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Effet Mpemba — Wikipédia

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href="#Contestations_de_l&#039;existence_du_phénomène"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Contestations de l'existence du phénomène</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contestations_de_l&#039;existence_du_phénomène-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description_des_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_des_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description des observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_des_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Explications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Généralisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Généralisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Généralisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Généralisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Notes et références</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Effet Mpemba</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 35 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ظاهرة مابيمبا – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ظاهرة مابيمبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba_effekti" title="Mpemba effekti – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mpemba effekti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecte_Mpemba" title="Efecte Mpemba – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Efecte Mpemba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemb%C5%AFv_jev" title="Mpembův jev – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mpembův jev" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba-effekten" title="Mpemba-effekten – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mpemba-effekten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba-Effekt" title="Mpemba-Effekt – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mpemba-Effekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1" title="Φαινόμενο Μπέμπα – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαινόμενο Μπέμπα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba_effect" title="Mpemba effect – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mpemba effect" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba-efiko" title="Mpemba-efiko – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mpemba-efiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_Mpemba" title="Efecto Mpemba – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Efecto Mpemba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba_efekt" title="Mpemba efekt – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mpemba efekt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba_efektua" title="Mpemba efektua – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mpemba efektua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="اثر امپمبا – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اثر امپمبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efecto_Mpemba" title="Efecto Mpemba – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Efecto Mpemba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%94" title="אפקט מפמבה – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אפקט מפמבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5" title="पेम्बा प्रभाव – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेम्बा प्रभाव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba_efekt" title="Mpemba efekt – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mpemba efekt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba-paradoxon" title="Mpemba-paradoxon – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Mpemba-paradoxon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba-hrif" title="Mpemba-hrif – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mpemba-hrif" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effetto_Mpemba" title="Effetto Mpemba – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Effetto Mpemba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E5%8A%B9%E6%9E%9C" title="ムペンバ効果 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムペンバ効果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%ED%8E%A8%EB%B0%94_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="음펨바 효과 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음펨바 효과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesan_Mpemba" title="Kesan Mpemba – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesan Mpemba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba-effect" title="Mpemba-effect – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mpemba-effect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpembaeffekten" title="Mpembaeffekten – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mpembaeffekten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efekt_Mpemby" title="Efekt Mpemby – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Efekt Mpemby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efeito_Mpemba" title="Efeito Mpemba – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Efeito Mpemba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Эффект Мпембы – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эффект Мпембы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba_effect" title="Mpemba effect – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mpemba effect" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba_efekat" title="Mpemba efekat – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mpemba efekat" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba-effekten" title="Mpemba-effekten – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mpemba-effekten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpemba_etkisi" title="Mpemba etkisi – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mpemba etkisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Ефект Мпемби – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ефект Мпемби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87u_%E1%BB%A9ng_Mpemba" title="Hiệu ứng Mpemba – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hiệu ứng Mpemba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E6%BD%98%E5%B7%B4%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1" title="姆潘巴现象 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="姆潘巴现象" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q723510#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l&#039;encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="/wiki/Mpemba" class="mw-disambig" title="Mpemba">Mpemba</a>. </p> </div></div> <p>L'<b>effet Mpemba</b> est une constatation empirique selon laquelle l’<a href="/wiki/Eau" title="Eau">eau</a> chaude gèlerait<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>note 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> plus vite que l’eau froide dans des conditions de refroidissement similaires. </p><p>Cet effet est aussi parfois nommé «&#160;paradoxe Mpemba&#160;» car l'eau doit obligatoirement repasser par une température inférieure en refroidissant, et prendre <span class="lang-la" lang="la">a priori</span> plus de temps à refroidir qu'à une température plus basse. Ce phénomène n'est pas systématique et n'apparaît que sous certaines conditions. </p><p>Supposément connu depuis l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquit%C3%A9" title="Antiquité">Antiquité</a>, cet effet a été redécouvert en <a href="/wiki/1963_en_science" title="1963 en science">1963</a> par un élève <a href="/wiki/Tanzanie" title="Tanzanie">tanzanien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erasto_Mpemba" title="Erasto Mpemba">Erasto Mpemba</a>, et diffusé dans la <a href="/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_scientifique" title="Communauté scientifique">communauté scientifique</a> à partir de cette date<sup id="cite_ref-CourtyKierlik201078_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CourtyKierlik201078-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origines_revendiquées"><span id="Origines_revendiqu.C3.A9es"></span>Origines revendiquées</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier la section : Origines revendiquées" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origines revendiquées"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'effet aurait été connu de savants de l’Antiquité, tel <a href="/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote">Aristote</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Celui-ci décrit un effet similaire et l'attribue à l’<i>antiperistasis</i>, qu’il définit comme <span class="citation">«&#160;l'amélioration d’une qualité due à un entourage de qualité opposée&#160;»</span>. Aristote, cependant, utilisait ce terme d’une façon assez générale, pour expliquer par exemple la température constante du corps humain, phénomène qui sera expliqué bien plus tard et qui prouvera la fausseté des théories du savant grec. </p><p>À l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89poque_moderne" title="Époque moderne">époque moderne</a>, dès la <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, ce phénomène apparaît dans les textes scientifiques comme ceux écrits par <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(philosophe)" title="Francis Bacon (philosophe)">Francis Bacon</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> et <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Toutefois, aucun d'entre eux ne le décrivit clairement et seuls des rapprochements furent faits<sup id="cite_ref-CourtyKierlik201078,_80_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CourtyKierlik201078,_80-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'observation_de_Mpemba"><span id="L.27observation_de_Mpemba"></span>L'observation de Mpemba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier la section : L&#039;observation de Mpemba" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : L&#039;observation de Mpemba"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erasto Mpemba<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>note 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> était encore élève du secondaire lorsqu'il observa, durant des cours de cuisine, que son lait chaud, mis au congélateur, se transformait plus rapidement en crème glacée que la même préparation déjà froide. Aidé du <abbr class="abbr" title="Docteur">D<sup>r</sup></abbr>&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Denis_Osborne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis Osborne (page inexistante)">Denis Osborne</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Osborne" class="extiw" title="en:Denis Osborne"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Denis Osborne&#160;»">(en)</span></a>, alors professeur de physique à <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salam" title="Dar es Salam">Dar es Salam</a>, il publia les données des expériences menées sur le sujet en 1969<sup id="cite_ref-MpembaOsborne1969_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MpembaOsborne1969-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;; l'article fut republié en 1979<sup id="cite_ref-CourtyKierlik201078_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CourtyKierlik201078-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-MpembaOsborne1979_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MpembaOsborne1979-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contestations_de_l'existence_du_phénomène"><span id="Contestations_de_l.27existence_du_ph.C3.A9nom.C3.A8ne"></span>Contestations de l'existence du phénomène</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier la section : Contestations de l&#039;existence du phénomène" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Contestations de l&#039;existence du phénomène"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Une étude de 2016 aboutit à la conclusion que, dans un contexte rigoureux avec un protocole strict, l'existence même de l'effet Mpemba n'est pas démontrée<sup id="cite_ref-BurridgeLinden2016_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BurridgeLinden2016-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Mais des voix<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> se sont élevées pour expliquer que la définition retenue dans cette étude de l'effet Mpemba n'est pas la bonne car elle ne s'intéresse pas à la transformation en glace, seulement à la baisse de température jusqu'à <span title="32 °F ou 273,2 K">0&#160;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>, ce qui est très différent (l'eau ne gèle pas instantanément à <span title="32 °F ou 273,2 K">0&#160;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr>). </p><p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09" data-sort-value="2020-09">septembre 2020</time>, une étude de l'université de Cambridge<sup id="cite_ref-RSB_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RSB-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> souligne les conditions très particulières qui peuvent amener à envisager ce phénomène&#160;: celui-ci pourrait s'expliquer non par le fait que l'eau chaude gèle en effet plus vite que l'eau froide parce qu'elle est justement chaude, mais par exemple par les récipients utilisés pour l'expérience. De plus, un certain flou semble exister sur les méthodes scientifiques et les conditions initiales des expériences menées (<a href="/wiki/Qualit%C3%A9_de_l%27eau" title="Qualité de l&#39;eau">qualité de l'eau</a> utilisée mal définie, températures initiales fluctuantes,&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_des_observations">Description des observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier la section : Description des observations" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Description des observations"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Effet_Mpemba_-_Decroissance_exponentielle.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Effet_Mpemba_-_Decroissance_exponentielle.png/370px-Effet_Mpemba_-_Decroissance_exponentielle.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Effet_Mpemba_-_Decroissance_exponentielle.png/555px-Effet_Mpemba_-_Decroissance_exponentielle.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Effet_Mpemba_-_Decroissance_exponentielle.png/740px-Effet_Mpemba_-_Decroissance_exponentielle.png 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="547" /></a><figcaption>Décroissance de la température de l'eau avec une température initiale <span title="95 °F ou 308,2 K">35&#160;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> (rouge) et <span title="77 °F ou 298,2 K">25&#160;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> (bleu) jusqu'au gel. L'eau à <span title="95 °F ou 308,2 K">35&#160;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> gèle en 40&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="minute">min</abbr>, et l'eau à <span title="77 °F ou 298,2 K">25&#160;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> gèle en 50&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="minute">min</abbr><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>x 1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Des expériences menées depuis la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="20ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ont permis d'observer que de l'eau chaude pouvait refroidir plus rapidement que de l'eau froide. Cet effet n’est pas «&#160;universel&#160;» (systématique)&#160;: seules des conditions précises permettent de l’observer, sans que l'on comprenne exactement pourquoi<sup id="cite_ref-CourtyKierlik201081_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CourtyKierlik201081-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <span class="need_ref" title="Ce passage devrait préciser au minimum la décennie ou l&#39;année." style="cursor:help;">Actuellement</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Quand" title="Aide:Quand">&#91;Quand&#160;?&#93;</a></sup>, toutes les expériences connues qui ont permis d'observer ce phénomène ont été réalisées avec les conditions d'expérience suivantes&#160;: </p> <ul><li>milieu extérieur&#160;: <a href="/wiki/Convection_naturelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Convection naturelle">convection naturelle</a> d'air contrôlée en température (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9frig%C3%A9rateur" title="Réfrigérateur">réfrigérateur</a>)&#160;;</li> <li>surface libre permettant un échange de matière entre l'eau et l'air (possibilité d'évaporation et ou de dissolution de gaz)&#160;;</li> <li>pas d'agitation mécanique de l'eau.</li></ul> <p>Parmi les conditions qui peuvent influer sur l'apparition de cet effet, on trouve<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>x 2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;: </p> <ul><li>la présence de gaz dissous ou d'impuretés dans l'eau&#160;;</li> <li>la taille, la forme ou le matériau du récipient&#160;;</li> <li>la condition de réfrigération (température imposée, flux imposé,&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>)&#160;;</li> <li>l'agitation ou non de l'eau.</li></ul> <p>Les caractéristiques de l'effet sont, selon Xi, Zengsheng, Chang <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i>, les suivantes<sup id="cite_ref-x_2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x_2-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>x 3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>&#160;: </p> <ul><li>l'eau chaude refroidit plus rapidement que l'eau froide, toutes choses étant égales par ailleurs&#160;;</li> <li>l'évolution de la température de l'eau s'approche fortement d'une <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9croissance_exponentielle" title="Décroissance exponentielle">décroissance exponentielle</a>, à un taux dépendant de la température initiale&#160;;</li> <li>le temps de refroidissement jusqu'au gel dépend, pour une même masse d'eau de même température initiale, des conditions expérimentales (surface d'exposition, volume,&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="et cetera">etc.</abbr>)&#160;;</li> <li>la surface de l'eau est plus <i>chaude</i> que l'eau au fond d'un <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9cher" title="Bécher">bécher</a> lors du processus de refroidissement. Cela s'explique, selon Xi, Zengsheng, Chang <i><abbr class="abbr" title="et alii (« et d’autres »)" lang="la">et al.</abbr></i> par une <a href="/wiki/Capacit%C3%A9_thermique" title="Capacité thermique">capacité thermique</a> plus forte de la surface, due à des <a href="/wiki/Liaison_covalente" title="Liaison covalente">liaisons covalentes</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Hydrogène">H</a>-<a href="/wiki/Oxyg%C3%A8ne" title="Oxygène">O</a> plus courtes et plus fortes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explications">Explications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier la section : Explications" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Explications"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il n'y a pas encore au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="21ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XXI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr>&#160;siècle d'explication claire et unanimement validée par la communauté scientifique. L'effet Mpemba serait lié à une somme entre différents effets, comme&#160;: </p> <ul><li>l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89vaporation" title="Évaporation">évaporation</a> (moins de liquide à refroidir, mais le phénomène subsisterait en milieu clos<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>)&#160;;</li> <li>la présence moindre des <a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">gaz</a> dissous dans un liquide chaud&#160;;</li> <li>le phénomène de <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> qui accélère les transferts thermiques&#160;;</li> <li>les effets environnementaux tels que l’isolation due au givre&#160;;</li> <li>un effet de <a href="/wiki/Surfusion" title="Surfusion">surfusion</a>&#160;;</li> <li>l'effet d'éventuels solutés, notamment le calcium et le <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_de_magn%C3%A9sium" title="Carbonate de magnésium">carbonate de magnésium</a>, qui vont abaisser la température de fusion&#160;;</li> <li>la définition ambiguë d’eau «&#160;gelée&#160;»&#160;: est-ce une eau à <span title="32 °F ou 273,2 K">0&#160;</span><abbr class="abbr" title="degré Celsius">°C</abbr> ou une eau à l’état solide&#160;;</li> <li>la détermination de la température&#160;: parle-t-on de température locale (si oui, où&#160;?) ou de température moyenne.</li></ul> <p>En 2012, Erasto Mpemba a nommé le doctorant croate en chimie Nikola Bregović<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> comme étant le vainqueur au concours de la <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a></span>. Selon Nikola Bregović, qui a observé l'effet et discute des possibles causes, les raisons logiques de l'effet Mpemba sont la convection et la surfusion&#160;; il a admis tout de même que le mystère n’est pas pour autant résolu. </p><p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-10" data-sort-value="2013-10">octobre 2013</time>, trois chercheurs chinois (Xi Zhang, Yongli Huang, Zengsheng Ma et Chang Q Sun) proposent une explication de l'effet Mpemba<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, sans que cette explication n'ait encore été validée par la communauté scientifique. Selon ces chercheurs, l'effet est dû à la <a href="/wiki/Liaison_covalente" title="Liaison covalente">liaison covalente</a> H-O de l'eau, qui stocke de l'énergie quand l'eau est préalablement réchauffée, en devenant plus courte et plus forte, tandis que la <a href="/wiki/Liaison_hydrog%C3%A8ne" title="Liaison hydrogène">liaison hydrogène</a> O:H, formée par le <a href="/wiki/Doublet_non_liant" title="Doublet non liant">doublet non liant</a> de l'oxygène avec un H d'une autre molécule d'eau, s'allonge et perd de l'énergie<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>note 3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Lors du refroidissement, l'énergie stockée est restituée à un rythme d'autant plus grand que la liaison covalente est courte. La <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9croissance_exponentielle" title="Décroissance exponentielle">décroissance exponentielle</a> de la température de l'eau peut être prédite et calculée selon ce modèle<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>x 4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>On ne sait pas si cet effet est propre à l’eau ou s’il est universel - l’expérience de Mpemba avec les crèmes glacées (mélange constitué majoritairement d'eau) semble attester d’un phénomène assez général, mais les expériences en laboratoire n’ont été menées qu’avec de l’<a href="/wiki/Eau_distill%C3%A9e" title="Eau distillée">eau distillée</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Généralisation"><span id="G.C3.A9n.C3.A9ralisation"></span>Généralisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier la section : Généralisation" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Généralisation"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En 2024, on appelle effet Mpemba tout phénomène par lequel un système à température initiale élevée se refroidit plus rapidement qu'à une température initiale plus basse, dans le même environnement. Il en existe désormais d'autres exemples que celui de la congélation de l'eau, notamment pour les <a href="/wiki/Sol_(collo%C3%AFde)" title="Sol (colloïde)">solutions colloïdales</a>. Un refroidissement anormal a ainsi été prédit puis réalisé dans des <a href="/wiki/Collo%C3%AFde" title="Colloïde">colloïdes</a> piégés, qui présentent plusieurs régimes dont la durée du refroidissement n'est pas une <a href="/wiki/Fonction_monotone" title="Fonction monotone">fonction monotone</a> de la température initiale, le temps de refroidissement diminuant par exemple deux fois en fonction de la température initiale, un phénomène appelé double effet Mpemba<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier la section : Notes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Le conditionnel est ici utilisé car cet effet est sujet à débat au sein de la communauté scientifique. S'il est accepté semble-t-il par une majorité, certains le réfutent, tandis que des débats existent sur la méthode scientifique et les conditions initiales des expériences menées (voir l'étude parue en 2020 plus bas).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Erasto Mpemba est aujourd'hui vice-président de la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/meeting/013/ai572e.pdf">Commission des forêts et de la faune sauvage pour l'Afrique<abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF)">[PDF]</abbr></a> au sein de l'<a href="/wiki/Organisation_des_Nations_unies_pour_l%27alimentation_et_l%27agriculture" title="Organisation des Nations unies pour l&#39;alimentation et l&#39;agriculture">Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Voir la section consacrée à la <a href="/wiki/Eau#Propriétés_chimiques" title="Eau">structure de la molécule d'eau</a> pour plus de détails.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Références"><span id="R.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Références</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier la section : Références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CourtyKierlik201078-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CourtyKierlik201078_2-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-CourtyKierlik201078_2-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#CourtyKierlik2010">Courty et Kierlik 2010</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;78. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/meteorology.1.i.html">Aristote, <i>Meteorologie</i> <span class="nowrap">350 <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></span></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon_(philosophe)" title="Francis Bacon (philosophe)">Francis Bacon</a>, <i><span class="lang-la" lang="la">Novum Organum</span></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/bacon/bacon.liber2.shtml"><span class="nowrap">Lib. <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>, <i>Œuvres</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;6, «&#160;<i>Discours de la méthode</i> et essais&#160;», publié par C. Adam &amp; P. Tannery, 1902.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CourtyKierlik201078,_80-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-CourtyKierlik201078,_80_6-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#CourtyKierlik2010">Courty et Kierlik 2010</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;78, 80. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MpembaOsborne1969-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-MpembaOsborne1969_8-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#MpembaOsborne1969">Mpemba et Osborne 1969</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MpembaOsborne1979-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-MpembaOsborne1979_9-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#MpembaOsborne1979">Mpemba et Osborne 1979</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BurridgeLinden2016-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-BurridgeLinden2016_10-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#BurridgeLinden2016">Burridge et Linden 2016</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Katz2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="J._I._Katz2017"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> J. I. <span class="nom_auteur">Katz</span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Reply to Burridge &amp; Linden: Hot water may freeze sooner than cold</cite>&#160;», <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-01-12" data-sort-value="2017-01-12">12 janvier 2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.03219">1701.03219</a></span>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2017-12-27" data-sort-value="2017-12-27">27 décembre 2017</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RSB-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-RSB_12-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Burridge_et_Oscar_Hallstadius2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henry_C._Burridge_et_Oscar_Hallstadius2020"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Henry C. Burridge et Oscar Hallstadius, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rspa.2019.0829"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Observing the Mpemba effect with minimal bias and the value of the Mpemba effect to scientific outreach and engagement</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">The Royal Socienty Publishing</span></a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-09-02" data-sort-value="2020-09-02">2 septembre 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5099310">10.6084/m9.figshare.c.5099310</a></span>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-17" data-sort-value="2021-01-17">17 janvier 2021</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Redon-Clauzard2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sylvie_Redon-Clauzard2020">Sylvie Redon-Clauzard, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencesetavenir.fr/fondamental/materiaux/la-recette-des-glacons-l-effet-mpemba-ou-quand-l-eau-chaude-gele-plus-vite-que-l-eau-froide_147696"><cite style="font-style:normal;">La recette des glaçons&#160;: l'effet Mpemba, ou quand l'eau chaude gèle plus vite que l'eau froide</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Sciences_et_Avenir" title="Sciences et Avenir">Sciences et Avenir</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-12-25" data-sort-value="2020-12-25">25 décembre 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-01-17" data-sort-value="2021-01-17">17 janvier 2021</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Auerbach1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Auerbach1995">David Auerbach, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">Supercooling and the Mpemba effect: when hot water freezes quicker than cold</cite>&#160;», <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;63, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;10,&#8206; <time>1995</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">882-885</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.18059">10.1119/1.18059</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robot-tag.com/evan/ajp-mpemba.pdf">lire en ligne</a> <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d&#39;Adobe">&#91;PDF&#93;</abbr>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Supercooling+and+the+Mpemba+effect%3A+when+hot+water+freezes+quicker+than+cold&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.aulast=Auerbach&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft.pages=882-885&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.18059&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEffet+Mpemba"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CourtyKierlik201081-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-CourtyKierlik201081_16-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><a href="#CourtyKierlik2010">Courty et Kierlik 2010</a>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;81. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="WojciechowskiOwczarekBednarz1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="B._WojciechowskiI._OwczarekG._Bednarz1988"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> B. Wojciechowski, I. Owczarek et G. Bednarz, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Freezing of Aqueous Solutions Containing Gases</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Research_and_Technology" title="Crystal Research and Technology">Crystal Research and Technology</a></span></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;23, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;7,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1988-07" data-sort-value="1988-07">juillet 1988</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">843-848</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.2170230702">10.1002/crat.2170230702</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Freezing+of+Aqueous+Solutions+Containing+Gases&amp;rft.jtitle=Crystal+Research+and+Technology&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.aulast=Wojciechowski&amp;rft.aufirst=B.&amp;rft.au=I.+Owczarek&amp;rft.au=G.+Bednarz&amp;rft.date=1988-07&amp;rft.volume=23&amp;rft.pages=843-848&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcrat.2170230702&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEffet+Mpemba"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bregović2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nikola_Bregović2012"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Nikola Bregović, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rsc.org/images/nikola-bregovic-entry_tcm18-225169.pdf"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Mpemba effect from a viewpoint of an experimental physical chemist</cite></a>&#160;» <abbr class="abbr indicateur-format format-pdf" title="Document au format Portable Document Format (PDF) d&#39;Adobe">&#91;PDF&#93;</abbr>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a></span>, <time>2012</time></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Condliffe2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jamie_Condliffe2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Jamie Condliffe, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/weve-finally-figured-out-why-hot-water-freezes-faster-1455906029"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">We've Finally Figured Out Why Hot Water Freezes Faster Than Cold</cite></a>&#160;», sur <span class="italique"><a href="/wiki/Gizmodo" title="Gizmodo">Gizmodo</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-10-31" data-sort-value="2013-10-31">31 octobre 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-11-11" data-sort-value="2013-11-11">11 novembre 2013</time>)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="MalhotraLöwen2024"><span class="ouvrage" id="Isha_MalhotraHartmut_Löwen2024"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Isha Malhotra et Hartmut Löwen, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Double Mpemba effect in the cooling of trapped colloids</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Chemical_Physics" title="The Journal of Chemical Physics">The Journal of Chemical Physics</a></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;161, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;16,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2024-10-21" data-sort-value="2024-10-21">21 octobre 2024</time>, article <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;164903 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0225749">10.1063/5.0225749</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Double+Mpemba+effect+in+the+cooling+of+trapped+colloids&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Physics&amp;rft.issue=16&amp;rft.aulast=Malhotra&amp;rft.aufirst=Isha&amp;rft.au=Hartmut+L%C3%B6wen&amp;rft.date=2024-10-21&amp;rft.volume=161&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F5.0225749&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEffet+Mpemba"></span></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:36em; column-count:2;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x_2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-x_2_18-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr>&#160;2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr>&#160;1 et 7.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia&#160;:</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mpemba_effect?uselang=fr">Effet Mpemba</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Effet_Mpemba&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="MpembaOsborne1969"><span class="ouvrage" id="Erasto_B._MpembaDenis_G._Osborne1969"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Erasto B. Mpemba et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Denis_Osborne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Denis Osborne (page inexistante)">Denis G. Osborne</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Osborne" class="extiw" title="en:Denis Osborne"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Denis Osborne&#160;»">(en)</span></a>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Cool?</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics_Education&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics Education (page inexistante)">Physics Education</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Education" class="extiw" title="en:Physics Education"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Physics Education&#160;»">(en)</span></a></span></span></i>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a></span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;4, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;3,&#8206; <time>1969</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">172–175</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/4/3/312">10.1088/0031-9120/4/3/312</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969PhyEd...4..172M">1969PhyEd...4..172M</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Cool%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=%3APhysics+Education%C2%A0%28en%29Cat%C3%A9gorie%3AArticle+contenant+un+appel+%C3%A0+traduction+en+anglais&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.aulast=Mpemba&amp;rft.aufirst=Erasto+B.&amp;rft.au=Denis+G.+Osborne&amp;rft.date=1969&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.pages=172%E2%80%93175&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F4%2F3%2F312&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEffet+Mpemba"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="MpembaOsborne1979"><span class="ouvrage" id="Erasto_B._MpembaDenis_G._Osborne1979"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Erasto B. Mpemba et Denis G. Osborne, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Mpemba effect</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Physics Education</span></span></i>, <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a></span>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;14, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;7,&#8206; <time>1979</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">410–413</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9120/14/7/312">10.1088/0031-9120/14/7/312</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979PhyEd..14..410M">1979PhyEd..14..410M</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Mpemba+effect&amp;rft.jtitle=Physics+Education&amp;rft.issue=7&amp;rft.aulast=Mpemba&amp;rft.aufirst=Erasto+B.&amp;rft.au=Denis+G.+Osborne&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.volume=14&amp;rft.pages=410%E2%80%93413&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-9120%2F14%2F7%2F312&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEffet+Mpemba"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Auerbach1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Auerbach1995"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> David Auerbach, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Supercooling and the Mpemba effect: When hot water freezes quicker than cold</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></span></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;63, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;10,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="1995-10" data-sort-value="1995-10">octobre 1995</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">882–885</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.18059">10.1119/1.18059</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Supercooling+and+the+Mpemba+effect%3A+When+hot+water+freezes+quicker+than+cold&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.aulast=Auerbach&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.date=1995-10&amp;rft.volume=63&amp;rft.pages=882%E2%80%93885&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.18059&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEffet+Mpemba"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Jeng1998"><span class="ouvrage" id="Monwhea_Jeng1998"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Monwhea Jeng, «&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/General/hot_water.html"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Can hot water freeze faster than cold water&#160;?</cite></a>&#160;», <span class="lang-en" lang="en">Department of Physics, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California">University of California</a></span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1998-11" data-sort-value="1998-11">novembre 1998</time></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Jeng2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Monwhea_Jeng2006"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Monwhea Jeng, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">The Mpemba effect: When can hot water freeze faster than cold?</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></span></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;74, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;6,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2006-06" data-sort-value="2006-06">juin 2006</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">514–522</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1119/1.2186331">10.1119/1.2186331</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+Mpemba+effect%3A+When+can+hot+water+freeze+faster+than+cold%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&amp;rft.issue=6&amp;rft.aulast=Jeng&amp;rft.aufirst=Monwhea&amp;rft.date=2006-06&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.pages=514%E2%80%93522&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.2186331&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEffet+Mpemba"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Jeng2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Monwhea_Jeng2007">Monwhea Jeng, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal">L'eau chaude gèle-t-elle plus vite que l'eau froide&#160;?</cite>&#160;», <i><a href="/wiki/La_Recherche_(magazine)" title="La Recherche (magazine)">La Recherche</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;413,&#8206; <time>2007</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">62–65</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.larecherche.fr/leau-chaude-g%C3%A8le-t-elle-plus-vite-que-leau-froide">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=L%27eau+chaude+g%C3%A8le-t-elle+plus+vite+que+l%27eau+froide+%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=La+Recherche&amp;rft.issue=413&amp;rft.aulast=Jeng&amp;rft.aufirst=Monwhea&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pages=62%E2%80%9365&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.larecherche.fr%2Fleau-chaude-g%25C3%25A8le-t-elle-plus-vite-que-leau-froide&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEffet+Mpemba"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="CourtyKierlik2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Michel_CourtyÉdouard_Kierlik2010"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Courty" title="Jean-Michel Courty">Jean-Michel Courty</a> et Édouard Kierlik, <cite class="italique">La Physique buissonnière</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/Belin_%C3%A9diteur" title="Belin éditeur">Belin</a> et <i><a href="/wiki/Pour_la_science" title="Pour la science">Pour la science</a></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr>&#160;«&#160;Bibliothèque scientifique&#160;», <time>2010</time>, 159&#160;<abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-84245-105-9" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-84245-105-9"><span class="nowrap">978-2-84245-105-9</span></a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=La+Physique+buissonni%C3%A8re&amp;rft.place=Paris&amp;rft.pub=Belin&amp;rft.aulast=Courty&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&amp;rft.au=%C3%89douard+Kierlik&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.tpages=159&amp;rft.isbn=978-2-84245-105-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEffet+Mpemba"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="ZhangHuangMaZhou2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Xi_ZhangYongli_HuangZengsheng_MaYichun_Zhou2014"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Xi Zhang, Yongli Huang, Zengsheng Ma, Yichun Zhou, Ji Zhou, Weitao Zheng, Qing Jiang et Chang Q. Sun, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Hydrogen-bond memory and water-skin supersolidity resolving the Mpemba paradox</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Physical_Chemistry_Chemical_Physics" title="Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics">Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics</a></span></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;16, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;42,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2014-11-14" data-sort-value="2014-11-14">14 novembre 2014</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr>&#160;<span class="nowrap">22995–23002</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C4CP03669G">10.1039/C4CP03669G</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Hydrogen-bond+memory+and+water-skin+supersolidity+resolving+the+Mpemba+paradox&amp;rft.jtitle=Physical+Chemistry+Chemical+Physics&amp;rft.issue=42&amp;rft.aulast=Zhang&amp;rft.aufirst=Xi&amp;rft.au=Yongli+Huang&amp;rft.au=Zengsheng+Ma&amp;rft.au=Yichun+Zhou&amp;rft.au=Ji+Zhou&amp;rft.au=Weitao+Zheng&amp;rft.au=Qing+Jiang&amp;rft.au=Chang+Q.+Sun&amp;rft.date=2014-11-14&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.pages=22995%E2%80%9323002&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC4CP03669G&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEffet+Mpemba"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="BurridgeLinden_(en)Catégorie:Article_contenant_un_appel_à_traduction_en_anglais2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henry_C._BurridgePaul_F._Linden_(en)Catégorie:Article_contenant_un_appel_à_traduction_en_anglais2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Henry C. <span class="nom_auteur">Burridge</span> et Paul F. <span class="nom_auteur"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paul_Linden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paul Linden (page inexistante)">Linden</a>&#160;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Linden" class="extiw" title="en:Paul Linden"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais&#160;: «&#160;Paul Linden&#160;»">(en)</span></a></span>, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Questioning the Mpemba effect: hot water does not cool more quickly than cold</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a></span></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;6,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-11-24" data-sort-value="2016-11-24">24 novembre 2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27883034">27883034</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMCID</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5121640">PMC5121640</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep37665">10.1038/srep37665</a></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Questioning+the+Mpemba+effect%3A+hot+water+does+not+cool+more+quickly+than+cold&amp;rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&amp;rft.aulast=Burridge&amp;rft.aufirst=Henry+C.&amp;rft.au=Linden%2C+Paul+F.&amp;rft.date=2016-11-24&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep37665&amp;rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27883034&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AEffet+Mpemba"></span></span></span>.</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="BiswasRajeshPal2023"><span class="ouvrage" id="Apurba_BiswasR._RajeshArnab_Pal2023"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Apurba Biswas, R. Rajesh et Arnab Pal, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en">Mpemba effect in a Langevin system: Population statistics, metastability, and other exact results</cite>&#160;», <i><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><span class="lang-en" lang="en"><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Chemical_Physics" title="The Journal of Chemical Physics">The Journal of Chemical Physics</a></span></span></i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr>&#160;159, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;4,&#8206; <time class="nowrap" datetime="2023-07-28" data-sort-value="2023-07-28">28 juillet 2023</time>, article <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr>&#160;044120 <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0155855">10.1063/5.0155855</a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès libre au document"><img alt="Accès libre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" 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id="Zhang_Yongli_HuangMaSun2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Xi_Zhang_Yongli_HuangZengsheng_MaChang_Q_Sun2013"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Xi Zhang Yongli Huang, Zengsheng Ma et Chang Q Sun, «&#160;<cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">O:H-O Bond Anomalous Relaxation Resolving Mpemba Paradox</cite>&#160;», <time class="nowrap" datetime="2013-10-24" data-sort-value="2013-10-24">24 octobre 2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/ArXiv" title="ArXiv">arXiv</a>&#160;<span class="plainlinks noarchive nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1310.6514">1310.6514</a></span>)</small></span></span></li></ul> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:Physique" title="Portail de la physique"><img alt="icône décorative" 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