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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology_and_meaning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology_and_meaning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology and meaning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology_and_meaning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Grades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Karmapas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_the_Karmapas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lineage of the Karmapas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Karmapas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Dalai_Lamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_the_Dalai_Lamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lineage of the Dalai Lamas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Dalai_Lamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Tai_Situpas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_the_Tai_Situpas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lineage of the Tai Situpas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Tai_Situpas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_Samding_Dorje_Phagmo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lineage of Samding Dorje Phagmo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_Samding_Dorje_Phagmo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Trungpa_tülkus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_the_Trungpa_tülkus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Lineage of the Trungpa tülkus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Trungpa_tülkus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Zhabdrung_Rinpoches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_the_Zhabdrung_Rinpoches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Lineage of the Zhabdrung Rinpoches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Zhabdrung_Rinpoches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Panchen_Lamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_the_Panchen_Lamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Lineage of the Panchen Lamas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_the_Panchen_Lamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_Genyenma_Ahkon_Lhamo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_Genyenma_Ahkon_Lhamo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Lineage of Genyenma Ahkon Lhamo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_Genyenma_Ahkon_Lhamo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_Jamgon_Kongtrul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_Jamgon_Kongtrul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Lineage of Jamgon Kongtrul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_Jamgon_Kongtrul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Lineage of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_Dudjom_Lingpa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_Dudjom_Lingpa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Lineage of Dudjom Lingpa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_Dudjom_Lingpa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lineage_of_Thubten_Yeshe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lineage_of_Thubten_Yeshe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Lineage of Thubten Yeshe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lineage_of_Thubten_Yeshe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Finding_a_successor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finding_a_successor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Finding a successor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finding_a_successor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Analysis and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_tulku_lineages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_tulku_lineages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of tulku lineages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_tulku_lineages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Нирманакая – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нирманакая" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A4%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="སྤྲུལ་སྐུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྤྲུལ་སྐུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BClku" title="Trülku – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trülku" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Τούλκου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τούλκου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulkou" title="Tulkou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tulkou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%9C%EB%B6%88" title="활불 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="활불" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BClku" title="Trülku – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trülku" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3" title="ტულკუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტულკუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E8%BA%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E" title="化身ラマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化身ラマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Тулку – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тулку" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tulku" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Тулку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тулку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_th%C3%A2n_(Ph%E1%BA%ADt_gi%C3%A1o)" title="Hóa thân (Phật giáo) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hóa thân (Phật giáo)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%8F%A4" title="祖古 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="祖古" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q651267#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Title in Tibetan Buddhism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 2009 film, see <a href="/wiki/Tulku_(film)" title="Tulku (film)">Tulku (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Living Buddha" redirects here. 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; background-color:#DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#7D0545">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Tibetan Dharma Wheel"><img alt="Tibetan Dharma Wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/100px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/150px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/200px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists#Tibetan" title="List of Buddhists">Key personalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>First dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpacan" title="Ralpacan">Ralpacan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Talika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Abhayakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasiddhi" title="Sukhasiddhi">Sukhasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kagyu<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jonang<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sakya<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bodongpa<br /></dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> </p> <dl><dt>Gelugpa<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">10th Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Teachings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>General Buddhist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃsāra</i></span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tibetan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and attainment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tantra techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Thukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">Major monasteries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rato_Dratsang" title="Rato Dratsang">Rato</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Institutional roles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajyur" title="Dajyur">Dajyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Namchot" title="Galdan Namchot">Galdan Namchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">Wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_physiology" title="Tree of physiology">Tree of physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongdrel" title="Thongdrel">Festival thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">History and overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <i><b>tulku</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སྤྲུལ་སྐུ་</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>sprul sku</i>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_pinyin" title="Tibetan pinyin">ZYPY</a>: <i>Zhügu</i>, also <i><b>tülku</b></i>, <i><b>trulku</b></i>) is a distinctive and significant aspect of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, embodying the concept of enlightened beings taking corporeal forms to continue the lineage of specific teachings. The term "tulku" has its origins in the Tibetan word "sprul sku", which originally referred to an emperor or ruler taking human form on Earth, signifying a divine incarnation. Over time, this term evolved within Tibetan Buddhism to denote the corporeal existence of highly accomplished Buddhist masters whose purpose is to ensure the preservation and transmission of a particular lineage. </p><p>The tulku system originated in Tibet, particularly associated with the recognition of the second <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a> in the 13th century. Since then, numerous tulku lineages have been established, with each tulku having a distinctive role in preserving and propagating specific teachings. Other high-profile examples of tulkus include the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalai Lamas">Dalai Lamas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lamas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo#Tulkus" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Khyentses</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Zhabdrung_Rinpoche" title="Zhabdrung Rinpoche">Zhabdrung Rinpoches</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul#Tulkus" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Kongtruls</a>. </p><p>The process of recognizing tulkus involves a combination of traditional and supernatural methods. When a tulku passes away, a committee of senior lamas convenes to identify the reincarnation. They may look for signs left by the departed tulku, consult oracles, rely on dreams or visions, and sometimes even observe natural phenomena like rainbows. This process combines mysticism and tradition to pinpoint the successor who will carry forward the teachings of their predecessor. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a> is the recognized successor to a lama or dharma master born in the West, commonly of non-<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> ethnic heritage. This recognition has sparked debates and discussions regarding the cultural adaptation and authenticity of Westerners within the traditional Tibetan tulku system. Some argue that Westerners should explore their own forms of Buddhism rather than attempting to fit into this system. Western tulkus may struggle to gain recognition among laypeople and even other monastics. Generally, Western tulkus do not follow traditional Tibetan monastic life, and commonly leave their home monasteries for alternative careers, not necessarily chaplaincy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012426_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012426-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_meaning">Etymology and meaning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and meaning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word སྤྲུལ or 'sprul' (Modern Lhasa Tibetan <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʈʉl]</span>) was a verb in Old Tibetan literature and was used to describe the བཙན་པོ་ btsanpo ('emperor'/天子)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Source needed for this claim (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> taking a human form on earth. So the <i>sprul</i> idea of taking a corporeal form is a local religious idea alien to Indian Buddhism and other forms of Buddhism (e.g. Theravadin or Zen). The term <i>tülku</i> became associated with the translation of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> philosophical term <i><a href="/wiki/Nirmanakaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirmanakaya">nirmanakaya</a></i>. According to the philosophical system of <i><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">trikaya</a></i> or <i>three bodies of Buddha</i>, nirmanakaya is the Buddha's "body" in the sense of the <a href="/wiki/Bodymind" title="Bodymind">bodymind</a> (Sanskrit: <i><a href="/wiki/Namarupa" title="Namarupa">nāmarūpa</a></i>). Thus, the person of <a href="/wiki/Siddhartha_Gautama" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhartha Gautama">Siddhartha Gautama</a>, the historical Buddha, is an example of nirmanakaya. </p><p>Over time, indigenous religious ideas became assimilated by the new Buddhism; e.g. <i>sprul</i> became part of a compound noun, སྤྲུལ་སྐུ་'sprul.sku' ("incarnation body" or 'tülku', and 'btsan', the term for the imperial ruler of the Tibetan Empire, became a kind of mountain deity). Valentine summarizes the shift in meaning of the word <i>tülku</i>: "This term that was originally used to describe the Buddha as a 'magical emanation' of enlightenment, is best translated as 'incarnation' or 'steadfast incarnation' when used in the context of the tulku system to describe patriarchs that reliably return to human form."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentine2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentine2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i>Light of Fearless Indestructible Wisdom</i> by Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal: the term <i>tülku</i> "designates one who is 'noble' (or 'selfless' according to Buddha's usage) and used in Buddhist texts to denote a highly achieved being who has attained the first bhumi, a level of attainment which is truly egoless, or higher."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (November 2023)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> Higher <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> practitioners who have attained siddhis and mastered the <a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">bardo</a> of dying, bardo of dharmata or bardo of becoming can be reborn as a tülkus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelzang2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelzang2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Khenpo Ngawang Pelzang: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This form of transference is practiced by beginners on the path of accumulating who have received empowerment and respected the samayas, have a good understanding of the view, and have practiced the generation phase as the path but have not mastered it. Although they lack the necessary confidence to be liberated in the clear light at the moment of death or in the intermediate state of absolute reality, by taking refuge and praying to their teacher in the intermediate state they can close the way to an unfavorable womb and choose a favorable rebirth. Propelled by compassion and bodhichitta, they depart to a pure buddhafield or, failing that, take birth as a tulku born to parents who practice the Dharma. In that next life they will be liberated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelzang2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelzang2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>In addition to Tibet, Tibetan Buddhism is a traditional religion in China and Mongolia. The Mongolian word for a <i>tülku</i> is <i>qubilγan</i>, though such persons may also be called by the honorific title <i>qutuγtu</i> (Tib: '<i>phags-pa</i> and Skt: <i>ārya </i>or <i>superior</i>, not to be confused with the historic figure, 'Phags-pa Lama or the script attributed to him, (<a href="/wiki/%27Phags-pa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="'Phags-pa script"><i>Phags-pa</i> script</a>), or <i>hutagt</i> in the standard <a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongolian" title="Khalkha Mongolian">Khalkha dialect</a>. The Chinese word for <i>tülku</i> is <i>huófó</i> (活佛), which literally means "living Buddha". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grades">Grades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tibetans recognize at least three grades of tulku. Three of these grades as reported by Peter Bishop are:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop199363_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop199363-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>Low-level lamas</i> – any monk who has been rewarded with a human rebirth</li> <li><i>Nearly perfected beings</i> – these are highly skilled practitioners who intentionally reincarnate to fulfill a specific purpose or mission</li> <li><i>Incarnate Bodhisattvas</i> – the fullest sense of tulku, this grade includes only the major tulku lineages such as the <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lamas</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Tai_Situpa" title="Tai Situpa">Tai Situpas</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a strict sense, <i>tulku</i> is a Tibetan translation of the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Nirm%C4%81%E1%B9%87ak%C4%81ya" title="Nirmāṇakāya">nirmāṇakāya</a></i>, which refers to the "transformation" or "emanation body" of a <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>. <i>Tulku</i> is therefore the physical "form in which a Buddha appears to ordinary beings."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012399–400_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012399–400-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A related term in Tibetan is <i>yangsi</i> (literally "rebirth" or "re-becoming") which refers to an enlightened master who has returned to earthly existence for the sake of benefitting sentient beings. While the notion of a nirmāṇakāya is found throughout <a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> Buddhism, and is integral to the doctrine of the <i><a href="/wiki/Trikaya" title="Trikaya">trikaya</a></i> ("Three Bodies"), the concept of the <i>yangsi</i> is uniquely Tibetan. Tulku, as a title, refers to one who is recognized as the yangsi of a master.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012400–401_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012400–401-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It arose in the context of a political vacuum spurred by the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Ralpachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralpachen">Ralpachen</a>, which saw monastic centers develop political power in a second spreading of Buddhism in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198644_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198644-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had "purely politico-mercantile origins and functions"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012409_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012409-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later became a significant spiritual institution. However, some commentators argue that the political shift was "grafted onto the tradition of recognizing reincarnations, not the other way around."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012409_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012409-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turrell_V._Wylie" title="Turrell V. Wylie">Turrell V. Wylie</a> wrote that the tulku system "developed in Tibetan Buddhism primarily for political reasons"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198637_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198637-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Reginald Ray argued that such a view ignores "miss[es] what is perhaps its most distinctive feature" which is its "important ideological and religious dimensions",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being "deeply rooted" in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a></i> concept.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198637_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198637-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tulku have been associated with ruling power since its origination, expressing indigenous Tibetan notions of kingship.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198643_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198643-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system supplanted the earlier model of monastic governance, in which a celibate religious head acted as abbot, while his brother, a married administrative head, continued the family line, with his eldest son becoming the next religious head, creating an uncle-nephew system of inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198645_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198645-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first recognized tulku was perhaps <a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001269_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001269-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tucci" title="Giuseppe Tucci">Giuseppe Tucci</a> traced the origin of the tulku concept to <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana#History" title="Vajrayana">Indian Vajrayana</a>, particularly in a fragmentary biography of <a href="/wiki/Maitripada" title="Maitripada">Maitripada</a> he discovered in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198642_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198642-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tulku system of preserving Dharma lineages developed in Tibet after the 12th century, with the first recognized tulku being perhaps <a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001269_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001269-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign tulkus have been identified since at least the sixteenth century, when the grandson of the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> was recognized as the <a href="/wiki/4th_Dalai_Lama" title="4th Dalai Lama">4th Dalai Lama</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongol conversion to Buddhism</a> served a political function and allowed <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> to build a closer relationship with the Mongol <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuan Dynasty">Yuan Dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki200945_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki200945-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, however, tulku were only recognized from Tibetan cultural areas, encompassing Tibet, Nepal, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012398_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012398-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">Chinese annexation of Tibet</a> in 1959 created massive social upheaval. This intensified during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> which brought irreparable damage to the institutions and traditions which constitute Tibetan Buddhism as one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a>. As a result, Tibetan Buddhism has flourished in areas of Tibetan culture not under Chinese rule, such as Nepal, Bhutan, and parts of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. In India, the traditional monastic system is largely intact and the tulku system remains politically relevant.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001266-267_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001266-267-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compounded with the inherent transnational character of <a href="/wiki/Proselytization" class="mw-redirect" title="Proselytization">proselytizing</a> religions, Tibetan Buddhism is "pulled between the need to adapt itself and the need to preserve itself".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki200944_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki200944-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Westerners</a> began taking an interest in Tibetan Buddhism during the <a href="/wiki/1960s_counterculture" class="mw-redirect" title="1960s counterculture">counterculture</a> of the 1960s, and Tibetan Buddhism became popular among western Buddhists and they began to be recognized as incarnations of Buddhist masters around this time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENattier1995_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENattier1995-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001267_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001267-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of these, however, were <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> Tibetans or Tibetans of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed race">mixed heritage</a>, such as the son of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a>. Initially, Westerners were not recognized as tulkus by the wider Tibetan diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdeJong197455–106_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEdeJong197455–106-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012410_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012410-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The recognition of Westerners as tulkus began in the 1970s, following the spread of Tibetan Buddhism to modern Western countries such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012398–427_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012398–427-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtayD'Silva2019222_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtayD'Silva2019222-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran2004_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2004-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki2009_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki2009-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This claim has too many footnotes for reading to be smooth. (November 2023)">excessive citations</span></a></i>]</sup> The first recognized Western tulku was Dylan Henderson, an American boy identified as his father's teacher, or alternatively Ossian MacLise. MacLise, however, was born in <a href="/wiki/Kathmandu,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kathmandu, Nepal">Kathmandu, Nepal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuhaszLebow2015351_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuhaszLebow2015351-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiechty2017364_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiechty2017364-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_the_Karmapas">Lineage of the Karmapas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lineage of the Karmapas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karmapa_controversy" title="Karmapa controversy">Karmapa controversy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karmapa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Karmapa2.jpg/170px-Karmapa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Karmapa2.jpg/255px-Karmapa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Karmapa2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The second Karmapa was the first tulku.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsum_Khyenpa,_1st_Karmapa_Lama" title="Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama">Düsum Khyenpa, 1st Karmapa Lama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Dus gsum Mkhyen pa</i>, 1110–1193), was a disciple of the Tibetan master <a href="/wiki/Gampopa" title="Gampopa">Gampopa</a>. A talented child who studied Buddhism with his father from an early age and who sought out great teachers in his twenties and thirties, he is said to have attained <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">enlightenment</a> at the age of fifty while practicing <a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">dream yoga</a>. He was henceforth regarded by the contemporary highly respected masters Shakya Śri and Lama Shang as the Karmapa, a manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a>, whose coming was predicted in the <i><a href="/wiki/Samadhiraja_Sutra" title="Samadhiraja Sutra">Samadhiraja Sutra</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThrangu_Rinpoche1993_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrangu_Rinpoche1993-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%85k%C4%81vat%C4%81ra_S%C5%ABtra" title="Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra">Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Karmapa is a long line of consciously reborn lamas. A Karmapa's identity is confirmed through a combination realized <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lineage teachers</a> supernatural insight, prediction letters left by the previous Karmapa, and the young child's own self-proclamation and ability to identify objects and people known to its previous incarnation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarma_Thinley_Rinpoche198044,_81,_89,_95,_109,_110,_113,_115,_119,_121,_125,_129_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarma_Thinley_Rinpoche198044,_81,_89,_95,_109,_110,_113,_115,_119,_121,_125,_129-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2013xx_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2013xx-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_Karmapa" class="mw-redirect" title="First Karmapa">first Karmapa</a> died in 1193, a lama had recurrent visions of a particular child as his <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">rebirth</a>. This child (born <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1205</span>) was recognized as the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Pakshi,_2nd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama">Karma Pakshi, 2nd Karmapa Lama</a> (1204–1283), thus beginning the Tibetan tulku tradition. Karma Pakshi was the first recognized tulku in <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> that predicted the circumstances of his rebirth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelnick2007_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelnick2007-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong20102_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong20102-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 8th, 10th, and 12th incarnations, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Rigpe_Dorje,_16th_Karmapa#Controversy_and_Recognition_as_Karmapa" title="Rangjung Rigpe Dorje, 16th Karmapa">16th Karmapa</a>, each faced conflicts during their recognition,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThrangu_Rinpochen.d._35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrangu_Rinpochen.d.-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were ultimately resolved. There was a <a href="/wiki/Karmapa_controversy" title="Karmapa controversy">controversy</a> over the enthronement of two 17th Karmapas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_the_Dalai_Lamas">Lineage of the Dalai Lamas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lineage of the Dalai Lamas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsongkapa,_thangka_from_Tibet_in_the_15th-century,_painting_on_cloth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tsongkapa%2C_thangka_from_Tibet_in_the_15th-century%2C_painting_on_cloth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Tsongkapa%2C_thangka_from_Tibet_in_the_15th-century%2C_painting_on_cloth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tsongkapa%2C_thangka_from_Tibet_in_the_15th-century%2C_painting_on_cloth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Tsongkapa%2C_thangka_from_Tibet_in_the_15th-century%2C_painting_on_cloth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Tsongkapa%2C_thangka_from_Tibet_in_the_15th-century%2C_painting_on_cloth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Tsongkapa%2C_thangka_from_Tibet_in_the_15th-century%2C_painting_on_cloth_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="2501" /></a><figcaption>Tsongkapa, 15th-century painting, <a href="/wiki/Rubin_Museum_of_Art" title="Rubin Museum of Art">Rubin Museum of Art</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Gendun Drup (1391–1474), a disciple of the founder <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkapa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-陈庆英2005_p15_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-陈庆英2005_p15-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the ordination name of the monk who came to be known as the '<a href="/wiki/First_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="First Dalai Lama">First Dalai Lama</a>', but only from 104 years after he died.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson198440–41_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson198440–41-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There had been resistance, since first he was ordained a monk in the Kadampa tradition<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakabpa1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakabpa1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for various reasons, for hundreds of years the Kadampa school had eschewed the adoption of the <i>tulku</i> system to which the older schools adhered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200187_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200187-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tsongkhapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a> largely modelled his new, reformed <a href="/wiki/Gelugpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelugpa">Gelugpa</a> school on the Kadampa tradition and refrained from starting a tulku system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200194–95_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200194–95-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, although Gendun Drup grew to be a very important Gelugpa lama, after he died in 1474 there was no question of any search being made to identify his incarnation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200187_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200187-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, when the Tashilhunpo monks started hearing what seemed credible accounts that an incarnation of Gendun Drup had appeared nearby and repeatedly announced himself from the age of two, their curiosity was aroused.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200190–95_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200190–95-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was some 55 years after Tsongkhapa's death when eventually, the monastic authorities saw compelling evidence that convinced them the child in question was indeed the incarnation of their founder. They felt obliged to break with their own tradition and in 1487, the boy was renamed <a href="/wiki/Gendun_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Gendun Gyatso">Gendun Gyatso</a> and installed at Tashilhunpo as Gendun Drup's tulku, albeit informally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200195–96_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200195–96-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gendun Gyatso died in 1542 and the lineage of Dalai Lama tulkus finally became firmly established when the third incarnation, <a href="/wiki/3rd_Dalai_Lama" title="3rd Dalai Lama">Sonam Gyatso</a> (1543–1588), came forth. He made himself known as the <i>tulku</i> of Gendun Gyatso and was formally recognised and enthroned at Drepung in 1546.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin2001137–8_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin2001137–8-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Gendun Gyatso was given the titular name "Dalai Lama" by the Tümed <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> in 1578,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagliacozzo2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrKLrBQAAQBAJpgPT153_153]_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETagliacozzo2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrKLrBQAAQBAJpgPT153_153]-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his two predecessors were accorded the title posthumously and he became known as the third in the lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson198440–41_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson198440–41-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_the_Tai_Situpas">Lineage of the Tai Situpas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lineage of the Tai Situpas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tai_Situpa" title="Tai Situpa">Tai Situpa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tai_Situ_Rinpoche_Thankha.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tai_Situ_Rinpoche_Thankha.jpeg/170px-Tai_Situ_Rinpoche_Thankha.jpeg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tai_Situ_Rinpoche_Thankha.jpeg/255px-Tai_Situ_Rinpoche_Thankha.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Tai_Situ_Rinpoche_Thankha.jpeg/340px-Tai_Situ_Rinpoche_Thankha.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></i> of Tai Situ</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tai_Situpa" title="Tai Situpa">Tai Situpa</a> lineage is one of the oldest tulku lineages in the <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-palpung_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palpung-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Tibetan Buddhism tradition, Kenting Tai Situpa is considered as emanation of Bodhisattva <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> and who has been incarnated numerous times as <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">yogis</a> since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">historical Buddha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-palpung_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palpung-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chokyi_Gyaltsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chokyi Gyaltsen (page does not exist)">Chokyi Gyaltsen</a> was the first to bear the title "Grand <a href="/wiki/Situ_(office)" title="Situ (office)">Situ</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">大司徒</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Dà Sītú</span></i>), conferred upon him in 1407 by the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a>. He was a close disciple of <a href="/wiki/Deshin_Shekpa,_5th_Karmapa_Lama" title="Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama">Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama</a>, who appointed him <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> of Karma Goen, the Karmapa's principal <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> at the time. The full title bestowed was <i>Kenting Naya Tang Nyontse Geshetse Tai Situpa</i> which is shortened to <i>Kenting Tai Situ</i>. The full title means "far reaching, unshakable, great master, holder of the command".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollmann2006_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollmann2006-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current Tai Situpa, <a href="/wiki/Pema_T%C3%B6ny%C3%B6_Nyinje" title="Pema Tönyö Nyinje">Pema Tönyö Nyinje</a>, is the 12th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamgon_Kongtrul1997166_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamgon_Kongtrul1997166-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the head of <a href="/wiki/Palpung_Monastery" title="Palpung Monastery">Palpung Monastery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_Samding_Dorje_Phagmo">Lineage of Samding Dorje Phagmo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lineage of Samding Dorje Phagmo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorje_Phagmo_incarnation_in_16th_century_mural_at_Myemo_Chekar.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dorje_Phagmo_incarnation_in_16th_century_mural_at_Myemo_Chekar.png/170px-Dorje_Phagmo_incarnation_in_16th_century_mural_at_Myemo_Chekar.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dorje_Phagmo_incarnation_in_16th_century_mural_at_Myemo_Chekar.png/255px-Dorje_Phagmo_incarnation_in_16th_century_mural_at_Myemo_Chekar.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Dorje_Phagmo_incarnation_in_16th_century_mural_at_Myemo_Chekar.png/340px-Dorje_Phagmo_incarnation_in_16th_century_mural_at_Myemo_Chekar.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Mural depiction of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Dr%C3%B6nma" title="Chökyi Drönma">Chökyi Drönma</a>, the first incarnation of Samding Dorje Phagmo, at <a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%AAmo_Chekar_monastery" title="Nyêmo Chekar monastery">Nyêmo Chekar monastery</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བསམ་སྡིང་རྡོ་རྗེ་ཕག་མོ</span>) is the highest female tulku in Tibet<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowman1988268_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowman1988268-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the third highest-ranking person in the hierarchy after the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin2001175_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin2001175-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was listed among the highest-ranking reincarnations at the time of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a>, recognized by the Tibetan government and acknowledged by the emperors of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiemberger20072_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiemberger20072-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her first incarnation, as <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Dr%C3%B6nma" title="Chökyi Drönma">Chökyi Drönma</a> (1422–1455 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>), she was the student and consort of the famous polymath <a href="/wiki/Thang_Tong_Gyalpo" title="Thang Tong Gyalpo">Thang Tong Gyalpo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearns20074ff_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns20074ff-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who first identified her as an emanation of <a href="/wiki/Vajrav%C4%81r%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Vajravārāhī">Vajravārāhī</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiemberger200746–47_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiemberger200746–47-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the consort of Bodong Panchen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStearns2007554,_n.837_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStearns2007554,_n.837-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seat of the Samding Dorje Phagmo is at <a href="/wiki/Samding_Monastery" title="Samding Monastery">Samding Monastery</a>, in Tibet. </p><p>The current (12th) Samding Dorje Pakmo Trülku is Dechen Chökyi Drönma, who was born in 1938 or 1942. Dechen Chökyi Drönma was very young at the <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Tibet_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporation of Tibet into the People's Republic of China">time of the Chinese occupation</a>, and her exact date of birth is contested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiemberger2007299–300_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiemberger2007299–300-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dechen Chökyi Drönma was recognised by the present <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> as a true incarnation and served as a vice president of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Association_of_China" title="Buddhist Association of China">Buddhist Association of China</a> in 1956 while he was president, and <a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama</a> also as vice president. She went to Lhasa in 1958 and received the empowerment of <a href="/wiki/Yamantaka" title="Yamantaka">Yamantaka</a> from the Dalai Lama and the empowerment of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayogini" title="Vajrayogini">Vajrayogini</a> from the Dalai Lama's tutor, <a href="/wiki/Trijang_Lobsang_Yeshe_Tenzin_Gyatso" title="Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso">Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiemberger2007302-303_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiemberger2007302-303-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She has been trained in the Bodongpa tradition and remains the head of the <a href="/wiki/Samding_Monastery" title="Samding Monastery">Samding Monastery</a>. She simultaneously holds the post of a high government cadre in the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>. She has as a result been accused of collaborating with the Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrench2003220_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrench2003220-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillis198420_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis198420-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_the_Trungpa_tülkus"><span id="Lineage_of_the_Trungpa_t.C3.BClkus"></span>Lineage of the Trungpa tülkus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lineage of the Trungpa tülkus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trungpa_t%C3%BClkus" title="Trungpa tülkus">Trungpa tülkus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chogyam_Trungpa_Rinpoche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chogyam_Trungpa_Rinpoche.jpg/220px-Chogyam_Trungpa_Rinpoche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Chogyam_Trungpa_Rinpoche.jpg/330px-Chogyam_Trungpa_Rinpoche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Chogyam_Trungpa_Rinpoche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Chogyam Trungpa Rinpoche, the 11th Trungpa tülku</figcaption></figure> <p>The Trungpa tülkus are a line of incarnate <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> who traditionally head Surmang monastery complex in <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Surmang" title="Surmang">Surmang</a>. There have been twelve such Trungpa tulkus. They are members of the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Karma Kagyu</a> tradition as well as the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> tradition. These tulkus are recognized as reincarnations of Künga Gyaltsen (15th century), a student of Trungmase. </p><p>The 11th Trungpa tulku was <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a> (1940–1987). He was one of the most influential teachers of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a> and founded <a href="/wiki/Shambhala_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shambhala Buddhism">Shambhala Buddhism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Choseng_Trungpa" title="Choseng Trungpa">Choseng Trungpa</a> Rinpoche is the 12th and current Trungpa tulku.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMidal200518_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMidal200518-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_the_Zhabdrung_Rinpoches">Lineage of the Zhabdrung Rinpoches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lineage of the Zhabdrung Rinpoches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, the title Zhabdrung Rinpoche refers to <a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Namgyal" title="Ngawang Namgyal">Ngawang Namgyal</a> (1594–1651), the founder of the Bhutanese state, or one of his successive <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnations</a>. Following his death, the ruling authorities in Bhutan were faced with the problem of succession. To neutralize the power of future Zhabdrung incarnations, the Druk Desi, Je Khenpo and penlops conspired to recognize not a single person but rather as three separate persons—a <i>body incarnation</i> (<i>Ku tulku</i>), a <i>mind incarnation</i> (<i>Thu tulku</i> or <i>Thugtrul</i>), and a <i>speech incarnation</i> (<i>Sung tulku</i> or <i>Sungtrul</i>). In spite of their efforts to consolidate the power established by the original Zhabdrung, the country sank into warring factionalism for the next 200 years. The body incarnation lineage died out in the mid-18th century, while the mind and speech incarnations of the Zhabdrung continued into the 20th century. The mind incarnation was the one generally recognized as the <i>Zhabdrung</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose197726–28_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose197726–28-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides the mind incarnation, there was also a line of claimants for the speech incarnation. At the time the monarchy was founded in 1907, Choley Yeshe Ngodub (or Chogley Yeshey Ngodrup) was the speech incarnation and also served as the last Druk Desi. After his death in 1917, he was succeeded by Chogley Jigme Tenzin (1919–1949).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDorjiWangchuck199913_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDorjiWangchuck199913-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next claimant, unrecognized by the Bhutan government, lived at <a href="/wiki/Tawang_district#Tawang_Monastery" title="Tawang district">Tawang monastery</a> in India and was evacuated to the western Himalayas during the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERose197728_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose197728-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another line of claimants to be the mind incarnation of Ngawang Namgyal existed in Tibet, and was represented by <a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Namkhai Norbu</a>, who lived in Italy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_the_Panchen_Lamas">Lineage of the Panchen Lamas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lineage of the Panchen Lamas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khedrup_Je.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Khedrup_Je.jpg/220px-Khedrup_Je.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8f/Khedrup_Je.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="296" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang,_1st_Panchen_Lama" title="Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama">Khedrup Gelek Pelzang, 1st Panchen Lama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The recognition of Panchen Lamas began with <a href="/wiki/Lobsang_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Gyaltsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen">Lobsang Chökyi Gyaltsen</a>, tutor of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a>, who received the title "Panchen Bogd" from <a href="/wiki/Altan_Khan" title="Altan Khan">Altan Khan</a> and the Dalai Lama in 1645.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChuluunBulag201317_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChuluunBulag201317-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Bogd</i> is Mongolian, meaning "holy".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELessing1960_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELessing1960-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khedrup_Gelek_Pelzang" class="mw-redirect" title="Khedrup Gelek Pelzang">Khedrup Gelek Pelzang</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6nam_Choklang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sönam Choklang">Sönam Choklang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ensapa_Lobsang_D%C3%B6ndrup" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup">Ensapa Lobsang Döndrup</a> were subsequently recognized as the first to third Panchen Lamas posthumously. </p><p>In 1713, the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> granted the title <i>Panchen Erdeni</i> to the <a href="/wiki/5th_Panchen_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Panchen Lama">5th Panchen Lama</a>. In 1792, the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> issued a decree known as the <a href="/wiki/29-Article_Ordinance_for_the_More_Effective_Governing_of_Tibet" title="29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet">29-Article Ordinance for the More Effective Governing of Tibet</a>, and Article One of the decree was designed to be used in the selection of rinpoches, lamas and other high offices within Tibetan Buddhism, including the Dalai Lamas, Panchen Lamas and Mongolian lamas.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the Panchen Lama is the head of <a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a>, and holds religious and secular power over the <a href="/wiki/%C3%9C-Tsang" title="Ü-Tsang">Tsang</a> region centered in <a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a>, independent of the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Podrang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganden Podrang">Ganden Podrang</a> authority led by the Dalai Lama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofmodernt00melvpage267_267]_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldstein2007[httpsarchiveorgdetailshistoryofmodernt00melvpage267_267]-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinSherapSiebenschuh2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailstibetanrevolutio0000goldpage161_161]_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsteinSherapSiebenschuh2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailstibetanrevolutio0000goldpage161_161]-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama are closely connected, and each participates in the process of recognizing the other's reincarnations.<sup id="cite_ref-choosing_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-choosing-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current 11th Panchen Lama, <a href="/wiki/Gedhun_Choekyi_Nyima" title="Gedhun Choekyi Nyima">Gedhun Choekyi Nyima</a>, was recognized by the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> on 14 May 1995. Three days later, the six-year-old Panchen Lama was kidnapped by the Chinese government and his family was taken into custody. The Chinese government instead named <a href="/wiki/Gyaincain_Norbu" title="Gyaincain Norbu">Gyaincain Norbu</a> as the 11th Panchen Lama. Their nomination has been <a href="/wiki/11th_Panchen_Lama_controversy" title="11th Panchen Lama controversy">widely rejected</a> by Buddhists in Tibet and abroad, while governments have called for information about and the release of the Panchen Lama. Gedhun Choekyi Nyima has never been publicly seen since 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-secret_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-secret-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fake_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fake-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_Genyenma_Ahkon_Lhamo">Lineage of Genyenma Ahkon Lhamo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lineage of Genyenma Ahkon Lhamo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first Genyenma Ahkon Lhamo, a meditator recognized as a wisdom dakini<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZangpo1988186_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZangpo1988186-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of the main disciples of <a href="/wiki/Namch%C3%B6_Mingyur_Dorje" title="Namchö Mingyur Dorje">Namchö Mingyur Dorje</a> (1645–1667)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZangpo1988186_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZangpo1988186-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sister of Rigdzin Kunzang Sherab, Migyur Dorje's Dharma heir<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZangpo198862_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZangpo198862-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the First Throneholder of <a href="/wiki/Palyul" class="mw-redirect" title="Palyul">Palyul</a> Monastery (founded 1665).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie199661–5_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie199661–5-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was credited as being instrumental to the founding of Palyul (now one of the Nyingma's six main or "mother" monasteries<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZangpo19889_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZangpo19889-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and for leaving a relic that is important to Palyul. During the cremation of her body, her kapala (top half of the skull) is said to have flown three kilometers and come to rest at the foot of the teaching throne of her brother. Found to be miraculously embossed with the sacred syllable AH, the kapala became an important relic housed at Palyul monastery in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZangpo1988186_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZangpo1988186-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jetsunma_akhon_lhamo_enthronement_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jetsunma_akhon_lhamo_enthronement_1998.jpg/220px-Jetsunma_akhon_lhamo_enthronement_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jetsunma_akhon_lhamo_enthronement_1998.jpg/330px-Jetsunma_akhon_lhamo_enthronement_1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jetsunma_akhon_lhamo_enthronement_1998.jpg/440px-Jetsunma_akhon_lhamo_enthronement_1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>Western tulku <a href="/wiki/Jetsunma_Ahkon_Lhamo" title="Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo">Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo</a> during her enthronement</figcaption></figure> <p>The Third Drubwang <a href="/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche" title="Penor Rinpoche">Padma Norbu ("Penor") Rinpoche</a>, 11th Throneholder of Palyul Monastery, former Supreme Head of the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> tradition<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherrill20007_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrill20007-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was recognized as a tulku and brought to Palyul Monastery in 1936 at the age of four. He recounted that as a young tulku in Tibet, inspired by seeing the skull relic, he made prayers to find Ahkon Lhamo's incarnation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZangpo1988186_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZangpo1988186-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESherrill2000135_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESherrill2000135-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though most of the kapala relic was pulverized into dust during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, one Tibetan man managed to save a silver dollar-size piece on which the syllable "AH" appears. Penor Rinpoche acquired it from him on a return trip to Tibet in 1987. He had it preserved in a crystal lotus bowl. </p><p>In 1987, Penor Rinpoche officially recognized Alyce Louise Zeoli as the tulku of Genyenma Ahkon Lhamo during her visit to his Namdroling Monastery in <a href="/wiki/Bylakuppe" title="Bylakuppe">Bylakuppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, India.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave her the crystal lotus bowl containing the relic of Ahkon Lhamo just prior to the occasion of her enthronement ceremony as <a href="/wiki/Jetsunma_Ahkon_Lhamo" title="Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo">Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kunzang_Palyul_Choling" title="Kunzang Palyul Choling">Kunzang Palyul Choling</a> (KPC) in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie199676_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie199676-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relic remains at KPC and is displayed on auspicious days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_Jamgon_Kongtrul">Lineage of Jamgon Kongtrul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lineage of Jamgon Kongtrul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lodro_Thaye.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lodro_Thaye.jpg/170px-Lodro_Thaye.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Lodro_Thaye.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption>Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thayé</figcaption></figure> <p>Kongtrul tulkus are the main custodians of <a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a> (1813–1899). Jamgön Kongtrül Lodrö Thayé was a Tibetan Buddhist scholar, poet, artist, physician, <a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">tertön</a> and polymath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2012_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2012-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERingu_Tulku2007_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERingu_Tulku2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is credited as one of the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a> (non-sectarian), compiling what is known as the "Five Great Treasuries".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamgon_Kongtrul2003Translators'_Introduction_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamgon_Kongtrul2003Translators'_Introduction-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He achieved great renown as a scholar and writer, especially among the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a> lineages and composed over 90 volumes of Buddhist writing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2012_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2012-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamgon_Kongtrul2003Translators'_Introduction_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamgon_Kongtrul2003Translators'_Introduction-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including his magnum opus, <i><a href="/wiki/Sheja_Dz%C3%B6" title="Sheja Dzö">The Treasury of Knowledge</a></i>. There have been several recognized tulkus of Lodro Thaye. </p><p>The current lineage holder as the 4th Jamgon Kongtrul is <a href="/wiki/Lodr%C3%B6_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Nyima" title="Lodrö Chökyi Nyima">Lodrö Chökyi Nyima</a>. He was recognized in August 1996 by <a href="/wiki/Ogyen_Trinley_Dorje" title="Ogyen Trinley Dorje">Ogyen Trinley Dorje</a>, the 17th <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a>, who gave the name Jamgon Lodro Chokyi Nyima Dronme Chok Thamced Le Nampar Gyalwe De. He was born on November<span class="nowrap"> </span>26, 1995, in <a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCx%C3%BC_County" title="Qüxü County">Chushur Dzong</a>, near Chushur Dzong, in Central Tibet. This recognition was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin" title="Sakya Trizin">Sakya Trizin</a>, head of the <a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mindroling_Trichen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mindroling Trichen">Mindroling Trichen</a>, former head of the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> tradition. All three performed hair-cutting ceremonies and bestowed names, as is traditional. As the reincarnation of Jamgon Kongtrul, Lodrö is entitled to be called "<a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo">Lineage of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Lineage of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo.jpg/220px-Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo.jpg/330px-Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</figcaption></figure> <p>Khyentse tulkus are the main custodians of the lineage of <a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a> (1820–1892), a teacher, scholar and <a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">tertön</a> of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>. He was a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé movement</a>. </p><p>Several tulkus of Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo, including those of body <i>(sku)</i>, speech <i>(gsung)</i>, mind <i>(thugs)</i>, qualities <i>(yon tan)</i> and activity <i>(<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: '</i>phrin las<i>)</i>, were recognized in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrgyen_Tobgyal_Rinpoche1996_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrgyen_Tobgyal_Rinpoche1996-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, the body incarnation was Dzongsar Khyentse Jamyang Chökyi Wangpo, who was enthroned at Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo's main seat at <a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Monastery" title="Dzongsar Monastery">Dzongsar Monastery</a> but died in an accident c. 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2001268_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001268-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The activity incarnation <a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Khyentse_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Lodr%C3%B6" title="Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö">Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö</a>, who was originally enthroned at <a href="/wiki/Katok_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Katok Monastery">Katok Monastery</a> succeeded him. The speech incarnation was the <a href="/wiki/Second_Beru_Khyentse" title="Second Beru Khyentse">Second Beru Khyentse</a> and the mind incarnation <a href="/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse" title="Dilgo Khyentse">Dilgo Khyentse</a>. Since the early 1960s, Dilgo Khyentse, single-handedly upholding the unique tradition of Khyentse incarnations, propagated Buddhism tirelessly in India, Bhutan, Nepal, <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, and the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThondup1996221_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThondup1996221-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_Dudjom_Lingpa">Lineage of Dudjom Lingpa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Lineage of Dudjom Lingpa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje" title="Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje">Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dudjom_Lingpa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dudjom_Lingpa.jpg/220px-Dudjom_Lingpa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Dudjom_Lingpa.jpg/330px-Dudjom_Lingpa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Dudjom_Lingpa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Dudjom Lingpa</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a> (1835–1904) was a Tibetan <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> master, spiritual teacher and <a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">tertön</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Lingpa2002xiii_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDudjom_Lingpa2002xiii-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He stands out from the norm of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhist</a> teachers in the sense that he had no formal education, nor did he take ordination as a <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a> or belong to any established <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> school or tradition of his time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrolma2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrolma2012[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His recognized successor, <a href="/wiki/Kyabje_Dudjom_Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyabje Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje">Kyabje Dudjom Jigdral Yeshe Dorje</a>, was more commonly known as Dudjom Rinpoche (1904–1987).<sup id="cite_ref-Wogmin_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wogmin-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered to be the direct incarnation of Dudjom Lingpa.<sup id="cite_ref-Wogmin_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wogmin-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> <a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">householder</a>, yogi, and a <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a> master. According to his disciple Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal, he was revered as "His Holiness" and as a "Master of Masters".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDongyal2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDongyal2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third Dudjom tulku, Sangye Pema Zhepa, was first recognized by terton Khandro Tare Lama through a prophetic poem written in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dakini_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dakini script (page does not exist)">dakini script</a> on the day of his birth. Tare Lama wrote to <a href="/wiki/Chatral_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Chatral Rinpoche">Chatral Rinpoche</a>, who confirmed the prophecy and recognized the three-year-old tulku in person. Recognitions were also conferred by the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche" title="Penor Rinpoche">Kyabje Penor Rinpoche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin" title="Sakya Trizin">Sakya Trinzin Rinpoche</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 15, 2022, Dudjom Rinpoche Sangye Pema Zhepa, after telling his staff that he was going to rest and relax, suddenly died. He was 32 years of age when he passed at the Dudjom Labrang, his residence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanzica2022_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzica2022-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2022_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2022-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lineage_of_Thubten_Yeshe">Lineage of Thubten Yeshe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lineage of Thubten Yeshe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe" title="Thubten Yeshe">Thubten Yeshe</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe" title="Thubten Yeshe">Thubten Yeshe</a> (1935–1984) was a <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lama</a> who, while exiled in <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, co-founded <a href="/wiki/Kopan_Monastery" title="Kopan Monastery">Kopan Monastery</a> (1969) and the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Mahayana_Tradition" title="Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition">Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition</a> (1975). He followed the <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> tradition, and was considered unconventional in his teaching style. Lama Yeshe died in 1984, 20 minutes before dawn on the first day of <a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a>, the Tibetan New Year. His body was cremated at the Vajrapani Institute in <a href="/wiki/Boulder_Creek,_California" title="Boulder Creek, California">Boulder Creek, California</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZopa_Rinpoche2009_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZopa_Rinpoche2009-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where there is a <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> honoring him. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tenzin_Osel_Hita,_IVY,_191227_by_Anouk_Burel.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tenzin_Osel_Hita%2C_IVY%2C_191227_by_Anouk_Burel.jpeg/150px-Tenzin_Osel_Hita%2C_IVY%2C_191227_by_Anouk_Burel.jpeg" decoding="async" width="150" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tenzin_Osel_Hita%2C_IVY%2C_191227_by_Anouk_Burel.jpeg/225px-Tenzin_Osel_Hita%2C_IVY%2C_191227_by_Anouk_Burel.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Tenzin_Osel_Hita%2C_IVY%2C_191227_by_Anouk_Burel.jpeg/300px-Tenzin_Osel_Hita%2C_IVY%2C_191227_by_Anouk_Burel.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="689" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_%C3%96sel_Hita" title="Tenzin Ösel Hita">Tenzin Ösel Hita</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1986, after certain traditional tests, the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> formally recognized <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_%C3%96sel_Hita" title="Tenzin Ösel Hita">Tenzin Ösel Hita</a> as the <i>tulku</i> or <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe" title="Thubten Yeshe">Thubten Yeshe</a>—making him one of only a handful of Western tulkus—and renamed him "Tenzin Ösel Rinpoche" (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1106655535"><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">བསྟན་འཛིན་འོད་གསལ་རིན་པོ་ཆེ།</span>). This makes Thubten Yeshe the first in a new lineage of tulkus. As a child Ösel was heavily promoted by the FPMT, and made the subject of a book by <a href="/wiki/Vicki_Mackenzie" title="Vicki Mackenzie">Vicki Mackenzie</a>, <i>Reincarnation: The Boy Lama</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie1996_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie1996-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is the fifth of nine siblings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie1996_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie1996-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finding_a_successor">Finding a successor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Finding a successor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pamela Logan outlines a general approach for finding a successor: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When an old tulku dies, a committee of senior lamas convenes to find the young reincarnation. The group may employ a number of methods in their search. First, they will probably look for a letter left behind by the departed tulku indicating where he intends to be born again. They will ask the close friends of the departed to recall everything he said during his last days, in case he may have given hints. Often, an oracle is consulted. Sometimes a prominent lama has a dream that reveals details of the child's house, parents, or of geographical features near his home. Sometimes heaven presents a sign, perhaps a rainbow, leading the search party to the child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2004_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2004-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training">Training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Logan describes the training a tulku undergoes from a young age: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He is brought up inside a monastery, under the direction of a head tutor and a number of other teachers or servants. He must study hard and adhere to a strict regimen. He has few if any toys or playmates, and is rarely allowed outside. Early on, he learns to receive important visitors, take part in complicated rituals, and give blessings to followers and pilgrims. Sometimes one or both parents are allowed to live near the young tulku. Older brothers are sometimes inducted into the monastery as monk-companions for the holy child. Yet his elderly tutors are the most influential people in his life, and they become his de facto parents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2004_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2004-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The academic atmosphere is balanced by unconditional love: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Countering the bleak academic regimen is an atmosphere of overwhelming, unconditional love. During the tulku's every waking moment, monks, family members, and awed, adoring visitors, shower the youth with love. If you visit a child tulku, you will probably notice that his quarters are pervaded by a wonderful glow. Everyone beams at the tulku. The tulku beams back. If he asks for something, he is given it immediately, and if he errs, he is corrected just as immediately. Western visitors to the young 14th Dalai Lama commented on "the extraordinary steadiness of his gaze." Even when quite young, the boys have remarkable poise; they sit calmly without fidgeting, even through ceremonies that may last all day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2004_94-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2004-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_and_criticism">Analysis and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Analysis and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche">Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche</a>, the tulku system is a method of identifying and nurturing spiritual talent, ensuring the continuity of the tradition, and controlling resources and revenue streams. He describes how the system also ensured control of valuable real estate and financial capital, making Tibetan monasteries early examples of capitalistic institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2016_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2016-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an analysis of an article titled "Time for Radical Change in How We Raise Our Tulkus" by Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche2016_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche2016-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ken McLeod relates that the tulku system is facing challenges in the modern world. Tulkus can no longer be secluded during training as they were in Tibet, and their roles are changing. There is a shift from the traditional three-year retreat, and the adoption of titles like "His Holiness" has become a competition among tulku lineages to establish pedigree.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2016_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2016-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tulku system has been criticized since its inception. In the centuries following the inception of the system used to identify reincarnate lamas, the process became increasingly corrupted and politicized by those living outside monastic-ordination systems, as the process also led indirectly to sources of material wealth and power in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Highly respected teachers like the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamar_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamar Rinpoche">Shamar Rinpoche</a> have bemoaned the practice as belonging to feudal times, and have advocated revamping the system in way that divorces the reincarnate teacher from administrative politics and allows them to distinguish themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Criticism has also been directed against individual tulkus, including both Tibetan and <a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulkus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs2019_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs2019-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The validity of the recognition of Tsangyang Gyatso (born 1683) as the <a href="/wiki/6th_Dalai_Lama" title="6th Dalai Lama">6th Dalai Lama</a> in 1697 was questioned<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELhundrub_Dargye2011xl_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELhundrub_Dargye2011xl-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to the fact that he preferred a libertine lifestyle to that of an ordained monk. Living as a <i><a href="/wiki/Ngagpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngagpa">ngagpa</a></i> (lay practitioner and yogi), he grew his hair long, dressed as a regular Tibetan, and was said to drink alcohol and enjoy the company of women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordierPelliot1922[httpsarchiveorgstreams2tungpaotoungp11corduoftpage30mode2up_30]_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECordierPelliot1922[httpsarchiveorgstreams2tungpaotoungp11corduoftpage30mode2up_30]-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a>, the 11th <a href="/wiki/Trungpa_tulku" class="mw-redirect" title="Trungpa tulku">Trungpa tulku</a>, was criticized for his unconventional teaching style,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMidal2005160_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMidal2005160-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for his sexual involvement with a number of his female students,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemski2021_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERemski2021-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for smoking tobacco and liberally using alcohol; many who knew him characterized him as an alcoholic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200174_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200174-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhagavan_Das1997251_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhagavan_Das1997251-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case of Trungpa has been used as an example in calls to reform the tulku system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs2019_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs2019-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The enthronement of <a href="/wiki/Steven_Seagal" title="Steven Seagal">Steven Seagal</a> in 1997 prompted debate. <a href="/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche" title="Penor Rinpoche">Penor Rinpoche</a>, who has recognized several Western tulku, defended his recognition of Seagal, arguing that it was not uncommon to recognize tulku late in life or for there to exist large gaps between incarnations of a tulku.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenor_Rinpoche1999_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenor_Rinpoche1999-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seagal is involved in the international arms trade and the government of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, which has prompted criticism of his title by English journalist <a href="/wiki/Marina_Hyde" title="Marina Hyde">Marina Hyde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde2015_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde2015-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tibetan tulku <a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a>, recognized as an incarnation of 19th-century Tibetan master and visionary <a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n_Sogyal_Lerab_Lingpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertön Sogyal Lerab Lingpa">Tertön Sogyal Lerab Lingpa</a>, was accused of sexual and physical assault and abuse,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs2019_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs2019-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as misusing charitable funds, with allegations stretching back to the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1995_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1995-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2017_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2017-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017 his organisation, <a href="/wiki/Rigpa_(organization)" title="Rigpa (organization)">Rigpa</a>, announced these allegations would be investigated by an outside party and on 5 September 2018, Rigpa released an independent report produced by the UK law firm <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Silkin_LLP" title="Lewis Silkin LLP">Lewis Silkin LLP</a>, which upheld most of the allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case of Sogyal Rinpoche has been used as an example in calls to reform the tulku system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs2019_105-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs2019-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche" title="Penor Rinpoche">Penor Rinpoche</a> has faced criticism for having officially recognized several <a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulkus</a>, including accusations of bestowing titles for payment,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELattin1997_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELattin1997-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he has denied.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenor_Rinpoche1999_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenor_Rinpoche1999-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> is uncertain whether the recognition of Western tulkus is beneficial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012427_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012427-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_tulku_lineages">List of tulku lineages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: List of tulku lineages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Tulku" title="Special:EditPage/Tulku">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Tulku%22">"Tulku"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Tulku%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Tulku%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Tulku%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Tulku%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Tulku%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>This is a <b>list of tulku lineages</b>. Tibetologist <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Pommaret" title="Françoise Pommaret">Françoise Pommaret</a> estimates there are presently approximately 500 tulku lineages found across <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, Northern <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, and the southwest provinces of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPommaret1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPommaret1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjia_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arjia Rinpoche">Arjia Rinpoche</a> (on the 8th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardor_Tulku_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Bardor Tulku Rinpoche">Bardor Rinpoche</a> (on the 3rd incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagdud_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Chagdud Rinpoche">Chagdud Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changkya_Khutukhtu" title="Changkya Khutukhtu">Changkya Khutukhtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drikungpa" title="Drikungpa">Chetsang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokling_Tersar" title="Chokling Tersar">Chokling tulkus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Chungdrag Dorje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drikungpa" title="Drikungpa">Chungtsang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Tā-la’i Bla-ma</i>) (on the 14th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodrupchen_Jigme_Trinle_Ozer" title="Dodrupchen Jigme Trinle Ozer">Dodrupchen tulkus</a>, the main custodians of <a href="/wiki/Longchen_Nyingthig" title="Longchen Nyingthig">Longchen Nyingthig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dudjom Rinpoche">Dudjom Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzigar_Kongtrul_Rinpoche" title="Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche">Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche</a> (on the 2nd or 3rd incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Rinpoche" title="Dzogchen Rinpoche">Dzogchen Rinpoche</a> (on the 7th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Ponlop_Rinpoche" title="Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche">Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche</a> (on the 7th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochen_Tulku" class="mw-redirect" title="Gochen Tulku">Gochen Tulku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshir_Gyaltsab" title="Goshir Gyaltsab">Goshir Gyaltsab</a> (on the 12th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalwang_Drukpa" title="Gyalwang Drukpa">Gyalwang Drukpa</a> (on the 12th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a> (on the 4th incarnation, disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Sh%C3%AApa" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamyang Shêpa">Jamyang Shêpa</a> (on the 6th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jebtsundamba_Khutuktu" title="Jebtsundamba Khutuktu">Jebtsundamba Khutuktu</a> (on the 9th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetsunma_Ahkon_Lhamo" title="Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo">Jetsunma Ahkon Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ju_Mipham" class="mw-redirect" title="Ju Mipham">Ju Mipham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Rinpoche" title="Kalu Rinpoche">Kalu Rinpoche</a> (on the 2nd incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Chagme" title="Karma Chagme">Karma Chagme</a> (current is 7th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Karma-pa</i>) (on the 17th incarnation, disputed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamtrul_Rinpoche" title="Khamtrul Rinpoche">Khamtrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandro_Rinpoche" title="Khandro Rinpoche">Khandro Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenpo_Shenga" title="Khenpo Shenga">Khenpo Shenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngawang_Jigdral_Rinpoche" title="Ngawang Jigdral Rinpoche">Ngawang Jigdral Rinpoche</a></li> <li>Pagbalha Hutugtu (on the 11th incarnation, currently <a href="/wiki/Pagbalha_Geleg_Namgyai" title="Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai">Pagbalha Geleg Namgyai</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackerras2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLIdA7f94X_ECpgRA2-PA1992_1992]_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerras2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLIdA7f94X_ECpgRA2-PA1992_1992]-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a> (on the 11th incarnation, disputed, one appointed by the Chinese government)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenang_Pawo" title="Nenang Pawo">Pawo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Gnas-nang Dpa’-bo</i>) (on the 11th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche" title="Penor Rinpoche">Penor Rinpoche</a> (3rd incarnation deceased in 2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reting_Rinpoche" title="Reting Rinpoche">Reting Rinpoche</a> (on the 6th or 7th incarnation, disputed, one appointed by Chinese government)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Bsam-lding Rdo-rje Phag-mo</i>) (on the 12th incarnation, another Dorje Phagmo line in Bhutan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Zhwa-dmar-pa</i>) (14th incarnation died 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Situpa" title="Tai Situpa">Tai Situpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Tai Si-tu-pa</i>) (on the 12th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taktser_Rinpoche" title="Taktser Rinpoche">Taktser Rinpoche</a> (extinguished in 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarthang_Tulku" title="Tarthang Tulku">Tarthang Tulku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Delek_Rinpoche" title="Tenzin Delek Rinpoche">Tenzin Delek Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Rinpoche" title="Thrangu Rinpoche">Thrangu Rinpoche</a> (on the 9th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe" title="Thubten Yeshe">Thubten Yeshe</a> (on the 2nd incarnation, rejected by current tulku, who is committed to spiritual discovery in a post-modern context)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traleg_Kyabgon_Rinpoche" title="Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche">Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche</a> (on the 10th incarnation)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELion's_Roar_Staff2015_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELion's_Roar_Staff2015-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trungpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Trungpa">Trungpa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Drung-pa</i>) (on the 12th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trungram_Gyaltrul_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Trungram Gyaltrul Rinpoche">Trungram Gyaltrul Rinpoche</a> (on the 4th incarnation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsem_Tulku_Rinpoche" title="Tsem Tulku Rinpoche">Tsem Tulku Rinpoche</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Tshems Sprul-sku</i>; 3rd incarnation died 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche" title="Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche">Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche</a> (on the 2nd incarnation?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongey_Mingyur_Rinpoche" title="Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche">Yongey Mingyur Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhabdrung_Rinpoche" title="Zhabdrung Rinpoche">Zhabdrung Rinpoche</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>Zhabs-drung</i>) (on the 14th incarnation)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a> – Material appearance or incarnation of a god on Earth in Hinduism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a> – Goal of Buddhist practice</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa_controversy" title="Karmapa controversy">Karmapa controversy</a> – Tibetan Buddhism tulku lineage dispute</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_(children)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumari (children)">Kumari</a> – Manifestations of the divine female energy or power in Newari traditions<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Reincarnation" title="My Reincarnation"><i>My Reincarnation</i></a> – 2011 film by Jennifer Fox<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a> – Attempt to convert others to a religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Religious_Affairs_Bureau_Order_No._5" title="State Religious Affairs Bureau Order No. 5">Reincarnation Application</a> – Chinese regulation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku_(film)" title="Tulku (film)"><i>Tulku</i></a> – 2009 film by Gesar Mukpo<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unmistaken_Child" title="Unmistaken Child"><i>Unmistaken Child</i></a> – 2008 Israeli film directed by Nati Baratz<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay2003">McKay 2003</a>, p. 237: "Ordinarily the rebirth is found by the oracular prediction of some local lama of repute when in a state of trance. Corruption is general and a large proportion of reincarnations are members of noble or wealthy families. [...] The multiplication of reincarnations seems to be a development due to motives very similar to those which in the middle ages filled our abbeys and cathedrals with the bodies and relics of saints. A reincarnation is a valuable asset to any lamasery on account of the offerings which his holiness attracts, and it is a great temptation to a poor lamasery to magnify the merits of one of its learned monks in order to justify a search for his reimbodiment. The longer the series of reincarnations the more holy the saint becomes."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurren2006">Curren 2006</a>, pp. 4–5: "Outsiders might think that tulkus were always chosen according to set procedures laid down to ensure the accuracy of the result-that the child located would be the genuine reincarnation of the dead master, as in the scene from the movie Kundun. But in Tibetan history, tulku searches were not always conducted in such a pure way. Because reincarnating lamas inherited great wealth and power from their predecessors they became the center of many political disputes. <br />"Tulkus were often recognized based on non-religious factors. Sometimes monastic officials wanted a child from a powerful local noble family to give their cloister more political clout. Other times, they wanted a child from a lower-class family that would have little leverage to influence the child's upbringing. In yet other situations, the desires of the monastic officials took second place to external politics. A local warlord, the Chinese emperor, or even the Dalai Lama's government in Lhasa might try to impose its choice of tulku on a monastery for political reasons."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSamuel1993">Samuel 1993</a>, p. 285: "Disputes over the recognition of trulku are not uncommon, and Tibetans are well aware of the possibility of fraud. In the premodern period, wealthy estates were frequently at issue in such cases and for a family to have its child recognized as a major trulku made a dramatic difference to the family's status and resources."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThondup2011">Thondup 2011</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>: "The main cause of corruption, however, is not the lack of merit of the tulku tradition in general or the lack of enlightened lamas who are able to recognize them. Rather, it is the greed for material or social gain that drives the parents, relatives, or other interested people to fabricate stories and manipulate the process in favor of their own candidate. In the past, institutions such as monasteries and nunneries mostly maintained strict and vigilant safeguards against such improper influences. But today, in many cases, the institutions themselves are powerless at best."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPuri2019">Puri 2019</a>: "'Institutions need to be owned by the people, not by an individual. Like my own institution, the Dalai Lama's office, I feel it is linked to a feudal system. In 1969, in one my official statements, I had mentioned it should continue... But now I feel, not necessarily. It should go. I feel it should not be concentrated in a few people only (Tibetans)', he said."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurren2006">Curren 2006</a>, p. 254: "Surprisingly, considering that Tibetans believe him to be a high tulku himself, Shamar is one of the loudest critics of filling leadership positions in Tibetan Buddhism with reincarnate lamas. 'I have criticized Tibetan monastery administration since I was a boy at Rumtek', Shamar told me. 'Choosing tulkus has always been political. Now, this is becoming painfully clear to all. Tulkus are just bodhisattvas. They can reincarnate as humans, but also as fish or birds, for example. They do not need to be recognized officially to do their work to help sentient beings. I pray that bodhisattvas will continue to help our world. But we do not need to make them our administrative leaders. This just leads to too many fake tulkus and cheapens both religion and politics. We should slowly work to abandon this system and begin choosing leading lamas on the basis of their merit.'<br />"Shamar believes that lamas who serve as leaders of Buddhist schools or powerful monasteries should be elected by their peers, as in the case of the head lama of Bhutan, known as the Je Khenpo, or the Ganden Tripa of the Gelugpas. Both of these positions are filled by older, experienced lamas who serve a term as leader after being selected by a qualified group of other high lamas. 'They are not treated like gods, but merely respected as experienced elders', Shamar said."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrayer2019">Frayer 2019</a>: "According to Tibetan Buddhist belief, he has control over his reincarnation: 'The person who reincarnates has sole legitimate authority over where and how he or she takes rebirth', according to the Dalai Lama's official website, 'and how that reincarnation is to be recognized'."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTerhune2004">Terhune 2004</a>, p. 141: "The record of the Dalai Lamas reveals one ambitious power struggle after another, frequently orchestrated by ministers or regents keen to hang onto their authority. Influential monks were often similarly well connected. Certain aristocratic or otherwise important families generated a suspicious abundance of consequential lamas. Tulkus meant power in a theocracy. While most incarnate lamas are revered as sincere, spiritual figures, these holy individuals can also be exploited by ambitious persons in their entourage. Even strong lamas are not immune to manipulation by people in their families or monasteries. Lamas who cite flaws in the tulku system—including the current Dalai Lama—point out that if a halfway intelligent child is plucked from poverty and oblivion and given every advantage and education, he is likely to make something of himself. And if a child is truly extraordinary, he will naturally distinguish himself."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012426-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012426_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAry2012">Ary 2012</a>, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEValentine2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEValentine2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFValentine2013">Valentine 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPelzang2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelzang2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPelzang2004[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPelzang2004">Pelzang 2004</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishop199363-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishop199363_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBishop1993">Bishop 1993</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012399–400-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012399–400_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAry2012">Ary 2012</a>, pp. 399–400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012400–401-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012400–401_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAry2012">Ary 2012</a>, pp. 400–401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198644-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198644_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1986">Ray 1986</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012409-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012409_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012409_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAry2012">Ary 2012</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198637-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198637_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198637_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1986">Ray 1986</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1986">Ray 1986</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198643-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198643_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1986">Ray 1986</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198645-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198645_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1986">Ray 1986</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001269-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001269_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001269_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldmeadow2001">Oldmeadow 2001</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay198642-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay198642_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRay1986">Ray 1986</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki200945-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki200945_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhushanGarfieldZablocki2009">Bhushan, Garfield & Zablocki 2009</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012398-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012398_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAry2012">Ary 2012</a>, p. 398.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001266-267-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001266-267_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldmeadow2001">Oldmeadow 2001</a>, p. 266-267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki200944-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki200944_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhushanGarfieldZablocki2009">Bhushan, Garfield & Zablocki 2009</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENattier1995-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENattier1995_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNattier1995">Nattier 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001267-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOldmeadow2001267_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOldmeadow2001">Oldmeadow 2001</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEdeJong197455–106-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEdeJong197455–106_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFdeJong1974">deJong 1974</a>, pp. 55–106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012410-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012410_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAry2012">Ary 2012</a>, p. 410.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012398–427-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012398–427_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAry2012">Ary 2012</a>, pp. 398–427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtayD'Silva2019222-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtayD'Silva2019222_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAtayD'Silva2019">Atay & D'Silva 2019</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoran2004-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoran2004_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoran2004">Moran 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki2009-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhushanGarfieldZablocki2009_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhushanGarfieldZablocki2009">Bhushan, Garfield & Zablocki 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuhaszLebow2015351-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuhaszLebow2015351_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJuhaszLebow2015">Juhasz & Lebow 2015</a>, p. 351.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiechty2017364-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiechty2017364_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLiechty2017">Liechty 2017</a>, pp. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrangu_Rinpoche1993-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThrangu_Rinpoche1993_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThrangu_Rinpoche1993">Thrangu Rinpoche 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistinformation.com/lankavatara_sutra.htm">The Lankavatara Sutra</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060113184106/http://www.buddhistinformation.com/lankavatara_sutra.htm">Archived</a> 2006-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarma_Thinley_Rinpoche198044,_81,_89,_95,_109,_110,_113,_115,_119,_121,_125,_129-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarma_Thinley_Rinpoche198044,_81,_89,_95,_109,_110,_113,_115,_119,_121,_125,_129_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarma_Thinley_Rinpoche1980">Karma Thinley Rinpoche 1980</a>, pp. 44, 81, 89, 95, 109, 110, 113, 115, 119, 121, 125, 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevin2013xx-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevin2013xx_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevin2013">Levin 2013</a>, p. xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelnick2007-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelnick2007_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelnick2007">Melnick 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong20102-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWong20102_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWong2010">Wong 2010</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThrangu_Rinpochen.d.-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThrangu_Rinpochen.d._35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThrangu_Rinpochen.d.">Thrangu Rinpoche n.d</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-陈庆英2005_p15-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-陈庆英2005_p15_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF陈庆英2005" class="citation book cs1">陈庆英 (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=haMIsdC3iZwC&pg=PA15"><i>达赖喇嘛转世及历史定制英</i></a>. 五洲传播出版社. pp. 16–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5085-0745-3"><bdi>978-7-5085-0745-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%BE%E8%B5%96%E5%96%87%E5%98%9B%E8%BD%AC%E4%B8%96%E5%8F%8A%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%AE%9A%E5%88%B6%E8%8B%B1&rft.pages=16-&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E6%B4%B2%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-7-5085-0745-3&rft.au=%E9%99%88%E5%BA%86%E8%8B%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhaMIsdC3iZwC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichardson198440–41-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson198440–41_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichardson198440–41_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichardson1984">Richardson 1984</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShakabpa1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShakabpa1967[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShakabpa1967">Shakabpa 1967</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200187-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200187_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200187_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMullin2001">Mullin 2001</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200194–95-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200194–95_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMullin2001">Mullin 2001</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200190–95-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200190–95_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMullin2001">Mullin 2001</a>, pp. 90–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin200195–96-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin200195–96_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMullin2001">Mullin 2001</a>, pp. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMullin2001137–8-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMullin2001137–8_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMullin2001">Mullin 2001</a>, pp. 137–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETagliacozzo2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrKLrBQAAQBAJpgPT153_153]-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETagliacozzo2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidrKLrBQAAQBAJpgPT153_153]_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTagliacozzo2015">Tagliacozzo 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rKLrBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT153">153</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palpung-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palpung_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-palpung_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palpung.com/rinpoche.php">History of the Tai Situpas</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollmann2006-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollmann2006_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollmann2006">Hollmann 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamgon_Kongtrul1997166-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamgon_Kongtrul1997166_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamgon_Kongtrul1997">Jamgon Kongtrul 1997</a>, p. 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDowman1988268-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDowman1988268_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDowman1988">Dowman 1988</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li 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(July 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wogmin-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wogmin_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wogmin_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232748/https://www.dharma-media.org/wogmin/dudjom.html">"His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche: Upasaka Vidyadhara Jigdrel Yeshe Dorje (1904–1987)"</a>. <i>Drikung Kagyu Buddhist Monastery, Wogmin Thubten Shedrup Ling</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dharma-media.org/wogmin/dudjom.html">the original</a> on 2018-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.shambhala.com/snowlion_articles/khyabje-dudjom-rinpoche-to-be-enthroned/">"Khyabje Dudjom Rinpoche to be Enthroned"</a>. <i>Snow Lion Newsletter and Catalog</i>. Spring 1993. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-04</span></span> – via Shambhala.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Snow+Lion+Newsletter+and+Catalog&rft.atitle=Khyabje+Dudjom+Rinpoche+to+be+Enthroned&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.shambhala.com%2Fsnowlion_articles%2Fkhyabje-dudjom-rinpoche-to-be-enthroned%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanzica2022-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanzica2022_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPanzica2022">Panzica 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2022-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2022_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2022">Lewis 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZopa_Rinpoche2009-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZopa_Rinpoche2009_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZopa_Rinpoche2009">Zopa Rinpoche 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie1996-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie1996_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie1996_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackenzie1996">Mackenzie 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELogan2004-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2004_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2004_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELogan2004_94-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLogan2004">Logan 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2016-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2016_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLeod2016_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcLeod2016">McLeod 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche2016-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche2016_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche2016">Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELachs2019-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs2019_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs2019_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs2019_105-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachs2019_105-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLachs2019">Lachs 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELhundrub_Dargye2011xl-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELhundrub_Dargye2011xl_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLhundrub_Dargye2011">Lhundrub Dargye 2011</a>, p. xl.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECordierPelliot1922[httpsarchiveorgstreams2tungpaotoungp11corduoftpage30mode2up_30]-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECordierPelliot1922[httpsarchiveorgstreams2tungpaotoungp11corduoftpage30mode2up_30]_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCordierPelliot1922">Cordier & Pelliot 1922</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/s2tungpaotoungp11corduoft#page/30/mode/2up">30</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMidal2005160-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMidal2005160_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMidal2005">Midal 2005</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERemski2021-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERemski2021_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRemski2021">Remski 2021</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEColeman200174-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEColeman200174_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFColeman2001">Coleman 2001</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhagavan_Das1997251-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhagavan_Das1997251_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhagavan_Das1997">Bhagavan Das 1997</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenor_Rinpoche1999-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenor_Rinpoche1999_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenor_Rinpoche1999_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPenor_Rinpoche1999">Penor Rinpoche 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHyde2015-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHyde2015_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHyde2015">Hyde 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1995-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1995_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1995">Brown 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2017-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown2017_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown2017">Brown 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rigpa.org/independent-investigation-report">"Independent Investigation Report"</a>. <i>Rigpa</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rigpa&rft.atitle=Independent+Investigation+Report&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rigpa.org%2Findependent-investigation-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELattin1997-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELattin1997_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLattin1997">Lattin 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAry2012427-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAry2012427_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAry2012">Ary 2012</a>, p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPommaret1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPommaret1998[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(November_2023)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPommaret1998">Pommaret 1998</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (November 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackerras2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLIdA7f94X_ECpgRA2-PA1992_1992]-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackerras2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLIdA7f94X_ECpgRA2-PA1992_1992]_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackerras2001">Mackerras 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LIdA7f94X_EC&pg=RA2-PA1992">1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELion's_Roar_Staff2015-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELion's_Roar_Staff2015_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLion's_Roar_Staff2015">Lion's Roar Staff 2015</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAry2012" class="citation book cs1">Ary, Elijah (2012-11-19). "The Westernization of Tulkus". <i>Little Buddhas</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 398–427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199860265.003.0017">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199860265.003.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994561-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994561-0"><bdi>978-0-19-994561-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Westernization+of+Tulkus&rft.btitle=Little+Buddhas&rft.pages=398-427&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199860265.003.0017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-994561-0&rft.aulast=Ary&rft.aufirst=Elijah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtayD'Silva2019" class="citation book cs1">Atay, A.; D'Silva, M.U. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nJCKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT222"><i>Mediated Intercultural Communication in a Digital Age</i></a>. Routledge Research in Communication Studies. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-39989-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-39989-0"><bdi>978-1-351-39989-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediated+Intercultural+Communication+in+a+Digital+Age&rft.series=Routledge+Research+in+Communication+Studies&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-351-39989-0&rft.aulast=Atay&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=D%27Silva%2C+M.U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnJCKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhagavan_Das1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan_Das_(yogi)" title="Bhagavan Das (yogi)">Bhagavan Das</a> (1997). <i>It's Here Now (Are You?)</i>. Broadway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7679-0008-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7679-0008-1"><bdi>0-7679-0008-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=It%27s+Here+Now+%28Are+You%3F%29&rft.pub=Broadway&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7679-0008-1&rft.au=Bhagavan+Das&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhushanGarfieldZablocki2009" class="citation book cs1">Bhushan, Nalini; Garfield, Jay L.; Zablocki, Abraham, eds. (2009). <i>TransBuddhism: Transmission, Translation, Transformation</i>. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-708-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55849-708-5"><bdi>978-1-55849-708-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TransBuddhism%3A+Transmission%2C+Translation%2C+Transformation&rft.place=Amherst&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-55849-708-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop1993" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, P. (1993). <i>Dreams of Power: Tibetan Buddhism, and the Western Imagination</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0485113280" title="Special:BookSources/978-0485113280"><bdi>978-0485113280</bdi></a>. <q>Tibetans recognize at least <i>three grades</i> of identifiable reincarnated persons, usually known as 'tulku' ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dreams+of+Power%3A+Tibetan+Buddhism%2C+and+the+Western+Imagination&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0485113280&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1995" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mick (2 February 1995). "The Precious One". <i>The Telegraph</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+Precious+One&rft.date=1995-02-02&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2017" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Mick (21 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/men/thinking-man/sexual-assaults-violent-rages-inside-dark-world-buddhist-teacher/">"Sexual assaults and violent rages... Inside the dark world of Buddhist teacher Sogyal Rinpoche"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sexual+assaults+and+violent+rages...+Inside+the+dark+world+of+Buddhist+teacher+Sogyal+Rinpoche&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fmen%2Fthinking-man%2Fsexual-assaults-violent-rages-inside-dark-world-buddhist-teacher%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuluunBulag2013" class="citation book cs1">Chuluun, Sampildondov; Bulag, Uradyn E. (2013). <i>The Thirteenth Dalai Lama on the Run (1904–1906): Archival Documents from Mongolia</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004254558" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004254558"><bdi>978-9004254558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirteenth+Dalai+Lama+on+the+Run+%281904%E2%80%931906%29%3A+Archival+Documents+from+Mongolia&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004254558&rft.aulast=Chuluun&rft.aufirst=Sampildondov&rft.au=Bulag%2C+Uradyn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColeman2001" class="citation book cs1">Coleman, James William (2001). <i>The New Buddhism: The Western Transformation of an Ancient Tradition</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513162-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513162-2"><bdi>0-19-513162-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Buddhism%3A+The+Western+Transformation+of+an+Ancient+Tradition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-513162-2&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.aufirst=James+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordierPelliot1922" class="citation book cs1">Cordier, Henri; Pelliot, Paul, eds. (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/s2tungpaotoungp11corduoft"><i>T'oung Pao (通報) or Archives</i></a>. Vol. XX1. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/E.J._Brill" class="mw-redirect" title="E.J. Brill">E.J. Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%27oung+Pao+%28%E9%80%9A%E5%A0%B1%29+or+Archives&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fs2tungpaotoungp11corduoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurren2006" class="citation book cs1">Curren, Erik (2006). <i>Buddha's Not Smiling: Uncovering Corruption at the Heart of Tibetan Buddhism Today</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3331-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3331-9"><bdi>978-81-208-3331-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddha%27s+Not+Smiling%3A+Uncovering+Corruption+at+the+Heart+of+Tibetan+Buddhism+Today&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3331-9&rft.aulast=Curren&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFdeJong1974" class="citation journal cs1">deJong, J. W. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/44361384">"A Brief History of Buddhist Studies in Europe and America"</a>. <i>The Eastern Buddhist</i>. <b>7</b> (1). Eastern Buddhist Society: 55–106. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-8708">0012-8708</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44361384">44361384</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Eastern+Buddhist&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Buddhist+Studies+in+Europe+and+America&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-106&rft.date=1974&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44361384%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-8708&rft.aulast=deJong&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44361384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiemberger2007" class="citation book cs1">Diemberger, Hildegard (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenwomanbecomes0000diem"><i>When a Woman Becomes a Religious Dynasty: The Samding Dorje Phagmo of Tibet</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14320-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-14320-2"><bdi>978-0-231-14320-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+a+Woman+Becomes+a+Religious+Dynasty%3A+The+Samding+Dorje+Phagmo+of+Tibet&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-231-14320-2&rft.aulast=Diemberger&rft.aufirst=Hildegard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenwomanbecomes0000diem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDongyal2008" class="citation book cs1">Dongyal, Khenpo Tsewang (2008). <i>Light of Fearless Indestructible Wisdom: The Life and Legacy of His Holiness Dudjom Rinpoche</i>. <a href="/wiki/Snow_Lion_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Snow Lion Publications">Snow Lion Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55939-304-1"><bdi>978-1-55939-304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Light+of+Fearless+Indestructible+Wisdom%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+His+Holiness+Dudjom+Rinpoche&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-55939-304-1&rft.aulast=Dongyal&rft.aufirst=Khenpo+Tsewang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorjiWangchuck1999" class="citation book cs1">Dorji, Yab Ugyen; Wangchuck, Ashi Dorji Wangmo (1999). <i>Of Rainbows and Clouds: The Life of Yab Ugyen Dorji as Told to His Daughter</i>. Serindia Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906026-49-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-906026-49-0"><bdi>0-906026-49-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Rainbows+and+Clouds%3A+The+Life+of+Yab+Ugyen+Dorji+as+Told+to+His+Daughter&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-906026-49-0&rft.aulast=Dorji&rft.aufirst=Yab+Ugyen&rft.au=Wangchuck%2C+Ashi+Dorji+Wangmo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowman1988" class="citation book cs1">Dowman, Keith (1988). <i>The Power-places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide</i>. Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-1370-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7102-1370-0"><bdi>0-7102-1370-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power-places+of+Central+Tibet%3A+The+Pilgrim%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7102-1370-0&rft.aulast=Dowman&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrolma2012" class="citation book cs1">Drolma, Chönyi (2012). "Translator's Introduction". <i>A Clear Mirror: The Visionary Autobiography of a Tibetan Master</i>. By Dudjom Lingpa. 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Junction City, CA: Padma Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-881847-33-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-881847-33-0"><bdi>1-881847-33-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhahood+Without+Meditation%3A+A+Visionary+Account+Known+as+Refining+One%27s+Perception+%28Nang-jang%29+%E0%BC%84%E0%BC%85%E0%BC%8E%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%92%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%84%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8E&rft.place=Junction+City%2C+CA&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Padma+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-881847-33-0&rft.au=Dudjom+Lingpa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche2016" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Khyentse_Norbu" title="Khyentse Norbu">Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche</a> (August 22, 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tricycle.org/article/dzongsar-jamyang-khyentse-tulkus/">"Time for Radical Change in How We Raise Our Tulkus"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tricycle:_The_Buddhist_Review" title="Tricycle: The Buddhist Review">Tricycle: The Buddhist Review</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tricycle%3A+The+Buddhist+Review&rft.atitle=Time+for+Radical+Change+in+How+We+Raise+Our+Tulkus&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft.au=Dzongsar+Jamyang+Khyentse+Rinpoche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftricycle.org%2Farticle%2Fdzongsar-jamyang-khyentse-tulkus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrayer2019" class="citation news cs1">Frayer, Lauren (10 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2019/11/10/776052182/who-will-decide-on-the-dalai-lamas-successor-his-supporters-or-beijing">"Who Will Decide On The Dalai Lama's Successor — His Supporters Or Beijing"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+Will+Decide+On+The+Dalai+Lama%27s+Successor+%E2%80%94+His+Supporters+Or+Beijing&rft.date=2019-11-10&rft.aulast=Frayer&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2019%2F11%2F10%2F776052182%2Fwho-will-decide-on-the-dalai-lamas-successor-his-supporters-or-beijing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench2003" class="citation book cs1">French, Patrick (2003). <i>Tibet, Tibet: A Personal History of a Lost Land</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-4100-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-4100-7"><bdi>1-4000-4100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%2C+Tibet%3A+A+Personal+History+of+a+Lost+Land&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-4000-4100-7&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollmann2006" class="citation web cs1">Hollmann, Gaby (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416070806/http://rinpoche.com/stories/tibet3.htm">"History of Tibet – A Few Chapters (Part 3)"</a>. <i>Rinpoche.com</i>. 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24941-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24941-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Tibet%2C+Volume+2%3A+The+Calm+Before+the+Storm%3A+1951%E2%80%931955&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24941-7&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Melvyn+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernt00melv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsteinSherapSiebenschuh2004" class="citation book cs1">Goldstein, Melvyn C.; Sherap, Dawei; Siebenschuh, William R. 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24089-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-24089-8"><bdi>0-520-24089-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Tibetan+Revolutionary%3A+The+Political+Life+and+Times+of+Bapa+Ph%C3%BCntso+Wangye&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-520-24089-8&rft.aulast=Goldstein&rft.aufirst=Melvyn+C.&rft.au=Sherap%2C+Dawei&rft.au=Siebenschuh%2C+William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftibetanrevolutio0000gold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde2015" class="citation news cs1">Hyde, Marina (24 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/lostinshowbiz/2015/sep/24/steven-seagal-buddhist-and-mascot-for-arms-trade-azerbaijan">"Has Steven Seagal proved you can be a Buddhist and a mascot for the arms trade?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Has+Steven+Seagal+proved+you+can+be+a+Buddhist+and+a+mascot+for+the+arms+trade%3F&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=Marina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2Flostinshowbiz%2F2015%2Fsep%2F24%2Fsteven-seagal-buddhist-and-mascot-for-arms-trade-azerbaijan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Jackson, Roger R. 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Ithaca, New York: Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559390835" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559390835"><bdi>978-1559390835</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enthronement%3A+The+Recognition+of+the+Reincarnate+Masters+of+Tibet+and+the+Himalayas&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1559390835&rft.aulast=Jamgon+Kongtrul&rft.aufirst=Lodro+Taye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamgon_Kongtrul2003" class="citation book cs1">Jamgon Kongtrul (2003). <i>The Treasury of Knowledge: Book One: Myriad Worlds</i>. Translated by Kalu Rinpoche Translation Group. Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559398824" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559398824"><bdi>978-1559398824</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Treasury+of+Knowledge%3A+Book+One%3A+Myriad+Worlds&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1559398824&rft.au=Jamgon+Kongtrul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuhaszLebow2015" class="citation book cs1">Juhasz, Alexandra; Lebow, Alisa (2015-03-16). <i>A Companion to Contemporary Documentary Film</i>. Malden, Mass: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67164-1"><bdi>978-0-470-67164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Contemporary+Documentary+Film&rft.place=Malden%2C+Mass&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015-03-16&rft.isbn=978-0-470-67164-1&rft.aulast=Juhasz&rft.aufirst=Alexandra&rft.au=Lebow%2C+Alisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarma_Thinley_Rinpoche1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karma_Thinley_Rinpoche" title="Karma Thinley Rinpoche">Karma Thinley Rinpoche</a> (1980). <i>The History of the Sixteen Karmapas of Tibet</i>. Prajna Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-644-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-644-8"><bdi>1-57062-644-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Sixteen+Karmapas+of+Tibet&rft.pub=Prajna+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=1-57062-644-8&rft.au=Karma+Thinley+Rinpoche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachs2019" class="citation news cs1">Lachs, Stuart (July 12, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openbuddhism.org/regions/north-america/2019/tibetan-buddhism-enters-the-21st-century-trouble-in-shangri-la/">"Tibetan Buddhism Enters the 21st Century: Trouble in Shangri-la"</a>. <i>Open Buddhism</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bogd&rft.btitle=Mongolian-English+Dictionary&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Lessing&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevin2013" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Norma (2013). <i>Miraculous 16th Karmapa: Incredible Encounters with the Black Crown Buddha</i>. Shang Shung Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miraculous+16th+Karmapa%3A+Incredible+Encounters+with+the+Black+Crown+Buddha&rft.pub=Shang+Shung+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Norma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2022" class="citation news cs1">Lewis, Craig C. (February 18, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buddhistdoor.net/news/passing-of-his-holiness-dudjom-sangye-pema-shepa-rinpoche-announced/">"Passing of His Holiness Dudjom Sangye Pema Shepa Rinpoche Announced"</a>. <i>Buddhistdoor Global</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buddhistdoor+Global&rft.atitle=Passing+of+His+Holiness+Dudjom+Sangye+Pema+Shepa+Rinpoche+Announced&rft.date=2022-02-18&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Craig+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistdoor.net%2Fnews%2Fpassing-of-his-holiness-dudjom-sangye-pema-shepa-rinpoche-announced%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLhundrub_Dargye2011" class="citation book cs1">Lhundrub Dargye, Ngawang (2011). <i>The Hidden Life of the Sixth Dalai Lama</i>. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739150535" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739150535"><bdi>978-0739150535</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hidden+Life+of+the+Sixth+Dalai+Lama&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0739150535&rft.aulast=Lhundrub+Dargye&rft.aufirst=Ngawang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiechty2017" class="citation book cs1">Liechty, Mark (2017). "12. Imbibing Eastern Wisdom: Nepal as Dharma Destination". <i>Far Out</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 323–366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226429137.003.0012">10.7208/chicago/9780226429137.003.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42894-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-42894-9"><bdi>978-0-226-42894-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=12.+Imbibing+Eastern+Wisdom%3A+Nepal+as+Dharma+Destination&rft.btitle=Far+Out&rft.pages=323-366&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7208%2Fchicago%2F9780226429137.003.0012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-42894-9&rft.aulast=Liechty&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLion's_Roar_Staff2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Lion's Roar Staff (July 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lionsroar.com/tenth-traleg-rinpoche-located-recognized/">"Tenth Traleg Rinpoche located, recognized"</a>. <i>Lion's Roar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861711086" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861711086"><bdi>978-0861711086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reincarnation%3A+The+Boy+Lama&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0861711086&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Vicki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackerras2001" class="citation book cs1">Mackerras, Colin (2001). <i>The New Cambridge Handbook of Contemporary China</i>. 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Smithsonian Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56098-231-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56098-231-4"><bdi>1-56098-231-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilized+Shamans%3A+Buddhism+in+Tibetan+Societies&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-56098-231-4&rft.aulast=Samuel&rft.aufirst=Geoffery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakabpa1967" class="citation book cs1">Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. (1967). <i>Tibet: A Political History</i>. 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Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-45275-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-45275-3"><bdi>0-679-45275-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha+from+Brooklyn&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-679-45275-3&rft.aulast=Sherrill&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._Gene_Smith" title="E. Gene Smith">Smith, E. Gene</a> (2001). <i>Among Tibetan Texts: History and Literature of the Himalayan Plateau</i>. Studies in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism. Sommerville, Massachusetts: Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86171-179-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86171-179-3"><bdi>0-86171-179-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Among+Tibetan+Texts%3A+History+and+Literature+of+the+Himalayan+Plateau&rft.place=Sommerville%2C+Massachusetts&rft.series=Studies+in+Indian+and+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-86171-179-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=E.+Gene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearns2007" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Cyrus (2007). <i>King of the Empty Plain: The Tibetan Iron Bridge Builder Tangtong Gyalpo</i>. Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559392754" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559392754"><bdi>978-1559392754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+of+the+Empty+Plain%3A+The+Tibetan+Iron+Bridge+Builder+Tangtong+Gyalpo&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1559392754&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTagliacozzo2015" class="citation book cs1">Tagliacozzo, Eric (2015). <i>Asia Inside Out: Changing Times</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-96694-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-96694-9"><bdi>978-0-674-96694-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+Inside+Out%3A+Changing+Times&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-674-96694-9&rft.aulast=Tagliacozzo&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerhune2004" class="citation book cs1">Terhune, Lea (2004). <i>Karmapa: The Politics of Reincarnation</i>. Wisdom Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861711802" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861711802"><bdi>978-0861711802</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karmapa%3A+The+Politics+of+Reincarnation&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0861711802&rft.aulast=Terhune&rft.aufirst=Lea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThondup2011" class="citation book cs1">Thondup, Tulku (2011). <i>Incarnation: The History and Mysticism of the Tulku Tradition of Tibet</i>. Boston: Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1590308394" title="Special:BookSources/978-1590308394"><bdi>978-1590308394</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incarnation%3A+The+History+and+Mysticism+of+the+Tulku+Tradition+of+Tibet&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1590308394&rft.aulast=Thondup&rft.aufirst=Tulku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThondup1996" class="citation book cs1">Thondup, Tulku (1996). <i>Masters of Meditation and Miracles</i>. Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-113-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-113-6"><bdi>1-57062-113-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masters+of+Meditation+and+Miracles&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-57062-113-6&rft.aulast=Thondup&rft.aufirst=Tulku&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrangu_Rinpoche1993" class="citation web cs1">Thrangu Rinpoche, Khenchen (January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010617183445/http://rinpoche.com/samadisutra.html">"King of Samadhi Sutra: Oral commentaries given in Rinpoche's monastery in Boudhanath, Nepal"</a>. <i>Rinpoche.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rinpoche.com/samadisutra.html">the original</a> on 2001-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rinpoche.com&rft.atitle=King+of+Samadhi+Sutra%3A+Oral+commentaries+given+in+Rinpoche%27s+monastery+in+Boudhanath%2C+Nepal&rft.date=1993-01&rft.aulast=Thrangu+Rinpoche&rft.aufirst=Khenchen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rinpoche.com%2Fsamadisutra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrangu_Rinpochen.d." class="citation web cs1">Thrangu Rinpoche (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200906095656/http://rinpoche.com/controversy.htm">"The Karmapa Controversy"</a>. <i>Rinpoche.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rinpoche.com/controversy.htm">the original</a> on 2020-09-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rinpoche.com&rft.atitle=The+Karmapa+Controversy&rft.au=Thrangu+Rinpoche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rinpoche.com%2Fcontroversy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentine2013" class="citation web cs1">Valentine, Jay (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.lib.virginia.edu/catalog/libra-oa:3244">"Lords of the Northern Treasures: The Development of the Tibetan Institution of Rule by Successive Incarnations"</a>. <i>UVA Library | Virgo</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-08-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UVA+Library+%7C+Virgo&rft.atitle=Lords+of+the+Northern+Treasures%3A+The+Development+of+the+Tibetan+Institution+of+Rule+by+Successive+Incarnations&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Valentine&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.lib.virginia.edu%2Fcatalog%2Flibra-oa%3A3244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis1984" class="citation journal cs1">Willis, Janice D. (Winter 1984). "Tibetan Ani-s: The Nun's Life in Tibet". <i>The Tibet Journal</i>. <b>IX</b> (4). Dharamsala, India: Library of Tibetan Works & Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tibet+Journal&rft.atitle=Tibetan+Ani-s%3A+The+Nun%27s+Life+in+Tibet&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=IX&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Janice+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2010" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Sylvia (2010). <i>The Karmapa Prophecies</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3480-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3480-4"><bdi>978-81-208-3480-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Karmapa+Prophecies&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3480-4&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZangpo1988" class="citation book cs1">Zangpo, Tsering Lama Jampal (1988). <i>The Astonishing Succession of Throne Holders of the Victorious and Powerful Palyul Tradition Called A Garland of Immortal Wish-fulfilling Trees</i>. Snow Lion Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0937938645" title="Special:BookSources/978-0937938645"><bdi>978-0937938645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Astonishing+Succession+of+Throne+Holders+of+the+Victorious+and+Powerful+Palyul+Tradition+Called+A+Garland+of+Immortal+Wish-fulfilling+Trees&rft.pub=Snow+Lion+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0937938645&rft.aulast=Zangpo&rft.aufirst=Tsering+Lama+Jampal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZopa_Rinpoche2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Zopa Rinpoche (April–June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fpmt.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2009/03/LamaYeshePasses.pdf">"Lama Yeshe Passes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mandala</i>. pp. 40–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mandala&rft.atitle=Lama+Yeshe+Passes&rft.pages=40-45&rft.date=2009-04%2F2009-06&rft.au=Zopa+Rinpoche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffpmt.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F2%2F2009%2F03%2FLamaYeshePasses.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Cabezón, José Ignacio (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_38_02.pdf">"On Tulku Lineages"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revue d'Études Tibétaines</i> (38): 1–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%89tudes+Tib%C3%A9taines&rft.atitle=On+Tulku+Lineages&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=2017-02&rft.aulast=Cabez%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fret%2Fpdf%2Fret_38_02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Desal, Tenzin (July 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tibetpolicy.net/the-tibetan-tradition-of-reincarnation-and-ccps-assertion-to-reign-sovereignty-over-living-buddhas/">"The Tibetan Tradition of Reincarnation and CCP's Assertion to Reign Sovereignty over 'Living Buddhas'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Tibet Policy Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tibet+Policy+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Tibetan+Tradition+of+Reincarnation+and+CCP%27s+Assertion+to+Reign+Sovereignty+over+%27Living+Buddhas%27&rft.date=2019-07-30&rft.aulast=Desal&rft.aufirst=Tenzin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftibetpolicy.net%2Fthe-tibetan-tradition-of-reincarnation-and-ccps-assertion-to-reign-sovereignty-over-living-buddhas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Gamble, Ruth (2018). <i>Reincarnation in Tibetan Buddhism: The Third Karmapa and the Invention of a Tradition</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190690793" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190690793"><bdi>978-0190690793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reincarnation+in+Tibetan+Buddhism%3A+The+Third+Karmapa+and+the+Invention+of+a+Tradition&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0190690793&rft.aulast=Gamble&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, Jeffrey (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ret/pdf/ret_38_12.pdf">"Reflections on Tulku Institution: Technical and Personal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revue d'Études Tibétaines</i> (38): 241–264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%89tudes+Tib%C3%A9taines&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+Tulku+Institution%3A+Technical+and+Personal&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=241-264&rft.date=2017-02&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhimalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fjournals%2Fret%2Fpdf%2Fret_38_12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Kunsang, Lama; Pemo, Lama; Aubele, Marie (2012). <i>History of the Karmapas: The Odyssey of the Tibetan Masters with the Black Crown</i>. Shambhala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1559393904" title="Special:BookSources/978-1559393904"><bdi>978-1559393904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Karmapas%3A+The+Odyssey+of+the+Tibetan+Masters+with+the+Black+Crown&rft.pub=Shambhala&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1559393904&rft.aulast=Kunsang&rft.aufirst=Lama&rft.au=Pemo%2C+Lama&rft.au=Aubele%2C+Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Manson, Charles (August 2015). "The Reincarnate Lamas Tradition in Central Asia". <i>Middle Way</i>. <b>90</b> (2): 105–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Way&rft.atitle=The+Reincarnate+Lamas+Tradition+in+Central+Asia&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-10&rft.date=2015-08&rft.aulast=Manson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1">Miller, Andrea (12 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lionsroar.com/magical-emanations-the-unexpected-lives-of-western-tulkus/">"Magical Emanations: The Unexpected Lives of Western Tulkus"</a>. <i>Lion's Roar</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lion%27s+Roar&rft.atitle=Magical+Emanations%3A+The+Unexpected+Lives+of+Western+Tulkus&rft.date=2021-03-12&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lionsroar.com%2Fmagical-emanations-the-unexpected-lives-of-western-tulkus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Oldenburg, Don (26 September 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1988/09/26/the-unexpected-incarnation/d7b49d89-9199-4256-a812-471ead64c5b7/">"The Unexpected Incarnation"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Unexpected+Incarnation&rft.date=1988-09-26&rft.aulast=Oldenburg&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1988%2F09%2F26%2Fthe-unexpected-incarnation%2Fd7b49d89-9199-4256-a812-471ead64c5b7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">Pierson, David (11 October 2023) [4 October 2023]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/04/world/asia/mongolia-tibetan-buddhism-bogd.html">"The 8-Year-Old Boy at the Heart of a Fight Over Tibetan Buddhism: He may have to defend the faith in Mongolia against pressure from China's ruling Communist Party"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+8-Year-Old+Boy+at+the+Heart+of+a+Fight+Over+Tibetan+Buddhism%3A+He+may+have+to+defend+the+faith+in+Mongolia+against+pressure+from+China%27s+ruling+Communist+Party&rft.date=2023-10-11&rft.aulast=Pierson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F10%2F04%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fmongolia-tibetan-buddhism-bogd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Sasson, Vanessa R., ed. (2013). <i>Little Buddhas: Children and Childhoods in Buddhist Texts and Traditions</i>. OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199945610" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199945610"><bdi>978-0199945610</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Buddhas%3A+Children+and+Childhoods+in+Buddhist+Texts+and+Traditions&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199945610&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Schwieger, Peter (2015). <i>The Dalai Lama and the Emperor of China: A Political History of the Tibetan Institution of Reincarnation</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231538602" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231538602"><bdi>978-0231538602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dalai+Lama+and+the+Emperor+of+China%3A+A+Political+History+of+the+Tibetan+Institution+of+Reincarnation&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0231538602&rft.aulast=Schwieger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Trzebuniak, Jacek (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pjac.uj.edu.pl/documents/30601109/7f0c0910-a200-4233-9431-e4c80582ef25">"Analysis of Development of the Tibetan Tulku System in Western Culture"</a>. <i>Polish Journal of the Arts and Culture</i>. <b>2</b> (10): 115–130.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polish+Journal+of+the+Arts+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+Development+of+the+Tibetan+Tulku+System+in+Western+Culture&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=115-130&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Trzebuniak&rft.aufirst=Jacek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjac.uj.edu.pl%2Fdocuments%2F30601109%2F7f0c0910-a200-4233-9431-e4c80582ef25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Willock, Nicole (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1055&context=philosophy_fac_pubs">"The Revival of the Tulku Institution in Modern China: Narratives and Practices"</a>. <i>Revue d'Études Tibétaines</i> (38): 183–201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%89tudes+Tib%C3%A9taines&rft.atitle=The+Revival+of+the+Tulku+Institution+in+Modern+China%3A+Narratives+and+Practices&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=183-201&rft.date=2017-02&rft.aulast=Willock&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.odu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1055%26context%3Dphilosophy_fac_pubs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Yu, D. S. (2006). "Genuine Charisma and Its Transmissibility: The Inner Landscape of Tulkus in Contemporary Tibetan Buddhist Revival in Khams and Golok". <i>The Tibet Journal</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 57–78. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43302627">43302627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tibet+Journal&rft.atitle=Genuine+Charisma+and+Its+Transmissibility%3A+The+Inner+Landscape+of+Tulkus+in+Contemporary+Tibetan+Buddhist+Revival+in+Khams+and+Golok&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=57-78&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43302627%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATulku" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tulku&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tulkus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tulkus"><br />Tulkus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://studybuddhism.com/en/advanced-studies/lam-rim/student-teacher-relationship/spiritual-teachers-and-spiritual-students/the-traditional-meaning-of-a-spiritual-teacher#n6">Reincarnate Lamas: Tulkus and Rinpoches</a> – section from Berzin, Alexander. 2000 <i>The Traditional Meaning of a Spiritual Teacher</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mypage.direct.ca/w/wattj/jw/Tulku.htm">Tulkus: Incarnate Lamas of Tibet – An Interview with His Holiness Sakya Trizin</a> – An excerpt from <i>Testimonies of Tibetan Tulkus; A Research among Reincarnate Buddhist Masters in Exile</i> by Danial Barlocher, Opuscula Tibetana, Rikon-Zurich, August 1982.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mypage.direct.ca/w/wattj/jw/Tulku-2.htm">Tulkus: Incarnate Lamas of Tibet 2 – Interview with Sakya Gongma Dagchen Rinpoche</a> – excerpted from <i>Testimonies of Tibetan Tulkus; A Research among Reincarnate Buddhist Masters in Exile</i> by Danial Barlocher, Opuscula Tibetana, Rikon-Zurich, August 1982. (Interview translator: Cyrus Stearns).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006153839/http://www.wisdom-books.com/FocusDetail.asp?FocusRef=11">Tulkus : Masters of Reincarnation</a> – focus article at WisdomBooks.com</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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style="background-color:#990000;color:yellow;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TibetanBuddhism" title="Template:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:yellow">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TibetanBuddhism" title="Template talk:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:yellow">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TibetanBuddhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TibetanBuddhism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:yellow">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tibetan_Buddhism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:yellow">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practice systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6d" title="Chöd">Chöd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kālacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamdre" title="Lamdre">Lamdre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism#Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric transmission">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala#Vajrayana" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Indo-Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Buddhism" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B6ndro" title="Ngöndro">Preparatory practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Roots" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Roots">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81#Buddhism" title="Sādhanā">Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Yogas_of_Naropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Six Yogas of Naropa">Six Dharmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tibetan tantric practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_merit" title="Transfer of merit">Transfer of merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenpo" title="Khenpo">Khenpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngakpa" title="Ngakpa">Ngakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigdzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Rigdzin">Rigdzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajracharya" title="Vajracharya">Vajracharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyadhara_(Buddhism)" title="Vidyadhara (Buddhism)">Vidyadhara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nyingma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamg%C3%B6n_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" title="Jamgön Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigdral_Yeshe_Dorje_(2nd_Dudjom_Rinpoche)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jigdral Yeshe Dorje (2nd Dudjom Rinpoche)">Dudjom Rinpoche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sakya</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kh%C3%B6n_K%C3%B6nchok_Gyalpo" title="Khön Könchok Gyalpo">Khön Könchok Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Trizin" title="Sakya Trizin">Sakya Trizin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drog%C3%B6n_Ch%C3%B6gyal_Phagpa" title="Drogön Chögyal Phagpa">Drogön Chögyal Phagpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kagyu</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thang_Tong_Gyalpo" title="Thang Tong Gyalpo">Thang Tong Gyalpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gelug</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akong_Rinpoche" title="Akong Rinpoche">Akong Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anagarika_Govinda" title="Anagarika Govinda">Anagarika Govinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Arjia_Rinpoche" title="8th Arjia Rinpoche">Arija Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagdud_Tulku_Rinpoche" title="Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche">Chagdud Tulku Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatral_Sangye_Dorje" title="Chatral Sangye Dorje">Chatral Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetsang_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Chetsang Rinpoche">Chetsang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa" title="Chögyam Trungpa">Chögyam Trungpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6kyi_Nyima_Rinpoche" title="Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche">Chökyi Nyima Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dampa_Sangye" title="Dampa Sangye">Dampa Sangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dezhung_Rinpoche" title="Dezhung Rinpoche">Dezhung Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse" title="Dilgo Khyentse">Dilgo Khyentse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drukpa_Kunley" title="Drukpa Kunley">Drukpa Kunley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzigar_Kongtrul_Rinpoche" title="Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche">Dzigar Kongtrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Ponlop_Rinpoche" title="Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche">Dzogchen Ponlop Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Jamyang_Khyentse_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche">Dzongsar Jamyang Khyentse Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Khyentse_Ch%C3%B6kyi_Lodr%C3%B6" title="Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö">Dzongsar Khyentse Chökyi Lodrö</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gampopa" title="Gampopa">Gampopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Tripa" title="Ganden Tripa">Ganden Tripa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa Sonam Sengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalwang_Drukpa" title="Gyalwang Drukpa">Gyalwang Drukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul" title="Jamgon Kongtrul">Jamgon Kongtrul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamyang_Khyentse_Wangpo" title="Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo">Jamyang Khyentse Wangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Rinpoche" title="Kalu Rinpoche">Kalu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Thinley_Rinpoche" title="Karma Thinley Rinpoche">Karma Thinley Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamtrul_Rinpoche" title="Khamtrul Rinpoche">Khamtrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandro_Rinpoche" title="Khandro Rinpoche">Khandro Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khenpo_Tsultrim_Gyamtso_Rinpoche" title="Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche">Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_Jampa_Thaye" title="Lama Jampa Thaye">Lama Jampa Thaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ling_Rinpoche" title="Ling Rinpoche">Ling Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa Lotsawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miky%C3%B6_Dorje,_8th_Karmapa_Lama" title="Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama">Mikyö Dorje, 8th Karmapa Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namkhai_Norbu" title="Namkhai Norbu">Namkhai Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyoshul_Khenpo_Rinpoche" title="Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche">Nyoshul Khenpo Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Chokgyur_Lingpa" title="Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa">Orgyen Chokgyur Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgyen_Tobgyal" title="Orgyen Tobgyal">Orgyen Tobgyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabongkhapa_D%C3%A9chen_Nyingpo" title="Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo">Phabongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Lingpa" title="Pema Lingpa">Pema Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penor_Rinpoche" title="Penor Rinpoche">Penor Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagmo_Drupa_Dorje_Gyalpo" title="Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo">Phagmo Drupa Dorje Gyalpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratna_Vajra_Sakya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratna Vajra Sakya">Ratna Vajra Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rechung_Dorje_Drakpa" title="Rechung Dorje Drakpa">Rechung Dorje Drakpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reting_Rinpoche" title="Reting Rinpoche">Reting Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Chokden" title="Sakya Chokden">Sakya Chokden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Beru_Khyentse" title="Second Beru Khyentse">Second Beru Khyentse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogyal_Rinpoche" title="Sogyal Rinpoche">Sogyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Situpa" title="Tai Situpa">Tai Situpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarthang_Tulku" title="Tarthang Tulku">Tarthang Tulku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenga_Rinpoche" title="Tenga Rinpoche">Tenga Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Palmo" title="Tenzin Palmo">Tenzin Palmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Wangyal_Rinpoche" title="Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche">Tenzin Wangyal Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenzin_%C3%96sel_Hita" title="Tenzin Ösel Hita">Tenzin Ösel Hita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thinley_Norbu" title="Thinley Norbu">Thinley Norbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrangu_Rinpoche" title="Thrangu Rinpoche">Thrangu Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe" title="Thubten Yeshe">Thubten Yeshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Zopa_Rinpoche" title="Thubten Zopa Rinpoche">Thubten Zopa Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traleg_Kyabgon_Rinpoche" title="Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche">Traleg Kyabgon Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trijang_Lobsang_Yeshe_Tenzin_Gyatso" title="Trijang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso">Trijang Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trulshik_Rinpoche" title="Trulshik Rinpoche">Trulshik Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsangny%C3%B6n_Heruka" title="Tsangnyön Heruka">Tsangnyön Heruka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsele_Natsok_Rangdr%C3%B6l" title="Tsele Natsok Rangdröl">Tsele Natsok Rangdröl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku_Urgyen_Rinpoche" title="Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche">Tulku Urgyen Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairotsana" title="Vairotsana">Vairotsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimalamitra" title="Vimalamitra">Vimalamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yudra_Nyingpo" title="Yudra Nyingpo">Yudra Nyingpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zong_Rinpoche" title="Zong Rinpoche">Zong Rinpoche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Gyubum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%B6da" class="mw-redirect" title="Chöda">Chöda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaru" title="Damaru">Damaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phurba" title="Phurba">Phurba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serkyem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serkyem (page does not exist)">Serkyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">Vajra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidam" title="Yidam">Yidam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monasteries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Monastery" title="Dzongsar Monastery">Dzongsar Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathok_Monastery" title="Kathok Monastery">Kathok Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdroling_Monastery" title="Namdroling Monastery">Namdroling Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palyul" class="mw-redirect" title="Palyul">Palyul Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Monastery" title="Sera Monastery">Sera Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechen_Monastery" title="Shechen Monastery">Shechen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamshala#Establishment_of_Tibetan_exile_community" title="Dharamshala">Dharamshala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Buddhism in Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakh" title="Ladakh">Ladakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shambhala" title="Shambhala">Shambhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva#Religion" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist 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vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage 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