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If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. 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This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Head of the US Department of State}} {{distinguish|Secretary of state (U.S. state government)}} {{use American English|date=July 2018}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}} {{Infobox official post | post = United States Secretary | body = State | flag = Flag of the United States Secretary of State.svg | flagborder = yes | flagsize = 130 | flagcaption = Flag of the secretary of state | insignia = Seal of the United States Secretary of State.svg | insigniasize = 120 | insigniacaption = Seal of the secretary of state | image = Secretary Blinken's Official Department Photo (cropped).jpg | incumbent = [[Antony Blinken]] | incumbentsince = January 26, 2021 | department = [[United States Department of State|Department of State]] | style = Mr. Secretary (informal)<br>[[The Honourable#United States|The Honorable]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protocol Reference|url=https://www.state.gov/protocol-reference/|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|archive-date=January 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184128/https://www.state.gov/protocol-reference/|url-status=live}}</ref> (formal)<br>[[Excellency|His Excellency]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 29, 2021|title=United Nations Heads of State, Protocol and Liaison Service|url=https://protocol.un.org/dgacm/pls/site.nsf/files/HSPMFM/$FILE/Hspmfm.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914205358/https://protocol.un.org/dgacm/pls/site.nsf/files/HSPMFM/$FILE/Hspmfm.pdf|archive-date=September 14, 2020|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=United Nations}}</ref> (diplomatic) | member_of = [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]]<br>[[United States National Security Council|National Security Council]] | reports_to = [[President of the United States|President]] | seat = [[Washington, D.C.]] | appointer = [[President of the United States|President]] | appointer_qualified = with [[United States Senate|Senate]] [[advice and consent]] | constituting_instrument = {{UnitedStatesCode|22|2651}} | precursor = [[United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]] | formation = {{start date and age|1789|7|27}} | first = [[Thomas Jefferson]] | succession = [[United States presidential line of succession|Fourth]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19 |title=3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act |publisher=[[Cornell Law School]] |access-date=February 4, 2017 |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123834/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19 |url-status=live }}</ref> | deputy = [[United States Deputy Secretary of State|Deputy Secretary]] | salary = [[Executive Schedule|Executive Schedule, Level I]]<ref name="UnitedStatesCode|5|5312">{{UnitedStatesCode|5|5312}}.</ref> }} The '''United States secretary of state''' ('''SecState'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abbreviations and Terms |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96602.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118111217/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96602.pdf |archive-date=January 18, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2023 |website=2001-2009.state.gov}}</ref>) is a member of the executive branch of the [[federal government of the United States|federal government]] and the head of the [[U.S. Department of State|Department of State]]. The office holder is the second-highest-ranking member of the president's [[Cabinet of the United States|Cabinet]], after the vice president, and ranks fourth in the [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential line of succession]]; first amongst cabinet secretaries. Created in 1789 with [[Thomas Jefferson]] as its first office holder, the secretary of state represents the United States to foreign countries, and is therefore considered analogous to a [[Ministry of foreign affairs|minister of foreign affairs]] in other countries.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014351/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf "Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs"], Protocol and Liaison Service, [[United Nations]]. Retrieved November 2, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm NATO Member Countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001021817/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm |date=October 1, 2017 }}, [[NATO]]. Retrieved November 2, 2012.</ref> The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and, following a [[United States congressional hearing|confirmation hearing]] before the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], is confirmed by the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. The secretary of state, along with the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|secretary of the treasury]], [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]], and [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]], are generally regarded as the four most crucial Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments.<ref>"Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch" (1997). ''[[Congressional Quarterly]]''. p. 87.</ref> Secretary of state is a [[Executive Schedule#Level I|Level I position in the Executive Schedule]] and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level $246,400, as of January 2024.<ref name="Salary">{{cite web|url= https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/pdf/2021/EX.pdf|title= Salary Table No. 2021-EX Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule (EX)|access-date= March 19, 2021|archive-date= January 29, 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220129024811/https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/pdf/2021/EX.pdf|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name="UnitedStatesCode|5|5312" /> The current secretary of state is [[Antony Blinken]], who was confirmed on January 26, 2021, by the Senate by a vote of 78–22.<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Senate Roll Call Votes 117th Congress – 1st Session|url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=117&session=1&vote=00007|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=U.S. Senate|archive-date=January 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130160700/https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=117&session=1&vote=00007|url-status=live}}</ref> == History == The secretary of state originates from the government under the [[Articles of Confederation]]. The [[Congress of the Confederation]] established the Department of Foreign Affairs in 1781 and created the office of secretary of foreign affairs.{{Sfn|Short|1923|pp=55–56}} After the [[Constitution of the United States]] was ratified, the [[1st United States Congress]] reestablished the department, renaming it the Department of State, and created the office of secretary of state to lead the department.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Act for establishing an Executive Department, to be denominated the Department of Foreign Affairs |date=27 July 1789 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/1/28?link-type=details |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] |access-date=27 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An Act to provide for the Safe-keeping of the Acts, Records, and Seal of the United States, and for other purposes |date=15 September 1789 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/1/68?link-type=details |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] |access-date=27 July 2024 }}</ref> ==Duties and responsibilities== The stated duties of the secretary of state are to supervise the United States [[foreign service]] and [[immigration policy]] and administer the Department of State. The secretary must also advise the president on U.S. foreign matters such as the appointment of diplomats and ambassadors, advising the president of the dismissal and recall of these people. The secretary of state can conduct negotiations, interpret, and terminate treaties relating to foreign policy. The secretary also can participate in international conferences, organizations, and agencies as a representative of the United States. The secretary communicates issues relating to the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and citizens. The secretary also provides services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports. Doing this, the secretary also ensures the protection of citizens, their property, and interests in foreign countries.<ref name="Duties">{{Cite news |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm |title=Duties of the Secretary of State |work=U.S. Department of State |access-date=February 1, 2017 |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808114347/https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> {{quote box |align = left |width = 40% |quote = What are the Qualifications of a Secretary of State? He ought to be a Man of universal Reading in Laws, Governments, History. Our whole terrestrial Universe ought to be summarily comprehended in his Mind. |qalign = left |source = —[[John Adams]]<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last = Ford |editor-first = Worthington C. |editor-link = Worthington Chauncey Ford |year = 1927 |title = Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse, 1784–1822 |location = Boston, MA |publisher = [[Little, Brown, and Company]] |page = [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015026646540;view=1up;seq=69 57] }}</ref> |salign = right }} Secretaries of state also have domestic responsibilities. Most of the historical domestic functions of the Department of State were gradually transferred to other agencies by the late 19th century as part of various administrative reforms and restructurings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administrative Timeline of the Department of State – Department History – Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899|access-date=January 10, 2022|website=history.state.gov|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111183128/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899|url-status=live}}</ref> Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal, performance of [[Protocol (diplomacy)|protocol]] functions for the [[White House]], and the drafting of certain proclamations. The secretary also negotiates with the individual states over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries.<ref name="duties">{{cite web|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm|title=Duties of the Secretary of State of the United States|date=January 20, 2009|publisher=United States Department of State|work=www.state.gov|access-date=March 28, 2010|archive-date=August 8, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808114347/https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Under federal law, the resignation of a president or of a vice president is valid only if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the secretary of state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 U.S. Code § 20 – Resignation or refusal of office|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|archive-date=December 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202201822/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20|url-status=live}}</ref> Accordingly, the resignations of President [[Watergate scandal#Final investigations and resignation|Richard Nixon]] and of Vice President [[Spiro Agnew]] were formalized in instruments delivered to then-Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]]. Although they have historically decreased over time, Congress may occasionally add to the responsibilities of the secretary of state. One such instance occurred in 2014, when Congress passed the Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act which mandated actions the secretary of state must take in order to facilitate the return of abducted children from nations who are party to the [[Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3212 |website=Congress.gov |access-date=May 1, 2022 |title=H.R.3212 – 113th Congress (2013–2014): Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act of 2014 |date=August 8, 2014 |archive-date=May 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501221523/https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3212 |url-status=live }}</ref> As the highest-ranking member of the cabinet, the secretary of state is the third-highest official of the [[executive branch]] of the U.S. federal government, after the president and vice president, and is fourth in [[United States presidential line of succession|line to succeed the presidency]], after the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House of Representatives]], and the [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore of the Senate]]. Six past secretaries of state{{snd}}[[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]], [[James Madison|Madison]], [[James Monroe|Monroe]], [[John Quincy Adams]], [[Martin Van Buren|Van Buren]] and [[James Buchanan|Buchanan]]{{snd}}have gone on to be elected president. Others, including [[Henry Clay]], [[Daniel Webster]], [[Lewis Cass]], [[John C. Calhoun]], [[John M. Clayton]], [[William L. Marcy]], [[William H. Seward|William Seward]], [[Edward Everett]], [[Jeremiah S. Black]], [[James G. Blaine|James Blaine]], [[Elihu B. Washburne]], [[Thomas F. Bayard]], [[John Sherman]], [[Walter Q. Gresham]], [[William Jennings Bryan]], [[Philander C. Knox]], [[Charles Evans Hughes]], [[Elihu Root]], [[Cordell Hull]], [[Edmund Muskie]], [[Alexander Haig]], [[John Kerry]], and [[Hillary Clinton]] have also campaigned as presidential candidates, either before or after their term of office as secretary of state, but were ultimately unsuccessful. The position of secretary of state has therefore been viewed to be a consolation prize for failed presidential candidates.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-do-secretaries-state-make-such-terrible-presidential-candidates-180952327/ |title=Why Do Secretaries of State Make Such Terrible Presidential Candidates? |last=Stone |first=Andrea |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |url-status=live|archive-date=September 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918151233/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-do-secretaries-state-make-such-terrible-presidential-candidates-180952327/}}</ref> ==See also== *[[List of secretaries of state of the United States]] *[[List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States]] == References == {{Reflist}} === Bibliography === {{Refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last=Short |first=Lloyd Milton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N12GAAAAMAAJ |title=The Development of National Administrative Organization in the United States, Issue 10 |publisher=[[Johns Hopkins Press]] |year=1923 |isbn=0598686584 |location=United States |language=en}} {{Refend}} == Further reading == * Bemis, Samuel Flagg, ed. (1963) ''The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy'' (19 vols.), scholarly biographies * Graebner, Norman A., ed. (1961) ''An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century'' scholarly essays on John Hay through [[John Foster Dulles]]. * Hopkins, Michael F. (2008) "[[President Harry Truman]]'s Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson" ''[[Journal of Transatlantic Studies]]'' v.6 n.3 pp.&nbsp;290–304. * Mihalkanin, Edward, ed. (2004) ''[https://www.questia.com/read/106788643/american-statesmen-secretaries-of-state-from-john online American Statesmen: Secretaries of State] from [[John Jay]] to [[Colin Powell]]'' short scholarly articles by experts ==External links== {{Spoken Wikipedia|En-secretaryofstate.ogg|date=February 23, 2010}} *{{Commons category-inline|Secretaries of State of the United States}} *{{Wikiquote-inline}} *{{official website}} {{s-start}} {{s-prec|usa}} {{s-bef|before=[[Ambassadors of the United States|Ambassadors from the United States]]<br>(while at their posts)}} {{s-ttl|rows=2|title=[[United States order of precedence|Order of precedence of the United States]]<br>''{{small|as Secretary of State}}''|years=}} {{s-aft|after=[[List of ambassadors to the United States|Ambassadors to the United States]]<br>(in order of tenure)}} |- {{s-bef|before=Otherwise [[Mike Pence]]|as=Former Vice-President}} {{s-aft|after=Otherwise [[António Guterres]]|as=[[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]}} |- {{s-prec|us-pres}} {{s-bef|before=[[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|President pro tempore of the Senate]]<br>{{small|[[Patty Murray]]}}}} {{s-ttl|title=4th in line}} {{s-aft|after=[[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]]<br>{{small|[[Janet Yellen]]}}}} {{s-end}} {{Navboxes |list = {{USSecState}} {{USDOS agencies}} {{US Cabinet leaders}} {{US Presidential Line of Succession}} {{Confederation Government}} }} [[Category:United States Department of State]] [[Category:United States secretaries of state| ]] [[Category:Cabinet of the United States|State]] [[Category:United States diplomacy]] [[Category:1789 establishments in the United States]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> 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