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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Australian air force officer (1894–1974)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div style="display:inline-block" class="fn">Raymond Brownell</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;; line-height: 1.5em"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Raymond_Brownell_P00046.055.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Half-length portrait of a moustachioed man in senior military uniform. He is wearing a group of ten military medals on his breast, with another around his neck and is grasping a sword." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Raymond_Brownell_P00046.055.JPG/220px-Raymond_Brownell_P00046.055.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Raymond_Brownell_P00046.055.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="403" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="font-size: 100%">Air Commodore Raymond J. Brownell, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1945</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Brownie"<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1894-05-17</span>)</span>17 May 1894<br /><a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Tasmania" title="New Town, Tasmania">New Town, Tasmania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 April 1974<span style="display:none">(1974-04-12)</span> (aged 79)<br /><a href="/wiki/Subiaco,_Western_Australia" title="Subiaco, Western Australia">Subiaco, Western Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">Australia<br />United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="First Australian Imperial Force">First Australian Imperial Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1912–1919<br />1921–1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">Air Commodore</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/No._11_Group_RAAF" title="No. 11 Group RAAF">No. 11 Group</a> (1945–46)<br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Command_(RAAF)" title="Western Area Command (RAAF)">Western Area</a> (1943–45)<br /><a href="/wiki/No._1_Training_Group_RAAF" title="No. 1 Training Group RAAF">No. 1 Training Group</a> (1941–42)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sembawang_Air_Base" title="Sembawang Air Base">RAF Sembawang</a> (1940–41)<br /><a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Pearce" title="RAAF Base Pearce">RAAF Base Pearce</a> (1938–40)<br /><a href="/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 25 Squadron RAAF">No. 23 (City of Perth) Squadron</a> (1938–40)<br /><a href="/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 1 Squadron RAAF">No. 1 Squadron</a> (1926–28)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>First World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Pozières">Battle of Pozières</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_front_(World_War_I)" title="Italian front (World War I)">Italian Front</a></li></ul></li> <li>Second World War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asian theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_campaign" title="New Guinea campaign">New Guinea campaign</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Military_Medal" title="Military Medal">Military Medal</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore">Air Commodore</a> <b>Raymond James Brownell</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">MC</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Military_Medal" title="Military Medal">MM</a></span></span> (17 May 1894 – 12 April 1974) was a senior officer in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF) and a <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_ace" title="Flying ace">flying ace</a>. Born in <a href="/wiki/Hobart" title="Hobart">Hobart</a>, Tasmania, Brownell was working as a clerk with a firm of accountants when he enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="First Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a> on the outbreak of the First World War. He served during the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a> before transferring to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a>. Awarded the <a href="/wiki/Military_Medal" title="Military Medal">Military Medal</a> for his actions during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Pozières">Battle of Pozières</a>, he was accepted for a transfer to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a> in 1917. After flight training in the United Kingdom, Brownell was <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">commissioned</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">second lieutenant</a> and posted for operational service over the Western Front in September 1917. Moving with his squadron to Italy, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a> and credited with shooting down 12 aircraft by war's end. Taking his discharge in 1919, Brownell returned to Australia. </p><p>Commissioned in the RAAF in 1921, Brownell had risen to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Group_captain" title="Group captain">group captain</a> by the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Establishing the RAAF base in <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a>, he returned to Australia in 1941 as an air commodore and was appointed to lead <a href="/wiki/No._1_Training_Group_RAAF" title="No. 1 Training Group RAAF">No. 1 Training Group</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Air_Officer_Commanding" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Officer Commanding">Air Officer Commanding</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Command_(RAAF)" title="Western Area Command (RAAF)">Western Area</a> from January 1943 until July 1945, when he took charge of the recently formed <a href="/wiki/No._11_Group_RAAF" title="No. 11 Group RAAF">No. 11 Group</a> on <a href="/wiki/Morotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Morotai">Morotai</a>. Retiring from the Air Force in 1947, Brownell assumed a partnership in a stockbroking firm. He died in 1974 aged 79; his autobiography, <i>From Khaki to Blue</i>, was published posthumously. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Brownell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brownell was born in the Hobart suburb of <a href="/wiki/New_Town,_Tasmania" title="New Town, Tasmania">New Town</a>, Tasmania, on 17 May 1894 to William Percival Brownell, a <a href="/wiki/Draper" title="Draper">draper</a>, and his wife Julie Ann James (née Scott). Initially educated at Leslie House School, Brownell later attended <a href="/wiki/Scotch_College,_Melbourne" title="Scotch College, Melbourne">Scotch College, Melbourne</a>, where he was an active sportsman. On graduation, he was apprenticed to a firm of public accountants and auditors in Hobart.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912, Brownell enlisted in the <a href="/wiki/Citizens_Military_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens Military Force">Citizens Military Force</a> and was posted to the 41st Battery, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Regiment_of_Australian_Artillery" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Regiment of Australian Artillery">Australian Field Artillery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ServRec_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServRec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="First_World_War">First World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Brownell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australian_Imperial_Force">Australian Imperial Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Brownell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australian Imperial Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 12 September 1914, Brownell transferred to the Australian Imperial Force for service during the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-Embark_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embark-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AIF_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allotted to the 9th Battery, 3rd Field Artillery Brigade with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Gunner_(rank)" title="Gunner (rank)">gunner</a>, Brownell embarked from Hobart aboard <a href="/wiki/SS_Geelong" title="SS Geelong">HMAT <i>Geelong</i></a> on 20 October, bound for Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Embark_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Embark-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On arrival, the unit spent several months training in the desert, before it was posted for service during the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallipoli Campaign">Gallipoli Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of landing on the <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli" title="Gallipoli">peninsula</a> with the battery, Brownell was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> where the Army required his administrative abilities as an accountant.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During July 1915, Brownell was shipped to Gallipoli and rejoined the 9th Battery.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promoted to <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_(rank)" title="Bombardier (rank)">bombardier</a> on 12 November,<sup id="cite_ref-ServRec_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServRec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was in one of the final Australian waves to be evacuated from the peninsula in December during the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> withdrawal.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Returning to Egypt, he was advanced to provisional <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">sergeant</a> on 24 February 1916. Embarking with his unit from Alexandria, Brownell arrived in France for service on the Western Front on 29 March, following a six-day voyage.<sup id="cite_ref-ServRec_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServRec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brownell_brothers_Gallipoli_P00046.035.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men in military uniform standing side-by-side. The man on the left is slightly shorter and stockier, and the man on the right has his arm leaning on a stacked up pile of sandbags." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Brownell_brothers_Gallipoli_P00046.035.JPG/220px-Brownell_brothers_Gallipoli_P00046.035.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Brownell_brothers_Gallipoli_P00046.035.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>Raymond Brownell with his brother Captain Herbert Brownell standing outside a dugout on Gallipoli</figcaption></figure> <p>On 21–22 July 1916, Brownell was in action with his battery at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pozi%C3%A8res" title="Battle of Pozières">Pozières</a>, during which the unit was subject to severe German shellfire. Throughout the engagement, Brownell established and maintained communications between the battery and firing line, despite fatigue or personal risk to himself. Commended for his "particularly meritorious service ... and ... gallantry in this work",<sup id="cite_ref-MM_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brownell was subsequently recommended for the <a href="/wiki/Military_Medal" title="Military Medal">Military Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The notification for the award was published in a supplement to <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> on 16 November 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Flying_Corps">Royal Flying Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Brownell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Royal Flying Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1916, Brownell applied for a transfer to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a>. One of 5,000 applicants, Brownell was accepted on 1 January 1917 along with a further 200 Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-ServRec_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServRec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-No.25_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No.25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Posted for pilot training, he proceeded to England and was posted to No. 3 School of Military Aeronautics at <a href="/wiki/Exeter_College,_Oxford" title="Exeter College, Oxford">Exeter College, Oxford</a>, from 26 January.<sup id="cite_ref-ServRec_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ServRec-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On graduating from the course, Brownell was discharged from the Australian Imperial Force on 16 March and commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps the following day.<sup id="cite_ref-AIF_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AIF-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allotted to <a href="/wiki/No._45_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 45 Squadron RAF">No. 45 Squadron RFC</a> flying <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camels</a>, Brownell moved to France for operational service over the Western Front during September 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aces_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aces-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 September, he took part in his first patrol, during which he shot down a two-seater German aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-No.25_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No.25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his time flying over the Western Front, Brownell accumulated a total of five victories and achieved 'ace' status before his squadron was transferred to Italy in December.<sup id="cite_ref-Aces_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aces-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that month, Brownell and his observer, Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moody_(RFC_officer)" title="Henry Moody (RFC officer)">Henry Moody</a>, shot down German ace <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alwin_Thurm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alwin Thurm (page does not exist)">Alwin Thurm</a> over <a href="/wiki/Asolo" title="Asolo">Asolo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-No.25_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No.25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raymond_Brownwell_and_Cedric_Howell_France_P00046.084.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men in military uniform standing side-by-side. The man on the left is short and stocky, and the man on the right is tall and thin. In the background is a cabin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Raymond_Brownwell_and_Cedric_Howell_France_P00046.084.JPG/175px-Raymond_Brownwell_and_Cedric_Howell_France_P00046.084.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Raymond_Brownwell_and_Cedric_Howell_France_P00046.084.JPG/263px-Raymond_Brownwell_and_Cedric_Howell_France_P00046.084.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Raymond_Brownwell_and_Cedric_Howell_France_P00046.084.JPG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Brownell (left) with fellow Australian flying ace <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Howell" title="Cedric Howell">Cedric Howell</a> outside a hut at an airfield in France, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1917</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Appointed a flight commander in No. 45 Squadron, Brownell was promoted to temporary <a href="/wiki/Captain_(land)" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain (land)">captain</a> on 11 February 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During aerial engagements against <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central</a> aircraft over the Italian front, he was accredited with the destruction of a further seven aircraft, bringing his total to 12 plus nine probables.<sup id="cite_ref-No.25_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No.25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aces_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aces-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brownell's aerial victories were composed of five aircraft and one shared destroyed, two and one shared out of control, one shared captured, and one <a href="/wiki/Observation_balloon" title="Observation balloon">balloon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Newton_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his success in bringing six of these aircraft down over a three-month period, Brownell was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Military_Cross" title="Military Cross">Military Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The announcement of the decoration was published in a supplement of <i>The London Gazette</i> on 4 March 1918,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the citation for the award being published in a later issue on 16 August 1918, reading:<sup id="cite_ref-MC_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>War Office, 16th August, 1918.</i> </p><p>With reference to the awards conferred as announced in the London Gazette dated 4th March, 1918, the following are the statements of service for which the decorations were conferred:— </p><p>Awarded the Military Cross. </p><p>2nd Lt. Raymond James Brownell, M.M., R.F.C., Spec. Res. </p><p> For conspicuous gallantry and devotion to duty. Within the last three months he has brought down six enemy aeroplanes, four of which were seen to come down in flames, the other two falling completely out of control. The dash, gallantry and offensive spirit displayed on all occasions by this officer are worthy of the highest praise.</p></blockquote> <p>In April 1918, Brownell was granted compassionate leave to visit his seriously ill mother. Leaving No. 45 Squadron, he travelled to Tasmania. At the end of his leave in September, he commenced his return journey to the United Kingdom. During the voyage, he became grievously ill with <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_pneumonia" title="Bacterial pneumonia">pneumonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_flu#Deadly_second_wave_of_late_1918" title="Spanish flu">influenza</a>. On arrival, Brownell accepted a commission in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF). Brownell's mother again suffered a deterioration in health,<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so he sought to resign from the RAF and was placed on the unemployed list on 14 August 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Embarking for Tasmania, he arrived during September.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inter-war_years">Inter-war years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Brownell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inter-war years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAAF_Pearce_group_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group portrait of military officers in formal uniform. Five men are standing side-by-side in the back, while three are sitting down at the front." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RAAF_Pearce_group_photo.jpg/220px-RAAF_Pearce_group_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/RAAF_Pearce_group_photo.jpg/330px-RAAF_Pearce_group_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/RAAF_Pearce_group_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption>Officers of RAAF Base Pearce in 1938. Brownell, Commanding Officer of the base, is located centre, front row.</figcaption></figure> <p>On his return to Australia, Brownell was employed as a sub-accountant for a firm of merchants in <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, and later with the Hobart City Council as a clerk.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 22 April 1920, Brownell acted as one of the <a href="/wiki/Pallbearer" title="Pallbearer">pallbearers</a> at the military funeral of his friend and fellow No. 45 Squadron officer, Captain <a href="/wiki/Cedric_Howell" title="Cedric Howell">Cedric Howell</a>, who had been killed in an aeroplane crash while participating in the <a href="/wiki/England_to_Australia_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="England to Australia flight">England to Australia air race</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF) was formed, Brownell was commissioned as a <a href="/wiki/Flying_officer" title="Flying officer">flying officer</a> on 12 September 1921 and posted to <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Williams" title="RAAF Williams">RAAF Point Cook</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> training Air Force cadets.<sup id="cite_ref-No.25_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No.25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a ceremony at St Andrew's Presbyterian Church, Hobart, on 26 August 1925, Brownell married Rhyllis Jean Birchall; the couple would later have two daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, Brownell assumed command of <a href="/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 1 Squadron RAAF">No. 1 Squadron</a>. He led the squadron until 1928, when he was appointed to the RAAF Headquarters in Melbourne as Director of Personnel Services.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1934, Brownell was posted to England for exchange service with the RAF. Made second-in-command of No. 3 Flying Training School at <a href="/wiki/Grantham,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Grantham, England">Grantham</a>, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Wing_Commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing Commander (rank)">wing commander</a> on 1 April 1936. While still serving in the United Kingdom, Brownell was appointed commanding officer of <a href="/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 25 Squadron RAAF">No. 23 (City of Perth) Squadron</a> (later No. 25 Squadron), which had been formed earlier in 1937. The squadron moved to <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Pearce" title="RAAF Base Pearce">RAAF Base Pearce</a> in Western Australia during March 1938, at which time Brownell returned to Australia and assumed command of the unit along with the base.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-No.25_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-No.25-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brownell was the first Commanding Officer of Pearce, which was not only the first RAAF establishment to be located in Western Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also the first permanent air force unit to be established in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Newton_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Brownell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raymond_Brownell_Malaya_007599.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of a man in tropical military uniform. He is wearing a bucket hat, and military aircraft can be seen in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Raymond_Brownell_Malaya_007599.JPG/170px-Raymond_Brownell_Malaya_007599.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Raymond_Brownell_Malaya_007599.JPG/255px-Raymond_Brownell_Malaya_007599.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Raymond_Brownell_Malaya_007599.JPG 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Group Captain Brownell in Malaya, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1941</span></figcaption></figure> <p>On the outbreak of the Second World War, more units were placed under Brownell's purview at RAAF Base Pearce and he was consequently promoted to temporary group captain in December 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Hudson" title="Lockheed Hudson">Lockheed Hudson</a> aircraft to the RAAF in February 1940, several units were re-equipped, including <a href="/wiki/No._14_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 14 Squadron RAAF">No. 14 Squadron</a> at RAAF Base Pearce. The Hudsons replaced the squadron's <a href="/wiki/Avro_Anson" title="Avro Anson">Avro Ansons</a>, which were to be ferried back to the eastern coast of Australia to be used as training aircraft. On one occasion, Brownell took part in ferrying an Anson to RAAF Point Cook with No. 14 Squadron pilot <a href="/wiki/Charles_Learmonth" title="Charles Learmonth">Charles Learmonth</a>. Arriving with the aircraft, the pair piloted a <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Moth_Minor" title="De Havilland Moth Minor">de Havilland Moth Minor</a>—a two-seated, open-cockpit, monoplane—back to Pearce. The return journey took Brownell and Learmonth seven days to complete, and involved a total of twenty-one refuelling stops along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1940, Brownell was ordered to Singapore to establish and command an RAAF station on the island, as well as administer the RAAF squadrons located in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gillison_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillison-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Embarking aboard the SS <i>Strathallan</i> in mid-August, Brownell and his staff formed the RAAF station within two weeks of arrival at <a href="/wiki/Sembawang" title="Sembawang">Sembawang</a>. Under the control of <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Air_Force_(Royal_Air_Force)" title="Far East Air Force (Royal Air Force)">RAF Far East Command</a>, the station was established as <a href="/wiki/Sembawang_Air_Base" title="Sembawang Air Base">RAF Sembawang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillison_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillison-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Brownell frequently visited the Malaya peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Members_Australian_Mission_Group_Japanese_surrender_P00046.051.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A group of four senior military officers sitting down together conversing. There is a small table in front of them with a book on it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Members_Australian_Mission_Group_Japanese_surrender_P00046.051.JPG/220px-Members_Australian_Mission_Group_Japanese_surrender_P00046.051.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Members_Australian_Mission_Group_Japanese_surrender_P00046.051.JPG/330px-Members_Australian_Mission_Group_Japanese_surrender_P00046.051.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Members_Australian_Mission_Group_Japanese_surrender_P00046.051.JPG/440px-Members_Australian_Mission_Group_Japanese_surrender_P00046.051.JPG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Members of the Australian Mission Group at the Japanese surrender talks. Left to right: Commodore <a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Collins" title="John Augustine Collins">John Collins</a>; Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Frank_Berryman" title="Frank Berryman">Frank Berryman</a>; Captain <a href="/wiki/Roy_Dowling" title="Roy Dowling">Roy Dowling</a>; Air Commodore Raymond Brownell.</figcaption></figure> <p>Promoted to acting air commodore, Brownell returned to Australia in August 1941 and was appointed Air Officer Commanding <a href="/wiki/No._1_Training_Group_RAAF" title="No. 1 Training Group RAAF">No. 1 Training Group</a> in Melbourne. In this position, Brownell commanded approximately thirty establishments located in southern Australia. On 1 January 1943, he was posted as Air Officer Commanding <a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Command_(RAAF)" title="Western Area Command (RAAF)">Western Area</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based at RAAF Base Pearce, Brownell's responsibilities involved coordinating training and directing long-range bombing operations.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following intelligence reports that a Japanese force was en route to raid Western Australia, the Australian Government <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_emergency_of_March_1944" title="Western Australian emergency of March 1944">ordered a build-up</a> of the defences in the area. In response to this, Brownell organised air defences around <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Exmouth_Gulf" title="Exmouth Gulf">Exmouth Gulf</a> during March 1944. With the use of Army transports, he also reinforced <a href="/wiki/Cunderdin,_Western_Australia" title="Cunderdin, Western Australia">Cunderdin</a> with supplies and bombs for the use of the heavy bombers in the area. The Japanese attack did not occur.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his service as Air Officer Commanding Western Area, Brownell was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (CBE) in the 1945 New Years Honours.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relinquishing command of Western Area in July 1945, Brownell was appointed commander of the recently formed <a href="/wiki/No._11_Group_RAAF" title="No. 11 Group RAAF">No. 11 Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No. 11 Group was established as a static organisation that was to take administrative control of all RAAF units based on <a href="/wiki/Morotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Morotai">Morotai</a>. The group assumed its role on 30 July, and had the initial jurisdiction of all Dutch territory in the area, along with <a href="/wiki/British_North_Borneo" class="mw-redirect" title="British North Borneo">British North Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>. It also held the three main responsibilities of local air defence and sea lane protection, support of adjacent formations and offensive operations against Japanese targets within range, and line-of-communication duties. The group was formed too late to assume all of its responsibilities before the Second World War drew to an end.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brownell was present at the Japanese surrenders in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, and on Morotai.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was selected by the Australian government to attend <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">the ceremony</a> aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS <i>Missouri</i></a> on 2 September 1945, but was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Air_Force_(Australia)" title="Chief of Air Force (Australia)">Chief of the Air Staff</a>, Air Vice Marshal <a href="/wiki/George_Jones_(RAAF_officer)" title="George Jones (RAAF officer)">George Jones</a>, when Jones became available to make the trip to Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Brownell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Returning to Western Australia after the war,<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brownell attended an investiture ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Perth" title="Government House, Perth">Government House, Perth</a>, on 3 January 1947, where he was presented with his CBE by the Lieutenant-<a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Western_Australia" title="Governor of Western Australia">Governor of Western Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 24 March that year, Brownell retired from the RAAF on medical grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had in any case been slated for early retirement, along with other senior officers and veterans of the First World War, to make way for the advancement of younger and equally capable officers.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his retirement from the Air Force, Brownell was made a partner of S. G. Brearley & Co., a stockbroking firm located in Perth. In 1951, he became chairman of the associated sporting committee of the National Fitness Council of Western Australia; he served in this role until 1967. Aged 79, Brownell died at <a href="/wiki/Subiaco,_Western_Australia" title="Subiaco, Western Australia">Subiaco, Western Australia</a>, on 12 April 1974 and was accorded a funeral with full Air Force honours. Brownell's autobiography, <i>From Khaki to Blue</i>, was posthumously published by the Military Historical Society of Australia in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-ADB_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Brownell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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href="#cite_ref-ADB_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ADB_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+War+II+Nominal+Roll&rft.atitle=Brownell%2C+Raymond+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2roll.gov.au%2FVeteran.aspx%3FserviceId%3DR%26veteranId%3D1204617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Brownell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPage2008">Page 2008</a>, pp. 79–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillison-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillison_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillison_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGillison1962">Gillison 1962</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdgers1968">Odgers 1968</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette36866" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36866/supplement/18">"No. 36866"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 1 January 1945. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+36866&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1945-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F36866%2Fsupplement%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Brownell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdgers1968">Odgers 1968</a>, p. 478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelson2006">Helson 2006</a>, pp. 220–221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/cms_images/awm192/00306/003060347.pdf">"Recommendation for Raymond James Brownell to be awarded a Commander of the Order of the British Empire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Index to Recommendations: Second World War</i>. Australian War Memorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Index+to+Recommendations%3A+Second+World+War&rft.atitle=Recommendation+for+Raymond+James+Brownell+to+be+awarded+a+Commander+of+the+Order+of+the+British+Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcms_images%2Fawm192%2F00306%2F003060347.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Brownell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHelson2006">Helson 2006</a>, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewton1996">Newton 1996</a>, p. 25</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Brownell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranks2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Franks" title="Norman Franks">Franks, Norman</a> (2003). <i>Sopwith Camel Aces of World War 1</i>. Osprey Aircraft of the Aces. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-534-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-534-1"><bdi>1-84176-534-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sopwith+Camel+Aces+of+World+War+1&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.series=Osprey+Aircraft+of+the+Aces&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84176-534-1&rft.aulast=Franks&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Brownell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillison1962" class="citation book cs1">Gillison, Douglas (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070209/"><i>Royal Australian Air Force, 1939–1942</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_War_of_1939%E2%80%931945" title="Australia in the War of 1939–1945">Australia in the War of 1939–1945</a>. Canberra, Australia: Australian War Memorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Australian+Air+Force%2C+1939%E2%80%931942&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Gillison&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070209%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Brownell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelson2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Helson, Peter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38729"><i>Ten Years at the Top</i></a> (PhD thesis). Sydney: <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/225531223">225531223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ten+Years+at+the+Top&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+New+South+Wales&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F225531223&rft.aulast=Helson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhandle.unsw.edu.au%2F1959.4%2F38729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Brownell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdgers1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Odgers" title="George Odgers">Odgers, George</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070210/"><i>Air War Against Japan, 1943–1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_War_of_1939%E2%80%931945" title="Australia in the War of 1939–1945">Australia in the War of 1939–1945</a>. Canberra, Australia: Australian War Memorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+War+Against+Japan%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Odgers&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070210%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Brownell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton1996" class="citation book cs1">Newton, Dennis (1996). <i>Australian Air Aces: Australian Fighter Pilots in Combat</i>. Fyshwyck, Australian Capital Territory: Aerospace Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875671-25-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-875671-25-0"><bdi>1-875671-25-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Air+Aces%3A+Australian+Fighter+Pilots+in+Combat&rft.place=Fyshwyck%2C+Australian+Capital+Territory&rft.pub=Aerospace+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-875671-25-0&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Brownell" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage2008" class="citation book cs1">Page, Charles (2008). <i>Wings of Destiny: Wing Commander Charles Learmonth DFC and Bar, and the Air War in New Guinea</i>. Dural Delivery Centre, New South Wales, Australia: Rosenberg Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-64-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-877058-64-6"><bdi>978-1-877058-64-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wings+of+Destiny%3A+Wing+Commander+Charles+Learmonth+DFC+and+Bar%2C+and+the+Air+War+in+New+Guinea&rft.place=Dural+Delivery+Centre%2C+New+South+Wales%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Rosenberg+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-877058-64-6&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Brownell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raymond_Brownell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Raymond_Brownell" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Raymond Brownell">Raymond Brownell</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownell1978" class="citation book cs1">Brownell, Air Commodore Raymond J. (1978). <i>From Khaki to Blue</i>. Australia: Military Historical Society of Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-909859-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-909859-18-3"><bdi>0-909859-18-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Khaki+to+Blue&rft.place=Australia&rft.pub=Military+Historical+Society+of+Australia&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-909859-18-3&rft.aulast=Brownell&rft.aufirst=Air+Commodore+Raymond+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARaymond+Brownell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Air Commodore <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_De_La_Rue" title="Hippolyte De La Rue">Hippolyte De La Rue</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Air Officer Commanding <a href="/wiki/Western_Area_Command_(RAAF)" title="Western Area Command (RAAF)">Western Area</a> </b><br />1943–1945 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Group Captain <a href="/wiki/Colin_Hannah" title="Colin Hannah">Colin Hannah</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New command</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Commanding Officer <a href="/wiki/RAF_Sembawang" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Sembawang">RAF Sembawang</a> </b><br />1940–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Group Captain <a href="/wiki/John_McCauley_(RAAF_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John McCauley (RAAF officer)">John McCauley</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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