is believed to be two million years old and contains many young blue stars. The outer parts of the cluster that appear next to the pillars of the nebula are home to even younger stars.</p> <div id="attachment_16605" style="width: 510px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16605" class="lazy lazy-hidden wp-image-16605" src="//www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/plugins/a3-lazy-load/assets/images/lazy_placeholder.gif" data-lazy-type="image" data-src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-6820-and-NGC-6823.webp" alt="NGC 6820,NGC 6823,emission nebula in vulpecula" width="500" height="387" srcset="" data-srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-6820-and-NGC-6823.webp 509w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-6820-and-NGC-6823-300x232.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /> <noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-16605" class="wp-image-16605" src="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-6820-and-NGC-6823.webp" alt="NGC 6820,NGC 6823,emission nebula in vulpecula" width="500" height="387" srcset="https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-6820-and-NGC-6823.webp 509w, https://www.constellation-guide.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/NGC-6820-and-NGC-6823-300x232.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /></noscript> <p id="caption-attachment-16605" class="wp-caption-text">Open cluster NGC 6823 surrounded by the emission nebula Sharpless 2-86 (Sh 2-86) in HaRGB. Small knot in SW part of that nebula is called NGC 6820. Image: Wikimedia Commons/Hewholooks (CC BY-SA 3.0)</p></div> <h3 style="text-align: center;">NGC 6885 (Caldwell 37)</h3> <p>NGC 6885 is an open star cluster. It has a visual magnitude of 5.7/8.1 and is approximately 1,950 light years distant from the Sun. The cluster lies near the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/dumbbell-nebula-messier-27/">Dumbbell Nebula</a> and can be seen without binoculars.</p> <p>The group is also known as Al Sufi’s Cluster, after the Persian astronomer Al Sufi who discovered it and described it in his <em>Book of Fixed Stars</em> in 964.</p> <p>The Italian astronomer Giovanni Batista Hodierna independently discovered the group in the 17th century. The name Brocchi’s Cluster comes from Dalmero Francis Brocchi, an Italian-American amateur astronomer and chart maker who created a map of the group for use in calibrating photometers. 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this._featureRollouts[e]}_isFeatureRolloutConfigType(e){return null!=e&&"object"==typeof e&&!!Object.keys(e).length}getSiteRolloutConfig(e){var t;return this.isRolloutEnabled(e)&&null!=(t=this._featureRollouts[e].data)?t:{}}get enabledFeatureRolloutIds(){return this._enabledFeatureRolloutIds}constructor(){this._featureRollouts={},this._checkedFeatureRollouts=new Map,this._enabledFeatureRolloutIds=[]}}class Q extends q{_setEnabledFeatureRolloutIds(){Object.entries(this._featureRollouts).forEach((([e,t])=>{this.isRolloutEnabled(e)&&void 0!==t.featureRolloutId&&this._enabledFeatureRolloutIds.push(t.featureRolloutId)}))}constructor(e){super(),this._featureRollouts=e,this._setEnabledFeatureRolloutIds()}}class K{get enabled(){return!!this._clsGlobalData&&!!this._clsGlobalData.siteAds&&((e,t=F)=>{if(!e)return!1;for(let i=0;i<t.length;i++)if(!e[t[i]])return!1;return!0})(this._clsGlobalData.siteAds)}get error(){return!(!this._clsGlobalData||!this._clsGlobalData.error)}set siteAds(e){this._clsGlobalData.siteAds=e}get siteAds(){return this._clsGlobalData.siteAds}set disableAds(e){this._clsGlobalData.disableAds=e}get disableAds(){return this._clsGlobalData.disableAds}set enabledLocations(e){this._clsGlobalData.enabledLocations=e}get enabledLocations(){return this._clsGlobalData.enabledLocations}get injectedFromPlugin(){return this._clsGlobalData.injectedFromPlugin}set injectedFromPlugin(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedFromPlugin=e}get injectedFromSiteAds(){return this._clsGlobalData.injectedFromSiteAds}set injectedFromSiteAds(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedFromSiteAds=e}overwriteInjectedSlots(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedSlots=e}setInjectedSlots(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedSlots=this._clsGlobalData.injectedSlots||[],this._clsGlobalData.injectedSlots.push(e)}get injectedSlots(){return this._clsGlobalData.injectedSlots}setInjectedVideoSlots(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedVideoSlots=this._clsGlobalData.injectedVideoSlots||[],this._clsGlobalData.injectedVideoSlots.push(e)}get injectedVideoSlots(){return this._clsGlobalData.injectedVideoSlots}setInjectedScripts(e){this._clsGlobalData.injectedScripts=this._clsGlobalData.injectedScripts||[],this._clsGlobalData.injectedScripts.push(e)}get getInjectedScripts(){return this._clsGlobalData.injectedScripts}setExperiment(e,t,i=!1){this._clsGlobalData.experiments=this._clsGlobalData.experiments||{},this._clsGlobalData.siteExperiments=this._clsGlobalData.siteExperiments||{};(i?this._clsGlobalData.siteExperiments:this._clsGlobalData.experiments)[e]=t}getExperiment(e,t=!1){const i=t?this._clsGlobalData.siteExperiments:this._clsGlobalData.experiments;return i&&i[e]}setWeightedChoiceExperiment(e,t,i=!1){this._clsGlobalData.experimentsWeightedChoice=this._clsGlobalData.experimentsWeightedChoice||{},this._clsGlobalData.siteExperimentsWeightedChoice=this._clsGlobalData.siteExperimentsWeightedChoice||{};(i?this._clsGlobalData.siteExperimentsWeightedChoice:this._clsGlobalData.experimentsWeightedChoice)[e]=t}getWeightedChoiceExperiment(e,t=!1){var i,n;const s=t?null==(i=this._clsGlobalData)?void 0:i.siteExperimentsWeightedChoice:null==(n=this._clsGlobalData)?void 0:n.experimentsWeightedChoice;return s&&s[e]}get branch(){return this._clsGlobalData.branch}get bucket(){return this._clsGlobalData.bucket}set videoDisabledFromPlugin(e){this._clsGlobalData.videoDisabledFromPlugin=e}get videoDisabledFromPlugin(){return this._clsGlobalData.videoDisabledFromPlugin}set targetDensityLog(e){this._clsGlobalData.targetDensityLog=e}get targetDensityLog(){return this._clsGlobalData.targetDensityLog}shouldHalveIOSDensity(){const e=new Q(this.enabled&&this._clsGlobalData&&this._clsGlobalData.siteAds&&"featureRollouts"in this._clsGlobalData.siteAds&&this._clsGlobalData.siteAds.featureRollouts||{});return((e=navigator.userAgent)=>/iP(hone|od|ad)/i.test(e))()&&e.isRolloutEnabled("iOS-Resolution")}getTargetDensity(e){return this.shouldHalveIOSDensity()?e/2:e}get removeVideoTitleWrapper(){return this._clsGlobalData.siteAds.adOptions.removeVideoTitleWrapper}constructor(){this._clsGlobalData=window.adthriveCLS}}class J{static getScrollTop(){return(window.pageYOffset||document.documentElement.scrollTop)-(document.documentElement.clientTop||0)}static getScrollBottom(){return this.getScrollTop()+(document.documentElement.clientHeight||0)}static shufflePlaylist(e){let t,i,n=e.length;for(;0!==n;)i=Math.floor(Math.random()*e.length),n-=1,t=e[n],e[n]=e[i],e[i]=t;return e}static isMobileLandscape(){return window.matchMedia("(orientation: landscape) and (max-height: 480px)").matches}static playerViewable(e){const t=e.getBoundingClientRect();return this.isMobileLandscape()?window.innerHeight>t.top+t.height/2&&t.top+t.height/2>0:window.innerHeight>t.top+t.height/2}static createQueryString(e){return Object.keys(e).map((t=>`${t}=${e[t]}`)).join("&")}static createEncodedQueryString(e){return Object.keys(e).map((t=>`${t}=${encodeURIComponent(e[t])}`)).join("&")}static setMobileLocation(e){return"top-left"===(e=e||"bottom-right")?e="adthrive-collapse-top-left":"top-right"===e?e="adthrive-collapse-top-right":"bottom-left"===e?e="adthrive-collapse-bottom-left":"bottom-right"===e?e="adthrive-collapse-bottom-right":"top-center"===e&&(e=I()?"adthrive-collapse-top-center":"adthrive-collapse-bottom-right"),e}static addMaxResolutionQueryParam(e){const t=`max_resolution=${I()?"320":"1280"}`,[i,n]=String(e).split("?");return`${i}?${n?n+`&${t}`:t}`}}class Y{constructor(e){this._clsOptions=e,this.removeVideoTitleWrapper=P(this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.removeVideoTitleWrapper,!1);const t=this._clsOptions.siteAds.videoPlayers;this.footerSelector=P(t&&t.footerSelector,""),this.players=P(t&&t.players.map((e=>(e.mobileLocation=J.setMobileLocation(e.mobileLocation),e))),[]),this.relatedSettings=t&&t.contextual}}class X{constructor(e){this.mobileStickyPlayerOnPage=!1,this.playlistPlayerAdded=!1,this.relatedPlayerAdded=!1,this.footerSelector="",this.removeVideoTitleWrapper=!1,this.videoAdOptions=new Y(e),this.players=this.videoAdOptions.players,this.relatedSettings=this.videoAdOptions.relatedSettings,this.removeVideoTitleWrapper=this.videoAdOptions.removeVideoTitleWrapper,this.footerSelector=this.videoAdOptions.footerSelector}}class Z{setExperimentKey(e=!1){this._clsOptions.setExperiment(this.abgroup,this.result,e)}constructor(){this._clsOptions=new K,this.shouldUseCoreExperimentsConfig=!1}}class ee extends Z{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new W(.1).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.key="RemoveLargeSize",this.abgroup="smhd100",this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey()}}function te(e,t,i,n){var s,o=arguments.length,r=o<3?t:null===n?n=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(t,i):n;if("object"==typeof Reflect&&"function"==typeof Reflect.decorate)r=Reflect.decorate(e,t,i,n);else for(var a=e.length-1;a>=0;a--)(s=e[a])&&(r=(o<3?s(r):o>3?s(t,i,r):s(t,i))||r);return o>3&&r&&Object.defineProperty(t,i,r),r}function ie(e,t){if("object"==typeof Reflect&&"function"==typeof Reflect.metadata)return Reflect.metadata(e,t)}"function"==typeof SuppressedError&&SuppressedError;const ne=(e,t,i,n,s,o)=>{const r=Math.round(o-s),a=[],l=[];a.push("(",i.map((()=>"%o")).join(", "),")"),l.push(...i),void 0!==n&&(a.push(" => %o"),l.push(n)),a.push(` %c(${r}ms)`),l.push("color: #999;")},se=(e,t,i)=>{const n=void 0!==i.get?i.get:i.value;return function(...i){try{const s=B(),o=n.apply(this,i);if(o instanceof Promise)return o.then((e=>{const t=B();return ne(0,0,i,e,s,t),Promise.resolve(e)})).catch((i=>{throw i.logged||(E.error(e,t,i),i.logged=!0),i}));{const e=B();return ne(0,0,i,o,s,e),o}}catch(i){throw i.logged||(E.error(e,t,i),i.logged=!0),i}}},oe=(t,i=!1)=>n=>{const s=Object.getOwnPropertyNames(n.prototype).filter((e=>i||0!==e.indexOf("_"))).map((e=>[e,Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(n.prototype,e)]));for(const[i,o]of s)void 0!==o&&"function"==typeof o.value?n.prototype[i]=se(t,i,o):void 0!==o&&void 0!==o.get&&"function"==typeof o.get&&Object.defineProperty(n.prototype,i,e({},o,{get:se(t,i,o)}))};class re extends Z{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new W(this.weight).get()}constructor(e){super(),this._result=!1,this.key="ParallaxAdsExperiment",this.abgroup="parallax",this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.weight=.5;!!I()&&e.largeFormatsMobile&&(this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey())}}re=te([oe("ParallaxAdsExperiment"),ie("design:type",Function),ie("design:paramtypes",["undefined"==typeof AdTypes?Object:AdTypes])],re);const ae=[[728,90],[300,250],[300,600],[320,50],[970,250],[160,600],[300,1050],[336,280],[970,90],[300,50],[320,100],[468,60],[250,250],[120,240],[1,1],[300,300],[552,334],[300,420],[728,250],[320,300],[300,390]],le=[[300,600],[160,600]],ce=new Map([[u.Footer,1],[u.Header,2],[u.Sidebar,3],[u.Content,4],[u.Recipe,5],["Sidebar_sticky",6],["Below Post",7]]),de=(e,t)=>{const{location:i,sticky:n}=e;if(i===u.Recipe&&t){const{recipeMobile:e,recipeDesktop:i}=t;if(I()&&(null==e?void 0:e.enabled))return!0;if(!I()&&(null==i?void 0:i.enabled))return!0}return i===u.Footer||n},ue=(e,t)=>{const i=t.adUnits,n=(e=>!!e.adTypes&&new re(e.adTypes).result)(t),s=new ee;return i.filter((e=>void 0!==e.dynamic&&e.dynamic.enabled)).map((i=>{const o=i.location.replace(/\s+/g,"_"),r="Sidebar"===o?0:2;return{auctionPriority:ce.get(o)||8,location:o,sequence:P(i.sequence,1),sizes:(a=i.adSizes,ae.filter((([e,t])=>a.some((([i,n])=>e===i&&t===n))))).filter((t=>((e,[t,i],n,s)=>{const{location:o,sequence:r}=e;if(o===u.Footer)return!("phone"===n&&320===t&&100===i);if(o===u.Header)return!(i>100&&s.result);if(o===u.Recipe)return!(I()&&"phone"===n&&(300===t&&390===i||320===t&&300===i));if(o===u.Sidebar){const t=e.adSizes.some((([,e])=>e<=300)),n=i>300;return!(!n||t)||9===r||(r&&r<=5?!n||e.sticky:!n)}return!0})(i,t,e,s))).concat(n&&i.location===u.Content?le:[]),devices:i.devices,pageSelector:P(i.dynamic.pageSelector,"").trim(),elementSelector:P(i.dynamic.elementSelector,"").trim(),position:P(i.dynamic.position,"beforebegin"),max:Math.floor(P(i.dynamic.max,0)),spacing:P(i.dynamic.spacing,0),skip:Math.floor(P(i.dynamic.skip,0)),every:Math.max(Math.floor(P(i.dynamic.every,1)),1),classNames:i.dynamic.classNames||[],sticky:de(i,t.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig),stickyOverlapSelector:P(i.stickyOverlapSelector,"").trim(),autosize:i.autosize,special:P(i.targeting,[]).filter((e=>"special"===e.key)).reduce(((e,t)=>e.concat(...t.value)),[]),lazy:P(i.dynamic.lazy,!1),lazyMax:P(i.dynamic.lazyMax,r),lazyMaxDefaulted:0!==i.dynamic.lazyMax&&!i.dynamic.lazyMax,name:i.name};var a}))},he=(e,t)=>{const i=(e=>{let t=e.clientWidth;if(getComputedStyle){const i=getComputedStyle(e,null);t-=parseFloat(i.paddingLeft||"0")+parseFloat(i.paddingRight||"0")}return t})(t),n=e.sticky&&e.location===u.Sidebar;return e.sizes.filter((t=>{const s=!e.autosize||(t[0]<=i||t[0]<=320),o=!n||t[1]<=window.innerHeight-100;return s&&o}))};class pe{constructor(e){this.clsOptions=e,this.enabledLocations=[u.Below_Post,u.Content,u.Recipe,u.Sidebar]}}const me=e=>`adthrive-${e.location.replace("_","-").toLowerCase()}`,_e=e=>`${me(e)}-${e.sequence}`;function ge(e,t){void 0===t&&(t={});var i=t.insertAt;if(e&&"undefined"!=typeof document){var n=document.head||document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0],s=document.createElement("style");s.type="text/css","top"===i&&n.firstChild?n.insertBefore(s,n.firstChild):n.appendChild(s),s.styleSheet?s.styleSheet.cssText=e:s.appendChild(document.createTextNode(e))}}const ye=e=>e.some((e=>null!==document.querySelector(e)));class fe extends U{static fromArray(e,t){return new fe(e.map((([e,t])=>({choice:e,weight:t}))),t)}addChoice(e,t){this._choices.push({choice:e,weight:t})}get(){const e=(t=0,i=100,Math.random()*(i-t)+t);var t,i;let n=0;for(const{choice:t,weight:i}of this._choices)if(n+=i,n>=e)return t;return this._default}get totalWeight(){return this._choices.reduce(((e,{weight:t})=>e+t),0)}constructor(e=[],t){super(),this._choices=e,this._default=t}}const ve=()=>(e,t,i)=>{const n=i.value;n&&(i.value=function(...e){const t=(e=>{if(null===e)return null;const t=e.map((({choice:e})=>e));return(e=>{let t=5381,i=e.length;for(;i;)t=33*t^e.charCodeAt(--i);return t>>>0})(JSON.stringify(t)).toString(16)})(this._choices),i=this._expConfigABGroup?this._expConfigABGroup:this.abgroup,s=i?i.toLowerCase():this.key?this.key.toLowerCase():"",o=t?`${s}_${t}`:s,r=this.localStoragePrefix?`${this.localStoragePrefix}-${o}`:o,a=V.readInternalLocalStorage("adthrive_branch");!1===(a&&a.enabled)&&V.deleteLocalStorage(r);const l=(()=>n.apply(this,e))(),c=(d=this._choices,u=l,null!=(p=null==(h=d.find((({choice:e})=>e===u)))?void 0:h.weight)?p:null);var d,u,h,p;const[m,_]=V.getOrSetABGroupLocalStorageValue(r,l,c,{value:24,unit:"hours"});return this._stickyResult=m,this._stickyWeight=_,m})};class Se{get enabled(){return void 0!==this.experimentConfig}_isValidResult(e,t=()=>!0){return t()&&(e=>null!=e&&!("number"==typeof e&&isNaN(e)))(e)}}class be extends Se{_isValidResult(e){return super._isValidResult(e,(()=>this._resultValidator(e)||"control"===e))}run(){if(!this.enabled)return E.error("CLSWeightedChoiceSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment config found. Defaulting to control."),"control";if(!this._mappedChoices||0===this._mappedChoices.length)return E.error("CLSWeightedChoiceSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment variants found. Defaulting to control."),"control";const e=new fe(this._mappedChoices).get();return this._isValidResult(e)?e:(E.error("CLSWeightedChoiceSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","Invalid result from experiment choices. Defaulting to control."),"control")}constructor(...e){super(...e),this._resultValidator=()=>!0}}class Ce{getSiteExperimentByKey(e){const t=this.siteExperiments.filter((t=>t.key.toLowerCase()===e.toLowerCase()))[0],i=D("at_site_features"),n=(s=(null==t?void 0:t.variants[1])?null==t?void 0:t.variants[1].value:null==t?void 0:t.variants[0].value,o=i[e],typeof s==typeof o);var s,o;return t&&i[e]&&n&&(t.variants=[{displayName:"test",value:i[e],weight:100,id:0}]),t}constructor(e){var t,i;this.siteExperiments=[],this._clsOptions=e,this._device=I()?"mobile":"desktop",this.siteExperiments=null!=(i=null==(t=this._clsOptions.siteAds.siteExperiments)?void 0:t.filter((e=>{const t=e.key,i=G(e,this._device),n=N(this._clsOptions.siteAds,t,this._device);return i&&n})))?i:[]}}class Oe extends be{get result(){return this._result}run(){if(!this.enabled)return E.error("CLSAdLayoutSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment config found. Defaulting to empty class name."),"";const e=new fe(this._mappedChoices).get();return this._isValidResult(e)?e:(E.error("CLSAdLayoutSiteExperiment","run","() => %o","Invalid result from experiment choices. Defaulting to empty class name."),"")}_mapChoices(){return this._choices.map((({weight:e,value:t})=>({weight:e,choice:t})))}constructor(e){super(),this._choices=[],this._mappedChoices=[],this._result="",this._resultValidator=e=>"string"==typeof e,this.key=d.AdLayout,this.abgroup=d.AdLayout,this._clsSiteExperiments=new Ce(e),this.experimentConfig=this._clsSiteExperiments.getSiteExperimentByKey(this.key),this.enabled&&this.experimentConfig&&(this._choices=this.experimentConfig.variants,this._mappedChoices=this._mapChoices(),this._result=this.run(),e.setWeightedChoiceExperiment(this.abgroup,this._result,!0))}}te([ve(),ie("design:type",Function),ie("design:paramtypes",[]),ie("design:returntype",void 0)],Oe.prototype,"run",null);class we extends be{get result(){return this._result}run(){if(!this.enabled)return E.error("CLSTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment","run","() => %o","No experiment config found. Defaulting to control."),"control";const e=new fe(this._mappedChoices).get();return this._isValidResult(e)?e:(E.error("CLSTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment","run","() => %o","Invalid result from experiment choices. Defaulting to control."),"control")}_mapChoices(){return this._choices.map((({weight:e,value:t})=>({weight:e,choice:"number"==typeof t?(t||0)/100:"control"})))}constructor(e){super(),this._choices=[],this._mappedChoices=[],this._result="control",this._resultValidator=e=>"number"==typeof e,this.key=d.AdDensity,this.abgroup=d.AdDensity,this._clsSiteExperiments=new Ce(e),this.experimentConfig=this._clsSiteExperiments.getSiteExperimentByKey(this.key),this.enabled&&this.experimentConfig&&(this._choices=this.experimentConfig.variants,this._mappedChoices=this._mapChoices(),this._result=this.run(),e.setWeightedChoiceExperiment(this.abgroup,this._result,!0))}}te([ve(),ie("design:type",Function),ie("design:paramtypes",[]),ie("design:returntype",void 0)],we.prototype,"run",null);class xe extends Z{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new W(this.weight).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this.abgroup="scae",this.key="StickyContainerAds",this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.weight=.99,this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey()}}xe=te([oe("StickyContainerAdsExperiment"),ie("design:type",Function),ie("design:paramtypes",[])],xe);class Ae extends Z{get result(){return this._result}run(){return new W(this.weight).get()}constructor(){super(),this._result=!1,this.abgroup="scre",this.key="StickyContainerRecipe",this._choices=[{choice:!0},{choice:!1}],this.weight=.99,this._result=this.run(),this.setExperimentKey()}}Ae=te([oe("StickyContainerRecipeExperiment"),ie("design:type",Function),ie("design:paramtypes",[])],Ae);const Ee="250px";class Pe{start(){try{var e,t;(e=>{const t=document.body,i=`adthrive-device-${e}`;if(!t.classList.contains(i))try{t.classList.add(i)}catch(e){E.error("BodyDeviceClassComponent","init",{message:e.message});const t="classList"in document.createElement("_");E.error("BodyDeviceClassComponent","init.support",{support:t})}})(this._device);const s=new Oe(this._clsOptions);if(s.enabled){const e=s.result,t=e.startsWith(".")?e.substring(1):e;if((e=>/^[-_a-zA-Z]+[-_a-zA-Z0-9]*$/.test(e))(t))try{document.body.classList.add(t)}catch(e){E.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",`Uncaught CSS Class error: ${e}`)}else E.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",`Invalid class name: ${t}`)}const o=ue(this._device,this._clsOptions.siteAds).filter((e=>this._locationEnabled(e))).filter((e=>{return t=e,i=this._device,t.devices.includes(i);var t,i})).filter((e=>{return 0===(t=e).pageSelector.length||null!==document.querySelector(t.pageSelector);var t})),r=this.inject(o);var i,n;if(null==(t=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(e=t.content)?void 0:e.enabled)if(this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment.result&&!ye(this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig.blockedSelectors||[]))ge(`\n .adthrive-device-phone .adthrive-sticky-content {\n height: 450px !important;\n margin-bottom: 100px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-content.adthrive-sticky {\n position: -webkit-sticky;\n position: sticky !important;\n top: 42px !important;\n margin-top: 42px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-content.adthrive-sticky:after {\n content: "— Advertisement. Scroll down to continue. —";\n font-size: 10pt;\n margin-top: 5px;\n margin-bottom: 5px;\n display:block;\n color: #888;\n }\n .adthrive-sticky-container {\n position: relative;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: flex-start;\n align-items: center;\n min-height:${(null==(n=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(i=n.content)?void 0:i.minHeight)||400}px !important;\n margin: 10px 0 10px 0;\n background-color: #FAFAFA;\n padding-bottom:0px;\n }\n `);r.forEach((e=>this._clsOptions.setInjectedSlots(e)))}catch(e){E.error("ClsDynamicAdsInjector","start",e)}}inject(e,t=document){this._densityDevice="desktop"===this._device?h.Desktop:h.Mobile,this._overrideDefaultAdDensitySettingsWithSiteExperiment();const i=this._clsOptions.siteAds,n=P(i.adDensityEnabled,!0),s=i.adDensityLayout&&n,o=e.filter((e=>s?e.location!==u.Content:e)),r=e.filter((e=>s?e.location===u.Content:null));return[...o.length?this._injectNonDensitySlots(o,t):[],...r.length?this._injectDensitySlots(r,t):[]]}_injectNonDensitySlots(e,t=document){var i;const n=[],s=[];if(this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment.result&&e.some((e=>e.location===u.Recipe&&e.sticky))&&!ye((null==(i=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)?void 0:i.blockedSelectors)||[])){var o,r;const e=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig;(e=>{ge(`\n .adthrive-recipe.adthrive-sticky {\n position: -webkit-sticky;\n position: sticky !important;\n top: 42px !important;\n margin-top: 42px !important;\n }\n .adthrive-recipe-sticky-container {\n position: relative;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n justify-content: flex-start;\n align-items: center;\n min-height:${e||400}px !important;\n margin: 10px 0 10px 0;\n background-color: #FAFAFA;\n padding-bottom:0px;\n }\n `)})("phone"===this._device?null==e||null==(o=e.recipeMobile)?void 0:o.minHeight:null==e||null==(r=e.recipeDesktop)?void 0:r.minHeight)}for(const i of e)this._insertNonDensityAds(i,n,s,t);return s.forEach((({location:e,element:t})=>{t.style.minHeight=this.locationToMinHeight[e]})),n}_injectDensitySlots(e,t=document){try{this._calculateMainContentHeightAndAllElements(e,t)}catch(e){return[]}const{onePerViewport:i,targetAll:n,targetDensityUnits:s,combinedMax:o,numberOfUnits:r}=this._getDensitySettings(e,t);return this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice=i?window.innerHeight:this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice,r?(this._adInjectionMap.filterUsed(),this._findElementsForAds(r,i,n,o,s,t),this._insertAds()):[]}_overrideDefaultAdDensitySettingsWithSiteExperiment(){var e;if(null==(e=this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment)?void 0:e.enabled){const e=this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment.result;"number"==typeof e&&(this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityEnabled=!0,this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityLayout[this._densityDevice].adDensity=e)}}_getDensitySettings(e,t=document){const i=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adDensityLayout,n=this._determineOverrides(i.pageOverrides),s=n.length?n[0]:i[this._densityDevice],o=this._clsOptions.getTargetDensity(s.adDensity),r=s.onePerViewport,a=this._shouldTargetAllEligible(o),l=this._getTargetDensityUnits(o,a),c=this._getCombinedMax(e,t),d=Math.min(this._totalAvailableElements.length,l,...c>0?[c]:[]);return this._pubLog={onePerViewport:r,targetDensity:o,targetDensityUnits:l,combinedMax:c},{onePerViewport:r,targetAll:a,targetDensityUnits:l,combinedMax:c,numberOfUnits:d}}_determineOverrides(e){return e.filter((e=>{const t=H(e.pageSelector);return""===e.pageSelector||t.elements&&t.elements.length})).map((e=>e[this._densityDevice]))}_shouldTargetAllEligible(e){return e===this._densityMax}_getTargetDensityUnits(e,t){return t?this._totalAvailableElements.length:Math.floor(e*this._mainContentHeight/(1-e)/this._minDivHeight)-this._recipeCount}_getCombinedMax(e,t=document){return P(e.filter((e=>{let i;try{i=t.querySelector(e.elementSelector)}catch(e){}return i})).map((e=>Number(e.max)+Number(e.lazyMaxDefaulted?0:e.lazyMax))).sort(((e,t)=>t-e))[0],0)}_elementLargerThanMainContent(e){return e.offsetHeight>=this._mainContentHeight&&this._totalAvailableElements.length>1}_elementDisplayNone(e){const t=window.getComputedStyle(e,null).display;return t&&"none"===t||"none"===e.style.display}_isBelowMaxes(e,t){return this._adInjectionMap.map.length<e&&this._adInjectionMap.map.length<t}_findElementsForAds(e,t,i,n,s,o=document){this._clsOptions.targetDensityLog={onePerViewport:t,combinedMax:n,targetDensityUnits:s,targetDensityPercentage:this._pubLog.targetDensity,mainContentHeight:this._mainContentHeight,recipeCount:this._recipeCount,numberOfEls:this._totalAvailableElements.length};const r=e=>{for(const{dynamicAd:t,element:r}of this._totalAvailableElements)if(this._logDensityInfo(r,t.elementSelector,e),!(!i&&this._elementLargerThanMainContent(r)||this._elementDisplayNone(r))){if(!this._isBelowMaxes(n,s))break;this._checkElementSpacing({dynamicAd:t,element:r,insertEvery:e,targetAll:i,target:o})}!this._usedAbsoluteMinimum&&this._smallerIncrementAttempts<5&&(++this._smallerIncrementAttempts,r(this._getSmallerIncrement(e)))},a=this._getInsertEvery(e,t,s);r(a)}_getSmallerIncrement(e){let t=.6*e;return t<=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice&&(t=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice,this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!0),t}_insertNonDensityAds(e,t,i,n=document){let s=0,o=0,r=0;e.spacing>0&&(s=window.innerHeight*e.spacing,o=s);const a=this._repeatDynamicAds(e),l=this.getElements(e.elementSelector,n);e.skip;for(let c=e.skip;c<l.length&&!(r+1>a.length);c+=e.every){let d=l[c];if(s>0){const{bottom:e}=k(d);if(e<=o)continue;o=e+s}const h=a[r],p=`${h.location}_${h.sequence}`;t.some((e=>e.name===p))&&(r+=1);const m=this.getDynamicElementId(h),_=me(e),g=_e(e),y=[e.location===u.Sidebar&&e.sticky&&e.sequence&&e.sequence<=5?"adthrive-sticky-sidebar":"",this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment.result&&e.location===u.Recipe&&e.sticky?"adthrive-recipe-sticky-container":"",_,g,...e.classNames],f=this.addAd(d,m,e.position,y);if(f){const s=he(h,f);if(s.length){const o={clsDynamicAd:e,dynamicAd:h,element:f,sizes:s,name:p,infinite:n!==document};t.push(o),i.push({location:h.location,element:f}),e.location===u.Recipe&&++this._recipeCount,r+=1}d=f}}}_insertAds(){const e=[];return this._adInjectionMap.filterUsed(),this._adInjectionMap.map.forEach((({el:t,dynamicAd:i,target:n},s)=>{const o=Number(i.sequence)+s,r=i.max,a=i.lazy&&o>r;i.sequence=o,i.lazy=a;const l=this._addContentAd(t,i,n);l&&(i.used=!0,e.push(l))})),e}_getInsertEvery(e,t,i){let n=this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice;return this._moreAvailableElementsThanUnitsToInject(i,e)?(this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!1,n=this._useWiderSpacing(i,e)):(this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!0,n=this._useSmallestSpacing(t)),t&&window.innerHeight>n?window.innerHeight:n}_useWiderSpacing(e,t){return this._mainContentHeight/Math.min(e,t)}_useSmallestSpacing(e){return e&&window.innerHeight>this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice?window.innerHeight:this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice}_moreAvailableElementsThanUnitsToInject(e,t){return this._totalAvailableElements.length>e||this._totalAvailableElements.length>t}_logDensityInfo(e,t,i){const{onePerViewport:n,targetDensity:s,targetDensityUnits:o,combinedMax:r}=this._pubLog;this._totalAvailableElements.length}_checkElementSpacing({dynamicAd:t,element:i,insertEvery:n,targetAll:s,target:o=document}){(this._isFirstAdInjected()||this._hasProperSpacing(i,t,s,n))&&this._markSpotForContentAd(i,e({},t),o)}_isFirstAdInjected(){return!this._adInjectionMap.map.length}_markSpotForContentAd(e,t,i=document){const n="beforebegin"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position;this._adInjectionMap.add(e,this._getElementCoords(e,n),t,i),this._adInjectionMap.sort()}_hasProperSpacing(e,t,i,n){const s="beforebegin"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position,o="beforeend"===t.position||"afterbegin"===t.position,r=i||this._isElementFarEnoughFromOtherAdElements(e,n,s),a=o||this._isElementNotInRow(e,s),l=-1===e.id.indexOf(`AdThrive_${u.Below_Post}`);return r&&a&&l}_isElementFarEnoughFromOtherAdElements(e,t,i){const n=this._getElementCoords(e,i);let s=!1;for(let e=0;e<this._adInjectionMap.map.length;e++){const i=this._adInjectionMap.map[e].coords,o=this._adInjectionMap.map[e+1]&&this._adInjectionMap.map[e+1].coords;if(s=n-t>i&&(!o||n+t<o),s)break}return s}_isElementNotInRow(e,t){const i=e.previousElementSibling,n=e.nextElementSibling,s=t?!i&&n||i&&e.tagName!==i.tagName?n:i:n;return!(!s||0!==e.getBoundingClientRect().height)||(!s||e.getBoundingClientRect().top!==s.getBoundingClientRect().top)}_calculateMainContentHeightAndAllElements(e,t=document){const[i,n]=((e,t,i=document)=>{const[n,s]=M(e,t,i);if(0===n.length)throw Error("No Main Content Elements Found");return[Array.from(n).reduce(((e,t)=>t.offsetHeight>e.offsetHeight?t:e))||document.body,s]})(e,this._adInjectionMap,t);this._mainContentDiv=i,this._totalAvailableElements=n,this._mainContentHeight=((e,t="div #comments, section .comments")=>{const i=e.querySelector(t);return i?e.offsetHeight-i.offsetHeight:e.offsetHeight})(this._mainContentDiv)}_getElementCoords(e,t=!1){const i=e.getBoundingClientRect();return(t?i.top:i.bottom)+window.scrollY}_addContentAd(e,t,i=document){var n,s;let o=null;const r=me(t),a=_e(t),l=(null==(s=this._clsOptions.siteAds.adOptions.stickyContainerConfig)||null==(n=s.content)?void 0:n.enabled)&&this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment.result?"adthrive-sticky-container":"",c=this.addAd(e,this.getDynamicElementId(t),t.position,[l,r,a,...t.classNames]);if(c){const e=he(t,c);if(e.length){c.style.minHeight=this.locationToMinHeight[t.location];o={clsDynamicAd:t,dynamicAd:t,element:c,sizes:e,name:`${t.location}_${t.sequence}`,infinite:i!==document}}}return o}getDynamicElementId(e){return`AdThrive_${e.location}_${e.sequence}_${this._device}`}getElements(e,t=document){return t.querySelectorAll(e)}addAd(e,t,i,n=[]){if(!document.getElementById(t)){const s=`<div id="${t}" class="adthrive-ad ${n.join(" ")}"></div>`;e.insertAdjacentHTML(i,s)}return document.getElementById(t)}_repeatDynamicAds(t){const i=[],n=t.location===u.Recipe?99:this.locationMaxLazySequence.get(t.location),s=t.lazy?P(n,0):0,o=t.max,r=t.lazyMax,a=0===s&&t.lazy?o+r:Math.min(Math.max(s-t.sequence+1,0),o+r),l=Math.max(o,a);for(let n=0;n<l;n++){const s=Number(t.sequence)+n;if("Recipe_1"!==t.name||5!==s){const r=t.lazy&&n>=o;i.push(e({},t,{sequence:s,lazy:r}))}}return i}_locationEnabled(e){const t=this._clsOptions.enabledLocations.includes(e.location),i=this._clsOptions.disableAds&&this._clsOptions.disableAds.all||document.body.classList.contains("adthrive-disable-all"),n=!document.body.classList.contains("adthrive-disable-content")&&!this._clsOptions.disableAds.reasons.has("content_plugin");return t&&!i&&n}constructor(e,t){this._clsOptions=e,this._adInjectionMap=t,this._recipeCount=0,this._mainContentHeight=0,this._mainContentDiv=null,this._totalAvailableElements=[],this._minDivHeight=250,this._densityDevice=h.Desktop,this._pubLog={onePerViewport:!1,targetDensity:0,targetDensityUnits:0,combinedMax:0},this._densityMax=.99,this._smallerIncrementAttempts=0,this._absoluteMinimumSpacingByDevice=250,this._usedAbsoluteMinimum=!1,this._infPageEndOffset=0,this.locationMaxLazySequence=new Map([[u.Recipe,5]]),this.locationToMinHeight={Below_Post:Ee,Content:Ee,Recipe:Ee,Sidebar:Ee};const{tablet:i,desktop:n}=this._clsOptions.siteAds.breakpoints;this._device=((e,t)=>{const i=window.innerWidth;return i>=t?"desktop":i>=e?"tablet":"phone"})(i,n),this._config=new pe(e),this._clsOptions.enabledLocations=this._config.enabledLocations,this._clsTargetAdDensitySiteExperiment=this._clsOptions.siteAds.siteExperiments?new we(this._clsOptions):null,this._stickyContainerAdsExperiment=new xe,this._stickyContainerRecipeExperiment=new Ae}}function ke(e,t){if(null==e)return{};var i,n,s={},o=Object.keys(e);for(n=0;n<o.length;n++)i=o[n],t.indexOf(i)>=0||(s[i]=e[i]);return s}class De{get enabled(){return!0}}class Re extends De{setPotentialPlayersMap(){const e=this._videoConfig.players||[],t=this._filterPlayerMap(),i=e.filter((e=>"stationaryRelated"===e.type&&e.enabled));return t.stationaryRelated=i,this._potentialPlayerMap=t,this._potentialPlayerMap}_filterPlayerMap(){const e=this._videoConfig.players,t={stickyRelated:[],stickyPlaylist:[],stationaryRelated:[]};return e&&e.length?e.filter((e=>{var t;return null==(t=e.devices)?void 0:t.includes(this._device)})).reduce(((e,t)=>(e[t.type]||(E.event(this._component,"constructor","Unknown Video Player Type detected",t.type),e[t.type]=[]),t.enabled&&e[t.type].push(t),e)),t):t}_checkPlayerSelectorOnPage(e){const t=this._potentialPlayerMap[e].map((e=>({player:e,playerElement:this._getPlacementElement(e)})));return t.length?t[0]:{player:null,playerElement:null}}_getOverrideElement(e,t,i){if(e&&t){const n=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,n),i=n}else{const{player:e,playerElement:t}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyPlaylist");if(e&&t){const n=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,n),i=n}}return i}_shouldOverrideElement(e){const t=e.getAttribute("override-embed");return"true"===t||"false"===t?"true"===t:!!this._videoConfig.relatedSettings&&this._videoConfig.relatedSettings.overrideEmbedLocation}_checkPageSelector(e,t,i=[]){if(e&&t&&0===i.length){return!("/"===window.location.pathname)&&E.event("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`PSNF: ${e} does not exist on the page`)),!1}return!0}_getElementSelector(e,t,i){return t&&t.length>i?t[i]:(E.event("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`ESNF: ${e} does not exist on the page`)),null)}_getPlacementElement(e){const{pageSelector:t,elementSelector:i,skip:n}=e,s=H(t),{valid:o,elements:r}=s,a=ke(s,["valid","elements"]),l=j(i),{valid:c,elements:d}=l,u=ke(l,["valid","elements"]);if(""!==t&&!o)return E.error("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`${t} is not a valid selector`),a),null;if(!c)return E.error("VideoUtils","getPlacementElement",new Error(`${i} is not a valid selector`),u),null;if(!this._checkPageSelector(t,o,r))return null;return this._getElementSelector(i,d,n)||null}_getEmbeddedPlayerType(e){let t=e.getAttribute("data-player-type");return t&&"default"!==t||(t=this._videoConfig.relatedSettings?this._videoConfig.relatedSettings.defaultPlayerType:"static"),this._stickyRelatedOnPage&&(t="static"),t}_getMediaId(e){const t=e.getAttribute("data-video-id");return!!t&&(this._relatedMediaIds.push(t),t)}_createRelatedPlayer(e,t,i,n){"collapse"===t?this._createCollapsePlayer(e,i):"static"===t&&this._createStaticPlayer(e,i,n)}_createCollapsePlayer(t,i){const{player:n,playerElement:s}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyRelated"),o=n||this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0];if(o&&o.playerId){this._shouldOverrideElement(i)&&(i=this._getOverrideElement(n,s,i)),i=document.querySelector(`#cls-video-container-${t} > div`)||i,this._createStickyRelatedPlayer(e({},o,{mediaId:t}),i)}else E.error(this._component,"_createCollapsePlayer","No video player found")}_createStaticPlayer(t,i,n){if(this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated.length&&this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0].playerId){const s=this._potentialPlayerMap.stationaryRelated[0];this._createStationaryRelatedPlayer(e({},s,{mediaOrPlaylistId:t}),i,n)}else E.error(this._component,"_createStaticPlayer","No video player found")}_shouldRunAutoplayPlayers(){return!(!this._isVideoAllowedOnPage()||!this._potentialPlayerMap.stickyRelated.length&&!this._potentialPlayerMap.stickyPlaylist.length)}_determineAutoplayPlayers(){const e=this._component,t="VideoManagerComponent"===e,i=this._context;if(this._stickyRelatedOnPage)return void E.event(e,"stickyRelatedOnPage",t&&{device:i&&i.device,isDesktop:this._device}||{});const{player:n,playerElement:s}=this._checkPlayerSelectorOnPage("stickyPlaylist");n&&n.playerId&&n.playlistId&&s?this._createPlaylistPlayer(n,s):Math.random()<.01&&setTimeout((()=>{E.event(e,"noStickyPlaylist",t&&{vendor:"none",device:i&&i.device,isDesktop:this._device}||{})}),1e3)}_initializeRelatedPlayers(e){const t=new Map;for(let i=0;i<e.length;i++){const n=e[i],s=n.offsetParent,o=this._getEmbeddedPlayerType(n),r=this._getMediaId(n);if(s&&r){const e=(t.get(r)||0)+1;t.set(r,e),this._createRelatedPlayer(r,o,n,e)}}}constructor(e,t,i){super(),this._videoConfig=e,this._component=t,this._context=i,this._stickyRelatedOnPage=!1,this._relatedMediaIds=[],this._device=R()?"desktop":"mobile",this._potentialPlayerMap=this.setPotentialPlayersMap()}}class Ie extends Re{init(){this._initializePlayers()}_wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(e,t,i=0){if(e.parentNode){const n=e.offsetWidth*(9/16),s=this._createGenericCLSWrapper(n,t,i);return e.parentNode.insertBefore(s,e),s.appendChild(e),s}return null}_createGenericCLSWrapper(e,t,i){const n=document.createElement("div");return n.id=`cls-video-container-${t}`,n.className="adthrive",n.style.minHeight=`${e+i}px`,n}_getTitleHeight(){const e=document.createElement("h3");e.style.margin="10px 0",e.innerText="Title",e.style.visibility="hidden",document.body.appendChild(e);const t=window.getComputedStyle(e),i=parseInt(t.height,10),n=parseInt(t.marginTop,10),s=parseInt(t.marginBottom,10);return document.body.removeChild(e),Math.min(i+s+n,50)}_initializePlayers(){const e=document.querySelectorAll(this._IN_POST_SELECTOR);e.length&&this._initializeRelatedPlayers(e),this._shouldRunAutoplayPlayers()&&this._determineAutoplayPlayers()}_createStationaryRelatedPlayer(e,t,i){const n="mobile"===this._device?[400,225]:[640,360],s=p.Video_In_Post_ClicktoPlay_SoundOn;if(t&&e.mediaOrPlaylistId){const o=`${e.mediaOrPlaylistId}_${i}`,r=this._wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(t,o);this._playersAddedFromPlugin.push(e.mediaOrPlaylistId),r&&this._clsOptions.setInjectedVideoSlots({playerId:e.playerId,playerName:s,playerSize:n,element:r,type:"stationaryRelated"})}}_createStickyRelatedPlayer(e,t){const i="mobile"===this._device?[400,225]:[640,360],n=p.Video_Individual_Autoplay_SOff;if(this._stickyRelatedOnPage=!0,this._videoConfig.mobileStickyPlayerOnPage="mobile"===this._device,t&&e.position&&e.mediaId){const s=document.createElement("div");t.insertAdjacentElement(e.position,s);const o=this._getTitleHeight(),r=this._wrapVideoPlayerWithCLS(s,e.mediaId,this._WRAPPER_BAR_HEIGHT+o);this._playersAddedFromPlugin.push(e.mediaId),r&&this._clsOptions.setInjectedVideoSlots({playlistId:e.playlistId,playerId:e.playerId,playerSize:i,playerName:n,element:s,type:"stickyRelated"})}}_createPlaylistPlayer(e,t){const 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