CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Circular Economy Maturity Models: A Systematic Literature Review</title> <meta name="description" content="Circular Economy Maturity Models: A Systematic Literature Review"> <meta name="keywords" content="Circular economy, maturity model, maturity assessment, systematic literature review."> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Circular Economy Maturity Models: A Systematic Literature Review"> <meta name="citation_author" content="D. Kreutzer"> <meta name="citation_author" content="S. Müller-Abdelrazeq"> <meta name="citation_author" content="I. Isenhardt"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2023/10/16"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="International Journal of Economics and Management Engineering"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="17"> <meta name="citation_issue" content="10"> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="656"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="668"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/pdf"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value=""> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 33093</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mt-3 mb-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem">Circular Economy Maturity Models: A Systematic Literature Review</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D.%20Kreutzer">D. Kreutzer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20M%C3%BCller-Abdelrazeq"> S. Müller-Abdelrazeq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I.%20Isenhardt"> I. Isenhardt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Resource scarcity, energy transition and the planned climate neutrality pose enormous challenges for manufacturing companies. In order to achieve these goals and a holistic sustainable development, the European Union has listed the circular economy as part of the Circular Economy Action Plan. In addition to a reduction in resource consumption, reduced emissions of greenhouse gases and a reduced volume of waste, the principles of the circular economy also offer enormous economic potential for companies, such as the generation of new circular business models. However, many manufacturing companies, especially small and medium-sized enterprises, do not have the necessary capacity to plan their transformation. They need support and strategies on the path to circular transformation because this change affects not only production but also the entire company. Maturity models offer an approach to determine the current status of companies’ transformation processes. In addition, companies can use the models to identify transformation strategies and thus promote the transformation process. While maturity models are established in other areas, e.g., IT or project management, only a few circular economy maturity models can be found in the scientific literature. The aim of this paper is to analyze the identified maturity models of the circular economy through a systematic literature review (SLR) and, besides other aspects, to check their completeness as well as their quality. For this purpose, circular economy maturity models at the company's (micro) level were identified from the literature, compared, and analyzed with regard to their theoretical and methodological structure. A specific focus was placed, on the one hand, on the analysis of the business units considered in the respective models and, on the other hand, on the underlying metrics and indicators in order to determine the individual maturity level of the entire company. The results of the literature review show, for instance, a significant difference in the number and types of indicators as well as their metrics. For example, most models use subjective indicators and very few objective indicators in their surveys. It was also found that there are rarely well-founded thresholds between the levels. Based on the generated results, concrete ideas and proposals for a research agenda in the field of circular economy maturity models are made.</p> <iframe src="https://publications.waset.org/10013308.pdf" style="width:100%; height:400px;" frameborder="0"></iframe> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Circular%20economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=maturity%20model" title=" maturity model"> maturity model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=maturity%20assessment" title=" maturity assessment"> maturity assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=systematic%20literature%20review." title=" systematic literature review."> systematic literature review.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/circular-economy-maturity-models-a-systematic-literature-review" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013308.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">222</span> </span> <p class="card-text"><strong>References:</strong></p> <br>[1] European Commission, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the European Council, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. The European Green Deal, 2019. <br>[2] M. Geissdoerfer, D. Vladimirova, S. Evans, Sustainable business model innovation: A review, Journal of Cleaner Production 198 (2018) 401–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.240. <br>[3] W. Haas, F. Krausmann, D. Wiedenhofer, M. Heinz, How Circular is the Global Economy?: An Assessment of Material Flows, Waste Production, and Recycling in the European Union and the World in 2005, J of Industrial Ecology 19 (2015) 765–777. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12244. <br>[4] A. Chizaryfard, P. Trucco, C. Nuur, The transformation to a circular economy: framing an evolutionary view, J Evol Econ 31 (2021) 475–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-020-00709-0. <br>[5] Ellen MacArthur Foundation, Towards the circular economy Vol. 1: an economic and business rationale for an accelerated transition, 2013. <br>[6] L. Haigh, M. de Wit, C. von Daniels, A. Colloricchini, J. Hoogzaad, The Circular Gap report 2021., 2021. <br>[7] European Union, Executive Vice-President Frans Timmermans’ opening remarks at the Circular Economy Stakeholder Conference: Speech from 03.11.2020, 2020. <br>[8] European Union, Small and medium-sized enterprises. Brief description of the European Union, 2021. <br>[9] M. Ferasso, T. Beliaeva, S. Kraus, T. Clauss, D. Ribeiro‐Soriano, Circular economy business models: The state of research and avenues ahead, Bus Strat Env 29 (2020) 3006–3024. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2554. <br>[10] D.C. Pigosso, T.C. McAloone, Making the transition to a Circular Economy within manufacturing companies: the development and implementation of a self-assessment readiness tool, Sustainable Production and Consumption 28 (2021) 346–358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2021.05.011. <br>[11] T. de Bruin, R. Freeze, U. Kulkarni, M. Rosemann (Eds.), Understanding the Main Phases of Developing a Maturity Assessment Model, 2005. <br>[12] J. Becker, R. Knackstedt, J. Pöppelbuß, English: Development of maturity models for IT management, original: Entwicklung von Reifegradmodellen für das IT-Management, Wirtsch. Inform. 51 (2009) 249–260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11576-009-0167-9. <br>[13] T. Bensiek, English: Systematics for maturity-based performance evaluation and improvement of business processes in SMEs, original: Systematik zur reifegradbasierten Leistungsbewertung und -steigerung von Geschäftsprozessen im Mittelstand. Dissertation, 2013. <br>[14] Y. Xiao, M. Watson, Guidance on Conducting a Systematic Literature Review, Journal of Planning Education and Research 39 (2019) 93–112. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739456X17723971. <br>[15] D. Moher, A. Liberati, J. Tetzlaff, D.G. Altman, The PRISMA Group, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement., PLoS Med: 6 (2009) 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097.g001. <br>[16] B. Kitchenham, S. Charters, Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering, 2007. <br>[17] D. Denyer, D. Tranfield, Producing a systematic review, in: D. A. Buchanan, A. Bryman (Eds.), The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Research Methods, Sage Publications Inc, pp. 671–689. <br>[18] E. Correia, H. Carvalho, S. Azevedo, K. Govindan, Maturity Models in Supply Chain Sustainability: A Systematic Literature Review, Sustainability 9 (2017) 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9010064. <br>[19] J. Poeppelbuss, M. Roeglinger, What makes a useful maturity model? A framework of general design principles for maturity models and its demonstration in business process management, 2011. <br>[20] T. Mettler, English: Supply management in hospitals: Construction and evaluation of a configurable maturity model for targeted design, original: Supply-Management im Krankenhaus: Konstruktion und Evaluation eines konfigurierbaren Reifegradmodells zur zielgerichteten Gestaltung. Zugl.: Sankt Gallen, Univ., Diss., 2010, first. Aufl., Sierke, Göttingen, 2010. <br>[21] T. de Bruin, R. Freeze, U. Kulkarni, M. Rosemann (Eds.), Understanding the Main Phases of Developing a Maturity Assessment Model, 2005. <br>[22] R. Wendler, The maturity of maturity model research: A systematic mapping study, Information and Software Technology 54 (2012) 1317–1339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infsof.2012.07.007. <br>[23] L. Montag, T. Klünder, M. Steven, Paving the Way for Circular Supply Chains: Conceptualization of a Circular Supply Chain Maturity Framework, Front. Sustain. 2 (2021) 101. https://doi.org/10.3389/frsus.2021.781978. <br>[24] G. Akkasoglu, English: Methodology for the design and application of application-specific maturity models taking into account information insecurity, original: Methodik zur Konzeption und Applikation anwendungsspezifischer Reifegradmodelle unter Berücksichtigung der Informationsunsicherheit. Dissertation, Nürnberg-Erlangen, 2013. <br>[25] R. Likert, The Method of Constructing an Attitude Scale, in: G.M. Maranell (Ed.), Scaling: A sourcebook for behavioral scientists., Routledge, 2017, pp. 233–242. <br>[26] C. Knoblinger, J. Oehmen, E. Rebentisch, W. Seering, K. Helten, Requirements for Product Development Self-Assessment Tools (2011). <br>[27] P. Fraser, J. Moultrie, M. Gregory, IEEE, The Use of Maturity Models/Grids as a Tool in Assessing Product Development Capability, in: Managing technology for the new economy: Cambridge, UK, 18 - 20 August 2002, IEEE Operations Center, Piscataway, NJ, 2002, pp. 244–249. <br>[28] M. Gusenbauer, N.R. Haddaway, Which academic search systems are suitable for systematic reviews or meta-analyses? Evaluating retrieval qualities of Google Scholar, PubMed, and 26 other resources, Research Synthesis Methods 11 (2020) 181–217. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1378. <br>[29] A. Liberati, D.G. Altman, J. Tetzlaff, C. Mulrow, P.C. Gøtzsche, J.P.A. Ioannidis, M. Clarke, P.J. Devereaux, J. Kleijnen, D. Moher, The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration, PLoS Med. 6 (2009) e1000100. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100. <br>[30] Z.M. Çınar, Q. Zeeshan, O. Korhan, A Framework for Industry 4.0 Readiness and Maturity of Smart Manufacturing Enterprises: A Case Study, Sustainability 13 (2021) 6659. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13126659. <br>[31] Roberto Santana Tapia, Maya Daneva, Pascal van Eck, Roel Wieringa, towards a business-IT aligned maturity model for collaborative networked organizations, 2008 12th Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference Workshops (2008). <br>[32] P. Fraser, J. Moultrie, M. Gregory, The use of maturity models/grids as a tool in assessing product development capability, IEEE International Engineering Management Conference (2002). <br>[33] K. Brendzel-Skowera, Circular Economy Business Models in the SME Sector, Sustainability 13 (2021) 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13137059. <br>[34] E. Haezendonck, K. van den Berghe, Patterns of Circular Transition: What Is the Circular Economy Maturity of Belgian Ports?, Sustainability 12 (2020) 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12219269. <br>[35] Y. Kayikci, Y. Kazancoglu, N. Gozacan-Chase, C. Lafci, L. Batista, Assessing smart circular supply chain readiness and maturity level of small and medium-sized enterprises, Journal of Business Research 149 (2022) 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.05.042. <br>[36] F. Acerbi, V. Järnefelt, J.T. Martins, L. Saari, K. Valkokari, M. Taisch, Developing a Qualitative Maturity Scale for Circularity in Manufacturing, in: A. Dolgui, A. Bernard, D. Lemoine, G. von Cieminski, D. Romero (Eds.), Advances in Production Management Systems.: Artificial Intelligence for Sustainable and Resilient Production Systems. IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference, APMS 2021 Nantes, France, September 5–9, 2021 Proceedings, Part III, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2021, 377-385. <br>[37] D. Uztürk, G. Büyüközkan, 2-Tuple Linguistic Model-based Circular Maturity Assessment Methodology: A Case for Agriculture, IFAC-PapersOnLine 55 (2022) 2036–2041. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2022.10.007. <br>[38] P. Sacco, C. Vinante, Y. Borgianni, G. Orzes, Circular Economy at the Firm Level: A New Tool for Assessing Maturity and Circularity, Sustainability 13 (2021) 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095288. <br>[39] J. Gorecki, Circular Economy Maturity in Construction Companies, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 471 (2019) 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/471/11/112090. <br>[40] D. Vegter, J. van Hillegersberg, M. Olthaar, Performance measurement system for circular supply chain management, Sustainable Production and Consumption 36 (2023) 171–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.01.003. <br>[41] P. Golinska-Dawson, K. Werner-Lewandowska, M. Kosacka-Olejnik, Responsible Resource Management in Remanufacturing—Framework for Qualitative Assessment in Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises, Resources 10 (2021) 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources10020019. <br>[42] E. Ünal, V.K. Sinha, Sustainability trade‐offs in the circular economy: A maturity‐based framework, Business Strategy and the Environment (2023) 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3386. <br>[43] D. Romero, A. Molina, Towards a Sustainable Development Maturity Model for Green Virtual Enterprise Breeding Environments, in: 19th IFAC World Congress IFAC 2014, Kapstadt, 2014, pp. 4272–4279. <br>[44] J.N. Uhrenholt, J.H. Kristensen, M.C. Rincón, S. Adamsen., S.F. Jensen, B.V. Waehrens, Maturity Model as a Driver for Circular Economy Transformation, Sustainability 14 (2022) 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127483. <br>[45] M. Howard, S. Boehm, D. Eatherly, M. Lobley, N. Mustafee, L.S. Vamvakeridou-Lyroudia, A Capability Maturity Model for the Circular Economy: An Agri-food Perspective, in: Academic Symposium: Circular Economy Disruptions – Past, Present and Future, Exeter, UK, 2018, pp. 1–3. <br>[46] D.J. Julkovski, S. Sehnem, M. Da Conceiçao Pereira Ramos, C.J.C. Jabbour, Circular business models and the environment: Maturity levels of the circular economy and innovation in greener craft breweries, Business Strategy and the Environment (2022) 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3311. <br>[47] S. Sehnem, L.M. Campos, D.J. Julkovski, C.F. Cazella, Circular business models: level of maturity, MD 57 (2019) 1043–1066. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-07-2018-0844. <br>[48] S. Sehnem, N.O. Ndubisi, D. Preschlak, R.J. Bernardy, S. Santos Junior, Circular economy in the wine chain production: maturity, challenges, and lessons from an emerging economy perspective, Production Planning & Control 31 (2020) 1014–1034. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2019.1695914. <br>[49] K. P. Grant, James S. Pennypacker, Project management maturity: an assessment of project management capabilities among and between selected industries, IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management (2006). <br>[50] A. Smith-Gillespie, R2Pi - The route to circular economy: Defining the Concept of Circular Economy Business Model. A Part of Deliverable 2.1, 2017. <br>[51] J.L. King, K.L. Kraemer, Evolution and organizational information systems, Commun. ACM 27 (1984) 466–475. https://doi.org/10.1145/358189.358074. <br>[52] M. Schröder, English: Structured improvement of supply chain risk management, original: Strukturierte Verbesserung des Supply Chain Risikomanagements, Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden, Heidelberg. <br>[53] M. Porter, Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance (1985). </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>