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id="toc-Oil_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concerns_over_stated_oil_reserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concerns_over_stated_oil_reserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.1 Concerns over stated oil reserves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concerns_over_stated_oil_reserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reserves_of_unconventional_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reserves_of_unconventional_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5.2 Reserves of unconventional oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reserves_of_unconventional_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oil_field_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_field_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6.1 Oil field decline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_field_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Demand </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demand-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demand subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Peak_oil_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak_oil_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Peak oil demand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak_oil_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_as_a_component_of_energy_demand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_as_a_component_of_energy_demand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Oil as a component of energy demand </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_as_a_component_of_energy_demand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Economic growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Possible consequences </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_consequences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Possible consequences subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_long-term_effects_on_human_lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_long-term_effects_on_human_lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Possible long-term effects on human lifestyle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_long-term_effects_on_human_lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_effects_on_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_effects_on_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Possible effects on agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_effects_on_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Possible mitigation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_positive_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_positive_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Potential positive aspects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_positive_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Predictions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Predictions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Predictions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Predictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_past_predictions_of_peak_oil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_past_predictions_of_peak_oil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 List of past predictions of peak oil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_past_predictions_of_peak_oil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticisms </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticisms subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 General arguments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_industry_representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_industry_representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Oil industry representatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_industry_representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further information </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further information subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Articles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Documentary films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podcasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podcasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Podcasts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podcasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Peak oil</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" > 37 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B7" title="ذروة النفط – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذروة النفط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_petrolero" title="Pico petrolero – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pico petrolero" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_petrolier" title="Pic petrolier – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pic petrolier" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropn%C3%BD_zlom" title="Ropný zlom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ropný zlom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96lf%C3%B6rdermaximum" title="Ölfördermaximum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ölfördermaximum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftatootmise_tipp" title="Naftatootmise tipp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Naftatootmise tipp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%8D%CF%86%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%B3%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Κορύφωση παραγωγής πετρελαίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κορύφωση παραγωγής πετρελαίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_petrolero" title="Pico petrolero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pico petrolero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nafta_pinto" title="Nafta pinto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nafta pinto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrolioaren_gailurra" title="Petrolioaren gailurra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Petrolioaren gailurra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC" title="نفت در نقطه اوج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نفت در نقطه اوج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pic_p%C3%A9trolier" title="Pic pétrolier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pic pétrolier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buaic_na_hola" title="Buaic na hola – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buaic na hola" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EC%9C%A0_%EC%83%9D%EC%82%B0_%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%90" title="석유 생산 정점 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="석유 생산 정점" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peak oil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol%C3%ADuh%C3%A1mark" title="Olíuhámark – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Olíuhámark" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%90_%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%98" title="שיא תפוקת הנפט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיא תפוקת הנפט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naftos_pikas" title="Naftos pikas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Naftos pikas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olajhozamcs%C3%BAcs" title="Olajhozamcsúcs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olajhozamcsúcs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BB" title="Пик ойл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Пик ойл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF" title="石油ピーク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="石油ピーク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peak oil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Peak oil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulmine_de_petrolie" title="Kulmine de petrolie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kulmine de petrolie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peak oil" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pico_do_petr%C3%B3leo" title="Pico do petróleo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pico do petróleo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2rful_petrolului" title="Vârful petrolului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vârful petrolului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пик нефти – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пик нефти" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_oil" title="Peak oil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Peak oil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropn%C3%BD_vrchol" title="Ropný vrchol – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ropný vrchol" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrhunec_nafte" title="Vrhunec nafte – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vrhunec nafte" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ljyhuippu" title="Öljyhuippu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Öljyhuippu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oljeproduktionstoppen" title="Oljeproduktionstoppen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oljeproduktionstoppen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%94" title="จุดผลิตน้ำมันสูงสุด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Peak brand motor oil, see <a href="/wiki/Peak_(automotive_products)" title="Peak (automotive products)">Peak (automotive products)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/220px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/330px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/440px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>A 1956 world oil production distribution, showing historical data and future production, proposed by <a href="/wiki/M._King_Hubbert" title="M. King Hubbert">M. King Hubbert</a> – it had a peak of 12.5 billion barrels per year in about the year 2000. As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit">[update]</a>, world oil production was about 29.5 billion barrels per year (80.8 M<a href="/wiki/Oil_barrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil barrel">bbl</a>/day),<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> with an <a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">oil glut between 2014 and 2018.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png/220px-Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png/330px-Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png/440px-Hubbert_Upper-Bound_Peak_1956.png 2x" data-file-width="1950" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Hubbert's upper-bound prediction for US crude oil production (1956) in red, and actual <a href="/wiki/Lower_48" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower 48">lower 48</a> U.S. states production through to 2014 in green</figcaption></figure> Peak oil is the point when global oil production reaches its maximum rate, after which it will begin to decline irreversibly.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] The main concern is that global transportation relies heavily on <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> and diesel. Transitioning to <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vehicles">electric vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biofuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Biofuels">biofuels</a>, or more efficient transport (like <a href="/wiki/Trains" class="mw-redirect" title="Trains">trains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterways" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterways">waterways</a>) could help reduce oil demand.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> Peak oil relates closely to <a href="/wiki/Oil_depletion" title="Oil depletion">oil depletion</a>; while <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum reserves">petroleum reserves</a> are finite, the key issue is the economic viability of extraction at current prices.<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Initially, it was believed that oil production would decline due to reserve depletion, but a new theory suggests that reduced oil demand could lower prices, impacting extraction costs. <a href="/wiki/Demand_destruction" title="Demand destruction">Demand may also decline</a> due to persistent high prices.<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parisbas-8">[8]</a> Over the last century, many <a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">predictions of peak oil timing</a> have been made, often later proven incorrect due to increased extraction rates.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/M._King_Hubbert" title="M. King Hubbert">M. King Hubbert</a> introduced the concept in a 1956 paper, predicting U.S. production would peak between 1965 and 1971, but his global peak oil predictions were premature because of improved <a href="/wiki/Oil_drill" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil drill">drilling</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-mkinghubbert19563-10">[10]</a> Current forecasts for the year of peak oil range from 2028 to 2050.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> These estimates depend on future economic trends, technological advances, and efforts to mitigate <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Parisbas-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Supply">Supply</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Supply">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_liquids_and_US_tight_oil.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Global_liquids_and_US_tight_oil.png/220px-Global_liquids_and_US_tight_oil.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Global_liquids_and_US_tight_oil.png/330px-Global_liquids_and_US_tight_oil.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Global_liquids_and_US_tight_oil.png/440px-Global_liquids_and_US_tight_oil.png 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Global liquids production 2000–2015, indicating the component of US tight oil (Energy Information Administration)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_reserves_and_resource_quantification" title="Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification">Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defining_oil">Defining oil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Defining oil">edit</a>]</div> Oil, or <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a>, is a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> substances. By its very nature, what "oil" is may vary. The <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> of a region affects the type of oil underground. The types of hydrocarbons produced from an oilfield may also vary depending on the geology. Crude oil generally comes in various different 'grades,'<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> commonly classified as "light," "medium," 'heavy," and "extra heavy."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The exact definitions of these grades vary depending on the region from which the oil came. Grades of oil are also assessed by <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">API gravity</a>. Light oil flows naturally to the surface or can be extracted by simply pumping it out of the ground. Heavy refers to oil that has higher density and lower <a href="/wiki/API_gravity" title="API gravity">API gravity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> It does not flow as easily, and its consistency can be similar to that of molasses. While some of it can be produced using conventional techniques, recovery rates are better using unconventional methods.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Generally, especially with regards to peak oil, the primary concern regards what is called "crude oil" production (which may also be referred to as "crude and condensate" production in <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">US EIA</a> statistics), which is what is actually refined into the common fuels most people know such as gasoline and diesel fuel, in addition to other common fuels. Other oil production statistics may be named "total liquids production," or "petroleum and other liquids" in EIA statistics.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> This includes crude oil production in addition to other hydrocarbon liquids such as <a href="/wiki/Natural-gas_condensate" title="Natural-gas condensate">natural-gas liquids (NGLs)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> These two production numbers are distinct, and shouldn't be thought of as the same thing. Using "total liquids" production to refer to "crude oil" production is misleading, the extra liquids included in "total liquids" production do not <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refine</a> into the same products. It can be misleading as it could be used to inflate the actual amount of crude oil being produced globally. Where oil may come from is commonly divided into two categories, "conventional" oil sources and "unconventional" oil sources. The terms are not strictly defined, and may vary within literature. As a result of the wide range of potential definitions, different oil production forecasts may vary based on which classes of liquids they choose to include or exclude. Some common definitions for "conventional" oil and "unconventional" oil are detailed below. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OilProductionTightTotalHubbert-dec2021.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/OilProductionTightTotalHubbert-dec2021.svg/220px-OilProductionTightTotalHubbert-dec2021.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/OilProductionTightTotalHubbert-dec2021.svg/330px-OilProductionTightTotalHubbert-dec2021.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/OilProductionTightTotalHubbert-dec2021.svg/440px-OilProductionTightTotalHubbert-dec2021.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Total and Non-Tight Oil US Production (up to December 2021). Data from the US Energy Information Administration website</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conventional_sources">Conventional sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conventional sources">edit</a>]</div> Conventional oil is oil that is extracted using "traditional" techniques (i.e., in common use before 2000) techniques.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Conventional oil commonly refers to onshore oilfields and shallow offshore oilfields that are "easy" to extract. It has been recognized that conventional oil production has peaked around 2005–2006.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> What has prevented peak oil from then on is US <a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a> production,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> which rapidly increased since the Global Financial Crisis in 2008. Additionally, but to a lesser extent, Canadian oil-sands production has helped increase oil supply since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In the same way, sources of natural gas production are usually divided into "conventional" and "unconventional". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unconventional_sources">Unconventional sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unconventional sources">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Crude_Oil_Production_and_Imports.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/US_Crude_Oil_Production_and_Imports.svg/220px-US_Crude_Oil_Production_and_Imports.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/US_Crude_Oil_Production_and_Imports.svg/330px-US_Crude_Oil_Production_and_Imports.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/US_Crude_Oil_Production_and_Imports.svg/440px-US_Crude_Oil_Production_and_Imports.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>In 2014, United States crude oil production exceeded imports for the first time since the early 1990s.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional oil">Unconventional oil</a></div> Unlike conventional oil, unconventional oil refers to oil that is "difficult" to extract. The number of steps required translates into extremely high production costs. Common unconventional oil sources include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">Tight oil</a> refers to oil extracted from deposits of low-permeability rock using <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing techniques</a> (commonly referred to as "fracking").<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Hydraulic fracturing is a process where a well is first drilled and then fluid containing water, chemicals, and sand is injected at very high pressures to create <a href="/wiki/Fracture" title="Fracture">fractures</a> in the rock.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> This process has generated controversy as fluid injections may trigger seismic activity, in addition to concerns regarding the chemicals used.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Additionally, tight oil is also commonly referred to as "shale oil" due to the oil often being in <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a> deposits. Due to this nickname, tight oil is often confused with <a href="/wiki/Shale_oil" title="Shale oil">oil shale</a>, which is a completely different process of oil extraction. This process involves manufacturing oil from the kerogen contained in an oil shale.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">Oil sands</a> are unconsolidated <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> deposits containing large amounts of very viscous crude <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> or extra-<a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude oil</a> that can be recovered by <a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">surface mining</a> or by <a href="/wiki/In-situ" class="mw-redirect" title="In-situ">in-situ</a> oil wells using <a href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">steam injection</a> or other techniques. It can be liquefied by <a href="/wiki/Upgrader" title="Upgrader">upgrading</a>, blending with <a href="/wiki/Diluent" title="Diluent">diluent</a>, or by heating; and then processed by a conventional <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refinery</a>. The material found in oil sands is an extra-heavy and viscous form of oil known as <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></li></ul> Other less common unconventional oil sources include <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a> (see article). It is worth mentioning that production of tight oil is mainly concentrated in the United States due to world-class geology and ease of borrowing (tight oil production is extremely expensive).<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Oil sands production is also concentrated in Canada for the same exact reasons (but different type of oil). There are also economic tight oil deposits in Argentina known as the <a href="/wiki/Vaca_Muerta" title="Vaca Muerta">Vaca Muerta Formation</a>, but are less developed than tight oil in the US due to a lack of infrastructure and less capacity to borrow money.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In recent history, production of tight oil led to a resurgence of US production in the 2010s. US tight oil production initially peaked in March 2015<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and fell by 12 per cent over the next 18 months; but then production rose again, and by September 2017 production had exceeded the old peak.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> As of 2024, US oil production, especially tight oil production, is higher than ever thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a>. Venezuela has <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a> deposits similar in size to those of Canada, and approximately equal to the world's reserves of conventional oil. Venezuela's <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_Belt" title="Orinoco Belt">Orinoco Belt</a> tar sands are less viscous than Canada's <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_oil_sands" title="Athabasca oil sands">Athabasca oil sands</a> – meaning they can be produced by more conventional means – but they are buried too deep to be extracted by <a href="/wiki/Surface_mining" title="Surface mining">surface mining</a>. Estimates of the recoverable reserves of the Orinoco Belt range from 100 billion barrels (16×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 m3) to 270 billion barrels (43×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 m3). In 2009, USGS updated this value to 513 billion barrels (8.16×1010 m3).<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Venezuela-33">[33]</a> While not an actual source of unconventional oil, processes which convert other hydrocarbons into liquid fuels deserve an honorable mention, as similar to unconventional oil they are 'unconventional' and very costly to produce. They include <a href="/wiki/Coal_liquefaction" title="Coal liquefaction">coal liquefaction</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gas_to_liquids" title="Gas to liquids">gas to liquids</a> which produce <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fuel" title="Synthetic fuel">synthetic fuels</a> from coal or natural gas via the <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergius_process" title="Bergius process">Bergius process</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Karrick_process" title="Karrick process">Karrick process</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discoveries">Discoveries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Discoveries">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_crude_discovery_production_U-2200Gb_LaherrereMar2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/World_crude_discovery_production_U-2200Gb_LaherrereMar2015.jpg/220px-World_crude_discovery_production_U-2200Gb_LaherrereMar2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/World_crude_discovery_production_U-2200Gb_LaherrereMar2015.jpg/330px-World_crude_discovery_production_U-2200Gb_LaherrereMar2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/World_crude_discovery_production_U-2200Gb_LaherrereMar2015.jpg/440px-World_crude_discovery_production_U-2200Gb_LaherrereMar2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>World oil discoveries peaked in the 1960s</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">All the easy oil and gas in the world has pretty much been found. Now comes the harder work in finding and producing oil from more challenging environments and work areas. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>William J. Cummings, Exxon-Mobil company spokesman, December 2005<a href="#cite_note-bostonglobe122005-34">[34]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is pretty clear that there is not much chance of finding any significant quantity of new cheap oil. Any new or unconventional oil is going to be expensive. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Lord <a href="/wiki/Ron_Oxburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ron Oxburgh">Ron Oxburgh</a>, a former chairman of Shell, October 2008<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> Global discoveries of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">oilfields</a> peaked in the 1960s<a href="#cite_note-campbell1222000-36">[36]</a> at around 55 billion barrels (8.7×109 m3) per year.<a href="#cite_note-longwell2002-37">[37]</a> More recently, 2021 was the worst year for oil and gas discoveries dating back to 1946.<a href="#cite_note-:5-38">[38]</a> This is to be expected of a finite resource. But despite the fall-off in new field discoveries, the reported proved reserves of crude oil remaining in the ground in 2014, which totaled 1,490 billion barrels, were more than quadruple the 1965 proved reserves of 354 billion barrels.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> A researcher for the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">U.S. Energy Information Administration</a> has pointed out that after the first wave of discoveries in an area, most oil and natural gas reserve growth comes not from discoveries of new fields, but from extensions and additional gas found within existing fields.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> A report by the UK Energy Research Centre noted that "discovery" is often used ambiguously, and explained the seeming contradiction between falling discovery rates since the 1960s and increasing reserves by the phenomenon of reserve growth. The report noted that increased reserves within a field may be discovered or developed by new technology years or decades after the original discovery. But because of the practice of "backdating", any new reserves within a field, even those to be discovered decades after the field discovery, are attributed to the year of initial field discovery, creating an illusion that discovery is not keeping pace with production.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> As of 2010, finding new oil had reportedly become much more difficult and expensive, as oil producers had to search through more remote and inhospitable parts of the planet.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_reserves">Oil reserves</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Oil reserves">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oil_Reserves.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oil_Reserves.png/350px-Oil_Reserves.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oil_Reserves.png/525px-Oil_Reserves.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Oil_Reserves.png/700px-Oil_Reserves.png 2x" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="819" /></a><figcaption>Proven <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a>, 2013</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">Oil reserves</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></div> Different classes of potential conventional crude <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> include crude oil with 90% certainty of being technically able to be produced from reservoirs (through a wellbore using primary, secondary, improved, enhanced, or tertiary methods); all crude with a 50% probability of being produced in the future (probable); and discovered reserves that have a 10% possibility of being produced in the future (possible). Reserve estimates based on these are referred to as 1P, proven (at least 90% probability); 2P, proven and probable (at least 50% probability); and 3P, proven, probable and possible (at least 10% probability), respectively.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> As stated previously, oil is divided up into different types, therefore those counting up reserves should keep that in mind. Conventional oil reserves are different than unconventional reserves. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concerns_over_stated_oil_reserves">Concerns over stated oil reserves</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Concerns over stated oil reserves">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">[World] reserves are confused and in fact inflated. Many of the so-called reserves are in fact resources. They're not delineated, they're not accessible, they're not available for production.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Sadad_Ibrahim_Al_Husseini" title="Sadad Ibrahim Al Husseini">Sadad Al Husseini</a>, former VP of <a href="/wiki/Aramco" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramco">Aramco</a>, presentation to the Oil and Money conference, October 2007.<a href="#cite_note-cohen102007-44">[44]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Sadad_Ibrahim_Al_Husseini" title="Sadad Ibrahim Al Husseini">Sadad Al Husseini</a> estimated that 300 billion barrels (48×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 m3) of the world's 1,200 billion barrels (190×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 m3) of proven reserves should be recategorized as speculative resources.<a href="#cite_note-cohen102007-44">[44]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OPEC_declared_reserves_1980-now_EIA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/OPEC_declared_reserves_1980-now_EIA.svg/400px-OPEC_declared_reserves_1980-now_EIA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/OPEC_declared_reserves_1980-now_EIA.svg/600px-OPEC_declared_reserves_1980-now_EIA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/OPEC_declared_reserves_1980-now_EIA.svg/800px-OPEC_declared_reserves_1980-now_EIA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Graph of OPEC reported reserves showing jumps in stated reserves without associated discoveries, as well as the lack of depletion despite yearly production</figcaption></figure> One difficulty in forecasting the date of peak oil is the opacity surrounding the oil reserves classified as "proven". In many major producing countries, the majority of reserves claims have not been subject to outside audit or examination.<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[45]</a> For the most part, proven reserves are stated by the oil companies, the producer states and the consumer states. All three have reasons to overstate their proven reserves: oil companies may look to increase their potential worth; producer countries gain a stronger <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">international stature</a>; and governments of consumer countries may seek a means to foster sentiments of <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">stability</a> within their <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economies</a> and among consumers.<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[45]</a> Major discrepancies arise from accuracy issues with the self-reported numbers from the <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC). Besides the possibility that these nations have overstated their reserves for political reasons (during periods of no substantial discoveries), over 70 nations also follow a practice of not reducing their reserves to account for yearly production. Analysts have suggested that OPEC member nations have economic incentives to exaggerate their reserves, as the OPEC quota system allows greater output for countries with greater reserves.<a href="#cite_note-:6-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-nyt08212005-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reserves_of_unconventional_oil">Reserves of unconventional oil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reserves of unconventional oil">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional oil">Unconventional oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">Heavy crude oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">Oil sands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fischer%E2%80%93Tropsch_process" title="Fischer–Tropsch process">Fischer–Tropsch process</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syncrude_mildred_lake_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Syncrude_mildred_lake_plant.jpg/220px-Syncrude_mildred_lake_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Syncrude_mildred_lake_plant.jpg/330px-Syncrude_mildred_lake_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Syncrude_mildred_lake_plant.jpg/440px-Syncrude_mildred_lake_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Syncrude's Mildred Lake mine site and plant near <a href="/wiki/Fort_McMurray" title="Fort McMurray">Fort McMurray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> </figcaption></figure> As conventional oil becomes less available, it can be replaced with production of liquids from unconventional sources such as <a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a>, ultra-heavy oils, <a href="/wiki/Gas-to-liquid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-to-liquid">gas-to-liquid</a> technologies, <a href="/wiki/Coal-to-liquid" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal-to-liquid">coal-to-liquid</a> technologies, biofuel technologies, and <a href="/wiki/Shale_oil" title="Shale oil">shale oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In the 2007 and subsequent International Energy Outlook editions, the word "Oil" was replaced with "Liquids" in the chart of <a href="/wiki/World_energy_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy consumption">world energy consumption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In 2009 biofuels was included in "Liquids" instead of in "Renewables".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The inclusion of natural gas liquids, a bi-product of natural gas extraction, in "Liquids" has been criticized as it is mostly a chemical feedstock which is generally not used as transport fuel.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png/220px-Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png/330px-Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png/440px-Texas_Oil_Production_1935-2012.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption>Texas oil production declined since peaking in 1972 but had a resurgence in the 2010s due to tight oil production. NOTE: This chart is outdated, and as of 2024 Texas produces 5.7 million barrels per day (2,080 million barrels per year).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></figcaption></figure> Reserve estimates are based on profitability, which depends on both oil price and cost of production. Hence, unconventional sources such as heavy crude oil, oil sands, and oil shale may be included as new techniques reduce the cost of extraction.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> With rule changes by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission">SEC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> oil companies can now book them as proven reserves after opening a <a href="/wiki/Strip_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Strip mine">strip mine</a> or thermal facility for <a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">extraction</a>. These unconventional sources are more labor and resource intensive to produce, however, requiring extra energy to refine, resulting in higher production costs and up to three times more <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> per barrel (or barrel equivalent) on a "well to tank" basis or 10 to 45% more on a "well to wheels" basis, which includes the carbon emitted from combustion of the final product.<a href="#cite_note-MJ_Herald-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> While the energy used, resources needed, and environmental effects of extracting unconventional sources have traditionally been prohibitively high, major <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional oil">unconventional oil</a> sources being considered for large-scale production are the extra heavy oil in the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_Belt" title="Orinoco Belt">Orinoco Belt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>,<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Oil_Sands" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabasca Oil Sands">Athabasca Oil Sands</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> and the oil shale of the <a href="/wiki/Green_River_Formation" title="Green River Formation">Green River Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-dyni-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-fossilenergy-60">[60]</a> Energy companies such as <a href="/wiki/Syncrude" title="Syncrude">Syncrude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suncor" class="mw-redirect" title="Suncor">Suncor</a> have been extracting bitumen for decades but production has increased greatly in recent years with the development of <a href="/wiki/Steam-assisted_gravity_drainage" title="Steam-assisted gravity drainage">steam-assisted gravity drainage</a> and other extraction technologies.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Chuck Masters of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> estimates that, "Taken together, these resource occurrences, in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>, are approximately equal to the Identified Reserves of conventional crude oil accredited to the Middle East."<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Authorities familiar with the resources believe that the world's ultimate reserves of unconventional oil are several times as large as those of conventional oil and will be highly profitable for companies as a result of higher prices in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In October 2009, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a> updated the Orinoco tar sands (Venezuela) recoverable "mean value" to 513 billion barrels (8.16×1010 m3), with a 90% chance of being within the range of 380-652 billion barrels (103.7×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 m3), making this area "one of the world's largest recoverable oil accumulations".<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Venezuela-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png/220px-Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png/330px-Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png/440px-Total_World_Oil_Reserves_Conventional_Unconventional.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Unconventional resources are much larger than conventional ones.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> Moreover, oil extracted from these sources typically contains contaminants such as <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">heavy metals</a> that are energy-intensive to extract and can leave <a href="/wiki/Tailings" title="Tailings">tailings</a>, ponds containing hydrocarbon sludge, in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-MJ_Herald-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The same applies to much of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>'s undeveloped conventional oil reserves, much of which is heavy, viscous, and contaminated with sulfur and metals to the point of being unusable.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Oil_price_increases_since_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil price increases since 2003">high oil prices</a> make these sources more financially appealing.<a href="#cite_note-nyt08212005-46">[46]</a> A study by Wood Mackenzie suggests that by the early 2020s all the world's extra oil supply is likely to come from unconventional sources.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Extraction of petroleum</a></div> Globally, oil production is very concentrated. Not just geographically depending on the country, but depending on the oilfields themselves. As of 2014, it was recognized that 25 oilfields account for 25% of global oil production, and a few hundred 'giant' oilfields (reserves greater than 500 million barrels) account for 50% of global oil production.<a href="#cite_note-:7-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-69">[69]</a> Globally, the amount of oilfields is estimated to be between 50,000-70,000.<a href="#cite_note-:7-68">[68]</a> Additionally, it has now been recognized that worldwide oil discoveries have been less than worldwide annual oil production since about 1980.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-38">[38]</a> More recently, there has been some research about the net energy of oil production.<a href="#cite_note-L._Delannoy_2021-71">[71]</a> Regarding energy production, what also matters is the <a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">"Energy Return on Investment" (EROI)</a>. To put it simply, in order to produce energy one must also invest some energy, and the EROI is the return on investment in energy terms. With regards to conventional and unconventional oil, it is recognized that conventional oil offers a much higher EROI than unconventional sources of oil.<a href="#cite_note-L._Delannoy_2021-71">[71]</a> In reality, the EROI is felt through the cost of production. A higher EROI generally translates to a lower cost of production and higher (monetary) profits for the oil company, and a lower EROI generally translates to a higher cost of production and lower (monetary) profits for the oil company. A higher energy investment means physically using more materials (which require energy to produce) in order to produce energy. Oil sources with a lower EROI are theoretically more environmentally damaging than those with higher EROIs, due to the larger amount of resources required to extract the oil.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> For instance, building a gigantic oil rig produces a lot of greenhouse gas emissions, but is a requirement to access "difficult" deep water offshore oil reserves. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oil_field_decline">Oil field decline</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oil field decline">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oil_depletion" title="Oil depletion">Oil depletion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG/220px-Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG/330px-Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG/440px-Alaska_Crude_Oil_Production.PNG 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="610" /></a><figcaption>By 2007, Alaska's oil production had declined 70% since peaking in 1988</figcaption></figure> As a finite resource, naturally every oilfield eventually declines. Generally, the production profile of a typical oil well is that first production increases, then it plateaus, and then it declines.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> This is the underlying assumption of the <a href="/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theory" title="Hubbert peak theory">Hubbert peak theory</a>. The chart to the right shows the decline of Alaskan oil production since after the 1980s, which is reflective of a typical pattern of decline among most oilfields. Meanwhile, unconventional oil production follows a different production profile depending on the type. For tight oil, production begins at its maximum, or near its maximum, and then quickly peaks afterwards permanently.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> As mentioned previously in the production section, oil production is very concentrated in a few fields, therefore these few fields (out of every field) can dictate where oil production would be headed. If these few fields were to decline, then all oil production would decline. In 2019 when <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a> went public, the <a href="/wiki/Ghawar_Field" title="Ghawar Field">Ghawar oilfield</a>, which is the largest oil field in the world, was revealed to be producing much lower than what conventional wisdom at the time had assumed its production was.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Although while no official data exists, certain analysts believe that the Ghawar field has entered into decline,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> corroborated by the aforementioned news from 2019. According to the US EIA in 2006, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a> Senior Vice President Abdullah Saif estimated that its existing fields were declining at a rate of 5% to 12% per year.<a href="#cite_note-eiaSAbrief-78">[78]</a> According to a study of large oilfields (reserves greater than 500 million barrels) published in 2009, the average decline rate of onshore fields was about 5%, and offshore fields were about 9.5%.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> An annual rate of decline of 5.1% in 800 of the world's largest oil fields was reported by the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> in their <a href="/wiki/World_Energy_Outlook" title="World Energy Outlook">World Energy Outlook 2008</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iea-weo08-80">[80]</a> In 2013 an informal study of 733 giant oil fields concluded that only 32% of the ultimately recoverable oil remained.<a href="#cite_note-peakoilbarrel.com-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demand">Demand</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demand">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OilConsumptionpercapita.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/OilConsumptionpercapita.png/450px-OilConsumptionpercapita.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/OilConsumptionpercapita.png/675px-OilConsumptionpercapita.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/OilConsumptionpercapita.png/900px-OilConsumptionpercapita.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Oil consumption in bbl per day per capita (darker colors represent more consumption, gray represents no data) (source: NationMaster statistics, 2007-01-13) <table style="width: 100%; font-size: 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   > 0.07 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.07–0.05 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.05–0.035 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.035–0.025 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.025–0.02 </td> <td valign="top"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.02–0.015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.015–0.01 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.01–0.005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">  0.005–0.0015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   < 0.0015 </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak_oil_demand">Peak oil demand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Peak oil demand">edit</a>]</div> More recently, "peak oil demand" has become a more popular interpretation of peak oil. The International <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency (IEA)</a> argues that the world will first intentionally reduce oil demand before supply issues actually become a problem, as to address <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Unlike peak oil demand, peak oil generally is concerned with the global supply of oil, due to the importance of oil to the global economy. The central idea revolves around technological advancements such as the development of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vehicles">electric vehicles</a> and potentially biofuels in order to phase out gasoline or diesel powered vehicles. Then, in theory, oil demand would fall over time.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a> In the past 4 decades, oil demand has <a href="/wiki/Secular_variation" title="Secular variation">secularly increased</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Generally, oil demand increases unless there is a recession. Recently, in 2020 oil demand sharply fell from 2019 levels due to the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, but recovered swiftly by 2022. In 2020, <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">British Petroleum (BP)</a> claimed that the world had hit peak oil demand, predicting that oil demand would never recover to pre-pandemic levels due to increased proliferation of electric vehicles and stronger <a href="/wiki/Action_on_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Action on climate change">action on climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> As of 2023, new projections from Enverus Intelligence Research and the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">U.S. Energy Information Administration</a> suggest that peak oil demand will not occur before 2030. Enverus forecasts global oil demand to reach 108 million barrels per day by 2030, driven by slower improvements in fuel economy and <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicle</a> adoption in the U.S. Similarly, the EIA has updated its estimates, predicting global liquid fuels consumption will be 102.91 million barrels per day in 2024 and 104.26 million barrels per day in 2025, due to higher-than-expected non-<a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> consumption. These updates indicate a continued increase in oil demand, potentially exceeding pre-pandemic levels.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 2024 OPEC suggested that global demand for oil will not decline.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_as_a_component_of_energy_demand">Oil as a component of energy demand</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oil as a component of energy demand">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/World_energy_resources_and_consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="World energy resources and consumption">Energy demand</a> is distributed amongst four broad sectors: transportation, residential, commercial, and industrial.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Oil demand primarily concerns the transportation sector, as 50% of oil use in OECD countries are for road transportation.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> This is a result of the proliferation of vehicles powered by <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>. Transportation is therefore of particular interest to those seeking to mitigate the effects of peak oil. As of 2023, it is forecasted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a> that 90% of global oil demand growth will come from the Asia-Pacific region.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> As of 2022, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> are the second and third largest oil consumers globally.<a href="#cite_note-:9-90">[90]</a> The United States is still the largest consumer of oil globally (as of 2022).<a href="#cite_note-:9-90">[90]</a> Generally, when countries <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economically develop</a>, they use more energy, which includes using more oil.<a href="#cite_note-:10-91">[91]</a> In recent years, China surpassed the United States as the world's largest crude oil importer in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> This was a result of China developing in addition to US oil exports decreasing due to increased US tight oil production.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_growth">Economic growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economic growth">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Global_oil_consumption_1980-2013.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Global_oil_consumption_1980-2013.png/220px-Global_oil_consumption_1980-2013.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Global_oil_consumption_1980-2013.png/330px-Global_oil_consumption_1980-2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Global_oil_consumption_1980-2013.png/440px-Global_oil_consumption_1980-2013.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Global consumption of oil 1980–2013 (Energy Information Administration)</figcaption></figure>Some analysts argue that the cost of oil has a profound effect on economic growth due to its pivotal role in the extraction of resources and the processing, manufacturing, and transportation of goods.<a href="#cite_note-How_Economic_Growth_Fails-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-How_dependant_is_Growth_from_Primary_Energy-95">[95]</a> Comparing GDP and energy consumption, there is a clearly defined correlation between having a higher GDP, and having a higher energy consumption.<a href="#cite_note-:10-91">[91]</a> To some degree, this is an intuitive observation as those in very undeveloped countries use a small amount of energy (no electricity), meanwhile those in developed countries use a high amount of energy (electricity consumption, gasoline consumption), and this use of energy translates into economic activity. There is a concern by more pessimistic analysts that assuming there was a dramatic spike in the price of oil, the world economy may be unable to pay for it, leading to a disconnect between the price of oil that oil producers need to maintain supply, and the price of oil consumers need to be able to afford things.<a href="#cite_note-ourfiniteworld.com-96">[96]</a> This has partially occurred in recent years with the dramatic run-up in oil prices during 2022<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> and then the release of the US Strategic Petroleum Reserve in 2022 in order to cool down oil prices.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_consequences">Possible consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Possible consequences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hirsch_report" title="Hirsch report">Hirsch report</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malthusian_catastrophe" class="mw-redirect" title="Malthusian catastrophe">Malthusian catastrophe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></div> The wide use of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> has been one of the most important stimuli of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> and prosperity since the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> allowing humans to participate in takedown, or the consumption of energy at a greater rate than it is being replaced. Some theorize that when oil production significantly decreases, human culture and modern technological society will be forced to change drastically. A rise in oil prices as a result of peak oil could severely impact the cost of transport, food, heating, and electricity globally. A recent example of this has been seen since <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion of Ukraine</a> in 2022; a global spike in oil and energy prices exacerbated the <a href="/wiki/Global_energy_crisis_(2021%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global energy crisis (2021–present)">global energy crisis (2021–present)</a>. The impact of oil supply limitations, assuming they occur, will depend heavily on how severe the limitations are and the development and adoption of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">effective alternatives</a>.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EIA_global_transport_energy_by_fuel_2012.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/EIA_global_transport_energy_by_fuel_2012.png/220px-EIA_global_transport_energy_by_fuel_2012.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/EIA_global_transport_energy_by_fuel_2012.png/330px-EIA_global_transport_energy_by_fuel_2012.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/EIA_global_transport_energy_by_fuel_2012.png/440px-EIA_global_transport_energy_by_fuel_2012.png 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>World transport energy use by fuel type, 2012. Notice: While outdated, the general idea of the statistics hasn't changed much as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_long-term_effects_on_human_lifestyle">Possible long-term effects on human lifestyle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Possible long-term effects on human lifestyle">edit</a>]</div> Commodity production is heavily globalized in 2024, with almost all major supply chains relying upon diesel fuel or <a href="/wiki/Heavy_fuel_oil" title="Heavy fuel oil">heavy fuel oil</a> to power almost all global shipping and <a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">aviation fuel</a> to power all aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> A study from the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_Finland" title="Geological Survey of Finland">Geologic Survey of Finland</a> found that 90% of the supply chain of all industrially manufactured products depend on oil derived services or oil derived products,<a href="#cite_note-:8-69">[69]</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> data shows over 30% of global GDP accounted for by exports of goods and services.<a href="#cite_note-GDP-102">[102]</a> Many countries with highly developed economies are dependent on food imports (for example, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> produced just under half of domestic food consumption as of 2021<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>), meaning a disruption in trade due to peak oil would exacerbate <a href="/wiki/Food_insecurity" class="mw-redirect" title="Food insecurity">food insecurity</a>. Since aviation relies mainly on <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuels</a> derived from crude oil, <a href="/wiki/Commercial_aviation" title="Commercial aviation">commercial aviation</a> has been predicted to go into decline alongside global oil production as it would then become unaffordable for most people.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Alternatives such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_aircraft" title="Electric aircraft">electric aircraft</a> show promise, but are yet to prove commercially viable as of 2024,<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> while hybrids approaches such as a 50% blend of <a href="/wiki/Aviation_biofuel" title="Aviation biofuel">aviation biofuel</a> or utilising metal sails on cargo ships<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> still rely on oil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_effects_on_agriculture">Possible effects on agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Possible effects on agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_world_food_price_crisis" title="2007–2008 world food price crisis">2007–2008 world food price crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022-2023_food_crises" class="mw-redirect" title="2022-2023 food crises">2022-2023 food crises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food security</a></div> Supplies of oil are absolutely critical to <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">modern agriculture</a>. Diesel fuel and <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">agrichemicals</a> such as pesticides and fertilizers are directly derived from <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-107">[107]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Our_World_in_Data" title="Our World in Data">Our World in Data</a>, artificial <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a> feed over 3.5 billion people as of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> The largest consumer of fossil fuels in modern agriculture is <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">ammonia production</a> for <a href="/wiki/Mineral_fertilizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fertilizer">fertilizer</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-107">[107]</a> which is essential to high-yielding <a href="/wiki/Intensive_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Intensive agriculture">intensive agriculture</a>. The specific fossil fuel input to fertilizer production is primarily <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, to provide <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> via <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">steam reforming</a>. More recently, some theorize that <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> could be generated without the use of fossil fuels by using <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable electricity</a> for <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis_of_water#Applications" title="Electrolysis of water">electrolysis</a>. But as of 2024, this remains commercially unviable.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_mitigation">Possible mitigation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Possible mitigation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></div> In 2005, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> published a report titled Peaking of World Oil Production: Impacts, Mitigation, & Risk Management.<a href="#cite_note-hirsch_report-110">[110]</a> Known as the <a href="/wiki/Hirsch_report" title="Hirsch report">Hirsch report</a>, it stated, "The peaking of world oil production presents the U.S. and the world with an unprecedented risk management problem."<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> To avoid the serious <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economic</a> implications a global decline in oil production could entail, the <a href="/wiki/Hirsch_report" title="Hirsch report">Hirsch report</a> emphasized the need to find alternatives, at least ten to twenty years before the peak, and to phase out the use of oil over that time.<a href="#cite_note-hirsch_report-110">[110]</a> This was similar to <a href="/wiki/Oil_phase-out_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil phase-out in Sweden">a plan proposed for Sweden</a> that same year. Such <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">mitigation</a> could include energy conservation and fuel substitution. The timing of mitigation responses is critical. Premature initiation would be undesirable, but if initiated too late could be more costly and have more negative economic consequences.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> The two major oil consumers, China (second globally) and India (third globally), are taking many steps not to increase their crude oil consumption by encouraging the renewable energy options.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Methods that have been suggested for mitigating these urban and suburban issues include the use of non-petroleum vehicles such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">transit-oriented development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carfree_city" title="Carfree city">carfree cities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light trains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_growth" title="Smart growth">smart growth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shared_space" title="Shared space">shared space</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_consolidation" title="Urban consolidation">urban consolidation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_village" title="Urban village">urban villages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Urbanism" title="New Urbanism">New Urbanism</a>. An economic theory that has been proposed as a remedy is the introduction of a <a href="/wiki/Steady_state_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Steady state economy">steady state economy</a>. Such a system could include a tax shifting from income to depleting natural resources (and pollution), as well as the limitation of advertising that stimulates demand and population growth. It could also include the institution of policies that move away from globalization and toward localization to conserve energy resources, provide local jobs, and maintain local decision-making authority. Zoning policies could be adjusted to promote resource conservation and eliminate sprawl.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_positive_aspects">Potential positive aspects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Potential positive aspects">edit</a>]</div> It is known that the combustion of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> emits <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> which cause <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Therefore, a reduction in oil use would be a net positive for the environment. <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a> sees peak oil as holding tremendous potential for positive change, assuming countries act with foresight. The rebuilding of local food networks, green energy production, and the general implementation of "<a href="/wiki/Energy_descent" title="Energy descent">energy descent</a> culture" are argued to be ethical responses to the acknowledgment of finite fossil resources.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Transition_Towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition Towns">Transition Towns</a> movement, started in <a href="/wiki/Totnes" title="Totnes">Totnes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> and spread internationally by "The Transition Handbook" (<a href="/wiki/Rob_Hopkins" title="Rob Hopkins">Rob Hopkins</a>) and Transition Network, sees the restructuring of society for more local resilience and ecological stewardship as a natural response to the combination of peak oil and climate change.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Predictions">Predictions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Predictions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">Predicting the timing of peak oil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theory" title="Hubbert peak theory">Hubbert peak theory</a></div> The idea that the rate of oil production would peak and irreversibly decline is an old one. In 1919, David White, chief geologist of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>, wrote of US petroleum: "... the peak of production will soon be passed, possibly within 3 years."<a href="#cite_note-David_White_1919,_p.227-119">[119]</a> In 1953, Eugene Ayers, a researcher for <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Oil" title="Gulf Oil">Gulf Oil</a>, projected that if US ultimate recoverable oil reserves were 100 billion barrels, then production in the US would peak no later than 1960. If ultimate recoverable were to be as high as 200 billion barrels, which he warned was wishful thinking, US peak production would come no later than 1970. Likewise for the world, he projected a peak somewhere between 1985 (one trillion barrels ultimate recoverable) and 2000 (two trillion barrels recoverable). Ayers made his projections without a mathematical model. He wrote: "But if the curve is made to look reasonable, it is quite possible to adapt mathematical expressions to it and to determine, in this way, the peak dates corresponding to various ultimate recoverable reserve numbers"<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> By observing past discoveries and production levels, and predicting future discovery trends, the geoscientist M. King Hubbert used statistical modelling in 1956 to predict that United States oil production would peak between 1965 and 1971.<a href="#cite_note-mkinghubbert1956-121">[121]</a> While this prediction held for many decades,<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> more recently as of 2018 daily oil production in the United States had finally exceeded its previous peak in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Hubbert used a semi-<a href="/wiki/Logistic_distribution" title="Logistic distribution">logistical</a> curved model (sometimes incorrectly compared to a <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal distribution</a>). He assumed the production rate of a limited resource would follow a roughly symmetrical distribution. Depending on the limits of exploitability and market pressures, the rise or decline of resource production over time might be sharper or more stable, appear more linear or curved.<a href="#cite_note-Brandt2007-125">[125]</a> That model and its variants are now called <a href="/wiki/Hubbert_peak_theory" title="Hubbert peak theory">Hubbert peak theory</a>; they have been used to describe and predict the peak and decline of production from regions, countries, and multinational areas.<a href="#cite_note-Brandt2007-125">[125]</a> The same theory has also been applied to other limited-resource production. A comprehensive 2009 study of oil depletion by the UK Energy Research Centre noted:<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Few analysts now adhere to a symmetrical bell-shaped production curve. This is correct, as there is no natural physical reason why the production of a resource should follow such a curve and little empirical evidence that it does. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Bentley et al., Comparison of global oil supply forecasts</cite></div></blockquote> The report noted that Hubbert had used the logistic curve because it was mathematically convenient, not because he believed it to be literally correct. The study observed that in most cases the asymmetric exponential model provided a better fit (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Seneca_cliff" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca cliff">Seneca cliff model</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a>), and that peaks tended to occur well before half the oil had been produced, with the result that in nearly all cases, the post-peak decline was more gradual than the increase leading up to the peak.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_past_predictions_of_peak_oil">List of past predictions of peak oil</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: List of past predictions of peak oil">edit</a>]</div> In the 21st century, predictions of future oil production made in 2007 and 2009 stated either that the peak had already occurred,<a href="#cite_note-deffeyes012007-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-ewg1007-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-cohen102007-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-alklett112009-131">[131]</a> that oil production was on the cusp of the peak, or that it would occur soon.<a href="#cite_note-koppelaar092006-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-owen032010-133">[133]</a> A decade later, world oil production would rise to a new all time high in 2018, as developments in <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">extraction technology</a> enabled a massive expansion of U.S. <a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a> production.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Though world oil production faltered in 2020 due to the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Coronavirus pandemic">coronavirus pandemic</a> causing significant disruptions in the oil markets, production in 2023 reached a new high of 101.73 million barrels per day in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Pub. </th> <th>Made by </th> <th>Peak year/range </th> <th>Pub. </th> <th>Made by </th> <th>Peak year/range </th></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Esso" title="Esso">Esso</a> </td> <td>About 2000 </td> <td>1999 </td> <td>Parker </td> <td>2040 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </td> <td>By 2000 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Allen_Bartlett" title="Albert Allen Bartlett">A. A. Bartlett</a> </td> <td>2004 or 2019 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/M._King_Hubbert" title="M. King Hubbert">Hubbert</a> </td> <td>1991–2000 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>Duncan </td> <td>2006 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department of Energy (United Kingdom)">UK Dep. of Energy</a> </td> <td>About 2000 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>EIA </td> <td>2021–2067; 2037 most likely </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td>Hubbert </td> <td>1996 </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>EIA (WEO) </td> <td>Beyond 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Ehrlich" title="Paul R. Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a>, et al. </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>Deffeyes </td> <td>2003–2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> </td> <td>Plateau by 2004 </td> <td>2001 </td> <td>Goodstein </td> <td>2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> </td> <td>Plateau around 2000 </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>Smith </td> <td>2010–2016 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>J. Bookout </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>Campbell </td> <td>2010 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(geologist)" title="Colin Campbell (geologist)">Campbell</a> </td> <td>1989 </td> <td>2002 </td> <td>Cavallo </td> <td>2025–2028 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td>L. F. Ivanhoe </td> <td>OPEC plateau 2000–2050 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Greene, et al. </td> <td>2020–2050 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Petroconsultants" title="Petroconsultants">Petroconsultants</a> </td> <td>2005 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jean_Laherr%C3%A8re" title="Jean Laherrère">Laherrère</a> </td> <td>2010–2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>Ivanhoe </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Lynch </td> <td>No visible peak </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td>J. D. Edwards </td> <td>2020 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Shell </td> <td>After 2025 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td>2003 </td> <td>Simmons </td> <td>2007–2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td>Campbell & <a href="/wiki/Jean_Laherr%C3%A8re" title="Jean Laherrère">Laherrère</a> </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>Bakhitari </td> <td>2006–2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>Campbell </td> <td>2010 </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>CERA </td> <td>After 2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td>Peter Odell </td> <td>2060 </td> <td>2004 </td> <td>PFC Energy </td> <td>2015–2020 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size: 8pt; text-align:left">A selection of estimates of the year of peak world oil production, compiled by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Energy_Information_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Energy Information Administration">United States Energy Information Administration</a>. Some forecasts relate to conventional oil. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Criticisms">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_arguments">General arguments</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: General arguments">edit</a>]</div> The theory of peak oil is controversial and became an issue of political debate in the US and Europe in the mid-2000s. Critics argued that newly found oil reserves forestalled a peak oil event. Some argued that oil production from new oil reserves and existing fields will continue to increase at a rate that outpaces demand, until alternative energy sources for current <a href="/wiki/Energy_dependence" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy dependence">fossil fuel dependence</a> are found.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanford-139">[139]</a> In 2015, analysts in the petroleum and financial industries claimed that the "age of oil" had already reached a new stage where the excess supply that appeared in late 2014 may continue.<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shilling-141">[141]</a> A consensus was emerging that parties to an international agreement would introduce measures to constrain the combustion of hydrocarbons in an effort to limit global temperature rise to the nominal 2 °C that scientists predicted would limit environmental harm to tolerable levels.<a href="#cite_note-Paris-142">[142]</a> Another argument against the peak oil theory is reduced demand from various options and technologies <a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">substituting oil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> US federal funding to develop <a href="/wiki/Algal_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Algal fuel">algae fuels</a> increased since 2000 due to rising fuel prices.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Many other projects are being funded in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, the Middle East, and elsewhere<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> and private companies are entering the field.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_industry_representatives">Oil industry representatives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Oil industry representatives">edit</a>]</div> John Hofmeister, president of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a>'s US operations, while agreeing that conventional oil production would soon start to decline, criticized the analysis of peak oil theory by <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Simmons" title="Matthew Simmons">Matthew Simmons</a> for being "overly focused on a single country: Saudi Arabia, the world's largest exporter and OPEC <a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">swing producer</a>."<a href="#cite_note-cnbc.com-147">[147]</a> Hofmeister pointed to the large reserves at the US <a href="/wiki/Outer_continental_shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="Outer continental shelf">outer continental shelf</a>, which held an estimated 100 billion barrels (16×10<s style="display:none">^</s>9 m3) of oil and natural gas. However, only 15% of those reserves were currently exploitable, a good part of that off the coasts of Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama.<a href="#cite_note-cnbc.com-147">[147]</a> Hofmeister also pointed to unconventional sources of oil such as the <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a> of Canada, where Shell was active. The Canadian oil sands—a natural combination of sand, water, and oil found largely in Alberta and Saskatchewan—are believed to contain one trillion barrels of oil. Another trillion barrels are also said to be trapped in rocks in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming,<a href="#cite_note-HofmeisterPeakOilCriticism-148">[148]</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a>. Environmentalists argue that major environmental, social, and economic obstacles would make extracting oil from these areas excessively difficult.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> Hofmeister argued that if oil companies were allowed to drill more in the United States enough to produce another 2 million barrels per day (320×10<s style="display:none">^</s>3 m3/d), oil and gas prices would not be as high as they were in the late 2000s. He thought in 2008 that high energy prices would cause social unrest similar to the <a href="/wiki/1992_Los_Angeles_riots" title="1992 Los Angeles riots">1992 Rodney King riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HofmeiserCharlieRose-150">[150]</a> In 2009, Dr. Christof Rühl, chief economist of <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>, argued against the peak oil hypothesis:<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Physical peak oil, which I have no reason to accept as a valid statement either on theoretical, scientific or ideological grounds, would be insensitive to prices. ... In fact the whole hypothesis of peak oil – which is that there is a certain amount of oil in the ground, consumed at a certain rate, and then it's finished – does not react to anything ... Therefore there will never be a moment when the world runs out of oil because there will always be a price at which the last drop of oil can clear the market. And you can turn anything into oil if you are willing to pay the financial and environmental price ... (Global Warming) is likely to be more of a natural limit than all these peak oil theories combined. ... Peak oil has been predicted for 150 years. It has never happened, and it will stay this way. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dr. Christof Rühl, BP</cite></div></blockquote> Rühl argued that the main limitations for oil availability are "above ground" factors such as the availability of staff, expertise, technology, investment security, funds, and global warming, and that the oil question was about price and not the physical availability. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Yergin" title="Daniel Yergin">Daniel Yergin</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Energy_Research_Associates" title="Cambridge Energy Research Associates">CERA</a> suggest that a recent high price phase might add to a future demise of the oil industry, not of complete exhaustion of resources or an apocalyptic shock but the timely and smooth setup of alternatives.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> Yergin went on to say, "This is the fifth time that the world is said to be running out of oil. Each time-whether it was the 'gasoline famine' at the end of <a href="/wiki/WWI" class="mw-redirect" title="WWI">WWI</a> or the 'permanent shortage' of the 1970s-technology and the opening of new frontier areas have banished the spectre of decline. There's no reason to think that technology is finished this time."<a href="#cite_note-Ali-153">[153]</a> In 2006, Clive Mather, CEO of Shell Canada, said the Earth's supply of <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bitumen</a> hydrocarbons was "almost infinite", referring to hydrocarbons in <a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Shell_Canada_CEO-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> In 2006 attorney and mechanical engineer <a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Huber" title="Peter W. Huber">Peter W. Huber</a> asserted that the world was just running out of "cheap oil", explaining that as oil prices rise, unconventional sources become economically viable. He predicted that, "[t]he tar sands of Alberta alone contain enough hydrocarbon to fuel the entire planet for over 100 years."<a href="#cite_note-Shell_Canada_CEO-154">[154]</a> Environmental journalist <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a> responded to a 2012 report by <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Maugeri" title="Leonardo Maugeri">Leonardo Maugeri</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> by suggesting that there is more than enough oil (from unconventional sources) to "deep-fry" the world with climate change.<a href="#cite_note-peakoil-156">[156]</a> Stephen Sorrell, senior lecturer <a href="/wiki/Science_and_Technology_Policy_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Science and Technology Policy Research">Science and Technology Policy Research</a>, Sussex Energy Group, and lead author of the <a href="/wiki/UK_Energy_Research_Centre" title="UK Energy Research Centre">UKERC</a> Global Oil Depletion report, and Christophe McGlade, doctoral researcher at the UCL Energy Institute have criticized Maugeri's assumptions about decline rates.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <dl><dt>Prediction</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP#Climate_policy" title="BP">BP Energy Outlook 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomer" title="Doomer">Doomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoflation" title="Ecoflation">Ecoflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbert_linearization" title="Hubbert linearization">Hubbert linearization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Storm" title="Oil Storm">Oil Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olduvai_theory" title="Olduvai theory">Olduvai theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_collapse" title="Societal collapse">Societal collapse</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Energy policy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_development" title="Energy development">Energy development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Energy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_security" title="Energy security">Energy security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_strategic_petroleum_reserves" title="Global strategic petroleum reserves">Global strategic petroleum reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-nuclear_movement" title="Pro-nuclear movement">Pro-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_energy_path" title="Soft energy path">Soft energy path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_independence" title="United States energy independence">United States energy independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_energy_law" title="United States energy law">United States energy law</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Economics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000s_commodities_boom" title="2000s commodities boom">2000s commodities boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_stock_market_crash" title="2020 stock market crash">2020 stock market crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932023_global_energy_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2021–2023 global energy crisis">2021–2023 global energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_bubble" title="Carbon bubble">Carbon bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diminishing_returns" title="Diminishing returns">Diminishing returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">Efficient energy use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_impact_of_the_2019%E2%80%9320_coronavirus_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic">Financial impact of the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuznets_curve" title="Kuznets curve">Kuznets curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">List of countries by oil consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">List of countries by proven oil reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_burden" title="Oil burden">Oil burden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranded_asset" title="Stranded asset">Stranded assets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_oil_market_chronology_from_2003" title="World oil market chronology from 2003">World oil market chronology from 2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jevons_paradox" title="Jevons paradox">Jevons paradox</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Others</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_%26_gas)_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Oil" title="Age of Oil">Age of Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_number_(oil)" title="Magic number (oil)">Magic number (oil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Shockwave" title="Oil Shockwave">Oil Shockwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_car" title="Peak car">Peak car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Peak coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">Peak copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">Peak gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak gold">Peak gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">Peak minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">Peak phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_uranium" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak uranium">Peak uranium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wheat" title="Peak wheat">Peak wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Resource depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Coal_Question" title="The Coal Question">The Coal Question</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link 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Retrieved 16 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC+News&rft.atitle=The+%27Peak+Oil%27+Theory%3A+Will+Oil+Reserves+Run+Dry%3F&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft.aulast=Stier&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2008%2F03%2F20%2Fthe-peak-oil-theory-will-oil-reserves-run-dry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HofmeisterPeakOilCriticism-148"><a href="#cite_ref-HofmeisterPeakOilCriticism_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Stier2008" class="citation web cs1">Kenneth Stier (20 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2008/03/20/the-peak-oil-theory-will-oil-reserves-run-dry.html">"The 'Peak Oil' Theory: Will Oil Reserves Run Dry?"</a>. CNBC. Retrieved 26 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Peak+Oil%27+Theory%3A+Will+Oil+Reserves+Run+Dry%3F&rft.pub=CNBC&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft.au=Kenneth+Stier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2008%2F03%2F20%2Fthe-peak-oil-theory-will-oil-reserves-run-dry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Laumer2007" class="citation web cs1">John Laumer (26 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110713105119/http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/12/after_the_tar_s.php">"A Return To Colorado Oil Shale?"</a>. TreeHugger. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.treehugger.com/files/2007/12/after_the_tar_s.php">the original</a> on 13 July 2011. Retrieved 8 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Return+To+Colorado+Oil+Shale%3F&rft.pub=TreeHugger&rft.date=2007-12-26&rft.au=John+Laumer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treehugger.com%2Ffiles%2F2007%2F12%2Fafter_the_tar_s.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HofmeiserCharlieRose-150"><a href="#cite_ref-HofmeiserCharlieRose_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlie_Rose" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose" title="Charlie Rose">Charlie Rose</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081017135852/http://www.charlierose.com/shows/2008/03/25/1/a-conversation-with-john-hofmeister">"A conversation with John Hofmeister"</a>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlierose.com/shows/2008/03/25/1/a-conversation-with-john-hofmeister">the original</a> on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 29 March 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+conversation+with+John+Hofmeister&rft.pub=PBS&rft.au=Charlie+Rose&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.charlierose.com%2Fshows%2F2008%2F03%2F25%2F1%2Fa-conversation-with-john-hofmeister&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euractiv.de/section/energie-und-umwelt/interview/bp-preisschwankungen-werden-wahrscheinlich-zunehmen/">"BP: Preisschwankungen werden wahrscheinlich zunehmenen, Interview (in English) mit Dr. Christof Rühl, Mittwoch 1"</a>. Euractiv. October 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BP%3A+Preisschwankungen+werden+wahrscheinlich+zunehmenen%2C+Interview+%28in+English%29+mit+Dr.+Christof+R%C3%BChl%2C+Mittwoch+1&rft.pub=Euractiv&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.de%2Fsection%2Fenergie-und-umwelt%2Finterview%2Fbp-preisschwankungen-werden-wahrscheinlich-zunehmen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Financial Times Germany, 29 May 2008 Daniel Yergin: Öl am Wendepunkt (Oil at the turning point) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Ali_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Naimi2016" class="citation book cs1">Al-Naimi, Ali (2016). Out of the Desert. Great Britain: Portfolio Penguin. pp. 244–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241279250" title="Special:BookSources/9780241279250"><bdi>9780241279250</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Desert&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pages=244-246&rft.pub=Portfolio+Penguin&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780241279250&rft.aulast=Al-Naimi&rft.aufirst=Ali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shell_Canada_CEO-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shell_Canada_CEO_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shell_Canada_CEO_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/2020/Stossel/story?id=1954572">"Myth: The World Is Running Out of Oil"</a>. ABC News. 12 May 2006. Retrieved 26 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Myth%3A+The+World+Is+Running+Out+of+Oil&rft.pub=ABC+News&rft.date=2006-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2F2020%2FStossel%2Fstory%3Fid%3D1954572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Maugeri, Leonardo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/Oil-%20The%20Next%20Revolution.pdf">"Oil: The Next Revolution" Discussion Paper 2012–10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfer_Center_for_Science_and_International_Affairs" title="Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs">Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a>, June 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-peakoil-156"><a href="#cite_ref-peakoil_156-0">^</a> Monbiot, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/02/peak-oil-we-we-wrong">"We were wrong on peak oil. There's enough to fry us all"</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 2 July 2012. Retrieved 13 July 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Mearns, Euan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/A-Critical-Appraisal-of-Leonardo-Maugeris-Decline-Rate-Assumptions.html:">"A Critical Appraisal of Leonardo Maugeri's Decline Rate Assumptions"</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Oil_Drum" title="The Oil Drum">The Oil Drum</a>, 10 July 2012. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_information">Further information</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further information">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleklett,_Kjel2012" class="citation book cs1">Aleklett, Kjel (2012). Peeking at Peak Oil. Springer Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3423-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3423-8"><bdi>978-1-4614-3423-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peeking+at+Peak+Oil&rft.pub=Springer+Science&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-3423-8&rft.au=Aleklett%2C+Kjel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell,_Colin_J.2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_J._Campbell" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin J. Campbell">Campbell, Colin J.</a> (2004). The Essence of Oil & Gas Depletion. Multi-Science Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-906522-19-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-906522-19-6"><bdi>978-0-906522-19-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essence+of+Oil+%26+Gas+Depletion&rft.pub=Multi-Science+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-906522-19-6&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Colin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Campbell, Colin J. (2005). Oil Crisis Multi-Science Publishing.</li> <li>Campbell, Colin J. (2013). Campbell's Atlas of Oil and Gas Depletion <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3576-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-3576-1">978-1-4614-3576-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeffeyes,_Kenneth_S.2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Deffeyes" title="Kenneth S. Deffeyes">Deffeyes, Kenneth S.</a> (2002). Hubbert's Peak: The Impending World Oil Shortage. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09086-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-09086-3"><bdi>978-0-691-09086-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hubbert%27s+Peak%3A+The+Impending+World+Oil+Shortage&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-691-09086-3&rft.au=Deffeyes%2C+Kenneth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeffeyes,_Kenneth_S.2005" class="citation book cs1">Deffeyes, Kenneth S. (2005). <a href="/wiki/Beyond_Oil" title="Beyond Oil">Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert's Peak</a>. Hill and Wang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-2956-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8090-2956-3"><bdi>978-0-8090-2956-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Oil%3A+The+View+from+Hubbert%27s+Peak&rft.pub=Hill+and+Wang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8090-2956-3&rft.au=Deffeyes%2C+Kenneth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodstein_David2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Goodstein" title="David Goodstein">Goodstein David</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/Out_of_Gas:_The_End_of_the_Age_of_Oil" title="Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil">Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil</a>. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts. Vol. 2004. WW Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outofgasendofage00good/page/">U21B–03</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004AGUFM.U21B..03G">2004AGUFM.U21B..03G</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05857-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05857-4"><bdi>978-0-393-05857-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Gas%3A+The+End+of+the+Age+of+Oil&rft.series=AGU+Fall+Meeting+Abstracts&rft.pages=U21B-03&rft.pub=WW+Norton&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004AGUFM.U21B..03G&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05857-4&rft.au=Goodstein+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer,_John_M.2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Greer" title="John Michael Greer">Greer, John M.</a> (2008). The Long Descent: A User's Guide to the End of the Industrial Age. New Society Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-865-71609-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-865-71609-4"><bdi>978-0-865-71609-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Descent%3A+A+User%27s+Guide+to+the+End+of+the+Industrial+Age&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-865-71609-4&rft.au=Greer%2C+John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer,_John_M.2013" class="citation book cs1">Greer, John M. (2013). Not the Future We Ordered: The Psychology of Peak Oil and the Myth of Eternal Progress. Karnac Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78049-088-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78049-088-5"><bdi>978-1-78049-088-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Not+the+Future+We+Ordered%3A+The+Psychology+of+Peak+Oil+and+the+Myth+of+Eternal+Progress&rft.pub=Karnac+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78049-088-5&rft.au=Greer%2C+John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerold,_D._M.2012" class="citation book cs1">Herold, D. M. (2012). Peak Oil. Hurstelung und Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8448-0097-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8448-0097-5"><bdi>978-3-8448-0097-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peak+Oil&rft.pub=Hurstelung+und+Verlag&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-8448-0097-5&rft.au=Herold%2C+D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinberg,_Richard2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Heinberg" title="Richard Heinberg">Heinberg, Richard</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Party%27s_Over:_Oil,_War,_and_the_Fate_of_Industrial_Societies" title="The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies">The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies</a>. New Society Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-482-3"><bdi>978-0-86571-482-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Party%27s+Over%3A+Oil%2C+War%2C+and+the+Fate+of+Industrial+Societies&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-86571-482-3&rft.au=Heinberg%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinberg,_Richard2004" class="citation book cs1">Heinberg, Richard (2004). <a href="/wiki/Power_Down:_Options_and_Actions_for_a_Post-Carbon_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Down: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World">Power Down: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World</a>. New Society Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-510-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-510-3"><bdi>978-0-86571-510-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Down%3A+Options+and+Actions+for+a+Post-Carbon+World&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-86571-510-3&rft.au=Heinberg%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinberg,_Richard2006" class="citation book cs1">Heinberg, Richard (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oildepletionprot0000hein">The Oil Depletion Protocol: A Plan to Avert Oil Wars, Terrorism and Economic Collapse</a>. New Society Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-563-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-563-9"><bdi>978-0-86571-563-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oil+Depletion+Protocol%3A+A+Plan+to+Avert+Oil+Wars%2C+Terrorism+and+Economic+Collapse&rft.pub=New+Society+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-86571-563-9&rft.au=Heinberg%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foildepletionprot0000hein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinberg,_RichardLerch,_Daniel2010" class="citation book cs1">Heinberg, Richard & Lerch, Daniel (2010). The Post Carbon Reader: Managing the 21st Century's Sustainability Crises. Watershed Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9709500-6-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9709500-6-2"><bdi>978-0-9709500-6-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Post+Carbon+Reader%3A+Managing+the+21st+Century%27s+Sustainability+Crises&rft.pub=Watershed+Media&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9709500-6-2&rft.au=Heinberg%2C+Richard&rft.au=Lerch%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Herberg, Mikkal (2014). Energy Security and the Asia-Pacific: Course Reader. United States: The National Bureau of Asian Research.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber,_Peter2005" class="citation book cs1">Huber, Peter (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bottomlesswelltw00hube">The Bottomless Well</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-03116-0"><bdi>978-0-465-03116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bottomless+Well&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-465-03116-0&rft.au=Huber%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbottomlesswelltw00hube&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKunstler_James_H.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">Kunstler James H.</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Long_Emergency" title="The Long Emergency">The Long Emergency: Surviving the End of the Oil Age, Climate Change, and Other Converging Catastrophes</a>. Atlantic Monthly Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-888-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-888-0"><bdi>978-0-87113-888-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Emergency%3A+Surviving+the+End+of+the+Oil+Age%2C+Climate+Change%2C+and+Other+Converging+Catastrophes&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-888-0&rft.au=Kunstler+James+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggett_Jeremy_K.2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Leggett" title="Jeremy Leggett">Leggett Jeremy K.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emptytankoilgash00legg">The Empty Tank: Oil, Gas, Hot Air, and the Coming Financial Catastrophe</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6527-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6527-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-6527-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empty+Tank%3A+Oil%2C+Gas%2C+Hot+Air%2C+and+the+Coming+Financial+Catastrophe&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6527-1&rft.au=Leggett+Jeremy+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femptytankoilgash00legg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggett,_Jeremy_K.2005" class="citation book cs1">Leggett, Jeremy K. (2005). Half Gone: Oil, Gas, Hot Air and the Global Energy Crisis. Portobello Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84627-004-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84627-004-8"><bdi>978-1-84627-004-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Half+Gone%3A+Oil%2C+Gas%2C+Hot+Air+and+the+Global+Energy+Crisis&rft.pub=Portobello+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84627-004-8&rft.au=Leggett%2C+Jeremy+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovins_Amory2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amory_Lovins" title="Amory Lovins">Lovins Amory</a>; et al. (2005). <a href="/wiki/Winning_the_Oil_Endgame" title="Winning the Oil Endgame">Winning the Oil Endgame: Innovation for Profit, Jobs and Security</a>. Rocky Mountain Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-881071-10-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-881071-10-5"><bdi>978-1-881071-10-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winning+the+Oil+Endgame%3A+Innovation+for+Profit%2C+Jobs+and+Security&rft.pub=Rocky+Mountain+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-881071-10-5&rft.au=Lovins+Amory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer_Dale_Allen2004" class="citation book cs1">Pfeiffer Dale Allen (2004). The End of the Oil Age. Lulu Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-0629-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-0629-6"><bdi>978-1-4116-0629-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+Oil+Age&rft.pub=Lulu+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4116-0629-6&rft.au=Pfeiffer+Dale+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman_Sheila2008" class="citation book cs1">Newman Sheila (2008). The Final Energy Crisis (2nd ed.). Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2717-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2717-4"><bdi>978-0-7453-2717-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/228370383">228370383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Energy+Crisis&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F228370383&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2717-4&rft.au=Newman+Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts_Paul2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Roberts_(author)" title="Paul Roberts (author)">Roberts Paul</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Oil" title="The End of Oil">The End of Oil. On the Edge of a Perilous New World</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-23977-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-23977-1"><bdi>978-0-618-23977-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+Oil.+On+the+Edge+of+a+Perilous+New+World&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-618-23977-1&rft.au=Roberts+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuppert_Michael_C2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruppert" title="Michael Ruppert">Ruppert Michael C</a> (2005). Crossing the Rubicon: The Decline of the American Empire at the End of the Age of Oil. New Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-540-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86571-540-0"><bdi>978-0-86571-540-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossing+the+Rubicon%3A+The+Decline+of+the+American+Empire+at+the+End+of+the+Age+of+Oil&rft.pub=New+Society&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86571-540-0&rft.au=Ruppert+Michael+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons_Matthew_R2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_R._Simmons" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew R. Simmons">Simmons Matthew R</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/twilightindesert00simm_0">Twilight in the Desert: The Coming Saudi Oil Shock and the World Economy</a>. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-73876-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-73876-3"><bdi>978-0-471-73876-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+in+the+Desert%3A+The+Coming+Saudi+Oil+Shock+and+the+World+Economy&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-471-73876-3&rft.au=Simmons+Matthew+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftwilightindesert00simm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Julian_L1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Lincoln_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Lincoln Simon">Simon Julian L</a> (1998). The Ultimate Resource. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00381-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00381-8"><bdi>978-0-691-00381-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Resource&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00381-8&rft.au=Simon+Julian+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider-Mayerson_Matthew2015" class="citation book cs1">Schneider-Mayerson Matthew (2015). Peak Oil: Apocalyptic Environmentalism and Libertarian Political Culture. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28543-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-28543-6"><bdi>978-0-226-28543-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peak+Oil%3A+Apocalyptic+Environmentalism+and+Libertarian+Political+Culture&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-226-28543-6&rft.au=Schneider-Mayerson+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansberry_Mark_AReimbold_Jason2008" class="citation book cs1">Stansberry Mark A; Reimbold Jason (2008). The Braking Point. Hawk Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930709-67-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930709-67-6"><bdi>978-1-930709-67-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Braking+Point&rft.pub=Hawk+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-930709-67-6&rft.au=Stansberry+Mark+A&rft.au=Reimbold+Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTertzakian_Peter2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Tertzakian" title="Peter Tertzakian">Tertzakian Peter</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thousandbarrelss00tert">A Thousand Barrels a Second</a>. McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146874-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146874-9"><bdi>978-0-07-146874-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Thousand+Barrels+a+Second&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-146874-9&rft.au=Tertzakian+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthousandbarrelss00tert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVassiliou,_Marius2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Vassiliou" title="Marius Vassiliou">Vassiliou, Marius</a> (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Scarecrow Press (Rowman & Littlefield). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5993-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5993-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-5993-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Petroleum+Industry&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press+%28Rowman+%26+Littlefield%29&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5993-7&rft.au=Vassiliou%2C+Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Articles">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenner,_Katie2005" class="citation news cs1">Benner, Katie (7 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2005/12/07/markets/peak_oil/index.htm">"Lawmakers: Will we run out of oil?"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lawmakers%3A+Will+we+run+out+of+oil%3F&rft.date=2005-12-07&rft.au=Benner%2C+Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2005%2F12%2F07%2Fmarkets%2Fpeak_oil%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenner,_Katie2004" class="citation news cs1">Benner, Katie (3 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2004/11/02/markets/peak_oil/">"Oil: Is the end at hand?"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Oil%3A+Is+the+end+at+hand%3F&rft.date=2004-11-03&rft.au=Benner%2C+Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2004%2F11%2F02%2Fmarkets%2Fpeak_oil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColin,_Campbell,_Laherrère_Jean1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(geologist)" title="Colin Campbell (geologist)">Colin, Campbell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Laherr%C3%A8re" title="Jean Laherrère">Laherrère Jean</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012357/http://dieoff.org/page140.htm">"The end of cheap oil"</a>. Scientific American. 278 (3): 78–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998SciAm.278c..78C">1998SciAm.278c..78C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0398-78">10.1038/scientificamerican0398-78</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dieoff.org/page140.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+end+of+cheap+oil&rft.volume=278&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=78-83&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0398-78&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998SciAm.278c..78C&rft.au=Colin%2C+Campbell%2C+Laherr%C3%A8re+Jean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdieoff.org%2Fpage140.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267748678_Some_behavioral_aspects_of_energy_descent_How_a_biophysical_psychology_might_help_people_transition_through_the_lean_times_ahead">De Young, R. (2014). "Some behavioral aspects of energy descent." Frontiers in Psychology, 5(1255).</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2005" class="citation news cs1">Porter, Adam (10 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4077802.stm">"'Peak oil' enters mainstream debate"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 26 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Peak+oil%27+enters+mainstream+debate&rft.date=2005-06-10&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F4077802.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriel_Schwartz2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Ariel Schwartz (9 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/1725372/wikileaks-may-have-just-confirmed-the-existence-of-peak-oil">"WikiLeaks May Have Just Confirmed That Peak Oil Is Imminent"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fast_Company_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast Company (magazine)">Fast Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+May+Have+Just+Confirmed+That+Peak+Oil+Is+Imminent&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.au=Ariel+Schwartz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F1725372%2Fwikileaks-may-have-just-confirmed-the-existence-of-peak-oil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Schneider-Mayerson2013" class="citation news cs1">Matthew Schneider-Mayerson (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/72185/Schneider-Mayerson,%20From%20Politics%20to%20Prophecy.pdf?sequence=1">"From politics to prophecy: environmental quiescence and the peak-oil movement"</a> (PDF). Environmental Politics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=From+politics+to+prophecy%3A+environmental+quiescence+and+the+peak-oil+movement&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Matthew+Schneider-Mayerson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.rice.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1911%2F72185%2FSchneider-Mayerson%2C%2520From%2520Politics%2520to%2520Prophecy.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeak+oil" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Documentary films">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Suburbia" title="The End of Suburbia">The End of Suburbia: Oil Depletion and the Collapse of the American Dream</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Crude_Awakening:_The_Oil_Crash" title="A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash">A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Community:_How_Cuba_Survived_Peak_Oil" title="The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil">The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crude_Impact" title="Crude Impact">Crude Impact</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_a_Way_to_Go:_Life_at_the_End_of_Empire" title="What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire">What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crude_(2007_film)" title="Crude (2007 film)">Crude</a> (2007) Australian Broadcasting Corporation documentary [3 x 30 minutes] about the formation of oil, and humanity's use of it</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroApocalypse_Now%3F" title="PetroApocalypse Now?">PetroApocalypse Now?</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Doring#Blind_Spot" title="Adolfo Doring">Blind Spot</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GasHole" title="GasHole">GasHole</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_(film)" title="Collapse (film)">Collapse</a> (2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peakoil.com/generalideas/peak-oil-a-staggering-challenge-to-business-as-usual">Peak Oil: A Staggering Challenge to "Business As Usual"</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Podcasts">Podcasts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Podcasts">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energyx.org/saudi-america/">Saudi America? – The U.S. Oil Boom in Perspective</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kunstler.com/podcast/kunstlercast-275-art-berman-clarifies-whatever-happened-to-peak-oil/">KunstlerCast 275 — Art Berman Clarifies Whatever Happened to Peak Oil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Peak_oil&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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href="http://www.resilience.org/tag-search-results/90748-peak%20oil/79236">Peak Oil related articles</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161125190700/http://www.resilience.org/tag-search-results/90748-peak%20oil/79236">Archived</a> 25 November 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Resilience.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drmillslmu.com/peakoil.htm">Evolutionary psychology and peak oil: A Malthusian inspired "heads up" for humanity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022185919/http://drmillslmu.com/peakoil.htm">Archived</a> 22 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> An overview of peak oil, possible impacts, and mitigation strategies, by Dr. Michael Mills</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mazamascience.com/OilExport/">Energy Export Databrowser</a>-Visual review of production and consumption trends for individual nations; data from the BP Annual Statistical Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eaa-phev.org/wiki/Peak_oil">Peak oil – EAA-PHEV Wiki</a> Electric vehicles provide an opportunity to transition away from fueling our vehicles with petroleum fuels.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peakoilchart.com/peak-oil-chart?excluded=236.40.106">Peak oil charts</a> A site that allows users to group and chart production data by country.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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oil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/120px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/180px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg/240px-Hubbert_peak_oil_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Results/responses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_energy_crisis_(2021%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Global energy crisis (2021–present)">Global energy crisis (2021–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crisis" title="Energy crisis">Energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Export_Land_Model" title="Export Land Model">Export Land Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirsch_report" title="Hirsch report">Hirsch report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_reserves_and_resource_quantification" title="Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification">Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickens_Plan" title="Pickens Plan">Pickens Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price of oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimini_protocol" title="Rimini protocol">Rimini protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Allen_Bartlett" title="Albert Allen Bartlett">Albert Allen Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell_(geologist)" title="Colin Campbell (geologist)">Colin J. Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_S._Deffeyes" title="Kenneth S. Deffeyes">Kenneth S. Deffeyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodstein" title="David Goodstein">David Goodstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Michael_Greer" title="John Michael Greer">John Michael Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Heinberg" title="Richard Heinberg">Richard Heinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._King_Hubbert" title="M. King Hubbert">M. King Hubbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Howard_Kunstler" title="James Howard Kunstler">James Howard Kunstler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Laherr%C3%A8re" title="Jean Laherrère">Jean Laherrère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Leggett" title="Jeremy Leggett">Jeremy Leggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Allen_Pfeiffer" title="Dale Allen Pfeiffer">Dale Allen Pfeiffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rainwater" title="Richard Rainwater">Richard Rainwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ruppert" title="Michael Ruppert">Michael Ruppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Simmons" title="Matthew Simmons">Matthew Simmons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth" title="The Limits to Growth">The Limits to Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_Oil" title="Beyond Oil">Beyond Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Oil" title="The End of Oil">The End of Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Emergency" title="The Long Emergency">The Long Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out_of_Gas:_The_End_of_the_Age_of_Oil" title="Out of Gas: The End of the Age of Oil">Out of Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Party%27s_Over:_Oil,_War,_and_the_Fate_of_Industrial_Societies" title="The Party's Over: Oil, War, and the Fate of Industrial Societies">The Party's Over</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_Down:_Options_and_Actions_for_a_Post-Carbon_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Power Down: Options and Actions for a Post-Carbon World">Power Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twilight_in_the_Desert" title="Twilight in the Desert">Twilight in the Desert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentary films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Crude_Awakening:_The_Oil_Crash" title="A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash">A Crude Awakening: The Oil Crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collapse_(film)" title="Collapse (film)">Collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crude_(2007_film)" title="Crude (2007 film)">Crude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Suburbia" title="The End of Suburbia">The End of Suburbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Suburbia" title="Escape from Suburbia">Escape from Suburbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_(film)" title="Fuel (film)">Fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GasHole" title="GasHole">GasHole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oil_Factor" title="The Oil Factor">The Oil Factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroApocalypse_Now%3F" title="PetroApocalypse Now?">PetroApocalypse Now?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Community:_How_Cuba_Survived_Peak_Oil" title="The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil">The Power of Community: How Cuba Survived Peak Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_a_Way_to_Go:_Life_at_the_End_of_Empire" title="What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire">What a Way to Go: Life at the End of Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_Watch_Group" title="Energy Watch Group">Energy Watch Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Renewable_Energy_Agency" title="International Renewable Energy Agency">International Renewable Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Depletion_Analysis_Centre" title="Oil Depletion Analysis Centre">Oil Depletion Analysis Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Oil_Drum" title="The Oil Drum">The Oil Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Arab_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries" title="Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries">Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_Carbon_Institute" title="Post Carbon Institute">Post Carbon Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/REN21" title="REN21">REN21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other peaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_car" title="Peak car">Car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">Gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak soil">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wheat" title="Peak wheat">Wheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Petroleum_industry" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Petroleum_industry" title="Template talk:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Petroleum industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Petroleum_industry" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum industry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_energy" title="Primary energy">Primary energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(crude_oil)" title="Benchmark (crude oil)">Benchmarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argus_Sour_Crude_Index" title="Argus Sour Crude Index">Argus Sour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonny_Light_oil" title="Bonny Light oil">Bonny Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Crude" title="Brent Crude">Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubai_Crude" title="Dubai Crude">Dubai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Basket" title="Indian Basket">Indian Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Crude_Price" title="Indonesian Crude Price">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus-34_Light" title="Isthmus-34 Light">Isthmus-34 Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Crude_Cocktail" title="Japan Crude Cocktail">Japan Cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapis_crude" title="Tapis crude">Tapis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urals_oil" title="Urals oil">Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Select" title="Western Canadian Select">Western Canadian Select</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Data</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Natural gas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_consumption" title="List of countries by natural gas consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_proven_reserves" title="List of countries by natural gas proven reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_imports" title="List of countries by natural gas imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_exports" title="List of countries by natural gas exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_prices" title="Natural gas prices">Price</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Petroleum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_consumption" title="List of countries by oil consumption">Consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_production" title="List of countries by oil production">Production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_imports" title="List of countries by oil imports">Imports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_oil_exports" title="List of countries by oil exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posted_oil_price" title="Posted oil price">Posted oil price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_of_oil" title="Price of oil">Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_and_diesel_usage_and_pricing" title="Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing">of gasoline and diesel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon_exploration" title="Hydrocarbon exploration">Exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">Core sampling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">Geophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_asset_modelling" title="Integrated asset modelling">Integrated asset modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_engineering" title="Petroleum engineering">Petroleum engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_simulation" title="Reservoir simulation">Reservoir simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir_modeling" title="Reservoir modeling">Reservoir modeling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_geology" title="Petroleum geology">Petroleum geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrophysics" title="Petrophysics">Petrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflection_seismology" title="Reflection seismology">Reflection seismology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_inversion" title="Seismic inversion">Seismic inversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seismic_source" title="Seismic source">Seismic source</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">Drilling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowout_(well_drilling)" title="Blowout (well drilling)">Blowout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Completion_(oil_and_gas_wells)" title="Completion (oil and gas wells)">Completion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_job" title="Squeeze job">Squeeze job</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_sticking" title="Differential sticking">Differential sticking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">Directional drilling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geosteering" title="Geosteering">Geosteering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_stem_test" title="Drill stem test">Drill stem test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_engineering" title="Drilling engineering">Drilling engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">Drilling fluid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid_invasion" title="Drilling fluid invasion">invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_circulation" title="Lost circulation">Lost circulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measurement_while_drilling" title="Measurement while drilling">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_oil_extraction" title="Shale oil extraction">Shale oil extraction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fredrik_Ljungstr%C3%B6m#Shale_oil_extraction" title="Fredrik Ljungström">Ljungström method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_use_in_the_oil_industry" title="Tracer use in the oil industry">Tracers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbalanced_drilling" title="Underbalanced drilling">Underbalanced drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_logging" title="Well logging">Well logging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Extraction_of_petroleum" title="Extraction of petroleum">Production</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_fiscal_regime" title="Petroleum fiscal regime">Petroleum fiscal regime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_licensing" title="Petroleum licensing">Concessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_sharing_agreement" title="Production sharing agreement">Production sharing agreements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_lift" title="Artificial lift">Artificial lift</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_lift" title="Gas lift">Gas lift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpjack" title="Pumpjack">Pumpjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump (ESP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Downstream (petroleum industry)">Downstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recovery" title="Enhanced oil recovery">Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_reinjection" title="Gas reinjection">Gas reinjection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_injection_(oil_industry)" title="Steam injection (oil industry)">Steam injection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">Midstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_product" title="Petroleum product">Petroleum product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline" title="Pipeline">Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">Refining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstream_(petroleum_industry)" title="Upstream (petroleum industry)">Upstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">Water injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_intervention" title="Well intervention">Well intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_(oil_well)" title="Christmas tree (oil well)">XT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry" title="History of the petroleum industry">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1967_Oil_Embargo" title="1967 Oil Embargo">1967 Oil Embargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_oil_crisis" title="1979 oil crisis">1979 oil crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980s_oil_glut" title="1980s oil glut">1980s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_oil_price_shock" title="1990 oil price shock">1990 oil price shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_energy_crisis" title="2000s energy crisis">2000s energy crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_oil_glut" title="2010s oil glut">2010s oil glut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russia%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_oil_price_war" title="2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war">2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_oil_supplies" title="Nationalization of oil supplies">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">GECF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sisters_(oil_companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Sisters (oil companies)">Seven Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_France" title="History of the petroleum industry in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_India" title="History of the oil industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iraq" title="Petroleum industry in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Norway" title="History of the petroleum industry in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_oil_industry_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the oil industry in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_the_United_States" title="History of the petroleum industry in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Venezuelan_oil_industry" title="History of the Venezuelan oil industry">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Provinces and fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_fields" title="List of natural gas fields">List of natural gas fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_fields" title="List of oil fields">List of oil fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Oil_Province" title="East Midlands Oil Province">East Midlands Oil Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Texas_Oil_Field" title="East Texas Oil Field">East Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Delta#Nigerian_oil" title="Niger Delta">Niger Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Russia" title="Oil reserves in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Venezuela" title="Oil reserves in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin">Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_abbreviations_in_oil_and_gas_exploration_and_production" title="List of abbreviations in oil and gas exploration and production">Abbreviations</a></li> <li>Classification <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_crude_oil" title="Sweet crude oil">sweet oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sour_crude_oil" title="Sour crude oil">sour oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_gas" title="Oil shale gas">Oil shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_wells" title="Orphan wells">Orphan wells</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peak oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicting_the_timing_of_peak_oil" title="Predicting the timing of peak oil">timing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrocurrency" title="Petrocurrency">Petrocurrency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrodollar_recycling" title="Petrodollar recycling">Petrodollar recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofiction" title="Petrofiction">Petrofiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_band" title="Shale band">Shale band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale_gas" title="Shale gas">Shale gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_producer" title="Swing producer">Swing producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconventional_(oil_and_gas)_reservoir" title="Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir">Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_crude_oil" title="Heavy crude oil">heavy crude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">oil sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Companies and organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_oil_exploration_and_production_companies" title="List of oil exploration and production companies">petroleum companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Big_Oil" title="Big Oil">Supermajors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevron_Corporation" title="Chevron Corporation">Chevron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TotalEnergies" title="TotalEnergies">TotalEnergies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_oil_company" title="National oil company">National oil companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi_National_Oil_Company" title="Abu Dhabi National Oil Company">Abu Dhabi National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANCAP_(Uruguay)" title="ANCAP (Uruguay)">ANCAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Petroleum" title="Bharat Petroleum">Bharat Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Offshore_Oil_Corporation" title="China National Offshore Oil Corporation">China National Offshore Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Petroleum_Corporation" title="China National Petroleum Corporation">China National Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopetrol" title="Ecopetrol">Ecopetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Petroleum" title="Hindustan Petroleum">Hindustan Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Oil_Corporation" title="Indian Oil Corporation">Indian Oil Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_National_Oil_Company" title="Iraq National Oil Company">Iraq National Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KazMunayGas" title="KazMunayGas">KazMunayGas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Kuwait Petroleum Corporation">Kuwait Petroleum Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupa_Lotos" title="Grupa Lotos">Lotos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftogaz" title="Naftogaz">Naftogaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_South_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian South Oil Company">National Iranian South Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NNPC_Limited" title="NNPC Limited">NNPC Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_%26_Gas_Development_Company" title="Oil & Gas Development Company">Oil & Gas Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_and_Natural_Gas_Corporation" title="Oil and Natural Gas Corporation">Oil and Natural Gas Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlen" title="Orlen">Orlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDVSA" title="PDVSA">PDVSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemex" title="Pemex">Pemex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobangla" title="Petrobangla">Petrobangla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrobras" title="Petrobras">Petrobras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PetroChina" title="PetroChina">PetroChina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronas" title="Petronas">Petronas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrovietnam" title="Petrovietnam">Petrovietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PTT_Public_Company_Limited" title="PTT Public Company Limited">PTT Public Company Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QatarEnergy" title="QatarEnergy">QatarEnergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosneft" title="Rosneft">Rosneft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Aramco" title="Saudi Aramco">Saudi Aramco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinopec" title="Sinopec">Sinopec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOCAR" title="SOCAR">SOCAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonangol_Group" title="Sonangol Group">Sonangol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonatrach" title="Sonatrach">Sonatrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPAO" title="TPAO">TPAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YPF" title="YPF">YPF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy trading">Energy trading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enron" title="Enron">Enron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunvor" title="Gunvor">Gunvor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercuria" title="Mercuria">Mercuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafigura" title="Trafigura">Trafigura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitol" title="Vitol">Vitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APA_Corporation" title="APA Corporation">APA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenovus_Energy" title="Cenovus Energy">Cenovus Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepsa" title="Cepsa">Cepsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConocoPhillips" title="ConocoPhillips">ConocoPhillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Energy" title="Devon Energy">Devon Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eneos_Holdings" title="Eneos Holdings">Eneos Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galp_Energia" title="Galp Energia">Galp Energia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husky_Energy" title="Husky Energy">Husky Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Oil" title="Imperial Oil">Imperial Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Oil" title="Marathon Oil">Marathon Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_Petroleum" title="Marathon Petroleum">Marathon Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Petroleum" title="Occidental Petroleum">Occidental Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMV" title="OMV">OMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_66" title="Phillips 66">Phillips 66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Harcourt_Refining_Company" title="Port Harcourt Refining Company">Port Harcourt Refining Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliance_Industries" title="Reliance Industries">Reliance Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repsol" title="Repsol">Repsol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncor_Energy" title="Suncor Energy">Suncor Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunoco" title="Sunoco">Sunoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgutneftegas" title="Surgutneftegas">Surgutneftegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TechnipFMC" title="TechnipFMC">TechnipFMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNK-BP" title="TNK-BP">TNK-BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullow_Oil" title="Tullow Oil">Tullow Oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCpra%C5%9F" title="Tüpraş">Tüpraş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valero_Energy" title="Valero Energy">Valero Energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_oilfield_service_companies" title="List of oilfield service companies">services companies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amec_Foster_Wheeler" title="Amec Foster Wheeler">Amec Foster Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Hughes" title="Baker Hughes">Baker Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_International" title="Cameron International">Cameron International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGG_(company)" title="CGG (company)">CGG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH2M" title="CH2M">CH2M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bridge_%26_Iron_Company" title="Chicago Bridge & Iron Company">Chicago Bridge & Iron Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Oilfield_Services" title="China Oilfield Services">China Oilfield Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GE_Power" title="GE Power">GE Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliburton" title="Halliburton">Halliburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabors_Industries" title="Nabors Industries">Nabors Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftiran_Intertrade" title="Naftiran Intertrade">Naftiran Intertrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOV_Inc." title="NOV Inc.">NOV Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrofac" title="Petrofac">Petrofac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saipem" title="Saipem">Saipem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlumberger" title="Schlumberger">Schlumberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snam" title="Snam">Snam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsea_7" title="Subsea 7">Subsea 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TC_Energy" title="TC Energy">TC Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transocean" title="Transocean">Transocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaris_Limited" title="Valaris Limited">Valaris Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weatherford_International" title="Weatherford International">Weatherford International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wood_Group" title="John Wood Group">John Wood Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institute" title="American Petroleum Institute">American Petroleum Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_petroleum_companies" title="Canadian petroleum companies">Canadian petroleum companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_Exchange_Futures" title="Intercontinental Exchange Futures">Intercontinental Exchange Futures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Oil_%26_Gas_Producers" title="International Association of Oil & Gas Producers">International Association of Oil & Gas Producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Petroleum_Engineers" title="Society of Petroleum Engineers">Society of Petroleum Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Petroleum_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Petroleum Council">World Petroleum Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Petroleum_industry" title="Category:Petroleum industry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Natural_resources" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Natural_resources" title="Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Natural_resources" title="Template talk:Natural resources"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Natural_resources" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Natural resources"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Natural_resources" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Air</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Pollution / quality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards" title="National Ambient Air Quality Standards">Ambient standards (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_index" title="Air quality index">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_quality_law" title="Air quality law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Air_Act_(United_States)" title="Clean Air Act (United States)">Clean Air Act (US)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">Ozone depletion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Emissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airshed" title="Airshed">Airshed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">Deforestation (REDD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_law" title="Energy law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy resources">Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">Fossil fuels</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fuel_gas" title="Fuel gas">gas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_coal" title="Peak coal">peak coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peak_gas" title="Peak gas">peak gas</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">peak oil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy" title="Geothermal energy">Geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">Solar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_(shadow)" title="Shade (shadow)">shade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">Wind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">Agricultural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_farmland" title="Peak farmland">peak farmland</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(agriculture)" title="Field (agriculture)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">Landscape</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cityscape" title="Cityscape">cityscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seascape" title="Seascape">seascape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundscape" title="Soundscape">soundscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewshed" title="Viewshed">viewshed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">Minerals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_mineral" title="Industrial mineral">industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore" title="Ore">ore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_minerals" title="Peak minerals">peak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peak_copper" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak copper">copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_phosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak phosphorus">phosphorus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_conservation" title="Soil conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_health" title="Soil health">health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_resilience" title="Soil resilience">resilience</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_space_reserve" title="Open space reserve">reserve</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushfood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushfood">Bushfood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_genetic_resources" title="Forest genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber products</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">Game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadow" title="Meadow">Meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plants</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant Treaty">FAO Plant Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_bank" title="Gene bank">gene banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">herbal medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="UPOV">UPOV Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain" title="Rain">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict (perpetuation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Simple_living" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Simple_living" title="Template:Simple living"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Simple_living" title="Template talk:Simple living"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Simple_living" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Simple living"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Simple_living" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-cutting" title="Cord-cutting">Cord-cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIY_ethic" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY ethic">DIY ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downshifting_(lifestyle)" title="Downshifting (lifestyle)">Downshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">Dry toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeganism" title="Freeganism">Freeganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frugality" title="Frugality">Frugality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-impact_development_(UK)" title="Low-impact development (UK)">Low-impact development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_frills" title="No frills">No frills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-the-grid" title="Off-the-grid">Off-the-grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regift" class="mw-redirect" title="Regift">Regift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_living" title="Slow living">Slow living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow movement (culture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Sustainable living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sustainable sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veganism" title="Veganism">Veganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">War tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WWOOF" title="WWOOF">WWOOF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Religious and spiritual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Detachment (philosophy)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_movement" title="Jesus movement">Jesus movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendicant" title="Mendicant">Mendicant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Monasticism" title="New Monasticism">New Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_dress" title="Plain dress">Plain dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_people" title="Plain people">Plain people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">Temperance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony_of_Simplicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Testimony of Simplicity">Testimony of simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_communities" title="Twelve Tribes communities">Twelve Tribes communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Secular movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Back-to-the-land_movement" title="Back-to-the-land movement">Back-to-the-land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car-free_movement" title="Car-free movement">Car-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Ecology" title="Open Source Ecology">Open Source Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_movement_(culture)" title="Slow movement (culture)">Slow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Small house movement">Small house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiny_house_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiny house movement">Tiny house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_town" title="Transition town">Transition town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Notable writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Berry" title="Wendell Berry">Wendell Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Callenbach" title="Ernest Callenbach">Ernest Callenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">G. K. Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Elgin" title="Duane Elgin">Duane Elgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Gregg_(social_philosopher)" title="Richard Gregg (social philosopher)">Richard Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Hodgkinson" title="Tom Hodgkinson">Tom Hodgkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Hubbard" title="Harlan Hubbard">Harlan Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satish_Kumar" title="Satish Kumar">Satish Kumar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Nearing" title="Helen Nearing">Helen Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Nearing" title="Scott Nearing">Scott Nearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Rosen_(British_filmmaker)" title="Nick Rosen (British filmmaker)">Nick Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugald_Semple" title="Dugald Semple">Dugald Semple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Skene_Keith_(physician)" title="George Skene Keith (physician)">George Skene Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Modern-day adherents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Boyle_(Moneyless_Man)" title="Mark Boyle (Moneyless Man)">Mark Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Greenfield" title="Robin Greenfield">Robin Greenfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kaczynski" title="Ted Kaczynski">Ted Kaczynski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentti_Linkola" title="Pentti Linkola">Pentti Linkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Merkel" title="Jim Merkel">Jim Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pilgrim" title="Peace Pilgrim">Peace Pilgrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suelo" title="Suelo">Suelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_(activist)" title="Thomas (activist)">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Anekdote_zur_Senkung_der_Arbeitsmoral" title="Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral">Anekdote zur Senkung der Arbeitsmoral</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escape_from_Affluenza" title="Escape from Affluenza">Escape from Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Life_(1975_TV_series)" title="The Good Life (1975 TV series)">The Good Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_and_the_Sledgehammer" title="The Moon and the Sledgehammer">The Moon and the Sledgehammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Earth_News" title="Mother Earth News">Mother Earth News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_Half" title="The Power of Half">The Power of Half</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Is_Beautiful" title="Small Is Beautiful">Small Is Beautiful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden" title="Walden">Walden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluenza" title="Affluenza">Affluenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateurism">Amateurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">Bohemianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ecology" title="Deep ecology">Deep ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">The good life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonophobia" title="Hedonophobia">Hedonophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_living" title="Intentional living">Intentional living</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Gathering" title="Rainbow Gathering">Rainbow Gathering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itinerant_groups_in_Europe" title="Itinerant groups in Europe">Itinerant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-technology">Low-technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Peak oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work%E2%80%93life_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Work–life interface">Work–life interface</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Population" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Population" title="Template:Population"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Population" title="Template talk:Population"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Population" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Population"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Population" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimates_of_historical_world_population" title="Estimates of historical world population">Estimates of historical world population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_momentum" title="Population momentum">Population momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projections_of_population_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Projections of population growth">Projections of population growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_biology" title="Population biology">Population biology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">Population decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">Population density</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_density" title="Physiological density">Physiological density</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_model" title="Population model">Population model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_pyramid" title="Population pyramid">Population pyramid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population ecology</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocapacity" title="Biocapacity">Biocapacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_%3D_PAT" title="I = PAT">I = P × A × T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaya_identity" title="Kaya identity">Kaya identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(population)" title="Overshoot (population)">Overshoot (population)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World3" title="World3">World3 model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society and population</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_overpopulation" title="Human overpopulation">Human overpopulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">Malthusian catastrophe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_planning" title="Human population planning">Human population planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-child_policy" title="One-child policy">One-child policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-child_policy" title="Two-child policy">Two-child policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overconsumption_(economics)" title="Overconsumption (economics)">Overconsumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demography" title="Political demography">Political demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_ethics" title="Population ethics">Population ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinatalism" title="Antinatalism">Antinatalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_addition_paradox" title="Mere addition paradox">Mere addition paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalism" title="Natalism">Natalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-identity_problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-identity problem">Non-identity problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_population_growth" title="Zero population growth">Zero population growth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Environment" title="Population and Environment">Population and Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_Development_Review" title="Population and Development Review">Population and Development Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_and_housing_censuses_by_country" title="Population and housing censuses by country">Population and housing censuses by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population_milestones" title="World population milestones">World population milestones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Six_Billion" title="Day of Six Billion">6 billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Seven_Billion" title="Day of Seven Billion">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Eight_Billion" title="Day of Eight Billion">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_population_concern_organizations" title="List of population concern organizations">Population concern organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Events and organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7_Billion_Actions" title="7 Billion Actions">7 Billion Actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Euthanasia" title="Church of Euthanasia">Church of Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_on_Population_and_Development" title="International Conference on Population and Development">International Conference on Population and Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Action_International" title="Population Action International">Population Action International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Connection" title="Population Connection">Population Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Matters" title="Population Matters">Population Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_world_population_conferences" title="United Nations world population conferences">United Nations world population conferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_Human_Extinction_Movement" title="Voluntary Human Extinction Movement">Voluntary Human Extinction Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Conference" title="World Population Conference">World Population Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Day" title="World Population Day">World Population Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Population_Foundation" title="World Population Foundation">World Population Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bennett%27s_law" title="Bennett's law">Bennett's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Human_populations" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Human populations">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Population" title="Category:Population">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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