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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samanid_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Samanid Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samanid_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bukharan_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bukharan_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bukharan rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bukharan_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imperial_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperial_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Imperial Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperial_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Soviet period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Rail </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Roads </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Employment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Tajikistan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 249 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-249" aria-hidden="true" > 249 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Таджыкыстэн – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Таджыкыстэн" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tadjikistan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadschikistan" title="Tadschikistan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tadschikistan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B3%E1%8C%82%E1%8A%AA%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B3%E1%8A%95" title="ታጂኪስታን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታጂኪስታን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistan" title="Tadžikistan – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tadžikistan" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ताजिकिस्तान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ताजिकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacgicastan" title="Tacgicastan – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Tacgicastan" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%9F%D1%8C%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%8C%D1%81%D2%AD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таџьықьсҭан – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Таџьықьсҭан" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طاجيكستان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طاجيكستان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachiquist%C3%A1n" title="Tachiquistán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tachiquistán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%93%DC%9D%DC%A9%DC%A3%DC%9B%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܛܐܓܝܩܣܛܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܐܓܝܩܣܛܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadj%C2%B7iquistan" title="Tadj·iquistan – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tadj·iquistan" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাজিকিস্তান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাজিকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxiquist%C3%A1n" title="Taxiquistán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Taxiquistán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ताजिकिस्तान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ताजिकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikit%C3%A3" title="Tajikitã – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tajikitã" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тажикистан – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Тажикистан" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayiksuyu" title="Tayiksuyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tayiksuyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacikistan" title="Tacikistan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tacikistan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجیکیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تاجیکیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাজিকিস্তান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাজিকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тажикстан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тажикстан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджыкістан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Таджыкістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджыкістан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Таджыкістан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ताजिकिस्तान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ताजिकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadyikistan" title="Tadyikistan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tadyikistan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadschikistan" title="Tadschikistan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tadschikistan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%90%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཐ་ཇི་ཁེ་སི་ཏན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཐ་ཇི་ཁེ་སི་ཏན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistan" title="Tadžikistan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tadžikistan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tadjikistan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tadjikistan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayikistan" title="Tayikistan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tayikistan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1d%C5%BEikist%C3%A1n" title="Tádžikistán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tádžikistán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayikistan" title="Tayikistan – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Tayikistan" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajicistan" title="Tajicistan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tajicistan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadsjikistan" title="Tadsjikistan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tadsjikistan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طادجيكيستان – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طادجيكيستان" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C5%BEikistan" title="Tažikistan – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Tažikistan" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datschikischtaan" title="Datschikischtaan – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Datschikischtaan" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadschikistan" title="Tadschikistan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tadschikistan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8C%DE%A6%DE%96%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ތަޖިކިސްތާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތަޖިކިސްތާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82tah_H%C3%B3teelnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dziłtah Hóteelnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dziłtah Hóteelnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BAikistan" title="Tadźikistan – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tadźikistan" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ताजिकिस्तान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ताजिकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="ཏ་ཇག་ཀིསི་ཏཱན་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཏ་ཇག་ཀིསི་ཏཱན་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistan" title="Tadžikistan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tadžikistan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Τατζικιστάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τατζικιστάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayikist%C3%A1n" title="Tayikistán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tayikistán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%9Dikio" title="Taĝikio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Taĝikio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayiquist%C3%A1n" title="Tayiquistán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Tayiquistán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجیکستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاجیکستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadsjikistan" title="Tadsjikistan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Tadsjikistan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tadjikistan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadzjikistan" title="Tadzjikistan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tadzjikistan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_T%C3%A1ids%C3%ADceast%C3%A1in" title="An Táidsíceastáin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Táidsíceastáin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Tajikistaan" title="Yn Tajikistaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Tajikistaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacikistan" title="Tacikistan – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Tacikistan" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taidigeast%C3%A0n" title="Taidigeastàn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Taidigeastàn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjiikist%C3%A1n" title="Tadjiikistán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tadjiikistán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="તાજિકિસ્તાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તાજિકિસ્તાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ताजिकिस्तान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ताजिकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EC%A7%80%ED%82%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84" title="타지키스탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타지키스탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takisitana" title="Takisitana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Takisitana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%BB%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Տաջիկստան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տաջիկստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ताजिकिस्तान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताजिकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BAikistan" title="Tadźikistan – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Tadźikistan" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistan" title="Tadžikistan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tadžikistan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayikistan" title="Tayikistan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tayikistan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাজিকিস্তান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="তাজিকিস্তান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Tadjikistan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tads%C3%ADkistan" title="Tadsíkistan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tadsíkistan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagikistan" title="Tagikistan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tagikistan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%9F" title="טג'יקיסטן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טג'יקיסטן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistanii" title="Tajikistanii – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tajikistanii" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ತಜಿಕಿಸ್ತಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಜಿಕಿಸ್ತಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ტაჯიკეთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტაჯიკეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجیکِستان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تاجیکِستان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BCikistan" title="Tadżikistan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Tadżikistan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тәжікстан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тәжікстан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Tajik" title="Pow Tajik – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Tajik" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikisitani" title="Tajikisitani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Tajikisitani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tadjikistan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tadjikistan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tac%C3%AEkistan" title="Tacîkistan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Tacîkistan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тажикстан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тажикстан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagichistan" title="Tagichistan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Tagichistan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tadjikistan" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%96%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດທາຈິກິດສະຖານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດທາຈິກິດສະຖານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadzikistania" title="Tadzikistania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tadzikistania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikist%C4%81na" title="Tadžikistāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tadžikistāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tadjikistan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тажикистан – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Тажикистан" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikija" title="Tadžikija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tadžikija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagikist%C3%A0n" title="Tagikistàn – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tagikistàn" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadzjikistan" title="Tadzjikistan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tadzjikistan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazikist%C3%A1ni" title="Tazikistáni – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tazikistáni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjicistan" title="Tadjicistan – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tadjicistan" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistuanu" title="Tadžikistuanu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tadžikistuanu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagikistan" title="Tagikistan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Tagikistan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1dzsikiszt%C3%A1n" title="Tádzsikisztán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tádzsikisztán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ताजिकिस्तान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ताजिकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таџикистан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Таџикистан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikist%C3%A0na" title="Tajikistàna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tajikistàna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="താജിക്കിസ്ഥാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താജിക്കിസ്ഥാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C4%A1ikistan" title="Taġikistan – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Taġikistan" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahikit%C4%81na" title="Tahikitāna – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Tahikitāna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ताजिकिस्तान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ताजिकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ტაჯიკეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტაჯიკეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجيكيستان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تاجيكيستان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%91%D9%88%D9%86" title="تاجیکسّون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تاجیکسّون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯇꯥꯖꯤꯀꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯖꯤꯀꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjiquiston" title="Tadjiquiston – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Tadjiquiston" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджыкистан – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Таджыкистан" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тажикистан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тажикистан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တာဂျစ်ကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တာဂျစ်ကစ္စတန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadzjikistan" title="Tadzjikistan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tadzjikistan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ताजिकिस्तान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ताजिकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ताजिकिस्तान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ताजिकिस्तान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="タジキスタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タジキスタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjikistaan" title="Tadjikistaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tadjikistaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadsjikistan" title="Tadsjikistan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tadsjikistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadsjikistan" title="Tadsjikistan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tadsjikistan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatgiquistan" title="Tatgiquistan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tatgiquistan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ତାଜିକିସ୍ତାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତାଜିକିସ୍ତାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taajaakistaan" title="Taajaakistaan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Taajaakistaan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tojikiston" title="Tojikiston – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tojikiston" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਾਜਿਕਿਸਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਜਿਕਿਸਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ताजिकिस्थान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ताजिकिस्थान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجکستان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تاجکستان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجيکستان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تاجيکستان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%90%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="តាជីគីស្ថាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តាជីគីស្ថាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagikistan" title="Tagikistan – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tagikistan" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadschikistan" title="Tadschikistan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tadschikistan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BCykistan" title="Tadżykistan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tadżykistan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajiquist%C3%A3o" title="Tajiquistão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tajiquistão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1jikstan" title="Tájikstan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Tájikstan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacikistan" title="Tacikistan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Tacikistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadjikistan" title="Tadjikistan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tadjikistan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayiksuyu" title="Tayiksuyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tayiksuyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджікістан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Таджікістан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тадьикистаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тадьикистаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasikisitani" title="Tasikisitani – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Tasikisitani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="ताजिकिस्थानम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ताजिकिस्थानम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱡᱤᱠᱤᱥᱛᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجکستان – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="تاجکستان" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagikist%C3%A0n" title="Tagikistàn – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tagikistàn" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxhikistani" title="Taxhikistani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Taxhikistani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagikistan" title="Tagikistan – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tagikistan" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ටජිකිස්ථානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටජිකිස්ථානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجڪستان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تاجڪستان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IThajiki" title="IThajiki – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IThajiki" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistan" title="Tadžikistan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tadžikistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistan" title="Tadžikistan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tadžikistan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Таджикистанъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Таджикистанъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BCykist%C5%AFn" title="Tadżykistůn – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tadżykistůn" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadsjikistan" title="Tadsjikistan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tadsjikistan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجیکستان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تاجیکستان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таџикистан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Таџикистан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistan" title="Tadžikistan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tadžikistan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistan" title="Tadžikistan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tadžikistan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadzjikistan" title="Tadzjikistan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tadzjikistan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayikistan" title="Tayikistan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tayikistan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="தஜிகிஸ்தான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தஜிகிஸ்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%ACa%C7%A7ikstan" title="Ṭaǧikstan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ṭaǧikstan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D2%97%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таҗикстан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Таҗикстан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းတႃႇၵျီႇၵီႇသတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းတႃႇၵျီႇၵီႇသတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="တႆး" data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">တႆး</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="తజికిస్తాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తజికిస్తాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistaun" title="Tajikistaun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Tajikistaun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศทาจิกิสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศทาจิกิสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Тоҷикистон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тоҷикистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasikitani" title="Tasikitani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Tasikitani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%94%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%A9%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%95%E1%8F%82" title="ᏔᏥᎩᏍᏕᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏔᏥᎩᏍᏕᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacikistan" title="Tacikistan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tacikistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4jigistan" title="Täjigistan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Täjigistan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8D%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨈᨍᨗᨀᨗᨔᨈᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨈᨍᨗᨀᨗᨔᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Таджикистан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таджикистан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجکستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاجکستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%89%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاجىكىستان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تاجىكىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taz%C3%ACkistan" title="Tazìkistan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tazìkistan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistan" title="Tadžikistan – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tadžikistan" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacikist%C3%A4n" title="Tacikistän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tacikistän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistan" title="Tadžikistan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tadžikistan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="塔吉克斯坦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="塔吉克斯坦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadzjikistan" title="Tadzjikistan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tadzjikistan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayikistan" title="Tayikistan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tayikistan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistaan" title="Tajikistaan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tajikistaan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="塔吉克斯坦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塔吉克斯坦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%90%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="טאדזשיקיסטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאדזשיקיסטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B" title="塔吉克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塔吉克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacik%C4%B1stan" title="Tacikıstan – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tacikıstan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadzjikistan" title="Tadzjikistan – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tadzjikistan" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tad%C5%BEikistans" title="Tadžikistans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tadžikistans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="塔吉克斯坦 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塔吉克斯坦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Tajikistan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C4%8Dikistan" title="Točikistan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Točikistan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tajikistan&params=39_N_71_E_">39°N 71°E / 39°N 71°E / 39; 71</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div 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.infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Tajikistan</div><div class="ib-country-names">Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон (<a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>) Республика Таджикистан (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tajikistan"><img alt="Flag of Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/125px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/188px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/250px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tajikistan" title="Flag of Tajikistan">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Tajikistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Tajikistan"><img alt="Emblem of Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_Tajikistan.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_Tajikistan.svg/250px-Emblem_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="664" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tajikistan" title="Emblem of Tajikistan"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: Истиқлол, Озодӣ, Ватан (Tajik) Istiqlol, Ozodí, Vatan Независимость, Свобода, Родина (Russian) Nezavisimost', Svoboda, Rodina "Independence, Freedom, Homeland"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: Суруди Миллӣ (Tajik) <a href="/wiki/Surudi_Milli" title="Surudi Milli">Surudi Milli</a> "National Anthem" <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="115" data-mwtitle="Tajikistan_anthem.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Tajikistan_anthem.ogg/Tajikistan_anthem.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Tajikistan_anthem.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATajikistan_anthem.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATajikistan_anthem.ogg&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATajikistan_anthem.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATajikistan_anthem.ogg&lang=sr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr" label="српски / srpski ‪(sr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATajikistan_anthem.ogg&lang=tg-latn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tg-Latn" label="tojikī ‪(tg-latn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATajikistan_anthem.ogg&lang=tg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tg" label="тоҷикӣ ‪(tg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATajikistan_anthem.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATajikistan_anthem.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATajikistan_anthem.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ATajikistan_anthem.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajikistan_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Tajikistan (green)"><img alt="Location of Tajikistan (green)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tajikistan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Tajikistan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tajikistan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Tajikistan_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Tajikistan (green)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tajikistan&params=38_33_N_68_48_E_type:city">38°33′N 68°48′E / 38.550°N 68.800°E / 38.550; 68.800</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>86.1% <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a></li><li>11.3% <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a></li><li>0.4% <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a></li><li>0.3% <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a></li><li>1.9% <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" title="List of ethnic groups in Tajikistan">Others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-thearda_com-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">97.5% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Islam</a> 0.7% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tajikistan" title="Christianity in Tajikistan">Christianity</a> 1.7% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> 0.2% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan#Other_religions" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Others</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tajikistani • <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a> under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> dictatorship<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tajikistan" title="President of Tajikistan">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tajikistan" title="Prime Minister of Tajikistan">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kokhir_Rasulzoda" title="Kokhir Rasulzoda">Kokhir Rasulzoda</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Assembly_(Tajikistan)" title="Supreme Assembly (Tajikistan)">Supreme Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Tajikistan" title="National Assembly of Tajikistan">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Representatives_(Tajikistan)" title="Assembly of Representatives (Tajikistan)">Assembly of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 October 1924</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 December 1929</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic#History" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Sovereignty declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 August 1990</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="#Soviet_period">Republic of Tajikistan declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 August 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Tajikistan)" title="Independence Day (Tajikistan)">Independence declared from USSR</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">9 September 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Independence recognized</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 December 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tajikistan" title="Geography of Tajikistan">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">143,100<a href="#cite_note-embassytofrance-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-unstats08-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-jamestown-8">[8]</a> km2 (55,300 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">94th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,575 km2 (994 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.8</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tajikistan" title="Demographics of Tajikistan">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2025 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 10,786,734<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">75.4/km2 (195.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $59.415 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TJ-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">119th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $5,832<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TJ-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $12.953 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TJ-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">141st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1,276<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TJ-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">163rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2015)</th><td class="infobox-data">34<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" />(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/20px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/40px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.679<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" />medium (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">126th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_somoni" title="Tajikistani somoni">Somoni</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">TJS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+5 (<a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajikistan Time">TJT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Date_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Date format">dd.mm.yyyy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Tajikistan" title="Telephone numbers in Tajikistan">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B992" class="mw-redirect" title="+992">+992</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:TJ" title="ISO 3166-2:TJ">TJ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.tj" title=".tj">.tj</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><ol class="ib-country-fn-alpha"> <li value="1">Russian has the status of an official language through its use as the official interethnic language as cited in the Constitution of Tajikistan.<a href="#cite_note-КОНСТИТУЦИЯ_РЕСПУБЛИКИ_ТАДЖИКИСТАН-13">[13]</a></li> </ol></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Tajikistan,<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> officially the Republic of Tajikistan,<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and most populous city. Tajikistan is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_border" title="Afghanistan–Tajikistan border">south</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_border" title="Tajikistan–Uzbekistan border">west</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_border" title="Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan border">north</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to the <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Tajikistan_border" title="China–Tajikistan border">east</a>. It is separated from <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> by Afghanistan's <a href="/wiki/Wakhan_Corridor" title="Wakhan Corridor">Wakhan Corridor</a>. It has a population of over 10.7 million people.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> The territory was previously home to cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, including the city of <a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">Sarazm</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> and was later home to kingdoms ruled by people of various faiths and cultures including the <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Nestorian Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The area has been ruled by empires and <a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">dynasties</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>. After being ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a> flourished. The region was <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">later conquered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, before becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. Within the Soviet Union, the <a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union#National_delimitation_in_Central_Asia" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">country's borders were drawn</a> when it was part of <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbekistan</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">autonomous republic</a> before becoming a <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">constituent republic</a> of the Soviet Union on 5 December 1929.<a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a> On 9 September 1991, Tajikistan declared itself an independent sovereign nation as <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">the Soviet Union was disintegrating</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">civil war</a> was fought after independence, lasting from May 1992 to June 1997. Since the end of the war, newly established political stability and foreign aid have allowed the country's economy to grow. The country has been led since 1994 by <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a>, who heads an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian regime</a> and whose <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tajikistan" title="Human rights in Tajikistan">human rights record</a> has been criticised.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> Tajikistan is a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a> consisting of <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Tajikistan" title="Regions of Tajikistan">four provinces</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> form the ethnic majority in the country,<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> and their national language is <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> is used as the official inter-ethnic language.<a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a> While the state is <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">constitutionally secular</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Islamic religion</a> is nominally adhered to by 97.5% of the population. In the <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan" title="Gorno-Badakhshan">Gorno-Badakhshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblast</a>, there is a linguistic diversity where <a href="/wiki/Rushani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rushani dialect">Rushani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shughni_language" title="Shughni language">Shughni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishkashimi_language" title="Ishkashimi language">Ishkashimi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a>, and Tajik are some of the languages spoken. Mountains cover more than 90% of the country. It is a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">transitional economy</a> that is dependent on <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittances</a>, and on production of <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>. Tajikistan is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">OSCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">OIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">ECO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Partnership_for_Peace" title="Partnership for Peace">PfP partner</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajik people</a></div> The term "<a href="/wiki/Tajik_(word)" title="Tajik (word)">Tajik</a>" itself ultimately derives from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> Tāzīk, the <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> rendition of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> ethnonym <a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Ṭayyi’</a>, denoting a <a href="/wiki/Qahtanite" title="Qahtanite">Qahtanite</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab tribe">Arab tribe</a> who emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> in the 7th century AD.<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> Tajikistan appeared as Tadjikistan or Tadzhikistan in English prior to 1991. This is due to a transliteration from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: "Таджикистан". In Russian, there is no single letter "j" to represent the phoneme /d͡ʒ/, and therefore <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style>дж, or dzh, is used. Tadzhikistan is the alternate spelling and is used in English literature derived from Russian sources.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>'s 1997 Country Study of Tajikistan found it difficult to definitively state the origins of the word "Tajik" because the term is "embroiled in twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranic peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia,"<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-26">[24]</a> scholars concluded that contemporary <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> are the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Iranian">Eastern Iranic</a> inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, in particular, the <a href="/wiki/Sogdians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sogdians">Sogdians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bactrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Bactrians">Bactrians</a> and possibly other groups.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> In later works, Frye expands on the complexity of the historical origins of the Tajiks. In a 1996 publication, Frye explains that "factors must be taken into account in explaining the evolution of the peoples whose remnants are the Tajiks in Central Asia" and that "the peoples of Central Asia, whether <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> speaking, have one culture, one religion, one set of social values and traditions with only language separating them."<a href="#cite_note-frey96-30">[28]</a> Regarding Tajiks, the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> states:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The Tajiks are the direct descendants of the Iranic peoples whose continuous presence in Central Asia and northern Afghanistan is attested from the middle of the first millennium BC. The ancestors of the Tajiks constituted the core of the ancient population of Khwārezm (Khorezm) and Bactria, which formed part of Transoxania (Sogdiana). Over the course of time, the eastern Iranic dialect that was used by the ancient Tajiks eventually gave way to <a href="/wiki/Tajiki" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajiki">Tajiki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">History of Tajikistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambassador_from_Kumedh_(%E8%83%A1%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B9),_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_(%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE)_circa_650_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ambassador_from_Kumedh_%28%E8%83%A1%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B9%29%2C_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg/150px-Ambassador_from_Kumedh_%28%E8%83%A1%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B9%29%2C_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ambassador_from_Kumedh_%28%E8%83%A1%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B9%29%2C_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg/225px-Ambassador_from_Kumedh_%28%E8%83%A1%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B9%29%2C_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Ambassador_from_Kumedh_%28%E8%83%A1%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B9%29%2C_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg/300px-Ambassador_from_Kumedh_%28%E8%83%A1%E5%AF%86%E4%B8%B9%29%2C_visiting_the_court_of_the_Tang_Dynasty._The_Gathering_of_Kings_%28%E7%8E%8B%E4%BC%9A%E5%9B%BE%29_circa_650_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1778" /></a><figcaption>Ambassador to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, coming from Kumedh (胡密丹). <a href="/wiki/Wanghuitu" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanghuitu">Wanghuitu</a> circa 650 AD.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> Cultures in the region have been dated back to at least the fourth millennium BC, including the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo</a> cultures and the <a href="/wiki/Sarazm" title="Sarazm">pro-urban site of Sarazm</a>, a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BC when most, if not all, of Tajikistan was part of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-26">[24]</a> Some authors have suggested that in the seventh and sixth centuries BC parts of Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Kambojas" title="Kambojas">Kambojas</a> tribe<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> before it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> After the region's conquest by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a>, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panjakent" title="Panjakent">Panjakent</a>) was part of <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a>, a collection of city-states which was overrun by <a href="/wiki/Scytho-Siberians" class="mw-redirect" title="Scytho-Siberians">Scytho-Siberians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> nomadic tribes around 150 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qian" title="Zhang Qian">Zhang Qian</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Wudi</a> (141 BC–87 BC) commercial relations between <a href="/wiki/Han_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Empire">Han Empire</a> and Sogdiana flourished.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Sogdians played a role in facilitating trade and worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Empire</a>, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Yuezhi" title="Yuezhi">Yuezhi</a> tribes, took control of the region in the first century AD and ruled until the fourth century AD during which time <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christianity">Nestorian Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> were practised in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Congress_Call_Number_DK851?-41">[39]</a> Later the <a href="/wiki/Hephthalite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephthalite Empire">Hephthalite Empire</a>, a collection of nomadic tribes, moved into the region, and the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">disseminated Islam</a> in the eighth century.<a href="#cite_note-Congress_Call_Number_DK851?-41">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MansurISamanidPaintingHistoryofIran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/MansurISamanidPaintingHistoryofIran.jpg/250px-MansurISamanidPaintingHistoryofIran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/MansurISamanidPaintingHistoryofIran.jpg/330px-MansurISamanidPaintingHistoryofIran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/MansurISamanidPaintingHistoryofIran.jpg/500px-MansurISamanidPaintingHistoryofIran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Samanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanid">Samanid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Mansur_I" title="Mansur I">Mansur I</a> (961–976)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Edward_Gordon_Lake_Victoria,_Great_Pamir,_May_2nd,_1874.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thomas_Edward_Gordon_Lake_Victoria%2C_Great_Pamir%2C_May_2nd%2C_1874.png/220px-Thomas_Edward_Gordon_Lake_Victoria%2C_Great_Pamir%2C_May_2nd%2C_1874.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thomas_Edward_Gordon_Lake_Victoria%2C_Great_Pamir%2C_May_2nd%2C_1874.png/330px-Thomas_Edward_Gordon_Lake_Victoria%2C_Great_Pamir%2C_May_2nd%2C_1874.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Thomas_Edward_Gordon_Lake_Victoria%2C_Great_Pamir%2C_May_2nd%2C_1874.png/440px-Thomas_Edward_Gordon_Lake_Victoria%2C_Great_Pamir%2C_May_2nd%2C_1874.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1107" /></a><figcaption>19th-century painting of lake <a href="/wiki/Zorkul" title="Zorkul">Zorkul</a> and a local <a href="/wiki/Tajik_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik people">Tajik</a> inhabitant</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samanid_Empire">Samanid Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Samanid Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanid Empire</a>, 819 to 999, restored <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> control of the region and enlarged the cities of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, which became the cultural centers of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>; the region was known as Khorasan. The empire was centered in Khorasan and Transoxiana; at its greatest extent encompassing Afghanistan, parts of Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, parts of Kazakhstan, and Pakistan. Four brothers Nuh, Ahmad, Yahya, and Ilyas founded the Samanid state. Each of them ruled territory under <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> suzerainty. In 892, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Samani" title="Ismail Samani">Ismail Samani</a> (892–907) united the Samanid state under one ruler, thus putting an end to the feudal system used by the Samanids. It was under him that the Samanids became independent of Abbasid authority. The <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Transoxania" class="mw-redirect" title="Transoxania">Transoxania</a> (which corresponded approximately with what later would be Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan, and southwest Kazakhstan) and ruled between 999 and 1211.<a href="#cite_note-encyclo-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Their arrival in Transoxania signalled a definitive shift from Iranian to Turkic predominance in Central Asia,<a href="#cite_note-svat-44">[42]</a> and gradually the Kara-khanids became assimilated into the Perso-Arab Muslim culture of the region.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> In the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> swept through Central Asia, invaded the <a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmian Empire">Khwarezmian Empire</a> and sacked its cities, looting and massacring people. <a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a> conqueror <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Tamerlane</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>, becoming the first ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid dynasty</a> in and around what later became Tajikistan and Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-auto-46">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bukharan_rule">Bukharan rule</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bukharan rule">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a></div> What later became Tajikistan fell under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Bukhara" title="Khanate of Bukhara">Khanate of Bukhara</a> during the 16th century and, with the empire's collapse in the 18th century, it came under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Khanate of Kokand</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> remained intact until the 20th century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperial_Russia">Imperial Russia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Imperial Russia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Turkestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian conquest of Turkestan">Russian conquest of Turkestan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Game" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Game">The Great Game</a></div> During the 19th century, for the second time in world history, a European power (the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>) began to conquer parts of the region.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Russian <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>'s conquest of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> during the 19th century's <a href="/wiki/Great_Game" title="Great Game">Imperial Era</a>. Between 1864 and 1885, Russia gradually took control of the entire territory of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkestan" title="Russian Turkestan">Russian Turkestan</a>, the Tajikistan portion of which had been controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kokand" title="Khanate of Kokand">Khanate of Kokand</a>. Russia was interested in gaining access to a supply of <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> and in the 1870s attempted to switch cultivation in the region from grain to cotton (a strategy later copied and expanded by the Soviets).<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> During the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadidists</a> established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. While the Jadidists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian, the Russians viewed the movement as a threat because the Russian Empire was predominantly Christian.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Russian troops were required to restore order during uprisings against the Khanate of Kokand between 1910 and 1913. Further violence occurred in July 1916 when demonstrators attacked Russian soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a> over the threat of forced <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. While Russian troops brought Khujand back under control, clashes continued throughout the year in various locations in Tajikistan. <a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_period">Soviet period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soviet period">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana,_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg/220px-Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg/330px-Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg/440px-Negotiations_with_basmachs_Fergana%2C_1921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1923" data-file-height="1268" /></a><figcaption>Soviet negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">basmachi</a>, 1921</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917 guerrillas throughout Central Asia, known as <a href="/wiki/Basmachi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basmachi">basmachi</a>, waged <a href="/wiki/Kokand_Autonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokand Autonomy">a war</a> against <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> armies in an attempt to maintain independence.<a href="#cite_note-auto-46">[44]</a> The Bolsheviks prevailed after a four-year war, in which <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and villages were burned down and the population suppressed. Between 1928 and 1941, Soviet authorities started an <a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">anti-religious campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a>. Practising <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> was discouraged and repressed; due to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">Soviet anti-religious legislation</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> were closed.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> As a consequence of the conflict and Soviet agriculture policies, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, Tajikistan included, underwent a famine that claimed lives.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic</a> was created as a part of <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto-46">[44]</a> and in 1929 the Tajikistan Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajikistan SSR, Таджикская ССР) was made a separate constituent republic;<a href="#cite_note-auto-46">[44]</a> the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a> remained in the <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic">Uzbek SSR</a>. Between 1927 and 1934, <a href="/wiki/Collectivization_of_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization of agriculture">collectivization of agriculture</a> and an expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern region.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-53">[51]</a> Soviet collectivization policy brought violence against farmers and peasants, classified as <a href="/wiki/Anti-Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Soviet">anti-Soviet</a> categories of "<a href="/wiki/Enemies_of_the_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Enemies of the people">enemies of the people</a>", and <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">forced resettlement</a> occurred throughout Tajikistan. Consequently, some peasants fought collectivization and revived the <a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi movement</a>. Some industrial development occurred during this time along with the expansion of irrigation infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-countrystudies.us-53">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hammond_Slides_Central_Asia_Unlabeled_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hammond_Slides_Central_Asia_Unlabeled_15.jpg/220px-Hammond_Slides_Central_Asia_Unlabeled_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hammond_Slides_Central_Asia_Unlabeled_15.jpg/330px-Hammond_Slides_Central_Asia_Unlabeled_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Hammond_Slides_Central_Asia_Unlabeled_15.jpg/440px-Hammond_Slides_Central_Asia_Unlabeled_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2451" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Tajikistan in 1964</figcaption></figure> Two rounds of <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Stalin's purges</a> (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the expulsion of nearly 10,000 people from all levels of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Communist Party of Tajikistan">Communist Party of Tajikistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Purges_1996-54">[52]</a> Ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> were sent in to replace those expelled and subsequently Russians dominated party positions at all levels, including the top position of first secretary.<a href="#cite_note-The_Purges_1996-54">[52]</a> Between 1926 and 1959 the proportion of Russians among Tajikistan's population grew from less than 1% to 13%.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bobojon_Ghafurov" title="Bobojon Ghafurov">Bobojon Ghafurov</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan">First Secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan</a> from 1946 to 1956, was the only Tajik politician of significance outside of the republic during the Soviet Era.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-56">[54]</a> Tajiks began to be conscripted into the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> in 1939 and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> around 260,000 Tajik citizens fought against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Empire">Japanese Empire</a>. Between 60,000 (4%)<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> and 120,000 (8%)<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> of Tajikistan's 1,530,000 citizens were killed during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Following the war and the end of Stalin's reign, attempts were made to further expand the agriculture and industry of Tajikistan.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-56">[54]</a> During 1957–58 <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Lands_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Lands Campaign">Virgin Lands Campaign</a> focused attention on Tajikistan, where living conditions, education and industry lagged behind the other <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet Republics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-56">[54]</a> In the 1980s, Tajikistan had the lowest household saving rate in the USSR,<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> the lowest percentage of households in the two top per capita income groups,<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> and the lowest rate of university graduates per 1000 people.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> By the 1980s Tajik nationalists were calling for increased rights. Real disturbances did not occur within the republic until 1990. The following year, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> collapsed, and Tajikistan declared its independence on 9 September 1991, a day which is celebrated as the country's <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Tajikistan)" title="Independence Day (Tajikistan)">Independence Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence">Independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Independence">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_699861_Dushanbe_riots,_February_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RIAN_archive_699861_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg/200px-RIAN_archive_699861_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RIAN_archive_699861_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg/300px-RIAN_archive_699861_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/RIAN_archive_699861_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg/400px-RIAN_archive_699861_Dushanbe_riots%2C_February_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3040" data-file-height="2044" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/1990_Dushanbe_riots" title="1990 Dushanbe riots">1990 Dushanbe riots</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_466493_Rally_on_Ozodi_square.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/RIAN_archive_466493_Rally_on_Ozodi_square.jpg/200px-RIAN_archive_466493_Rally_on_Ozodi_square.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/RIAN_archive_466493_Rally_on_Ozodi_square.jpg/300px-RIAN_archive_466493_Rally_on_Ozodi_square.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/RIAN_archive_466493_Rally_on_Ozodi_square.jpg/400px-RIAN_archive_466493_Rally_on_Ozodi_square.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="689" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Tajik men and women rally on <a href="/wiki/Dousti_Square" title="Dousti Square">Ozodi square</a> in Dushanbe after independence, 1992.</div></div></div></div></div> In February 1990, <a href="/wiki/1990_Dushanbe_riots" title="1990 Dushanbe riots">riots and strikes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> and other cities began due to the difficult socio-economic situation, lack of housing, and youth unemployment.<a href="#cite_note-auto-46">[44]</a> The nationalist and democratic opposition and supporters of independence joined the strikes and began to demand the independence of the republic and democratic reforms. <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamists</a> began to hold strikes to demand respect for their rights and independence. The Soviet leadership introduced Internal Troops in Dushanbe to eliminate the unrest.<a href="#cite_note-auto-46">[44]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spetsnaz_troopers_during_the_1992_Tajik_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Spetsnaz_troopers_during_the_1992_Tajik_war.jpg/220px-Spetsnaz_troopers_during_the_1992_Tajik_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Spetsnaz_troopers_during_the_1992_Tajik_war.jpg/330px-Spetsnaz_troopers_during_the_1992_Tajik_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Spetsnaz_troopers_during_the_1992_Tajik_war.jpg/440px-Spetsnaz_troopers_during_the_1992_Tajik_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz" title="Spetsnaz">Spetsnaz</a> soldiers during the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">civil war</a>, 1992</figcaption></figure> Following independence, the nation fell into <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">civil war</a> among factions distinguished by clan loyalties.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations-64">[62]</a> Regional groups from the <a href="/wiki/Gharm" title="Gharm">Gharm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan" title="Gorno-Badakhshan">Gorno-Badakhshan</a> regions of Tajikistan. led by a combination of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democratic</a> reformers<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamists" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamists">Islamists</a>, who eventually became the <a href="/wiki/United_Tajik_Opposition" title="United Tajik Opposition">United Tajik Opposition</a>, rose up against the newly formed government of President <a href="/wiki/Rahmon_Nabiyev" title="Rahmon Nabiyev">Rahmon Nabiyev</a>, which was dominated by people from the <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulob" title="Kulob">Kulob</a> regions. The war lasted until 1997. More than 500,000 residents fled during this time because of persecution and increased poverty, seeking better economic opportunities in the West or in other former Soviet republics.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The estimated dead numbered over 100,000. Around 1.2 million people were <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> inside and outside of the country.<a href="#cite_note-United_Nations-64">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a> came to power in the early part of this conflict in 1992,<a href="#cite_note-auto-46">[44]</a> after Nabiyev was forced at gunpoint on 7 September 1992 to resign from office.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> Rahmon defeated former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Abdumalik_Abdullajanov" title="Abdumalik Abdullajanov">Abdumalik Abdullajanov</a> in a November presidential election with 58% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> In 1997, a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a> was reached between Rahmon and opposition parties under the guidance of Gerd D. Merrem,<a href="#cite_note-auto-46">[44]</a> Special Representative to the Secretary General, a result praised as a successful United Nations peacekeeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed 30% of ministerial positions would go to the <a href="/wiki/United_Tajik_Opposition" title="United Tajik Opposition">opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_presidential_election,_1999" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajikistani presidential election, 1999">Elections</a> were held in 1999 and were criticised by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair; Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-auto-46">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajik_presidential_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik presidential election, 2006">Elections in 2006</a> were again won by Rahmon (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term in office. Opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (OSCE) criticised it, while observers from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> claimed the elections were legal and transparent.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Rahmon's administration came under further criticism from OSCE in October 2010 for its censorship and repression of the media. OSCE claimed that the Tajik Government censored Tajik and foreign websites and instituted tax inspections on independent printing houses that led to the cessation of printing activities for a number of independent newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> Russian border troops were stationed along the Tajik–Afghan border until summer 2005. Since the <a href="/wiki/September_11,_2001_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="September 11, 2001 attacks">September 11, 2001 attacks</a>, French troops have been stationed at <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Dushanbe Airport">Dushanbe Airport</a> in support of air operations of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/International_Security_Assistance_Force" title="International Security Assistance Force">International Security Assistance Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> personnel periodically visit Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions of up to several weeks duration. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/Ayni_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayni Air Base">Ayni Air Base</a>, a military airport located 15 km southwest of Dushanbe, at a cost of $70 million, completing the repairs in September 2010.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> It is the main base of the Tajikistan air force. There have been talks with Russia concerning use of the Ayni facility,<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> and Russia continues to maintain a base on the outskirts of Dushanbe.<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> In 2010, there were concerns among Tajik officials that Islamic militarism in the east of the country was on the rise following the escape of 25 militants from a Tajik prison in August, an ambush that killed 28 Tajik soldiers in the <a href="/wiki/Rasht_Valley" title="Rasht Valley">Rasht Valley</a> in September,<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> and another ambush in the valley in October that killed 30 soldiers,<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> followed by fighting outside <a href="/wiki/Gharm" title="Gharm">Gharm</a> that left three militants dead. The country's Interior Ministry insisted that the central government maintained full control over the country's east, and the military operation in the Rasht Valley was concluded in November 2010.<a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/2012_Gorno-Badakhshan_clashes" title="2012 Gorno-Badakhshan clashes">Fighting erupted</a> again, this time in and around Gorno-Badakhshan, in July 2012.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> In 2015, Russia sent more troops to Tajikistan.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> In May 2015, Tajikistan's national security underwent a setback when Colonel <a href="/wiki/Gulmurod_Khalimov" title="Gulmurod Khalimov">Gulmurod Khalimov</a>, commander of the special-purpose police unit (OMON) of the Interior Ministry, defected to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> Khalimov was allegedly killed on 8 September 2017 during a Russian airstrike near <a href="/wiki/Deir_ez-Zor" title="Deir ez-Zor">Deir ez-Zor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> although Tajikistan authorities express doubts whether he has died. In 2021, following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">Fall of Kabul</a>, Tajikistan allegedly got involved in the <a href="/wiki/Panjshir_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjshir conflict">Panjshir conflict</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> on the side of the <a href="/wiki/National_Resistance_Front_of_Afghanistan" title="National Resistance Front of Afghanistan">National Resistance Front of Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> In September 2022 <a href="/wiki/2022_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_clashes" title="2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes">armed clashes</a>, including the use of artillery, erupted along most of the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Politics of Tajikistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tajikistan" title="Elections in Tajikistan">Elections in Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tajikistan" title="Foreign relations of Tajikistan">Foreign relations of Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Tajikistan">Military of Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tajikistan" title="Human rights in Tajikistan">Human rights in Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Tajikistan" title="Cabinet of Tajikistan">Cabinet of Tajikistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dushanbe_Presidential_Palace_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dushanbe_Presidential_Palace_01.jpg/250px-Dushanbe_Presidential_Palace_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dushanbe_Presidential_Palace_01.jpg/330px-Dushanbe_Presidential_Palace_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dushanbe_Presidential_Palace_01.jpg/500px-Dushanbe_Presidential_Palace_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="1494" /></a><figcaption>The Palace of Nations in <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></figcaption></figure> After independence, Tajikistan was plunged into a civil war. Factions were supported by foreign countries including <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, Iran, Pakistan, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and Russia. Russia and Iran focused on keeping peace in the warring nation to decrease the chances of <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> involvement. Russia backed the pro-government faction and deployed troops from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> to guard the Tajikistan-Afghan border.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> All but 25,000 of the more than 400,000 ethnic Russians, who were mostly employed in industry, fled to Russia. By 1997, the war had ended after a <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">peace agreement</a> between the government and the Islamist-led opposition, a central government began to take form, with peaceful elections in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emomali_Rahmonov_2001Nov03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Emomali_Rahmonov_2001Nov03.jpg/250px-Emomali_Rahmonov_2001Nov03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Emomali_Rahmonov_2001Nov03.jpg/330px-Emomali_Rahmonov_2001Nov03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Emomali_Rahmonov_2001Nov03.jpg/500px-Emomali_Rahmonov_2001Nov03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_Tajikistan" title="President of Tajikistan">President of Tajikistan</a> <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a> has ruled the country since 1994.</figcaption></figure> "Longtime observers of Tajikistan often characterize the country as profoundly averse to risk and skeptical of promises of reform, a political passivity they trace to the country's ruinous civil war," Ilan Greenberg wrote in a news article in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> before the country's November 2006 presidential election.<a href="#cite_note-greenberg-88">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajik_Parliament_House,_Dushanbe,_Tajikistan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/220px-Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/330px-Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG/440px-Tajik_Parliament_House%2C_Dushanbe%2C_Tajikistan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Assembly_(Tajikistan)" title="Supreme Assembly (Tajikistan)">Supreme Assembly</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>.</figcaption></figure> The parliamentary elections of 2005 aroused accusations from opposition parties and international observers that President <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a> corruptly manipulates the election process and unemployment. Elections in February 2010 saw the ruling PDPT lose four seats in Parliament, yet still maintain a majority. The <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> election observers said the 2010 polling "failed to meet many key OSCE commitments" and that "these elections failed on many basic democratic standards."<a href="#cite_note-economistchange-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC2010election-90">[88]</a> The government insisted that only minor violations had occurred, which would not affect the will of the Tajik people.<a href="#cite_note-economistchange-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBC2010election-90">[88]</a> The Tajik government has reportedly clamped down on facial hair as part of a crackdown on Islamic influence and due to its perceived associations with <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a>, which is evident in bordering <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Emomali_Rahmon_(2017-02-27)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vladimir_Putin_and_Emomali_Rahmon_%282017-02-27%29_2.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Emomali_Rahmon_%282017-02-27%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vladimir_Putin_and_Emomali_Rahmon_%282017-02-27%29_2.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Emomali_Rahmon_%282017-02-27%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Vladimir_Putin_and_Emomali_Rahmon_%282017-02-27%29_2.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Emomali_Rahmon_%282017-02-27%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>President of Tajikistan <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Emomali Rahmon</a> with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.</figcaption></figure> The presidential election held on 6 November 2006 was boycotted by "mainline" opposition parties, including the 23,000-member <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Renaissance_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan">Islamic Renaissance Party</a>. Four remaining opponents "all but endorsed the incumbent", Rahmon.<a href="#cite_note-greenberg-88">[86]</a> Freedom of the press is officially guaranteed by the government, and independent press outlets remain restricted, as does an amount of web content.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_War_%26_Peace_Reporting" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for War & Peace Reporting">Institute for War & Peace Reporting</a>, access to local and foreign websites is blocked, and journalists are sometimes obstructed from reporting on some events. In practice, no public criticism of the regime is tolerated and all direct protest is suppressed and denied coverage in the local media.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> In the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, Tajikistan was ranked 160th, after <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, while receiving the designation of "authoritarian regime".<a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> In July 2019, UN ambassadors of 37 countries, including Tajikistan, signed a joint letter to <a href="/wiki/UNHRC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHRC">UNHRC</a> defending China's <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_re-education_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinjiang re-education camps">treatment of Uyghurs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0.%D1%80%D1%83,_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_2023_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0.%D1%80%D1%83%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_2023_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_21.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0.%D1%80%D1%83%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_2023_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0.%D1%80%D1%83%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_2023_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_21.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0.%D1%80%D1%83%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_2023_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0.%D1%80%D1%83%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_2023_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_21.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0.%D1%80%D1%83%2C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B_2023_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%2C_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Rahmon, <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Mirziyoyev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Tokayev</a> and other post-Soviet leaders at the <a href="/wiki/2023_Moscow_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade">2023 Moscow Victory Day Parade</a></figcaption></figure> In October 2020, President Emomali Rahmon was <a href="/wiki/2020_Tajik_presidential_election" title="2020 Tajik presidential election">re-elected</a> for another seven-year term with 90% of the vote, following a largely ceremonial election.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> In April 2021, a <a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">conflict over water</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> escalated into one of the <a href="/wiki/2021_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan conflict">border clashes</a> between the two countries since independence.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a> In July 2021, Tajikistan appealed to members of a Russian-led <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a> (CSTO) of ex-Soviet states for help in dealing with security challenges emerging from neighboring <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The safety concerns emerged as foreign troops such as the US and British army exited the country, causing over 1,000 Afghan civilians and servicemen to flee to neighboring Tajikistan after <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> insurgents <a href="/wiki/2021_Taliban_offensive" title="2021 Taliban offensive">took control of parts</a> of Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tajikistan" title="Geography of Tajikistan">Geography of Tajikistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajikistan_satellite_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tajikistan_satellite_photo.jpg/220px-Tajikistan_satellite_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tajikistan_satellite_photo.jpg/330px-Tajikistan_satellite_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tajikistan_satellite_photo.jpg/440px-Tajikistan_satellite_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Satellite photograph</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_TJK_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TJK_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TJK_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TJK_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TJK_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Koppen-Geiger_Map_TJK_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_TJK_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></figcaption></figure> Tajikistan is <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked</a>, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes <a href="/wiki/36th_parallel_north" title="36th parallel north">36°</a> and <a href="/wiki/41st_parallel_north" title="41st parallel north">41° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/67th_meridian_east" title="67th meridian east">67°</a> and <a href="/wiki/75th_meridian_east" title="75th meridian east">75° E</a>. It is covered by mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a> range, and most of the country is over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>. The areas of lower land are in the north (part of the <a href="/wiki/Fergana_Valley" title="Fergana Valley">Fergana Valley</a>), and in the southern <a href="/wiki/Kofarnihon_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofarnihon River">Kofarnihon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhsh River">Vakhsh</a> river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley. <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:85%; margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Mountain </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:rgb(204, 153, 51); text-align:center;">Height </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:rgb(204, 153, 51); text-align:center;">Location </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ismoil_Somoni_Peak" title="Ismoil Somoni Peak">Ismoil Somoni Peak</a> (highest) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(143, 177, 172);">7,495 m </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(143, 177, 172);">24,590 ft </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(143, 177, 172);">    North-western edge of <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan" title="Gorno-Badakhshan">Gorno-Badakhshan</a> (<a href="/wiki/GBAO" class="mw-redirect" title="GBAO">GBAO</a>), south of the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyz</a> border </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sina_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Sina Peak">Ibn Sina Peak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lenin_Peak" title="Lenin Peak">Lenin Peak</a>) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">7,134 m </td> <td style="text-align: center;">23,537 ft </td> <td style="text-align: center;">    Northern border in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alay_Range" title="Trans-Alay Range">Trans-Alay Range</a>, north-east of <a href="/wiki/Ismoil_Somoni_Peak" title="Ismoil Somoni Peak">Ismoil Somoni Peak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Peak_Korzhenevskaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak Korzhenevskaya">Peak Korzhenevskaya</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(201, 185, 116);">7,105 m </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(201, 185, 116);">23,310 ft </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(201, 185, 116);">    North of <a href="/wiki/Ismoil_Somoni_Peak" title="Ismoil Somoni Peak">Ismoil Somoni Peak</a>, on the south bank of <a href="/wiki/Muksu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Muksu River">Muksu River</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Independence_Peak" title="Independence Peak">Independence Peak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolution_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution Peak">Revolution Peak</a>) </td> <td style="text-align: center;">6,974 m </td> <td style="text-align: center;">22,881 ft </td> <td style="text-align: center;">    Central <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan" title="Gorno-Badakhshan">Gorno-Badakhshan</a>, south-east of <a href="/wiki/Ismoil_Somoni_Peak" title="Ismoil Somoni Peak">Ismoil Somoni Peak</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_Range" title="Academy of Sciences Range">Academy of Sciences Range</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(151, 199, 137);">6,785 m </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(151, 199, 137);">22,260 ft </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(151, 199, 137);">    North-western <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan" title="Gorno-Badakhshan">Gorno-Badakhshan</a>, stretches in the north–south direction </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx_Peak" title="Karl Marx Peak">Karl Marx Peak</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">6,726 m </td> <td style="text-align: center;">22,067 ft </td> <td style="text-align: center;">    <a href="/wiki/GBAO" class="mw-redirect" title="GBAO">GBAO</a>, near the border to <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in the northern ridge of the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakoram Range">Karakoram Range</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Garmo_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Garmo Peak">Garmo Peak</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(151, 199, 137);">6,595 m </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(151, 199, 137);">21,637 ft </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(151, 199, 137);">    Northwestern Gorno-Badakhshan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayakovskiy_Peak" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayakovskiy Peak">Mayakovskiy Peak</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(208, 172, 132);">6,096 m </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(208, 172, 132);">20,000 ft </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(208, 172, 132);">    Extreme south-west of <a href="/wiki/GBAO" class="mw-redirect" title="GBAO">GBAO</a>, near the border to Afghanistan. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Concord_Peak" title="Concord Peak">Concord Peak</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">5,469 m </td> <td style="text-align: center;">17,943 ft </td> <td style="text-align: center;">    Southern border in the northern ridge of the <a href="/wiki/Karakoram_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Karakoram Range">Karakoram Range</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyzylart_Pass" title="Kyzylart Pass">Kyzylart Pass</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(208, 172, 132);">4,280 m </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(208, 172, 132);">14,042 ft </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:rgb(208, 172, 132);">    Northern border in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alay_Range" title="Trans-Alay Range">Trans-Alay Range</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Amu_Darya" title="Amu Darya">Amu Darya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Panj River">Panj</a> rivers mark the border with Afghanistan, and the glaciers in Tajikistan's mountains are the source of <a href="/wiki/Runoff_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff (water)">runoff</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a>. There are over 900 rivers in Tajikistan longer than 10 kilometres. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Tajikistan" title="Regions of Tajikistan">Regions of Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Tajikistan" title="Districts of Tajikistan">Districts of Tajikistan</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-left" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="A clickable map of Tajikistan exhibiting its four provinces." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tajikistan_provinces.png/300px-Tajikistan_provinces.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Tajikistan_provinces.png 1.5x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="246" usemap="#ImageMap_96d1d70d7930ffae" resource="/wiki/File:Tajikistan_provinces.png" /><map name="ImageMap_96d1d70d7930ffae"><area href="/wiki/Sughd_Province" shape="rect" coords="52,55,78,91" alt="Sughd Province" title="Sughd Province" /><area href="/wiki/Districts_of_Republican_Subordination" shape="rect" coords="100,85,129,111" alt="Districts of Republican Subordination" title="Districts of Republican Subordination" /><area href="/wiki/Khatlon_Province" shape="rect" coords="53,141,81,169" alt="Khatlon Province" title="Khatlon Province" /><area href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Province" shape="rect" coords="200,124,235,161" alt="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province" /></map><figcaption>A clickable map of Tajikistan exhibiting its four provinces.</figcaption></figure></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajik_mountains_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tajik_mountains_edit.jpg/220px-Tajik_mountains_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tajik_mountains_edit.jpg/330px-Tajik_mountains_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tajik_mountains_edit.jpg/440px-Tajik_mountains_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Mountains</figcaption></figure> Tajikistan consists of four administrative divisions. These are the provinces (<a href="/wiki/Viloyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Viloyat">viloyat</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Sughd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sughd">Sughd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khatlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatlon">Khatlon</a>, the autonomous province of <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province">Gorno-Badakhshan</a> (abbreviated as GBAO), and the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Republican_Subordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Republican Subordination">Regions of Republican Subordination</a> (RRP – Raiony Respublikanskogo Podchineniya in <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">transliteration</a> from Russian or NTJ – Ноҳияҳои тобеи ҷумҳурӣ [Nohiyahoi tobei jumhurii] in <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>). Each region is divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Tajikistan" title="Districts of Tajikistan">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Ноҳия, nohiya or raion), which in turn are subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Jamoats_of_Tajikistan" title="Jamoats of Tajikistan">jamoats</a> (village-level self-governing units) and then villages (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Qyshloqs_of_Tajikistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qyshloqs of Tajikistan (page does not exist)">qyshloqs</a>). As of 2006<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit">[update]</a>, there were 58 districts and 367 jamoats in Tajikistan.<a href="#cite_note-pop2008-102">[100]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:#efefef;"> <th>Division</th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a></th> <th>Map No</th> <th>Capital</th> <th>Area (km2)<a href="#cite_note-pop2008-102">[100]</a></th> <th>Pop. (2019)<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sughd" class="mw-redirect" title="Sughd">Sughd</a> </th> <td>TJ-SU</td> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a></td> <td align="right">25,400</td> <td align="right">2,658,400 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Region_of_Republican_Subordination" class="mw-redirect" title="Region of Republican Subordination">Region of Republican Subordination</a> </th> <td>TJ-RR</td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></td> <td align="right">28,600</td> <td align="right">2,122,000 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Khatlon" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatlon">Khatlon</a> </th> <td>TJ-KT</td> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bokhtar" title="Bokhtar">Bokhtar</a>　</td> <td align="right">24,800</td> <td align="right">3,274,900 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province">Gorno-Badakhshan</a> </th> <td>TJ-GB</td> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khorugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorugh">Khorugh</a></td> <td align="right">64,200</td> <td align="right">226,900 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></td> <td align="right">124.6</td> <td align="right">846,400 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Biodiversity">edit</a>]</div> Tajikistan contains five terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Alai-Western_Tian_Shan_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe">Alai-Western Tian Shan steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gissaro-Alai_open_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Gissaro-Alai open woodlands">Gissaro-Alai open woodlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pamir_alpine_desert_and_tundra" title="Pamir alpine desert and tundra">Pamir alpine desert and tundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badghyz_and_Karabil_semi-desert" title="Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert">Badghyz and Karabil semi-desert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paropamisus_xeric_woodlands" title="Paropamisus xeric woodlands">Paropamisus xeric woodlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Economy of Tajikistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Tajikistan" title="Agriculture in Tajikistan">Agriculture in Tajikistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Tajikistani_dry_fruit_seller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Young_Tajikistani_dry_fruit_seller.jpg/220px-Young_Tajikistani_dry_fruit_seller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Young_Tajikistani_dry_fruit_seller.jpg/330px-Young_Tajikistani_dry_fruit_seller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Young_Tajikistani_dry_fruit_seller.jpg/440px-Young_Tajikistani_dry_fruit_seller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A Tajik dry fruit seller</figcaption></figure> In 2019, nearly 29% of Tajikistan's GDP came from <a href="/wiki/Immigrant" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant">immigrant</a> <a href="/wiki/Remittances" class="mw-redirect" title="Remittances">remittances</a> (mostly from Tajiks working in Russia).<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-107">[105]</a> With foreign revenue precariously dependent upon remittances from migrant workers overseas and exports of aluminium and cotton, the economy is vulnerable to external shocks. In fiscal year 2000, international assistance remained an essential source of support for rehabilitation programs that reintegrated former civil war combatants into the civilian economy, which helped keep the peace. International assistance was necessary to address the second year of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a> that resulted in a continued shortfall of food production. On 21 August 2001, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a> announced that a <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> was striking Tajikistan, and called for international aid for Tajikistan and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> In January 2012, 680,152 of the people living in Tajikistan were living with <a href="/wiki/Food_insecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Food insecurity">food insecurity</a>. Out of those, 676,852 were at risk of Phase 3 (Acute Food and Livelihoods Crisis) food insecurity, and 3,300 were at risk of Phase 4 (Humanitarian Emergency). Those with the highest risk of food insecurity were living in the <a href="/wiki/Murghob_District" title="Murghob District">Murghob District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province">GBAO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> rate in Tajikistan will reach 30% in 2023 according to the United Nations <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> (WFP). As in the rest of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, soils are deteriorating and water resources are diminishing, particularly as a result of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Talco.jpg/250px-Talco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Talco.jpg/330px-Talco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Talco.jpg/500px-Talco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/TadAZ" class="mw-redirect" title="TadAZ">TadAZ</a> aluminium smelting plant, in Tursunzoda, is the largest aluminium manufacturing plant in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and Tajikistan's chief industrial asset.</figcaption></figure> Tajikistan's economy grew after the war. The GDP of Tajikistan expanded at an average rate of 9.6% over the period of 2000–2007 according to the World Bank data. This "improved" Tajikistan's position among other Central Asian countries (namely <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and Uzbekistan), which seem to have degraded economically ever since.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> The primary sources of income in Tajikistan are <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> production, cotton growing and remittances from migrant workers.<a href="#cite_note-usstate2-112">[110]</a> Cotton accounts for 60% of agricultural output, supporting 75% of the rural population, and using 45% of irrigated arable land.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> The aluminium industry is represented by the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Aluminum_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajik Aluminum Company">Tajik Aluminum Company</a> – the biggest aluminium plant in Central Asia and one of the biggest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-expert.ru2-114">[112]</a> Tajikistan's rivers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Vakhsh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakhsh River">Vakhsh</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Panj_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Panj River">Panj</a>, have hydropower potential, and the government has focused on attracting investment for projects for internal use and electricity exports. Tajikistan is home to the <a href="/wiki/Nurek_Dam" title="Nurek Dam">Nurek Dam</a>, the second highest dam in the world.<a href="#cite_note-dams2-115">[113]</a> Russia's <a href="/wiki/RAO_UES" title="RAO UES">RAO UES</a> has been working on the Sangtuda-1 hydroelectric power station (670 MW capacity) commenced operations on 18 January 2008.<a href="#cite_note-vesti2-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-todayenergy2-117">[115]</a> Other projects at the development stage include Sangtuda-2 by Iran, Zerafshan by the Chinese company <a href="/wiki/SinoHydro" class="mw-redirect" title="SinoHydro">SinoHydro</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rogun_Dam" title="Rogun Dam">Rogun power plant</a> that, at a projected height of 335 metres (1,099 ft), would supersede the Nurek Dam as highest in the world if it is brought to completion.<a href="#cite_note-irna2-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-rferl12-119">[117]</a> A planned project, <a href="/wiki/CASA-1000" title="CASA-1000">CASA-1000</a>, will transmit 1000 MW of surplus electricity from Tajikistan to Pakistan with power transit through Afghanistan. The total length of transmission line is 750 km while the project is planned to be on Public-Private Partnership basis with the support of WB, IFC, ADB and IDB. The project cost is estimated to be around US$865 million.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> Other energy resources include coal deposits and smaller reserves of natural gas and petroleum.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> In 2014 Tajikistan was the world's most <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittance</a>-dependent economy with remittances accounting for 49% of GDP and expected to fall by 40% in 2015 due to the economic crisis in the Russian Federation.<a href="#cite_note-eurasianet.org-122">[120]</a> Tajik migrant workers abroad, mainly in the Russian Federation, have become the main source of income for millions of Tajikistan's people<a href="#cite_note-wb-note32-123">[121]</a> and with the 2014–2015 downturn in the Russian economy the World Bank warned that numbers of Tajik men would return home and face "few" economic prospects.<a href="#cite_note-eurasianet.org-122">[120]</a> According to some estimates about 47% of the population lives on less than US$1.25 per day.<a href="#cite_note-:2-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Migration from Tajikistan and the consequent remittances have been unprecedented in their magnitude and economic impact. In 2010, remittances from Tajik labour migrants totalled an estimated $2.1 billion US dollars, an increase from 2009. Tajikistan has achieved transition from a planned to a market economy without "substantial and protracted" recourse to aid, and by purely market-based means, simply by exporting its main commodity of comparative advantage — cheap labour.<a href="#cite_note-imf3-125">[123]</a> The World Bank Tajikistan Policy Note 2006 concludes that remittances have played a role as 1 of the drivers of Tajikistan's economic growth during the past years, have increased incomes, and as a result helped reduce poverty.<a href="#cite_note-wb-policynote2-126">[124]</a> Drug trafficking is an illegal source of income in Tajikistan<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> as it is a transit country for Afghan <a href="/wiki/Narcotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Narcotics">narcotics</a> bound for Russian and, to a lesser extent, Western European markets; some <a href="/wiki/Opium_poppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Opium poppy">opium poppy</a> is raised locally for the domestic market.<a href="#cite_note-Silk2-128">[126]</a> With the increasing assistance from international organisations, such as UNODC, and co-operation with the US, Russian, EU and Afghan authorities a level of progress on the fight against illegal drug-trafficking is being achieved.<a href="#cite_note-edm12-129">[127]</a> Tajikistan holds third place in the world for <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> and raw <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a> confiscations (1216.3 kg of heroin and 267.8 kg of raw opium in the first half of 2006).<a href="#cite_note-CIA-130">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Drug money corrupts the country's government; according to some experts the personalities that fought on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil war in Tajikistan">civil war</a> and have held the positions in the government after the armistice was signed are involved in the drug trade.<a href="#cite_note-Silk2-128">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/UNODC" class="mw-redirect" title="UNODC">UNODC</a> is working with Tajikistan to strengthen border crossings, provide training, and set up joint interdiction teams. It helped to establish Tajikistani Drug Control Agency.<a href="#cite_note-fight2-132">[130]</a> Besides Russia, China is one of the economic and trade partners of Dushanbe. Tajikistan belongs to the group of countries associated with Chinese investment within the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tajikistan" title="Transport in Tajikistan">Transport in Tajikistan</a></div> As a landlocked country, Tajikistan has no ports and the majority of transportation is via roads, air, and rail. In years Tajikistan has pursued agreements with Iran and Pakistan to gain port access in those countries via <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. In 2009, an agreement was made between Tajikistan, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to improve and build a 1,300 km (810 mi) highway and rail system connecting the three countries to Pakistan's ports. The proposed route would go through the <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province</a> in the eastern part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-pak-134">[132]</a> In 2012, the presidents of Tajikistan, Afghanistan, and Iran signed an agreement to construct roads and railways, and oil, gas, and water pipelines to connect the three countries.<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rail">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Tajikistan" title="Rail transport in Tajikistan">Rail transport in Tajikistan</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> system totals only 680 kilometres (420 mi) of track,<a href="#cite_note-CIA-130">[128]</a> all of it 1,520 mm (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) <a href="/wiki/Russian_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian gauge">broad gauge</a>. The principal segments are in the southern region and connect the capital with the industrial areas of the <a href="/wiki/Hisor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisor">Hisor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vakhsh,_Tajikistan" title="Vakhsh, Tajikistan">Vakhsh</a> valleys and with <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> Most international freight traffic is carried by train.<a href="#cite_note-tajikistanmission.ch-137">[135]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bokhtar" title="Bokhtar">Bokhtar</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kulab,_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulab, Tajikistan">Kulob</a> railway connected the <a href="/wiki/Kulob_District" title="Kulob District">Kulob District</a> with the central area of the country.<a href="#cite_note-tajikistanmission.ch-137">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> In 2009 Tajikistan had 26 airports, 18 of which had paved runways, of which two had runways longer than 3,000 meters.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-130">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roads">Roads</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Roads">edit</a>]</div> The total length of roads in the country is 27,800 kilometres. Automobiles account for more than 90% of the total volume of passenger transportation and more than 80% of domestic freight transportation.<a href="#cite_note-tajikistanmission.ch-137">[135]</a> In 2004 the <a href="/wiki/Tajik%E2%80%93Afghan_Friendship_Bridge" title="Tajik–Afghan Friendship Bridge">Tajik–Afghan Friendship Bridge</a> between Afghanistan and Tajikistan was built, improving the country's access to <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. The bridge was built by the United States.<a href="#cite_note-usace-138">[136]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit">[update]</a> highway and tunnel construction projects are underway or have been completed. Projects include rehabilitation of the Dushanbe – Chanak (Uzbek border), Dushanbe – Kulma (Chinese border), and Kurgan-Tube – Nizhny Pyanj (Afghan border) highways, and construction of tunnels under the mountain passes of <a href="/wiki/Anzob_Tunnel" title="Anzob Tunnel">Anzob</a>, Shakhristan, Shar-Shar<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> and Chormaghzak.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> These were supported by international donor countries.<a href="#cite_note-tajikistanmission.ch-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tajikistan" title="Demographics of Tajikistan">Demographics of Tajikistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajikistan,_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tajikistan%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png/330px-Tajikistan%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tajikistan%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png/420px-Tajikistan%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Tajikistan%2C_Trends_in_the_Human_Development_Index_1970-2010.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="204" /></a><figcaption>Tajikistan: trends in its Human Development Index indicator 1970–2010</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"> <caption>Population in Tajikistan<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-144">[142]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">Million </th></tr> <tr> <td>1926</td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.83 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021</td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.8 </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women_of_Dushanbe_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Women_of_Dushanbe_.jpg/220px-Women_of_Dushanbe_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Women_of_Dushanbe_.jpg/330px-Women_of_Dushanbe_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Women_of_Dushanbe_.jpg/440px-Women_of_Dushanbe_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Group of Tajik women</figcaption></figure> In 2021, Tajikistan was estimated to have a population of 9,749,625 as per the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> data.<a href="#cite_note-worldbankpop-145">[143]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> who speak <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> are the main ethnic group, while there are minorities of <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, whose numbers are declining due to emigration,<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> making Tajikistan the only country in Central Asia to have a minority of Turkic people, and instead a majority of Iranic people.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pamiris" title="Pamiris">Pamiris</a> of <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a>, a population of <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobis" title="Yaghnobis">Yaghnobi people</a>, and a minority of <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailis</a> are considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. Citizens of Tajikistan are called <a href="/wiki/Tajikistanis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajikistanis">Tajikistanis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-130">[128]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nowruz_and_a_happy_child.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nowruz_and_a_happy_child.jpg/250px-Nowruz_and_a_happy_child.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nowruz_and_a_happy_child.jpg/330px-Nowruz_and_a_happy_child.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Nowruz_and_a_happy_child.jpg/500px-Nowruz_and_a_happy_child.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> celebrations</figcaption></figure> In 1989, ethnic <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Tajikistan" title="Russians in Tajikistan">Russians in Tajikistan</a> made up 7.6% of the population; by 1998 the proportion had reduced to approximately 0.5% following the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a> which had displaced the majority of ethnic Russians. Following the end of the war, Russian emigration continued.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> The <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union">ethnic German</a> population of Tajikistan has declined due to emigration: having topped at 38,853 in 1979, it has "almost vanished" since the collapse of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> are the principal ethnic group in most of Tajikistan, and in northern and western <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> and there are more Tajiks in Afghanistan than in Tajikistan. Tajiks are a minority in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> About 2.4 million Tajik citizens were officially registered in Russia in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tajikistan" title="Languages of Tajikistan">Languages of Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajikistani Russian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects#Tajikistani_Russian" title="Russian dialects">Russian dialects § Tajikistani Russian</a></div> The official <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> of Tajikistan are <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a> as the state language and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> as the interethnic language, as understood in Article 2 of the Constitution: "The state language of Tajikistan shall be Tajik. Russian shall be the language of international communication."<a href="#cite_note-auto1-153">[151]</a> The state (national) language (Tajik: забони давлатӣ, romanized: zaboni davlatí, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: государственный язык, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: gosudarstvennyy yazyk) of the Republic of Tajikistan is <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>, which is written in the <a href="/wiki/Tajik_alphabet" title="Tajik alphabet">Tajik Cyrillic alphabet</a>. Millions of native Tajik speakers live in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> According to article 2 of the Constitution of the Republic of Tajikistan,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-153">[151]</a> Russian is recognized as the second official language of Tajikistan; the official language of inter-ethnic communication (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: язык межнационального общения; <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: забони муоширати байни миллатҳо) in the country.<a href="#cite_note-RIA-RU-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-lenta.ru/news/2011/06/09-156">[154]</a> Approximately 90% of the population of Tajikistan speaks Russian at varying levels.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The varieties of Russian spoken in Tajikistan are referred to by scholars as <a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects#Tajikistani_Russian" title="Russian dialects">Tajik(istani) Russian</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> and it shares some similarities with Uzbek(istani) Russian, such as morphological differences and lexical differences such as the use of word урюк<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> for a wild apricot or кислушка for rhubarb.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Both Russian and Tajik speakers in the country use the following words in common in addressing unfamiliar people and acquaintances.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Words of familial relation </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tajikistani Russian</th> <th>Standard Russian</th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr> <td>апа</td> <td>старшая сестра</td> <td>older sister </td></tr> <tr> <td>ака</td> <td>старший брат</td> <td>older brother </td></tr> <tr> <td>хола</td> <td>тетя</td> <td>aunt </td></tr> <tr> <td>янга</td> <td>жена брата, невестка</td> <td>daughter-in-law; sister-in-law </td></tr></tbody></table> The "highly educated" part of the population of Tajikistan, and the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>, prefer to speak Russian and Persian, the pronunciation of which in Tajikistan is called the "Iranian style".<a href="#cite_note-RFE/RL-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-RIA-RU-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-lenta.ru/news/2011/06/09-156">[154]</a> Native Uzbek speakers live in the north and west of Tajikistan. In fourth place (after Tajik, Russian and Uzbek) by number of native speakers are <a href="/wiki/Pamir_languages" title="Pamir languages">Pamir languages</a>, whose native speakers live in <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Kuhistani Badakshshan Autonomous Region</a>. The majority of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians">Zoroastrians</a> in Tajikistan speak one of the Pamir languages. Native speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz language</a> live in the north of <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Kuhistani Badakshshan Autonomous Region</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yagnobi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yagnobi language">Yagnobi language</a> speakers live in the west of the country. The <a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya language</a> of local <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Среднеазиатские цыгане">Central Asian Gypsies</a>) is spoken in Tajikistan. Tajikistan has communities of native speakers of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Employment">edit</a>]</div> In 2009 nearly 1 million <a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">Tajiks</a> worked abroad (mainly in Russia).<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> More than 70% of the female population lives in traditional villages.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Religion in Tajikistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Freedom of religion in Tajikistan">Freedom of religion in Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Islam in Tajikistan</a></div> <div class="barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,white); color: var(--color-base,black)"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Tajikistan, 2020<a href="#cite_note-thearda_com-2">[2]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Tajikistan" title="Islam in Tajikistan">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:97.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">97.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Tajikistan" title="Christianity in Tajikistan">Christianity</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:blue; width:0.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Unaffiliated</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:1.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan#Other_religions" title="Religion in Tajikistan">others</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:0.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.2%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdullokhon_Mosque_Isfara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abdullokhon_Mosque_Isfara.jpg/250px-Abdullokhon_Mosque_Isfara.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abdullokhon_Mosque_Isfara.jpg/330px-Abdullokhon_Mosque_Isfara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abdullokhon_Mosque_Isfara.jpg/340px-Abdullokhon_Mosque_Isfara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Isfara" title="Isfara">Isfara</a></figcaption></figure> Tajikistan is a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> with a constitution providing for freedom of religion, but nevertheless it heavily regulates the practices of its Muslim majority.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> Sunni Islam of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school has been officially recognised by the government since 2009.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> The government has declared two Islamic holidays, <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, as state holidays. According to a <a href="/wiki/US_State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="US State Department">US State Department</a> release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>. Approximately 87–95% of them are <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and roughly 3% are <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> and roughly 7% are <a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-denominational Muslims">non-denominational Muslims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> The Shia part of the population predominantly live in the <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region</a> and are followers of the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Ismailite</a> branch of Shia Islam.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> The remaining 2% of the population are followers of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Muslims fast during Ramadan, while about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a> had lived in Tajikistan since the second century BC. In the 1940s, the Jewish community of Tajikistan numbered nearly 30,000 people. Most were Persian-speaking Bukharan Jews who had lived in the region for millennia along with Ashkenazi Jews from Eastern Europe who resettled there in the Soviet era. As of 2011, the Jewish population was estimated at less than 500, with roughly half living in <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> There is a concern for religious institutions becoming active in the political sphere. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Renaissance_Party_of_Tajikistan" title="Islamic Renaissance Party of Tajikistan">Islamic Renaissance Party</a> (IRP), a combatant in the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajikistan Civil War">1992–1997 Civil War</a> and then-proponent of the creation of an <a href="/wiki/State_religion#Islamic_states" title="State religion">Islamic state</a> in Tajikistan, constitutes no more than 30% of the government by statute. Membership in <a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a>, a militant Islamic party which aims for an overthrow of secular governments and the unification of Tajiks under one Islamic state, is illegal and members are subject to arrest and imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> By law, religious communities must register by the State Committee on Religious Affairs (SCRA) and with local authorities. Registration with SCRA requires a charter, a list of 10 or more members, and evidence of local government approval prayer site location. Religious groups that do not have a physical structure are not allowed to gather publicly for prayer. Failure to register can result in fines and closure of a place of worship. There are reports that registration on the local level is sometimes difficult to obtain.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> People under the age of 18 are barred from public religious practice.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> As of January 2016, as part of an "anti-radicalisation campaign", police in the Khatlon region reportedly shaved the beards of 13,000 men and shut down 160 shops selling the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>. Shaving beards and discouraging women from wearing hijabs is part of a government campaign targeting trends that are deemed "alien and inconsistent with Tajik culture", and "to preserve secular traditions".<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Approximately 1.6% of the population in Tajikistan is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a>, mostly <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-pewforum.org-177">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-globalreligiousfutures.org-178">[176]</a> The territory of Tajikistan is part of the <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Душанбинская епархия">Dushanbe and Tajikistan Diocese</a> of the <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3" class="extiw" title="ru:Среднеазиатский митрополичий округ">Central Asian Metropolitan District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Moscow Patriarchate</a>. The country is home to communities of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adventists" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventists">Adventists</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Tajikistan" title="Health in Tajikistan">Health in Tajikistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Hospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Big_Hospital.jpg/250px-Big_Hospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Big_Hospital.jpg/330px-Big_Hospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Big_Hospital.jpg/500px-Big_Hospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A hospital in Dushanbe</figcaption></figure> The state's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare reported that 104,272 disabled people are registered in Tajikistan (2000). The government of Tajikistan and the World Bank considered activities to support this part of the population described in the World Bank's Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> Public expenditure on health was at 1% of the GDP in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-181">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> at birth was estimated to be 69 years in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate was approximately 30.42 deaths per 1,000 children in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> In 2014, there were 2.1 physicians per 1,000 people, higher than any other low-income country after <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> Tajikistan has experienced a decrease in per capita hospital beds since 1992 following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, while the number remains at 4.8 beds per 1,000 people, above the world average of 2.7.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> According to the World Bank, 96% of births are attended by skilled health staff, rising from 66.6% in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> In 2010, the country experienced an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Polio" title="Polio">polio</a> that caused more than 457 cases of polio in both children and adults and resulted in 29 deaths before being brought under control.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In the summer of 2021, coronavirus ravaged the country, and the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Tajikistan" title="President of Tajikistan">Tajik president</a>'s sister reportedly died in a hospital of <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>. According to local media, the president's sister's sons physically assaulted the <a href="/wiki/Health_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Health minister">health minister</a> and a senior doctor.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> In 2023, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, Tajikistan received its certification, declaring its status as a <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>-free country.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Education in Tajikistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajik_National_University_(Main_Building).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg/220px-Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg/330px-Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg/440px-Tajik_National_University_%28Main_Building%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1443" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tajik_National_University" title="Tajik National University">Tajik National University</a> in Dushanbe</figcaption></figure> An estimated 99.8% of the population of Tajikistan have the ability to read and write.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-130">[128]</a> Public education in Tajikistan consists of 11 years of primary and secondary education and the government planned to implement a 12-year system in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-scholaro.com-190">[188]</a> There is a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Tajikistan" title="List of universities in Tajikistan">tertiary education institutions</a> including <a href="/wiki/Khujand_State_University" title="Khujand State University">Khujand State University</a>, which has 76 departments in 15 faculties,<a href="#cite_note-scholaro.com-190">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_State_University_of_Law,_Business,_%26_Politics" title="Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics">Tajikistan State University of Law, Business, & Politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorugh_State_University" title="Khorugh State University">Khorugh State University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_University_of_Tajikistan" title="Agricultural University of Tajikistan">Agricultural University of Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajik_National_University" title="Tajik National University">Tajik National University</a>, and other institutions. Universities were established during the Soviet Era. As of 2008<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit">[update]</a> tertiary education enrollment was 17%, below the sub-regional average of 37%,<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-191">[189]</a> while higher than any other <a href="/wiki/Low-income_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-income country">low-income country</a> after <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Tajiks left the education system due to "low" demand in the labour market for people with "extensive" educational training or professional skills.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-191">[189]</a> Public spending on education was relatively constant between 2005–2012 and fluctuated from 3.5% to 4.1% of <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> below the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> average of 6%.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-191">[189]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> reported that the level of spending was "severely inadequate to meet the requirements of the country's high-needs education system."<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-191">[189]</a> According to a UNICEF-supported survey, about 25% of girls in Tajikistan fail to complete compulsory primary education because of poverty and gender bias,<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> is "generally high" in Tajikistan.<a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-181">[179]</a> Estimates of out of school children range from 4.6% to 19.4% with the majority being girls.<a href="#cite_note-unicef.org-191">[189]</a> In September 2017, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Asia" title="University of Central Asia">University of Central Asia</a> launched its second campus in Khorog, Tajikistan, offering majors in Earth & Environmental Sciences and Economics.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Tajikistan was ranked 107th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Science in the territory of Tajikistan achieved "success" in the Middle Ages, and scientific organizations were created in the Soviet period. During the period of independence, the scientific sphere has experienced a "crisis": the annual number of patent applications for inventions decreased in 1994–2011 from 193 to 5.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> A contribution to science is made by universities, where in 2011 6707 researchers worked, of which 2450 had academic degrees.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Culture of Tajikistan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Music of Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Tajik literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Tajikistan" title="Public holidays in Tajikistan">Public holidays in Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tajikistan" title="Telecommunications in Tajikistan">Telecommunications in Tajikistan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG/330px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG/440px-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Tajik traditional dress</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik language</a> is the mother tongue of around 80% of the citizens of Tajikistan. Urban centers in Tajikistan include <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a> (the capital), <a href="/wiki/Khujand" title="Khujand">Khujand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulab,_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulab, Tajikistan">Kulob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panjakent" title="Panjakent">Panjakent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bokhtar" title="Bokhtar">Bokhtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorugh">Khorugh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istaravshan" title="Istaravshan">Istaravshan</a>. There are <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a> minorities.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghnobi people">Yaghnobi people</a> live in areas of northern Tajikistan. The estimated number of Yaghnobis is about 25,000. Forced migrations in the 20th century decimated their numbers. They speak the <a href="/wiki/Yaghnobi_language" title="Yaghnobi language">Yaghnobi language</a>, which is the only direct descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Sogdian_language" title="Sogdian language">Sogdian language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> Tajikistan artisans created the <a href="/wiki/Dushanbe_Tea_House" title="Dushanbe Tea House">Dushanbe Tea House</a>, which was presented in 1988 as a gift to the sister city of <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> In the country, especially among women from the indigenous population, the wearing of traditional national clothing is preserved. The seamstresses and embroiderers of regions of Tajikistan use factory fabrics and local needlework embroidery for home decoration and women's clothing. The practice of Chakan embroidery is preserved among women in certain areas, passing the knowledge down from one generation to the next.<a href="#cite_note-Chakan_Embroidery-202">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> The national sport of Tajikistan is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gushtigiri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gushtigiri (page does not exist)">gushtigiri</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-203">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> Another sport is <a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">buzkashi</a>, a game played on horseback, like <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>. Buzkashi may be played as an individual sport and as a team sport. The aim of the game is to grab a 50 kg dead goat, ride clear of the other players, get back to the starting point and drop it in a designated circle. It is played at <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a> celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_(20).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2820%29.jpg/220px-1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2820%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2820%29.jpg/330px-1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2820%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2820%29.jpg/440px-1982_expedition_to_Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350_%2820%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3405" data-file-height="2254" /></a><figcaption>Tajikistan is a destination amongst mountaineers. 1982 expedition to <a href="/wiki/Tartu_%C3%9Clikool_350" title="Tartu Ülikool 350">Tartu Ülikool 350</a>.</figcaption></figure> Tajikistan has sent athletes to every <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> and four <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a> since gaining independence and has enjoyed limited success.<a href="#cite_note-206">[c]</a> The country's best results have come in the <a href="/wiki/Hammer_throw" title="Hammer throw">hammer throw</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Andrey_Abduvaliyev" title="Andrey Abduvaliyev">Andrey Abduvaliyev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dilshod_Nazarov" title="Dilshod Nazarov">Dilshod Nazarov</a> each winning gold in the men's event in <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_hammer_throw" title="Athletics at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's hammer throw">1992</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_hammer_throw" title="Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's hammer throw">2016</a> respectively (albeit with Abduvaliyev participating as part of the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_1992_Summer_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the 1992 Summer Olympics">Unified Team</a>). Tajikistan's highest medal haul at an Olympic Games came in the <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_at_the_2024_Summer_Olympics" title="Tajikistan at the 2024 Summer Olympics">2024 Summer Olympics</a>, where its athletes won three medals. The <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_Football_Federation" title="Tajikistan Football Federation">Tajikistan Football Federation</a> is the governing body of <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> in Tajikistan. While neither the men's nor the women's teams have qualified for a <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a>, the men's side qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2023_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2023 AFC Asian Cup">2023 AFC Asian Cup</a>, in which they unexpectedly reached the quarter finals.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> The men's team participated in the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Challenge_Cup" title="AFC Challenge Cup">AFC Challenge Cup</a> on four occasions, winning the inaugural edition in <a href="/wiki/2006_AFC_Challenge_Cup" title="2006 AFC Challenge Cup">2006</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> The women's side has twice participated in the <a href="/wiki/CAFA_Women%27s_Championship" title="CAFA Women's Championship">CAFA Women's Championship</a>, finishing third in the <a href="/wiki/2018_CAFA_Women%27s_Championship" title="2018 CAFA Women's Championship">2018 edition</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_CAFA_Women%27s_Championship" title="2022 CAFA Women's Championship">hosting the tournament in 2022</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan_Cricket_Federation" title="Tajikistan Cricket Federation">Tajikistan Cricket Federation</a> was formed in 2012 as the governing body for the sport of <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a> in Tajikistan. It was granted affiliate membership of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Cricket_Council" title="Asian Cricket Council">Asian Cricket Council</a> in the same year.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> In 2008, rugby union was officially registered with the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Tajikistan)" title="Ministry of Justice (Tajikistan)">Ministry of Justice</a>, and there are three men's clubs.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Khorugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorugh">Khorugh</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region</a>, is the location of highest altitude where <a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">bandy</a> has been played.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> Tajikistan has one <a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">ski resort</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Safed_Dara" title="Safed Dara">Safed Dara</a> (formerly Takob), near the town of <a href="/wiki/Varzob" title="Varzob">Varzob</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tajikistan" title="Portal:Tajikistan">Tajikistan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_Tajikistan_earthquake" title="2006 Tajikistan earthquake">2006 Tajikistan earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Republic_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan">Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Union" title="Central Asian Union">Central Asian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tajikistan" title="Foreign relations of Tajikistan">Foreign relations of Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ittihodi_Scouthoi_Tojikiston" title="Ittihodi Scouthoi Tojikiston">Ittihodi Scouthoi Tojikiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tajikistan" title="List of cities in Tajikistan">List of cities in Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tajikistan">LGBT rights in Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Imeon" title="Mount Imeon">Mount Imeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tajikistan" title="Outline of Tajikistan">Outline of Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Turkistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Turkistan">Russian Turkistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Tajikistan" title="Mass media in Tajikistan">Mass media in Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghnob_Valley" title="Yaghnob Valley">Yaghnob Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tɑːˈdʒiːkɪstɑːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/03\/En-us-Tajikistan.ogg\/En-us-Tajikistan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Tajikistan.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/03/En-us-Tajikistan.ogg/En-us-Tajikistan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Tajikistan.ogg" title="File:En-us-Tajikistan.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/tə-, tæ-/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Tajik" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Tajik">romanized</a>: Jumhurii Tojikiston, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[dʒʊmhʊˈɾijɪ tʰɔdʒɪkʰɪsˈtʰɔn]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Tajikistani athletes competed as part of the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team</a> in 1992. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>.</cite><span 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Retrieved 8 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cia.gov&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+%E2%80%93+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Ftajikistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/">"Democracy Index 2020"</a>. Economist Intelligence Unit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.atitle=Democracy+Index+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.com%2Fn%2Fcampaigns%2Fdemocracy-index-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dw.com/en/tajikistans-eternal-ruler-emomali-rakhmon/a-55234401">"Tajikistan's eternal ruler Abass kunduzi– DW – 10/12/2020"</a>. dw.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706140240/https://www.dw.com/en/tajikistans-eternal-ruler-Abass-kundozi/a-55234401">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 13 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Tajikistan%27s+eternal+ruler+Abass+kunduzi%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+10%2F12%2F2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdw.com%2Fen%2Ftajikistans-eternal-ruler-emomali-rakhmon%2Fa-55234401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-embassytofrance-6"><a href="#cite_ref-embassytofrance_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.tj/en/paris/tajikistan/general-information">"General information"</a>. Embassy of the Republic of Tajikistan to France. 1 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129033822/https://mfa.tj/en/paris/tajikistan/general-information">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2020. <q>Territorу – 143.1 thsd. square kilometers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Embassy+of+the+Republic+of+Tajikistan+to+France&rft.atitle=General+information&rft.date=2013-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmfa.tj%2Fen%2Fparis%2Ftajikistan%2Fgeneral-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unstats08-7"><a href="#cite_ref-unstats08_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf">"Demographic Yearbook – Table 3: Population by sex, rate of population increase, surface area and density"</a> (PDF). United Nations Statistics Division. 2012. p. 6. Retrieved 29 January 2020. <q>Continent, country or area{...}Surface area Superficie (km²) 2012{...}Tajikistan – Tadjikistan{...}143 100</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographic+Yearbook+%E2%80%93+Table+3%3A+Population+by+sex%2C+rate+of+population+increase%2C+surface+area+and+density&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=United+Nations+Statistics+Division&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic%2Fproducts%2Fdyb%2Fdyb2012%2FTable03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jamestown-8"><a href="#cite_ref-jamestown_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlex_Sodiqov2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alex_Sodiqov" title="Alex Sodiqov">Alex Sodiqov</a> (24 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jamestown.org/program/tajikistan-cedes-disputed-land-to-china/7">"Tajikistan cedes disputed land to China"</a>. Eurasia Daily Monitor. 8 (16). <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Foundation" title="Jamestown Foundation">Jamestown Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191107142936/https://jamestown.org/program/tajikistan-cedes-disputed-land-to-china/7/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2019. Retrieved 23 September 2018. <q>On January 12, the lower house of the Tajik parliament voted to ratify the 2002 border demarcation agreement, handing over 1,122 square kilometers (433 square miles) of mountainous land in the remote Pamir Mountains (www.asiaplus.tj, January 12). The ceded land represents about 0.8 percent of the country's total area of 143,100 square kilometers (55,250 square miles).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Daily+Monitor&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+cedes+disputed+land+to+China&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=16&rft.date=2011-01-24&rft.au=Alex+Sodiqov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjamestown.org%2Fprogram%2Ftajikistan-cedes-disputed-land-to-china%2F7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/762/start/2024/end/2025/table/pivotbylocation?df=2409a099-1ab9-4318-bff7-7f46ef39c2e4">"UN Population Prospects 2024"</a>. 25 January 2025. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250125182619/https://population.un.org/dataportal/data/indicators/49/locations/762/start/2024/end/2025/table/pivotbylocation?df=2409a099-1ab9-4318-bff7-7f46ef39c2e4">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2025. 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Retrieved 18 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Tajikistan%29&rft.date=2023-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D923%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SI.POV.GINI">"GINI index (World Bank estimate)"</a>. databank.worldbank.org. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180331192040/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2&series=SI.POV.GINI">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 3 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=databank.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=GINI+index+%28World+Bank+estimate%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatabank.worldbank.org%2Fdata%2Freports.aspx%3Fsource%3D2%26series%3DSI.POV.GINI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-КОНСТИТУЦИЯ_РЕСПУБЛИКИ_ТАДЖИКИСТАН-13"><a href="#cite_ref-КОНСТИТУЦИЯ_РЕСПУБЛИКИ_ТАДЖИКИСТАН_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html">"КОНСТИТУЦИЯ РЕСПУБЛИКИ ТАДЖИКИСТАН"</a>. prokuratura.tj. Parliament of Tajikistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224035434/http://prokuratura.tj/ru/legislation/the-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prokuratura.tj&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A6%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%A3%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98+%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%94%D0%96%D0%98%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprokuratura.tj%2Fru%2Flegislation%2Fthe-constitution-of-the-republic-of-tajikistan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/">"World Bank Open Data"</a>. World Bank Open Data. Retrieved 6 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft.atitle=World+Bank+Open+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141">"Proto-urban Site of Sarazm"</a>. UNESCO.org. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140804122836/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2014. Retrieved 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO.org&rft.atitle=Proto-urban+Site+of+Sarazm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Bergne, Paul (2007) The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic, IB Taurus & Co Ltd, pg. 39–40 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/tajikistan">"World Report 2019: Rights Trends in Tajikistan"</a>. Human Rights Watch. 15 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190224074509/https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2019/country-chapters/tajikistan">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 13 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=World+Report+2019%3A+Rights+Trends+in+Tajikistan&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2019%2Fcountry-chapters%2Ftajikistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelle_(www.dw.com)" class="citation web cs1">Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/tajikistans-eternal-ruler-emomali-rakhmon/a-55234401">"Tajikistan's eternal ruler Emomali Rakhmon | DW | 12 October 2020"</a>. DW.COM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210706140240/https://www.dw.com/en/tajikistans-eternal-ruler-emomali-rakhmon/a-55234401">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Tajikistan%27s+eternal+ruler+Emomali+Rakhmon+%7C+DW+%7C+12+October+2020&rft.aulast=Welle+%28www.dw.com%29&rft.aufirst=Deutsche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Ftajikistans-eternal-ruler-emomali-rakhmon%2Fa-55234401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indexmundi.com/tajikistan/ethnic_groups.html">"Tajikistan Ethnic groups – Demographics"</a>. www.indexmundi.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190530140927/https://www.indexmundi.com/tajikistan/ethnic_groups.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 May 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.indexmundi.com&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+Ethnic+groups+%E2%80%93+Demographics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indexmundi.com%2Ftajikistan%2Fethnic_groups.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Tajikistan/People#ref1265422">"People of Tajikistan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225231634/https://www.britannica.com/place/Tajikistan/People#ref1265422">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=People+of+Tajikistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTajikistan%2FPeople%23ref1265422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Tajik-people">"Tajik | Central Asian, Persian, Pamiri, & Iranian Language | Britannica"</a>. 18 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tajik+%26%23124%3B+Central+Asian%2C+Persian%2C+Pamiri%2C+%26+Iranian+Language+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FTajik-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Ali Shir Nava'i Muhakamat al-lughatain tr. & ed. Robert Devereaux (Leiden: Brill) 1966 p6 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGleason2018" class="citation book cs1">Gleason, Gregory W. (8 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_7EDwAAQBAJ">The Central Asian States: Discovering Independence</a>. Routledge. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96532-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-96532-6"><bdi>978-0-429-96532-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Central+Asian+States%3A+Discovering+Independence&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft.isbn=978-0-429-96532-6&rft.aulast=Gleason&rft.aufirst=Gregory+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9_7EDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lcweb2.loc.gov-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lcweb2.loc.gov_26-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/97005110">A Country Study: Tajikistan, Ethnic Background</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200517164239/https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchCode=LCCN&searchArg=97005110&searchType=1&permalink=y">Archived</a> 17 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Library of Congress Call Number DK851. K34 (1997) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/97005110/">Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan : country studies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210520055121/https://www.loc.gov/item/97005110/">Archived</a> 20 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, page 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a>, A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East, London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury</a>, 2019, pp. 33–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nelson_Frye" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nelson Frye">Richard Nelson Frye</a>, "Persien: bis zum Einbruch des Islam" (original English title: "The Heritage Of Persia"), German version, tr. by Paul Baudisch, Kindler Verlag AG, <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a> 1964, pp. 485–498 </li> <li id="cite_note-frey96-30"><a href="#cite_ref-frey96_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrye1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nelson_Frye" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Nelson Frye">Frye, Richard Nelson</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RSXSu1x9hwC">The heritage of Central Asia from antiquity to the Turkish expansion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>: Markus Wiener Publishers. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55876-110-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55876-110-1"><bdi>1-55876-110-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124200452/https://books.google.com/books?id=0RSXSu1x9hwC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heritage+of+Central+Asia+from+antiquity+to+the+Turkish+expansion&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-55876-110-1&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0RSXSu1x9hwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/581047/Tajikistan/214553/History">Tajikistan: History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101212045237/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/581047/Tajikistan/214553/History">Archived</a> 12 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Britannica Online Encyclopedia </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFXiong2017" class="citation book cs1">Xiong, Victor Cunrui (6 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fCdCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">Historical Dictionary of Medieval China</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7616-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7616-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-7616-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124200452/https://books.google.com/books?id=fCdCDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 13 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+China&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7616-1&rft.aulast=Xiong&rft.aufirst=Victor+Cunrui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfCdCDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> calls this region Kiumito which is thought to be Komdei of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> and Kumadh or Kumedh of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> writers (See: Studies in Indian History and Civilization, Agra, p 351; India and the World, 1964, p 71, Dr Buddha Prakash; India and Central Asia, 1955, p 35, P. C. Bagch). </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141">"Proto-urban Site of Sarazm – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033948/http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1141">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unesco.org&rft.atitle=Proto-urban+Site+of+Sarazm+%E2%80%93+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Scholars have located the Kamboja realm on the southern side of the Hindu Kush ranges in the <a href="/wiki/Kabul_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabul Valley">Kabul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swat_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Swat Valley">Swat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kunar_Valley" title="Kunar Valley">Kunar Valleys</a>, and the Parama-Kambojas in the territories on the north side of the Hindu Kush in <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> region in Tajikistan. See: Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva, 1945, p 11–13, Moti Chandra – India; Geographical Data in the Early Purāṇas: A Critical Study, 1972, p 165/66, M. R. Singh </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Dr Buddha Prakash maintains that, based on the evidence of <a href="/wiki/Kalidasa" title="Kalidasa">Kalidasa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Raghuvamsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghuvamsha">Raghuvamsha</a>, Raghu defeated the <a href="/wiki/Hunas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunas">Hunas</a> on river Vamkshu (Raghu vamsha 4.68), and then he marched against the Kambojas (4.69–70). These Kambojas were of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> affinities who lived in <a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamirs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badakshan" class="mw-redirect" title="Badakshan">Badakshan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a> calls this region Kiumito which is thought to be Komdei of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> and Kumadh or Kumedh of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> writers (See: Studies in Indian History and Civilization, Agra, p 351; India and the World, 1964, p 71, Dr Buddha Prakash; India and Central Asia, 1955, p 35, P. C. Bagch). </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> See: The Deeds of Harsha: Being a Cultural Study of Bāṇa's Harshacharita, 1969, p 199, Dr Vasudeva Sharana Agrawala; Proceedings and Transactions of the All-India Oriental Conference, 1930, p 118, Dr J. C. Vidyalankara; Prācīna Kamboja, jana aura janapada =: Ancient Kamboja, people and country, 1981, Dr Jiyālāla Kāmboja, Dr Satyavrat Śāstrī – Kamboja (Pakistan). </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006">C. Michael Hogan, "Silk Road, North China", The Megalithic Portal, ed. Andy Burnham</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002140921/http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=18006">Archived</a> 2 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Megalithic.co.uk. Retrieved on 20 January 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Grand_Historian" class="mw-redirect" title="Records of the Grand Historian">Shiji</a>, trans. Burton Watson </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Frances_Wood" title="Frances Wood">Frances Wood</a> (2002) The Silk Road: Two Thousand Years in the Heart of Asia. University of California Press. p. 66. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23786-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23786-5">978-0-520-23786-5</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Congress_Call_Number_DK851?-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_Call_Number_DK851?_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Congress_Call_Number_DK851?_41-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Tajikistan.pdf">Tajikistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221014613/https://loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/profiles/Tajikistan.pdf">Archived</a> 21 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. loc.gov. </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclo-42"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclo_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9062103">"Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia"</a>. eb.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081202055513/http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9062103">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eb.com&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9062103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrousset,_Rene2004" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, Rene (2004). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-1304-1"><bdi>978-0-8135-1304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-1304-1&rft.au=Grousset%2C+Rene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-svat-44"><a href="#cite_ref-svat_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSvatopluk_Soucek2000" class="citation book cs1">Svatopluk Soucek (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc">"Chapter 5 – The Qarakhanids"</a>. A history of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65704-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65704-4"><bdi>978-0-521-65704-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5+%E2%80%93+The+Qarakhanids&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Inner+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-65704-4&rft.au=Svatopluk+Soucek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofinneras00souc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ilak-khanids">ilak-khanids</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150909080737/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ilak-khanids">Archived</a> 9 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Iranica. accessed May 2014. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_46-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_46-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_46-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_46-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_46-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_46-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_46-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16201087">"Tajikistan profile – Timeline"</a>. BBC News. BBC. 31 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210502174022/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16201087">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+profile+%E2%80%93+Timeline&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-16201087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Central-Asia">"History of Central Asia – Under Russian rule"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507015604/https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Central-Asia">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=History+of+Central+Asia+%E2%80%93+Under+Russian+rule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fhistory-of-Central-Asia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhitman1956" class="citation journal cs1">Whitman, John (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000976">"Turkestan Cotton in Imperial Russia"</a>. American Slavic and East European Review. 15 (2). Cambridge University: Association for Slavic and Eurasian Studies: 190–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3000976">10.2307/3000976</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1049-7544">1049-7544</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000976">3000976</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818153542/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3000976">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Slavic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Turkestan+Cotton+in+Imperial+Russia&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E190-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.date=1956&rft.issn=1049-7544&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3000976%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3000976&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3000976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhalid2018" class="citation web cs1">Khalid, Adeeb (10 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mesbar.org/jadidism-in-central-asia-origins-development-and-fate-under-the-soviets/">"Jadidism in Central Asia: Origins, Development, and Fate Under the Soviets"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Mesbar+Studies+and+Research+Centre&rft.atitle=Jadidism+in+Central+Asia%3A+Origins%2C+Development%2C+and+Fate+Under+the+Soviets&rft.date=2018-04-10&rft.aulast=Khalid&rft.aufirst=Adeeb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmesbar.org%2Fjadidism-in-central-asia-origins-development-and-fate-under-the-soviets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/tajikistan/4.htm">"Tajikistan – The Russian Conquest"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aed.usace.army.mil/Snapshots.asp?PageNo=2">the original</a> on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Army+Corps+of+Engineer%2C+Afghanistan-Tajikistan+Bridge&rft.pub=US+Army+Corps+of+Engineer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aed.usace.army.mil%2FSnapshots.asp%3FPageNo%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/2009/09/03/feature-06">Shar-Shar auto tunnel links Tajikistan to China</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531142530/http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/2009/09/03/feature-06">Archived</a> 31 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The 2.3 km (1 mi) Shar-Shar car tunnel linking Tajikistan and China opened to traffic on 30 Aug.., Siyavush Mekhtan, 3 September 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Payrav Chorshanbiyev (12 February 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.tj/en/news/chormaghzak-tunnel-renamed-khatlon-tunnel-and-shar-shar-tunnel-renamed-ozodi-tunnel">Chormaghzak Tunnel renamed Khatlon Tunnel and Shar-Shar Tunnel renamed Ozodi Tunnel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531131121/http://news.tj/en/news/chormaghzak-tunnel-renamed-khatlon-tunnel-and-shar-shar-tunnel-renamed-ozodi-tunnel">Archived</a> 31 May 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. news.tj </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/leighturner/2013/05/07/trade-tunnels-transit-and-training-in-mountainous-tajikistan/">Trade, tunnels, transit and training in mountainous Tajikistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819075855/http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/leighturner/2013/05/07/trade-tunnels-transit-and-training-in-mountainous-tajikistan/">Archived</a> 19 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. fco.gov.uk (7 May 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akhbor-rus.com/-p5798-117.htm">"96 ЛЕТ НАЗАД ТАДЖИКИСТАН ВПЕРВЫЕ ПОЯВИЛСЯ НА КАРТЕ МИРА"</a>. akhbor-rus.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203037/https://akhbor-rus.com/-p5798-117.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. 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Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Why+Tajikistan+Is+Taking+a+Stand+Against+the+Taliban&rft.date=2021-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2F2021%2F10%2F26%2Fwhy-tajikistan-is-taking-a-stand-against-the-taliban-a75413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/the-tajik-tragedy-of-uzbekistan/">"The Tajik Tragedy of Uzbekistan"</a>. The Diplomat. 6 September 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200619165415/https://thediplomat.com/2016/09/the-tajik-tragedy-of-uzbekistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2020. 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Retrieved 28 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lingvolive&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%8E%D0%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforum.lingvolive.com%2Fthread%2Fl132954%2F%3Forder%3Dall%23comment-96f1bb5a-2004-46a4-85a3-a7e80086b86b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.lingvolive.com/thread/l131195/?order=all#comment-2c008487-0fcb-480f-9742-a7e80086723c">"Кислушка (ревень)"</a>. Lingolive. ABBYY Lingvo. 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Retrieved 12 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Births+attended+by+skilled+health+staff+%28%25+of+total%29+%E2%80%93+Tajikistan%2C+Low+income+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSH.STA.BRTC.ZS%3Flocations%3DTJ-XM%26most_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue%26view%3Dchart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/communicable-diseases/poliomyelitis/news/news/2012/7/2010-polio-outbreak-in-tajikistan-a-reminder-of-the-continued-need-for-vigilance-as-the-region-marks-10-years-of-polio-free-status">"2010 polio outbreak in Tajikistan: A reminder of the continued need for vigilance as the Region marks 10 years of polio-free status"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=2010+polio+outbreak+in+Tajikistan%3A+A+reminder+of+the+continued+need+for+vigilance+as+the+Region+marks+10+years+of+polio-free+status&rft.date=2012-07-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euro.who.int%2Fen%2Fhealth-topics%2Fcommunicable-diseases%2Fpoliomyelitis%2Fnews%2Fnews%2F2012%2F7%2F2010-polio-outbreak-in-tajikistan-a-reminder-of-the-continued-need-for-vigilance-as-the-region-marks-10-years-of-polio-free-status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Dixon, Robyn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/tajik-covid-president-nephews-assault-doctors/2021/07/27/660efdaa-eebb-11eb-ab6f-b41a066381df_story.html">After the Tajik president's sister died of covid, her sons beat up the country's top health officials.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210728120859/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/tajik-covid-president-nephews-assault-doctors/2021/07/27/660efdaa-eebb-11eb-ab6f-b41a066381df_story.html">Archived</a> 28 July 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Washington Post 27 August 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news/item/29-03-2023-who-certifies-azerbaijan-and-tajikistan-as-malaria-free">"WHO certifies Azerbaijan and Tajikistan as malaria-free"</a>. www.who.int.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=WHO+certifies+Azerbaijan+and+Tajikistan+as+malaria-free&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F29-03-2023-who-certifies-azerbaijan-and-tajikistan-as-malaria-free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scholaro.com-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scholaro.com_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-scholaro.com_190-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scholaro.com/db/Countries/Tajikistan/Education-System">"Tajikistan Education System"</a>. www.scholaro.com. Retrieved 4 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scholaro.com&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+Education+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scholaro.com%2Fdb%2FCountries%2FTajikistan%2FEducation-System&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unicef.org-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_191-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_191-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_191-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unicef.org_191-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Tajikistan.pdf">Education in Tajikistan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131106003014/http://www.unicef.org/ceecis/Tajikistan.pdf">Archived</a> 6 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. unicef.org </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR?locations=XM&most_recent_value_desc=true">"School enrollment, tertiary (% gross) – Low income | Data"</a>. data.worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727191035/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.TER.ENRR?locations=XM&most_recent_value_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=data.worldbank.org&rft.atitle=School+enrollment%2C+tertiary+%28%25+gross%29+%E2%80%93+Low+income+%7C+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSE.TER.ENRR%3Flocations%3DXM%26most_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS/countries/TJ?display=graph">Tajikistan, Public spending on education, total (% of GDP)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714214007/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GD.ZS/countries/TJ?display=graph">Archived</a> 14 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> World Bank </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicef.org/media/media_27308.html">"Tajikistan hosts education forum"</a>. News note. UNICEF. 9 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104204553/http://www.unicef.org/media/media_27308.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2013. Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+note&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+hosts+education+forum&rft.date=2005-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicef.org%2Fmedia%2Fmedia_27308.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161129122624/http://www.ucentralasia.org/">"University of Central Asia – University of Central Asia"</a>. www.ucentralasia.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucentralasia.org/">the original</a> on 29 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ucentralasia.org&rft.atitle=University+of+Central+Asia+%E2%80%93+University+of+Central+Asia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucentralasia.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024. Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2024.+Unlocking+the+Promise+of+Social+Entrepreneurship&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.34667%2Ftind.50062&rft.isbn=978-92-805-3681-2&rft.au=World+Intellectual+Property+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fweb-publications%2Fglobal-innovation-index-2024%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Султанова Л. 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Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+%E2%80%93+People&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FTajikistan%2FPeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cuni.cz/UKEN-300.html">"Award-winning Yaghnobi-Czech dictionary captures dying language"</a>. Charles University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411004322/https://cuni.cz/UKEN-300.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 5 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Charles+University&rft.atitle=Award-winning+Yaghnobi-Czech+dictionary+captures+dying+language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcuni.cz%2FUKEN-300.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527123614/http://www.boulder-dushanbe.org/teahouse.html">The Dushanbe-Boulder tea house</a>. boulder-dushanbe.org </li> <li id="cite_note-Chakan_Embroidery-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Chakan_Embroidery_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chakan-embroidery-art-in-the-republic-of-tajikistan-01397">"UNESCO - Chakan, embroidery art in the Republic of Tajikistan"</a>. Intangible Cultural Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201210130159/https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/chakan-embroidery-art-in-the-republic-of-tajikistan-01397">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2020. Retrieved 25 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Intangible+Cultural+Heritage&rft.atitle=UNESCO+-+Chakan%2C+embroidery+art+in+the+Republic+of+Tajikistan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Fchakan-embroidery-art-in-the-republic-of-tajikistan-01397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-203"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIbbotsonLovell-Hoare2013" class="citation book cs1">Ibbotson, Sophie; Lovell-Hoare, Max (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm9DI7nu6CoC&pg=PA22">Tajikistan</a>. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-455-6"><bdi>978-1-84162-455-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tajikistan&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-455-6&rft.aulast=Ibbotson&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft.au=Lovell-Hoare%2C+Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNm9DI7nu6CoC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bjjee.com/articles/tajikistan-national-sport-gushtigiri-then-and-now/">"Tajikistan National Sport - Gushtigiri, Then And Now"</a>. Bjj Eastern Europe. 30 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010212916/https://www.bjjee.com/articles/tajikistan-national-sport-gushtigiri-then-and-now/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bjj+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+National+Sport+-+Gushtigiri%2C+Then+And+Now&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bjjee.com%2Farticles%2Ftajikistan-national-sport-gushtigiri-then-and-now%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbdullaevAkbarzaheh2010" class="citation book cs1">Abdullaev, Kamoludin; Akbarzaheh, Shahram (27 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5xgFRuYPUC&pg=PA85">Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7379-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7379-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-7379-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124200453/https://books.google.com/books?id=PB5xgFRuYPUC&pg=PA85">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Tajikistan&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010-04-27&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7379-7&rft.aulast=Abdullaev&rft.aufirst=Kamoludin&rft.au=Akbarzaheh%2C+Shahram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPB5xgFRuYPUC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/petar-segrt-interview-tajikistan">"Segrt: Asian Cup euphoria can spark bright Tajikistan future"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. 13 February 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240909224039/https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/petar-segrt-interview-tajikistan">Archived</a> from the original on 9 September 2024. Retrieved 6 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FIFA&rft.atitle=Segrt%3A+Asian+Cup+euphoria+can+spark+bright+Tajikistan+future&rft.date=2024-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fen%2Ftournaments%2Fmens%2Fworldcup%2Fcanadamexicousa2026%2Farticles%2Fpetar-segrt-interview-tajikistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130203153915/http://www.the-afc.com/en/challenge-cup-previous-competitions/afc-challenge-cup-2006/5657">"Tajikistan lift inaugural AFC Challenge Cup"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a>. 19 April 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-afc.com/en/challenge-cup-previous-competitions/afc-challenge-cup-2006/5657">the original</a> on 3 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Football+Confederation&rft.atitle=Tajikistan+lift+inaugural+AFC+Challenge+Cup&rft.date=2006-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-afc.com%2Fen%2Fchallenge-cup-previous-competitions%2Fafc-challenge-cup-2006%2F5657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.the-afc.com/en/more/news/uzbekistan_inaugural_cafa_womens_championship_winners.html">"Uzbekistan inaugural CAFA Women's Championship winners"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a>. 2 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250106150312/https://www.the-afc.com/en/more/news/uzbekistan_inaugural_cafa_womens_championship_winners.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2025. Retrieved 6 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Football+Confederation&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+inaugural+CAFA+Women%27s+Championship+winners&rft.date=2018-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-afc.com%2Fen%2Fmore%2Fnews%2Fuzbekistan_inaugural_cafa_womens_championship_winners.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/index.php/en/post/64765/turkmen-football-players-tied-team-tajikistan-cafa-2022-championship-dushanbe">"Turkmen football players tied with the team of Tajikistan at the CAFA-2022 championship in Dushanbe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan.gov.tm</a>. 10 July 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250106151301/https://turkmenistan.gov.tm/index.php/en/post/64765/turkmen-football-players-tied-team-tajikistan-cafa-2022-championship-dushanbe">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2025. Retrieved 6 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Turkmenistan.gov.tm&rft.atitle=Turkmen+football+players+tied+with+the+team+of+Tajikistan+at+the+CAFA-2022+championship+in+Dushanbe&rft.date=2022-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fturkmenistan.gov.tm%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fpost%2F64765%2Fturkmen-football-players-tied-team-tajikistan-cafa-2022-championship-dushanbe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergingcricket.com/teams/tajikistan/">"Cricket in Tajikisyan"</a>. Emerging Cricket. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210123003712/https://emergingcricket.com/teams/tajikistan/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Cricket&rft.atitle=Cricket+in+Tajikisyan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femergingcricket.com%2Fteams%2Ftajikistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/tajik/institutional/2012/04/120414_zm_regy_dushanbe.shtml">"Таъсиси нахустин тими духтаронаи рогбӣ дар Тоҷикистон"</a> [Establishment of the first girls' rugby team in Tajikistan]. BBC Tajik/Persian (in Tajik). Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Tajik%2FPersian&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B1%D3%A3+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D2%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftajik%2Finstitutional%2F2012%2F04%2F120414_zm_regy_dushanbe.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fbandynet.ru%2Fv1%2Fnode%2F14931&prev=search">"Google Translate"</a>. google.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130025448/https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http%3A%2F%2Fbandynet.ru%2Fv1%2Fnode%2F14931&prev=search">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=google.co.uk&rft.atitle=Google+Translate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dru%26u%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fbandynet.ru%252Fv1%252Fnode%252F14931%26prev%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tripadvisor.ca/Hotel_Review-g811255-d9792233-Reviews-Safed_Dara-Varzob_Karotegin_Province.html">"Safed Dara"</a>. Trip Advisor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811060158/https://www.tripadvisor.ca/Hotel_Review-g811255-d9792233-Reviews-Safed_Dara-Varzob_Karotegin_Province.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Trip+Advisor&rft.atitle=Safed+Dara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripadvisor.ca%2FHotel_Review-g811255-d9792233-Reviews-Safed_Dara-Varzob_Karotegin_Province.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATajikistan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_Central_Asia" title="Bibliography of the history of Central Asia">Bibliography of the history of Central Asia</a></div> <ul><li>Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzadeh, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OsllDwAAQBAJ">Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan</a>, 3rd. ed., Rowman & Littlefield, 2018.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirin_Akiner" title="Shirin Akiner">Shirin Akiner</a>, Mohammad-Reza Djalili and Frederic Grare, eds., Tajikistan: The Trials of Independence, Routledge, 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Richard Foltz</a>, A History of the Tajiks: Iranians of the East, London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>, 2019.</li> <li>Robert Middleton, Huw Thomas and Markus Hauser, Tajikistan and the High Pamirs, Hong Kong: Odyssey Books, 2008 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-622177-73-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-622177-73-4">978-9-622177-73-4</a>).</li> <li>Nahaylo, Bohdan and Victor Swoboda. Soviet Disunion: A History of the Nationalities problem in the USSR (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Soviet-Disunion-Bohdan-Nahaylo/dp/0029224012/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Kirill Nourdhzanov and Christian Blauer, Tajikistan: A Political and Social History, Canberra: ANU E-Press, 2013.</li> <li>Rashid, Ahmed. The Resurgence of Central Asia: Islam or Nationalism? (2017)</li> <li>Smith, Graham, ed. The Nationalities Question in the Soviet Union (2nd ed. 1995)</li> <li>Monica Whitlock, Land Beyond the River: The Untold Story of Central Asia, New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poopak_NikTalab" title="Poopak NikTalab">Poopak NikTalab</a>. Sarve Samarghand (Cedar of Samarkand), continuous interpretation of Rudaki's poems, Tehran 2020, Faradid Publications {Introduction}</li> <li>Sharma, Raj Kumar, "Food Security and Political Stability in Tajikistan", New Delhi, Vij Books, 2018.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tajikistan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Tajikistan at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" 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title="q:Special:Search/Tajikistan">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tajikistan" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Tajikistan">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tajikistan" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Tajikistan">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Tajikistan" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Tajikistan">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" 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Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16201032">Tajikistan profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Tajikistan" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Tajikistan">Wikimedia Atlas of Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=TJ">Key Development Forecasts for Tajikistan</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://permit2fly.com/region/asia/tajikistan-overflight-permits.html">Flight Information Region In Tajikistan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Tajikistan_articles441" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tajikistan_topics" title="Template:Tajikistan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tajikistan_topics" title="Template talk:Tajikistan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tajikistan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tajikistan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tajikistan_articles441" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tajikistan</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Tajikistan" title="Early history of Tajikistan">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Basmachi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tajikistan" title="Emblem of Tajikistan"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_Tajikistan.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Emblem_of_Tajikistan.svg/250px-Emblem_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="665" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tajikistan" title="Geography of Tajikistan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Tajikistan" title="Template:Borders of Tajikistan">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Tajikistan" title="List of cities in Tajikistan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Tajikistan" title="List of earthquakes in Tajikistan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Tajikistan" title="Environmental issues in Tajikistan">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Tajikistan" title="Extreme points of Tajikistan">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tajikistan#Lakes" title="Geography of Tajikistan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Tajikistan" title="List of mountains of Tajikistan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tajikistan#Rivers" title="Geography of Tajikistan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_and_villages_in_Tajikistan" title="List of towns and villages in Tajikistan">Towns and villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_Tajikistan" title="Category:Fauna of Tajikistan">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamir_Mountains" title="Pamir Mountains">Pamir mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Tajikistan#Executive_branch" title="Politics of Tajikistan">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Tajikistan" title="Capital punishment in Tajikistan">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Union" title="Central Asian Union">Central Asian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Tajikistan" title="Constitution of Tajikistan">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Tajikistan" title="Elections in Tajikistan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Tajikistan" title="Foreign relations of Tajikistan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tajikistan" title="Human rights in Tajikistan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Tajikistan">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Tajikistan" title="Law enforcement in Tajikistan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Tajikistan">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Tajikistan" title="List of political parties in Tajikistan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Tajikistan" title="President of Tajikistan">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Tajikistan" title="Prime Minister of Tajikistan">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Assembly_(Tajikistan)" title="Supreme Assembly (Tajikistan)">Supreme Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Tajikistan" title="Regions of Tajikistan">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Tajikistan" title="Agriculture in Tajikistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Tajikistan" title="National Bank of Tajikistan">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tajikistan#Energy" title="Economy of Tajikistan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Tajikistan" title="Mining in Tajikistan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Science and technology in Kyrgyzstan">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_somoni" title="Tajikistani somoni">Somoni (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tajikistan" title="Telecommunications in Tajikistan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tajikistan" title="Transport in Tajikistan">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Tajikistan" title="Category:Society of Tajikistan">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tajikistan" title="Demographics of Tajikistan">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajiks" title="Tajiks">people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Tajikistan" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan">ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Tajikistan" title="Education in Tajikistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Tajikistan" title="Health in Tajikistan">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Tajikistan" title="Public holidays in Tajikistan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Tajikistan" title="National symbols of Tajikistan">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surudi_Milli" title="Surudi Milli">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Tajikistan" title="Emblem of Tajikistan">coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tajikistan" title="Flag of Tajikistan">flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Central_Asia" title="Architecture of Central Asia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Tajikistan" title="Cinema of Tajikistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_literature" title="Tajik literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Tajikistan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tajikistan" title="Music of Tajikistan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan#Sport" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Tajikistan" title="Outline of Tajikistan">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tajikistan" title="Category:Tajikistan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Tajikistan" title="Portal:Tajikistan">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geographic_locale84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Geographic_locale84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_Tajikistan25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Tajikistan" title="Template:Regions of Tajikistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Tajikistan" title="Template talk:Regions of Tajikistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Tajikistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Tajikistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_Tajikistan25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Tajikistan" title="Regions of Tajikistan">Regions of Tajikistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Tajikistan_provinces.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Tajikistan divided per province"><img alt="Map of Tajikistan divided per province" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tajikistan_provinces.png/40px-Tajikistan_provinces.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tajikistan_provinces.png/60px-Tajikistan_provinces.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Tajikistan_provinces.png/80px-Tajikistan_provinces.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="246" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sughd_Region" title="Sughd Region">Sughd Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatlon_Region" title="Khatlon Region">Khatlon Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_under_Central_Government_Jurisdiction" title="Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction">Districts under Central Government Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorno-Badakhshan_Autonomous_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region">Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tajikistan"><img alt="Flag of Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/80px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia997" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template talk:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement">ECOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Secretariat" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization#List_of_General_Secretaries" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Secretaries-General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Izmir (page does not exist)">Treaty of Izmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamabad_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamabad Declaration (page does not exist)">Islamabad Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblem_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblem of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_ECO_Summit" title="1st ECO Summit">Tehran 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_ECO_Summit" title="2nd ECO Summit">Istanbul 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_ECO_Summit" title="3rd ECO Summit">Islamabad 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_ECO_Summit" title="4th ECO Summit">Ashgabat 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Almaty 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Dushanbe 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Baku 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_ECO_Summit" title="12th ECO Summit">Baku 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_ECO_Summit" title="13th ECO Summit">Islamabad 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tajikistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (as Turkish Cypriot State)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Participants</a>" (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">1991 agreements parties and "participants"</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_relations" title="Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additionally the 1993 <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> parties and "members" (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1993–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Paralympics" title="Unified Team at the Paralympics">Unified Team at the Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_national_bandy_team" title="Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team">CIS national bandy team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_national_football_team" title="CIS national football team">CIS national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS men's national ice hockey team">CIS national ice hockey team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS (rugby)">CIS national rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Cup" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Cup">CIS Cup (football)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">United Armed Forces (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Economic_Space_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Common Economic Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Common Economic Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Economic Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area">1994 FTA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Treaty_on_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Treaty on Free Trade Area">2011 FTA Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">2023 Free Trade in Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Aviation_Committee" title="Interstate Aviation Committee">Interstate Aviation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside the CIS framework</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Assistance_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States">EU Technical Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Rapid_Reaction_Force" title="Collective Rapid Reaction Force">Collective Rapid Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Category:Commonwealth of Independent States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eurasian_Economic_Union322" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Template:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Template talk:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian Economic Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eurasian_Economic_Union322" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Observer members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union">Prospective members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union#Free_Trade_Zone_agreements" title="Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union">Free Trade Zone agreements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/60px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/40px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/60px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/60px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/60px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/40px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/60px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Syrian_revolution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure" title="Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure">Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2959" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2959" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q863#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121052676">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123087939">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1260661/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcgvK4gxmcJrpyXCPxdQq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058877-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91129915">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb170790838">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15359151r">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11972308c">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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