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Available in 8 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-8" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">8 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1_(%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A)" title="ريتشارد بيكر (أستاذ جامعي) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد بيكر (أستاذ جامعي)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Becker_(Physiker)" title="Richard Becker (Physiker) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard Becker (Physiker)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%B1" title="ریچارد بکر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد بکر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Becker" title="Richard Becker – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Becker" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1_(%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="ريتشارد بيكر (استاذ جامعة من المانيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد بيكر (استاذ جامعة من المانيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Becker_(f%C3%ADsico)" title="Richard Becker (físico) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Becker (físico)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Becker" title="Richard Becker – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Becker" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Беккер, Ричард – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Беккер, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q85556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German physicist</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn" style="display:inline">Richard Becker</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 1887 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85556?uselang=en#P569" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span><br /><span class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85556?uselang=en#P19" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 March 1955 <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85556?uselang=en#P570" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> (aged 67)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Bad_Schwalbach" title="Bad Schwalbach">Bad Schwalbach</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85556?uselang=en#P20" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85556?uselang=en#P69" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Academic career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/August_Weismann" title="August Weismann">August Weismann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egon_Orowan" title="Egon Orowan">Egon Orowan</a>, Wilhelm Brenig, Peter Haasen</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Becker</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈʁɪçaʁt<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbɛkɐ]</a></span>; 3 December 1887 – 16 March 1955) was a German theoretical <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> who made contributions in <a href="/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics">thermodynamics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Becker_(physicist)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Becker was born in <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>. His studies in <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoology</a> started in 1906 at the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ludwig_University_of_Freiburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg">Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg</a>, where he earned his doctorate in 1909 under <a href="/wiki/August_Weismann" title="August Weismann">August Weismann</a>. After hearing lectures by <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>, Becker turned his professional interest to physics. He also studied physics under <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Georg-August_University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg-August University of Göttingen">Georg-August University of Göttingen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a>. Becker completed his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a> in 1922 under Planck.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Author_Catalog:_Becker_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Author_Catalog:_Becker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Becker worked in German industrial organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber_Institute_of_the_Max_Planck_Society" title="Fritz Haber Institute of the Max Planck Society">Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie</a> and the lighting manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Osram" title="Osram">Osram</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Author_Catalog:_Becker_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Author_Catalog:_Becker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, Sommerfeld recommended three of his students as qualified to become physics assistant to the mathematician <a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">David Hilbert</a> at Göttingen. The list included <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Kratzer" title="Adolf Kratzer">Adolf Kratzer</a>, Becker, and Franz Pauer. Kratzer, first on the list, went to Göttingen.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Becker_(physicist)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon Habilitation, Becker became a <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a> at the University of Berlin. In 1926, he became ordinarius professor at <a href="/wiki/Technische_Hochschule" title="Technische Hochschule">Technische Hochschule</a> Berlin (Today: <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University of Berlin">Technische Universität Berlin</a>.) and head of the new physics department there.<sup id="cite_ref-Author_Catalog:_Becker_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Author_Catalog:_Becker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1935 <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Sommerfeld</a>, the theoretician who helped to usher in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> and educated a new generation of physicists to carry on with the revolution, reached the age for which he could achieve emeritus status. The Munich Faculty drew up a candidate list to replace him as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and head of the Institute for Theoretical Physics. There were three names on the list: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1932, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a>, who would receive the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> in 1936, and Becker - all former students of Sommerfeld. The Munich Faculty was firmly behind these candidates. However, academic supporters of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physik" title="Deutsche Physik">Deutsche Physik</a> and elements in the <a href="/wiki/Reichserziehungsministerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichserziehungsministerium">Reichserziehungsministerium</a> (Acronym: REM, and translation: Reich Education Ministry) had their own list of candidates and the battle commenced.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had come to power in Germany on 30 January 1933 and <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> had taken leave as director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the <a href="/wiki/Georg-August_University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg-August University of Göttingen">Georg-August University of Göttingen</a> on 1 July of that year and emigrated to England. In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sauter" title="Fritz Sauter">Fritz Sauter</a>, while only a <a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a>, was brought into Göttingen as acting director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics (ITP) and lecturer on theoretical physics; Born was officially retired under the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg laws">Nuremberg laws</a> on 31 December 1935. Sauter, who had been an assistant to Becker at the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University of Berlin">Technische Hochschule Berlin</a>, continued as the acting director of the ITP until 1936, when Becker was appointed director of the ITP and ordinarius professor of theoretical physics, after the REM eliminated Becker's position at Berlin and reassigned him to Göttingen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Becker remained there as director until his death in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Schwalbach" title="Bad Schwalbach">Bad Schwalbach</a> in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Author_Catalog:_Becker_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Author_Catalog:_Becker-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, Becker became president of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physikalische_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Becker's students included <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Eugene Wigner</a>, who received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1963, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Hagedorn" title="Rolf Hagedorn">Rolf Hagedorn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Hans Georg Dehmelt</a>, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989, and <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Herbert Kroemer</a>, who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Becker_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Becker-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Becker_(physicist)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Richard Becker <i>Theorie der Elektrizität. neubearbeitung des Werkes von M. Abraham</i> (Teubner, 1933)</li> <li>Richard Becker <i>Theorie der Wärme</i> (Springer, 1950, 1966, and 1985)</li> <li>Richard Becker <i>Vorstufe zur Theoretischen Physik</i> (Springer, 1950)</li> <li>Richard Becker, author and Fritz Sauter, editor <i>Theorie der Elektrizität. Bd. 1. Einführung in die Maxwellsche Theorie</i> (Teubner, 1957, 1962, 1964, and 1969) <ul><li>Richard Becker, author, Fritz Sauter, editor, and Ivor De Teissier, translator <i>Electromagnetic Fields and Interactions, Volume I: Electromagnetic Theory and Relativity</i> (Blaisdell, 1964)</li></ul></li> <li>Richard Becker, author and Fritz Sauter, editor <i>Theorie der Elektrizität. Bd. 2. Einführung in die Quantentheorie der Atome und der Strahlung</i> (Teubner, 1959, 1963, 1970, and 1997) <ul><li>Richard Becker, author, Fritz Sauter, editor, and Ivor De Teissier, translator <i>Electromagnetic Fields and Interactions, Volume II: Quantum Theory of Atoms and Radiation</i> (Blaisdell, 1964)</li></ul></li> <li>Richard Becker, author and Fritz Sauter, editor <i>Electromagnetic Fields and Interactions</i> Revised in 1964, and in a single volume. (Dover) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-64290-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-64290-9">0-486-64290-9</a></li> <li>Richard Becker, author and Fritz Sauter, editor <i>Theorie der Elektrizität. Bd. 3. Elektrodynamik der Materie</i> (Teubner, 1969)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Becker_(physicist)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Becker%E2%80%93Morduchow%E2%80%93Libby_solution" title="Becker–Morduchow–Libby solution">Becker–Morduchow–Libby solution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Becker_(physicist)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Becker-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Becker_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becker_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becker_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Becker_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.de/biowiki/Richard_Becker">Becker</a> – biologie.de</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Author_Catalog:_Becker-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Author_Catalog:_Becker_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Author_Catalog:_Becker_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Author_Catalog:_Becker_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Author_Catalog:_Becker_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/">Author Catalog: Becker</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070205234854/http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/">Archived</a> 5 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – American Philosophical Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Richard Becker.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/KurzFass/06107.html">Becker</a> – Hilbert assistant position, 2 September 1919</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, 1996, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tu-berlin.de/presse/doku/200jahre/ausstellung/2.etage/flure/nr.18/nr18.2.2.htm">Bekcer</a> – TU Berlin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beyerchen, 1977, pp. 153–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Becker was forced to make the transfer from Berlin as part of the general anti-theoretical policies promoted under <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physik" title="Deutsche Physik">Deutsche Physik</a> - his position at <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University of Berlin">Technische Hochschule Berlin</a> was eliminated - and on the basis of the Law on the Retirement and Transfer of Professors as a Result of the Reorganization of the German System of Higher [Education?], an ordinance passed in 1935 and related to the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a>. See Hentschel, 1996, pp. 340–341, and Hentschel, 1996, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entries for Fritz Sauter and Richard Becker.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beyerchen, 1977, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biologie.de/biowiki/Deutsche_Physikalische_Gesellschaft">DPG</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211507/http://www.biologie.de/biowiki/Deutsche_Physikalische_Gesellschaft">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – biologie.de</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagedorn1952" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hagedorn, R. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01333389">"Statisches Modell von Bariumtitanat bei Zimmertemperatur"</a>. <i>Zeitschrift für Physik</i> (PhD) (in German). <b>133</b> (3): 394–421. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952ZPhy..133..394H">1952ZPhy..133..394H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01333389">10.1007/BF01333389</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1434-6001">1434-6001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:121152950">121152950</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Physik&rft.atitle=Statisches+Modell+von+Bariumtitanat+bei+Zimmertemperatur&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=394-421&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01333389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A121152950%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1434-6001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1952ZPhy..133..394H&rft.aulast=Hagedorn&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2FBF01333389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Becker+%28physicist%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Becker_(physicist)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Beyerchen, Alan D. <i>Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich</i> (Yale, 1977) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01830-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01830-4">0-300-01830-4</a></li> <li>Hentschel, Klaus, editor and Ann M. Hentschel, editorial assistant and Translator <i>Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources</i> (Birkhäuser, 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8176-5312-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8176-5312-0">0-8176-5312-0</a></li> <li>Constance Reid <i>Hilbert</i> (Springer, 1996) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-94674-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-94674-8">0-387-94674-8</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjhxYCR9Y3VMbBFV99xDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118079433">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81147088">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12385257b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12385257b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Becker, Richard <1887-1955>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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