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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mainly oceanic tectonic microplate off the southeast coast of Africa</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lwandle_plate_and_its_neighboring_plates_3.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lwandle_plate_and_its_neighboring_plates_3.gif/350px-Lwandle_plate_and_its_neighboring_plates_3.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="486" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Lwandle_plate_and_its_neighboring_plates_3.gif/525px-Lwandle_plate_and_its_neighboring_plates_3.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Lwandle_plate_and_its_neighboring_plates_3.gif 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Lwandle and its neighboring plates are shown. This figure is simplified, modified from Stamps et al. 2008.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Lwandle plate</b> is one of three tectonic microplates, along with the <a href="/wiki/Rovuma_plate" title="Rovuma plate">Rovuma plate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria plate">Victoria plate</a>, that make up the African plate with the <a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Somali plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">Nubian plate</a>. Its discovery is very recent, so the velocity of the plate is neither well known nor well understood.<sup id="cite_ref-Saria_2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saria_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many experiments are ongoing to quantify this.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lwandle plate lies between 30°E and 50°E, sharing a boundary with the Nubian, Somali, and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic plates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Textbook_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lwandle plate is largely oceanic, lying off the southeast coast of Africa. It is currently believed that the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> forms part of the Lwandlean plate, with one of the plate boundaries cutting through the island.<sup id="cite_ref-Textbook_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-primary_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stamps_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamps-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_of_the_Lwandle_plate">Discovery of the Lwandle plate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lwandle_plate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery of the Lwandle plate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EAfricaRift_updated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/EAfricaRift_updated.gif/350px-EAfricaRift_updated.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/EAfricaRift_updated.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>The East African Rift, where three plates are pulling away from one another: the Arabian plate and two parts of the African plate—the Nubian and Somali—which eventually led to the formation of the Lwandle plate as well as other microplates. The Afar Triangle, shaded at the center, is a <a href="/wiki/Triple_junction" title="Triple junction">triple junction</a> that separates the three plates.<sup id="cite_ref-website_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-website-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>For many years it was widely accepted that rifting in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a> system, 22–25 million years ago, resulted in the splitting of the African plate into 2 smaller plates – the Somali plate and the Nubian plate.<sup id="cite_ref-astro_geophys_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astro_geophys-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most recently, through the application of GPS technology and integration of earthquake data, it was discovered that the rift created three additional microplates – the Lwandle plate, Victoria plate, and Rovuma plate.<sup id="cite_ref-Saria_2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saria_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">Earthquakes</a> occur most often at plate boundaries and have been used as a guide to predict the locations of multiple plate boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Calais_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calais-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelleher_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelleher-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “Lwandle’s” existence was postulated after studying earthquake data in areas that were once assumed to be the interiors of the Nubian and Somali plates.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartnady_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartnady-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By including the Lwandlean plate in their calculation, researchers were able to more accurately solve for the intersection between the East African Rift and the Southwest Indian Ridge. </p><p><a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> technology and data was also introduced in an effort to show with certainty the difference between the Somali plate and the Nubian plate. Using the GPS data, researchers could measure the velocity of tectonic plates from their interiors.<sup id="cite_ref-Nocquet_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nocquet-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Altamimi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Altamimi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Calais_et_al_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Calais_et_al-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The existence of the Lwandle plate was first quantified using the Lwandle–Antarctica–Nubia plate circuit closure constrained by spreading rates and transform azimuths along the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Ridge" title="Southwest Indian Ridge">Southwest Indian Ridge</a>. Mathematical plate circuit closure is attained while including the existence of Lwandle; using plate circuit closure, plate velocities can be calculated from the velocities of other plates.<sup id="cite_ref-primary_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geophys_textbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geophys_textbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the entire East African Rift System was successfully "quantified" through the integration of the GPS and earthquake data with the spreading rate and transform azimuth constraints.<sup id="cite_ref-Stamps_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamps-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There have been very few studies that directly study the Lwandlean plate. Previous studies about Lwandle have primarily been focused on attempting to quantify the mechanics of the African Rift System.<sup id="cite_ref-Saria_2014_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saria_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stamps_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamps-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, the presumed evolution and formation of the microplates are not well known. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lwandle_plate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lwandle was assumed to be part of the Somali plate, at first. Here are two models that show how thinking about Lwandle has evolved. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tectonic model excluding Lwandle plate</th> <th>Tectonic model including Lwandle plate </th></tr> <tr> <td>In this model, Lwandle is considered to be part of the Somali plate. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_model_of_East_African_Rift.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Old_model_of_East_African_Rift.gif/370px-Old_model_of_East_African_Rift.gif" decoding="async" width="370" height="515" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Old_model_of_East_African_Rift.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="749" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td>In this model, Lwandle is its own separate plate. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lwandle_plate_and_its_neighboring_plates.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lwandle_plate_and_its_neighboring_plates.gif/370px-Lwandle_plate_and_its_neighboring_plates.gif" decoding="async" width="370" height="514" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Lwandle_plate_and_its_neighboring_plates.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundary_types">Boundary types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lwandle_plate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Boundary types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of Lwandle's plate boundaries are not well understood.<sup id="cite_ref-Stamps_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamps-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What is known is: </p> <ul><li><b>Southern boundary</b> – The Southwest Indian Ridge, an ultra-slow <a href="/wiki/Spreading_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Spreading ridge">spreading ridge</a> with a slow spreading rate of about 12–18 mm/yr, acts as the southern boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-Saria_2014_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saria_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horner-Johnson_2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner-Johnson_2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This spreading ridge separates Lwandle from the Antarctic plate.<sup id="cite_ref-Dezhi_SWIR_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dezhi_SWIR-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Eastern boundary</b> – To the east, the boundary may be more of a diffuse boundary. There are current studies trying to pinpoint the exact location of this boundary; it is believed to cut across Madagascar, making it Lwandle's only boundary that is not purely oceanic. Earthquake slip vectors are the primary constraint that predict the actual plate boundaries. Velocity predicted at this boundary is 1.3–1.4 mm/yr.<sup id="cite_ref-Textbook_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This boundary separates Lwandle from the Somali plate.<sup id="cite_ref-Textbook_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Western boundary</b> – The western boundary is especially poorly understood; there is very little <a href="/wiki/Seismic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic activity">seismic activity</a> along this boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartnady_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartnady-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite that, a misfit to a seafloor <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_anomaly" title="Magnetic anomaly">magnetic anomaly</a> strongly suggests that motion exists.<sup id="cite_ref-Textbook_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lemaux_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemaux-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some models suggest it is a right-lateral strike slip boundary with a rate of about 1 mm/yr, with some extension.<sup id="cite_ref-Stamps_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamps-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, others even suggest that motion ceased at this boundary approximately 11 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Textbook_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patriat_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patriat-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This boundary separates Lwandle from the Nubian plate.<sup id="cite_ref-Textbook_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Northern boundary</b> – Bordering the Lwandle plate to the north is the Rovuma plate.<sup id="cite_ref-Stamps_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stamps-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_movements">Modern movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lwandle_plate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>GPS data paired with earthquake slip data is used to estimate the velocity of the Lwandle plate and its neighbors. The velocity of the Lwandlean plate, relative to the Nubian and Somali plates, is estimated to be a very slow rate (1–2 mm/yr). With these low rates of motion, it is expected that this area wouldn't have much seismic activity. The data supports this expectation.<sup id="cite_ref-Saria_2014_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saria_2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Lwandle is moving faster relative to the Antarctic plate than to Nubian and Somali, this spreading ridge is one of the slowest on planet Earth, spreading at less than half the rate of human fingernail growth.<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that Lwandle will be in its current position for quite some time.<sup id="cite_ref-Textbook_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Textbook-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamps2008animated.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Stamps2008animated.pdf/page1-250px-Stamps2008animated.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="455" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Stamps2008animated.pdf/page1-375px-Stamps2008animated.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Stamps2008animated.pdf/page1-500px-Stamps2008animated.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="706" data-file-height="1285" /></a><figcaption>Red arrows show the relative plate velocity at that boundary</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lwandle_plate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">List of tectonic plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lwandle_plate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Saria_2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saria_2014_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saria_2014_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saria_2014_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saria_2014_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saria_2014_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSaria2014" class="citation journal cs1">Saria, E (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013JB010901">"Present-day kinematics of the East African Rift"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</i>. <b>119</b> (4): 3584–3600. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JGRB..119.3584S">2014JGRB..119.3584S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2013JB010901">10.1002/2013JB010901</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Solid+Earth&rft.atitle=Present-day+kinematics+of+the+East+African+Rift&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=3584-3600&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2013JB010901&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014JGRB..119.3584S&rft.aulast=Saria&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252F2013JB010901&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALwandle+plate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampsRambolamananaCalaisRajaonarison" class="citation journal cs1">Stamps, Sarah; Rambolamanana, Gerard; Calais, Eric; Rajaonarison, Tahiry. "Geodetic Constraints of Rift Initiation Across the Somalia-Lwandle Plate Boundary in Madagascar".</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Geodetic+Constraints+of+Rift+Initiation+Across+the+Somalia-Lwandle+Plate+Boundary+in+Madagascar&rft.aulast=Stamps&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Rambolamanana%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Calais%2C+Eric&rft.au=Rajaonarison%2C+Tahiry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALwandle+plate" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Textbook-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Textbook_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textbook_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textbook_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textbook_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textbook_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textbook_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textbook_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Textbook_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMetsGordonArgus2010" class="citation journal cs1">DeMets, Charles; Gordon, Richard; Argus, Donald (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2009.04491.x">"Geologically current plate motions"</a>. <i>Geophys. J. Int</i>. <b>1–80</b> (1): 39. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010GeoJI.181....1D">2010GeoJI.181....1D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2009.04491.x">10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04491.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophys.+J.+Int.&rft.atitle=Geologically+current+plate+motions&rft.volume=1%E2%80%9380&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.2009.04491.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010GeoJI.181....1D&rft.aulast=DeMets&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Richard&rft.au=Argus%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-246X.2009.04491.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALwandle+plate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-primary-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-primary_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-primary_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner-JohnsonGordonArgus2007" class="citation journal cs1">Horner-Johnson, Benjamin; Gordon, Richard; Argus, Donald (May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006JB004519">"Plate kinematic evidence for the existence of a distinct plate between the Nubian and Somalian plates along the Southwest Indian Ridge"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>112</b> (B5): B05418. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRB..112.5418H">2007JGRB..112.5418H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006JB004519">10.1029/2006JB004519</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Plate+kinematic+evidence+for+the+existence+of+a+distinct+plate+between+the+Nubian+and+Somalian+plates+along+the+Southwest+Indian+Ridge&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=B5&rft.pages=B05418&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006JB004519&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JGRB..112.5418H&rft.aulast=Horner-Johnson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Richard&rft.au=Argus%2C+Donald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2006JB004519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALwandle+plate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stamps-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stamps_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stamps_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stamps_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stamps_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stamps_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stamps_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStampsCalaisSariaHartnady2008" class="citation journal cs1">Stamps, D. 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"Location of the Nubia-Somalia boundary along the Southwest Indian Ridge". <i>Geology</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 339. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Geo....30..339L">2002Geo....30..339L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0339%3Alotnsb%3E2.0.co%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0339:lotnsb>2.0.co;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Location+of+the+Nubia-Somalia+boundary+along+the+Southwest+Indian+Ridge&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=339&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0339%3Alotnsb%3E2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Geo....30..339L&rft.aulast=Lemaux&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Richard&rft.au=Royer%2C+Jean-Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALwandle+plate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patriat-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patriat_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatriatSloanSauter2014" class="citation journal cs1">Patriat, Philippe; Sloan, Heather; Sauter, Daniel (October 2014). "From slow to ultraslow: A previously undetected event at the Southwest Indian Ridge at ca. 24 Ma". <i>Geology</i>. <b>42</b> (10): 207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FG24270A.1">10.1130/G24270A.1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=From+slow+to+ultraslow%3A+A+previously+undetected+event+at+the+Southwest+Indian+Ridge+at+ca.+24+Ma&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=207&rft.date=2014-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FG24270A.1&rft.aulast=Patriat&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.au=Sloan%2C+Heather&rft.au=Sauter%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALwandle+plate" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheadleJohn" class="citation web cs1">Cheadle, Mike; John, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/okeanos/explorations/ex1104/background/tectonic/tectonic.html">"Ultra Slow Spreading Ridges and Oceanic Core Complexes: Big Mountains and Bigger Faults"</a>. <i>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Template:Tectonic_plates" title="Template:Tectonic plates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tectonic_plates" title="Template talk:Tectonic plates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tectonic_plates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tectonic plates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tectonic_plates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Tectonic plates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Major_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Major plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Australian_plate" title="Indo-Australian plate">Indo-Australian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_plate" title="Australian plate">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_plate" title="Pacific plate">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_plate" title="South American plate">South American</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:1.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="World map indicating tectonic plate boundaries"><img alt="World map indicating tectonic plate boundaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg/120px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg/180px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg/240px-Tectonic_plates_boundaries_World_map_Wt_180degE_centered-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4903" data-file-height="2996" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Minor_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Minor plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amurian_microplate" title="Amurian microplate">Amurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_plate" title="Arabian plate">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_plate" title="Burma plate">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_plate" title="Caribbean plate">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_plate" title="Caroline plate">Caroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_plate" title="Cocos plate">Cocos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazca_plate" title="Nazca plate">Nazca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides_plate" title="New Hebrides plate">New Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okhotsk_microplate" title="Okhotsk microplate">Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea_plate" title="Philippine Sea plate">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_plate" title="Scotia plate">Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_plate" title="Sunda plate">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_plate" title="Yangtze plate">Yangtze</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Microplates" title="List of tectonic plates">Microplates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_plate" title="Adriatic plate">Adriatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea_plate" title="Aegean Sea plate">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_sub-plate" title="Anatolian sub-plate">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Reef_plate" title="Balmoral Reef plate">Balmoral Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea_plate" title="Banda Sea plate">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s_Head_plate" title="Bird's Head plate">Bird's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_plate" title="Capricorn plate">Capricorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coiba_plate" title="Coiba plate">Coiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Reef_plate" title="Conway Reef plate">Conway Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_plate" title="Explorer plate">Explorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna_plate" title="Futuna plate">Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_microplate" title="Galápagos microplate">Galápagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A2ve_microplate" title="Gonâve microplate">Gonâve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorda_plate" title="Gorda plate">Gorda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_plate" title="Greenland plate">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_plate" title="Halmahera plate">Halmahera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_plate" title="Iberian plate">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_plate" title="Juan de Fuca plate">Juan de Fuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_plate" title="Juan Fernández plate">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermadec_plate" title="Kermadec plate">Kermadec</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lwandle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_plate" title="Madagascar plate">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpelo_plate" title="Malpelo plate">Malpelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_plate" title="Manus plate">Manus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoke_plate" title="Maoke plate">Maoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_plate" title="Mariana plate">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea_plate" title="Molucca Sea plate">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuafo%27ou_plate" title="Niuafo'ou plate">Niuafo’ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Andes_plate" title="North Andes plate">North Andes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bismarck_plate" title="North Bismarck plate">North Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Galapagos_microplate" title="North Galapagos microplate">North Galápagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawa_plate" title="Okinawa plate">Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama_plate" title="Panama plate">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelso_plate" title="Pelso plate">Pelso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mobile_Belt" title="Philippine Mobile Belt">Philippine Mobile Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivera_plate" title="Rivera plate">Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rovuma_plate" title="Rovuma plate">Rovuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangihe_plate" title="Sangihe plate">Sangihe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_microcontinent" title="Seychelles microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland_plate" title="Shetland plate">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea_plate" title="Solomon Sea plate">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bismarck_plate" title="South Bismarck plate">South Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_plate" title="South Sandwich plate">South Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_plate" title="Timor plate">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisza_plate" title="Tisza plate">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga_plate" title="Tonga plate">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trobriand_plate" title="Trobriand plate">Trobriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_microplate" title="Victoria microplate">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlark_plate" title="Woodlark plate">Woodlark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates#Ancient_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">Ancient plates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_plate" title="Baltic plate">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_plate" title="Bellingshausen plate">Bellingshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcot_plate" title="Charcot plate">Charcot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farallon_plate" title="Farallon plate">Farallon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_plate" title="Insular plate">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_plate" title="Intermontane plate">Intermontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izanagi_plate" title="Izanagi plate">Izanagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula_plate" title="Kula plate">Kula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_terrane" title="Lhasa terrane">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Basin" title="Agulhas Basin">Malvinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moa_plate" title="Moa plate">Moa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_plate" title="Phoenix plate">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshiroda_plate" title="Kshiroda plate">Kshiroda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge#List_of_mid-ocean_ridges" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Oceanic ridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden_Ridge" title="Aden Ridge">Aden Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsberg_Ridge" title="Carlsberg Ridge">Carlsberg Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indian_Ridge" title="Central Indian Ridge">Central Indian Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile_Ridge" title="Chile Ridge">Chile Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Ridge">Cocos Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise" title="East Pacific Rise">East Pacific Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explorer_Ridge" title="Explorer Ridge">Explorer Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakkel_Ridge" title="Gakkel Ridge">Gakkel Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands#Geology" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Spreading Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorda_Ridge" title="Gorda Ridge">Gorda Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_Ridge" title="Juan de Fuca Ridge">Juan de Fuca Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Knipovich" title="Nikolai Knipovich">Knipovich Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolbeinsey_Ridge" title="Kolbeinsey Ridge">Kolbeinsey Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Plain" title="Greenland Plain">Mohns Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge#Iceland" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Reykjanes Ridge</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific%E2%80%93Antarctic_Ridge" title="Pacific–Antarctic Ridge">Pacific–Antarctic Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American%E2%80%93Antarctic_Ridge" title="South American–Antarctic Ridge">South American–Antarctic Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Indian_Ridge" title="Southeast Indian Ridge">Southeast Indian Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Ridge" title="Southwest Indian Ridge">Southwest Indian Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge#List_of_ancient_oceanic_ridges" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Ancient oceanic ridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegir_Ridge" title="Aegir Ridge">Aegir Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Ridge" title="Alpha Ridge">Alpha Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic%E2%80%93Phoenix_Ridge" title="Antarctic–Phoenix Ridge">Antarctic–Phoenix Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kula%E2%80%93Farallon_Ridge" title="Kula–Farallon Ridge">Kula–Farallon Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Labrador_Ridge" title="Mid-Labrador Ridge">Mid-Labrador Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific%E2%80%93Farallon_Ridge" title="Pacific–Farallon Ridge">Pacific–Farallon Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific%E2%80%93Kula_Ridge" title="Pacific–Kula Ridge">Pacific–Kula Ridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">List</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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