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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union/Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union/Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Soviet Union/Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union/Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84_%D9%82%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="مسلسل قصير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مسلسل قصير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB" title="Міні-серыял – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Міні-серыял" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minis%C3%A8rie" title="Minisèrie – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minisèrie" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniserie" title="Miniserie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Miniserie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniserie" title="Miniserie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Miniserie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9_%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%AC" title="Μίνι σειρά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μίνι σειρά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniserie" title="Miniserie – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Miniserie" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minisail" title="Minisail – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Minisail" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مینی‌سریال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مینی‌سریال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-s%C3%A9rie" title="Mini-série – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mini-série" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minysearje" title="Minysearje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Minysearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniserie" title="Miniserie – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Miniserie" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A6%88" title="미니시리즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미니시리즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Մինի սերիալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մինի սերիալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseri" title="Miniseri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Miniseri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99-%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94" title="מיני-סדרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיני-סדרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseri%C4%81ls" title="Miniseriāls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Miniseriāls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini_serialas" title="Mini serialas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mini serialas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniserie" title="Miniserie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Miniserie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ミニシリーズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミニシリーズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniserie" title="Miniserie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Miniserie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniserial" title="Miniserial – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Miniserial" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniss%C3%A9rie" title="Minissérie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minissérie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мини-сериал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мини-сериал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Miniseries" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minis%C3%A9ria" title="Miniséria – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Miniséria" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%95" title="کورتەزنجیرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کورتەزنجیرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Мини-серија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мини-серија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-serija" title="Mini-serija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mini-serija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minisarja" title="Minisarja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minisarja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniserie" title="Miniserie – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Miniserie" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="குறுந்தொடர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குறுந்தொடர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мінісеріал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінісеріал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_tr%C3%ACnh_ng%E1%BA%AFn_t%E1%BA%ADp" title="Chương trình ngắn tập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chương trình ngắn tập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E4%BD%A0%E5%8A%87%E9%9B%86" title="迷你劇集 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="迷你劇集" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E4%BD%A0%E5%89%A7%E9%9B%86" title="迷你剧集 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迷你剧集" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Television_miniseries" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1259759" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Television program with few episodes</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a TV show or series that has a predetermined number of episodes. For a series with the potential to be renewed, see <a href="/wiki/Limited-run_series" title="Limited-run series">Limited-run series</a>. For the album by Sumin & Slom, see <a href="/wiki/Miniseries_(album)" title="Miniseries (album)">Miniseries (album)</a>.</div> <p>A <b>miniseries</b> or <b>mini-series</b> is a television show or series that tells a story in a predetermined, limited number of episodes. Many miniseries can also be referred to, and shown, as a television film. "<a href="/wiki/Limited-run_series" title="Limited-run series">Limited series</a>" is a more recent US term which is sometimes used interchangeably. As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the popularity of miniseries format has increased in both <a href="/wiki/Streaming_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Streaming service">streaming services</a> and broadcast television. </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)" title="Serial (radio and television)">serial</a>" is used in the United Kingdom and in other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> nations to describe a show that has an ongoing narrative plotline, while "series" is used for a set of episodes in a similar way that "season" is used in North America. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A miniseries is distinguished from an ongoing television series; the latter does not usually have a predetermined number of episodes and may continue for several years. Before the term was coined in the US in the early 1970s, the ongoing episodic form was always called a "serial", just as a novel appearing in episodes in successive editions of magazines or newspapers is called a serial. In Britain, miniseries are often still referred to as serials or series.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Several commentators have offered more precise definitions of the term. In <i>Halliwell's Television Companion</i> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Halliwell" title="Leslie Halliwell">Leslie Halliwell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Purser" title="Philip Purser">Philip Purser</a> suggest that miniseries tend to "appear in four to six episodes of various lengths",<sup id="cite_ref-MBC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Stuart Cunningham in <i>Textual Innovation in the Australian Historical Mini-series</i> (1989) defined a miniseries as "a limited run program of more than two and less than the 13-part season or half season block associated with serial or series programming".<sup id="cite_ref-MBC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the proliferation of the format in the 1980s and 90s, television films broadcast over even two or three nights were commonly referred to as miniseries in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_Sins_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_Sins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Variety_Jewels_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Variety_Jewels-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Television: A History</i> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Francis_Wheen" title="Francis Wheen">Francis Wheen</a> points out a difference in character development between the two: "Both soap operas and primetime series cannot afford to allow their leading characters to develop, since the shows are made with the intention of running indefinitely. In a miniseries on the other hand, there is a clearly defined beginning, middle, and end (as in a conventional play or novel), enabling characters to change, mature, or die as the serial proceeds".<sup id="cite_ref-MBC_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wheen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences changed its guidelines on how <a href="/wiki/Emmy" class="mw-redirect" title="Emmy">Emmy</a> nominees are classified, with shows with a limited run all referred to as "limited series" instead of "miniseries". This was a reversion to 1974, when the category was named "outstanding limited series". It had been changed to "outstanding miniseries" in 1986. Miniseries were put in the same category as made-for-television films from 2011 to 2014 before being given separate categories again.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_definitions">21st-century definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 21st-century definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i> (online, as of 2021, UK) defines a miniseries as "a television programme in several parts that is shown on consecutive days or weeks for a short period; while <i><a href="/wiki/Webster%27s_New_World_College_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Webster's New World College Dictionary">Webster's New World College Dictionary</a>'</i>s (4th ed., 2010, US) definition is "a TV drama or docudrama broadcast serially in a limited number of episodes".<sup id="cite_ref-ced_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ced-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In popular usage, by around 2020, the boundaries between miniseries and limited series have become somewhat blurred; the format has been described as a series with "a self-contained narrative – whether three or 12 episodes long".<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British television <i>serial</i> is rooted in dramatic radio productions developed between the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second</a> World Wars. In the 1920s the BBC pioneered dramatic readings of books. In 1925 it broadcast <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>, which became a holiday favourite. Later, <a href="/wiki/John_Reith,_1st_Baron_Reith" title="John Reith, 1st Baron Reith">John Reith</a>, wanting to use radio waves to "part the clouds of ignorance", came up with the idea of a <i><a href="/wiki/Classic_Serial" title="Classic Serial">Classic Serial</a></i>, based on a "classical" literary text.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1939 the BBC adapted the romantic novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Prisoner_of_Zenda" title="The Prisoner of Zenda">The Prisoner of Zenda</a></i> for radio broadcast. Its adapter, Jack Inglis, compressed several characters into one and simplified the plotline. The production struck a chord with listeners and served as a prototype for serials that followed it.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Post-war <a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC Television</a> picked up the classic radio serial tradition by broadcasting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Warden_(TV_series)" title="The Warden (TV series)">The Warden</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Trollope" title="Anthony Trollope">Anthony Trollope</a> over six-episodes in 1951. <i><a href="/wiki/Pride_and_Prejudice" title="Pride and Prejudice">Pride and Prejudice</a></i> was serialised in 1952, <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a></i> in 1955. In 1953 the BBC broadcast the first serial written specifically for television: the six-part <i><a href="/wiki/The_Quatermass_Experiment" title="The Quatermass Experiment">The Quatermass Experiment</a></i>. Its success paved the way for two more six-part serials: <i>Quatermass II</i> in 1955 and <i>Quatermass and the Pit</i> in 1958. In November 1960 the BBC televised a thirteen-episode adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Rudge_(TV_series)" title="Barnaby Rudge (TV series)">Barnaby Rudge</a></i>. In December of that year it broadcast a four-episode dramatisation of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Austen" title="Jane Austen">Jane Austen</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Persuasion_(novel)" title="Persuasion (novel)">Persuasion</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To compete with commercial television, BBC launched <a href="/wiki/BBC2" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC2">BBC2</a> in 1964. It had a new time slot allocated for classic serial adaptations on Saturday evenings. The late-night broadcast allowed for more risky and sophisticated choices and for longer episodes. In 1967 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forsyte_Saga_(1967_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forsyte Saga (1967 series)">The Forsyte Saga</a></i> was broadcast in 26 50-minute episodes. Following its success in Britain, the series was shown in the United States on public television and broadcast all over the world, and became the first BBC television series to be sold to the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-pbs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pbs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-televisionheaven_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-televisionheaven-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Anthology_series" title="Anthology series">Anthology series</a> dominated American dramatic programming during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Television" title="Golden Age of Television">Golden Age of Television</a>, when "every night was opening night; one never knew when a flick of the knob would spark the birth of great theatrical literature".<sup id="cite_ref-picthist_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-picthist-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different story and a different set of characters were presented in each episode. Very rarely the stories were split into several episodes, like 1955 <i>Mr. Lincoln</i> from <a href="/wiki/Omnibus_(U.S._TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnibus (U.S. TV series)">Omnibus</a> series, which was presented in two parts, or 1959 adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/For_Whom_the_Bell_Tolls" title="For Whom the Bell Tolls">For Whom the Bell Tolls</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <i><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_90" title="Playhouse 90">Playhouse 90</a></i> series, which was initially planned by the director <a href="/wiki/John_Frankenheimer" title="John Frankenheimer">John Frankenheimer</a> to consist of three parts, but ultimately was broadcast as two 90-minute installments.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high cost and technical difficulties of staging a new play every week, which would cost as much as—or more than—an episode of a filmed television series, led to the demise of anthology programming by the end of the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The void was filled with less expensive series like <i><a href="/wiki/Gunsmoke" title="Gunsmoke">Gunsmoke</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Wagon_Train" title="Wagon Train">Wagon Train</a></i>, which featured the same characters every week and had higher potential for lucrative rebroadcast and syndication rights. It was the American success in 1969–1970 of the British 26-episode serial <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forsyte_Saga_(1967_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forsyte Saga (1967 series)">The Forsyte Saga</a></i> (1967) that made TV executives realize that finite multi-episode stories based on novels could be popular and could provide a boost to weekly viewing figures.<sup id="cite_ref-MBC_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MBC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wheen_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Knight_(film)" title="The Blue Knight (film)">The Blue Knight</a>, a four-hour made-for-television movie broadcast in one-hour segments over four nights in November 1973, is credited with being the first miniseries on American television. It starred <a href="/wiki/William_Holden" title="William Holden">William Holden</a> as a Los Angeles beat cop about to retire.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The miniseries form continued in earnest in the spring of 1974 with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>'s eight-part serial <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Dream_(miniseries)" title="The National Dream (miniseries)">The National Dream</a></i>, based on <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berton" title="Pierre Berton">Pierre Berton</a>'s nonfiction book of the same name about the building of the Canadian Pacific Railway, and <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>'s two-part <i><a href="/wiki/QB_VII" title="QB VII">QB VII</a></i>, based on the novel by <a href="/wiki/Leon_Uris" title="Leon Uris">Leon Uris</a>. Following these initial forays, broadcasters used miniseries to bring other books to the screen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Rich_Man,_Poor_Man_(miniseries)" title="Rich Man, Poor Man (miniseries)">Rich Man, Poor Man</a></i>, based on the novel by <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Shaw" title="Irwin Shaw">Irwin Shaw</a>, was broadcast in 12 one-hour episodes in 1976 by ABC. It popularized the miniseries format and started a decade-long golden age of television miniseries versions of popular books featuring stars above television class.<sup id="cite_ref-Minihistory_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minihistory-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Roots_(1977_miniseries)" title="Roots (1977 miniseries)">Roots</a></i> in 1977 can fairly be called the first <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(entertainment)" title="Blockbuster (entertainment)">blockbuster</a> success of the format. Its success in the USA was partly due to its schedule: the 12-hour duration was split into eight episodes broadcast on consecutive nights, resulting in a finale with a 71 percent share of the audience and 130 million viewers, which at the time was the highest rated TV program of all time. <i><a href="/wiki/TV_Guide" title="TV Guide">TV Guide</a></i> ( 11–17 April 1987) called 1977's <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_Nazareth_(miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus of Nazareth (miniseries)">Jesus of Nazareth</a></i> "the best miniseries of all time" and "unparalleled television". <i><a href="/wiki/North_and_South_(miniseries)" title="North and South (miniseries)">North and South</a></i>, the 1985 adaptation of a <a href="/wiki/North_and_South_(trilogy)" title="North and South (trilogy)">1982 novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Jakes" title="John Jakes">John Jakes</a>, remains one of the 10 highest rated miniseries in TV history.<sup id="cite_ref-TS_2007-08_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TS_2007-08-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-P&C_2002_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P&C_2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JJCC_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JJCC-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese serialized television production can be traced back to the <i>Sunday Diary of My Home</i> (<i>Waga Ya no Nichiyo Nikki</i>), which was aired by NTV in 1953 and consisted of 25 half-hour episodes. This "home drama" focused on generational differences and the contradictions of being a loving family in a confined space, outlining a style of drama that lives on to this day. In the same year NHK tried its own variation of the home drama format in the <i>Ups and Downs Toward Happiness</i> (<i>Kofuku e no Kifuku</i>), which comprised thirteen episodes. Its protagonists, a formerly wealthy family fallen on hard times, is forced to struggle for its own existence.<sup id="cite_ref-dorama-encyclopedia_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dorama-encyclopedia-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_television_drama" title="Japanese television drama">Japanese television drama</a>, also called <b>dorama</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">ドラマ</span></span>)</span>, became a staple of <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Japan" title="Television in Japan">Japanese television</a>. </p><p>Evening dramas air weekly and usually comprise ten to fourteen one-hour long episodes. Typically, instead of being episodic there is one story running throughout the episodes. Since they are of a fixed length, dramas have a definite ending, and since they are relatively long, they can explore character, situation, and interesting dialogue in a way not possible in movies. Doramas are never canceled mid-season, but they also do not continue into the next season even if extremely popular. Popular dramas do often give rise to "specials" made after the final episode, if the show has been a huge success.<sup id="cite_ref-renzoku_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-renzoku-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> started to broadcast <a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">television series</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">드라마</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn"><b>deurama</b></i></span>) in the 1960s. Since then, the shows became popular worldwide, partially due to the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a>, with streaming services that offer multiple language subtitles. </p><p>Korean dramas are usually helmed by one director and written by one screenwriter, thus having a distinct directing style and language, unlike American television series, where often several directors and writers work together.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Series set in contemporary times usually run for one season, for 12–24 episodes of 60 minutes each. </p><p>Historical series (<i><a href="/wiki/Sageuk" title="Sageuk">Sageuk</a></i>) may be longer, with 50 to 200 episodes, and are either based on historical figures, incorporate historical events, or use a historical backdrop. While technically the word <i>sageuk</i> literally translates to "historical drama," the term is typically reserved for dramas taking place during Korean history.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular subjects of sageuks have traditionally included famous battles, royalty, famous military leaders and political intrigues. </p><p>Korean dramas are usually shot within a very tight schedule, often a few hours before actual broadcast. Screenplays are flexible and may change anytime during production, depending on viewers' feedback. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union/Russia"><span id="Soviet_Union.2FRussia"></span>Soviet Union/Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Soviet Union/Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> was among the first European countries to resume television broadcast after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, early Soviet television did not indulge its viewers with a variety of programming. News, sports, concerts and movies were the main staples during the 1950s. With state control over television production and broadcast, television was intended not merely for entertainment, but also as the means of education and propaganda. Soap operas, quiz shows and games were considered too lowbrow.<sup id="cite_ref-sovtelefilm_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sovtelefilm-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the beginning of the 1960s television was expanding rapidly. The increase in the number of channels and the duration of daily broadcast caused shortage of content deemed suitable for broadcast. This led to production of television films, in particular <i>multiple-episode television films</i> (Russian: <b>многосерийный телевизионный фильм</b> <i>mnogoseriyny televizionny film</i>)—the official Soviet moniker for miniseries.<sup id="cite_ref-sovtelefilm_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sovtelefilm-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite that the Soviet Union started broadcasting in color in 1967, color TV sets did not become widespread until the end of the 1980s. This justified shooting made-for-TV movies on black-and-white film. </p><p>The 1965 four-episode <i><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8F_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC)" class="extiw" title="ru:Вызываем огонь на себя (фильм)">Calling for fire, danger close</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is considered the first Soviet miniseries. It is a period drama set in the Second World War depicting the Soviet guerrilla fighters infiltrating German compound and directing the fire of the regular Soviet Army to destroy the German airfield. During the 1970s the straightforward fervor gave way to a more nuanced interplay of patriotism, family and everyday life wrapped into traditional genres of crime drama, spy show or thriller. One of the most popular Soviet miniseries—<i><a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Moments_of_Spring" title="Seventeen Moments of Spring">Seventeen Moments of Spring</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about a Soviet spy operating in Nazi Germany—was shot in 1972. This 12-episode miniseries incorporated features of political thriller and <a href="/wiki/Docudrama" title="Docudrama">docudrama</a> and included excerpts from period newsreels. Originally produced in black-and-white in 4:3 aspect ratio, it was colorized and re-formatted for wide-screen TVs in 2009. </p><p>Other popular miniseries of the Soviet era include <i>The Shadows Disappear at Noon</i><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1971, 7 episodes) about the fate of several generations of locals from a Siberian village; <i>The Long Recess</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1973, 4 episodes) about the students and teachers of a night school; <i>The Ordeal</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1977, 13 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel of the same name by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy">Aleksey Tolstoy</a>, which traces the development of the Russian society during the critical years of the First World War, the 1917 revolution and the civil war that followed; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins_(1976_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Days of the Turbins (1976 film)">The Days of the Turbins</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1976, 3 episodes)—an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Turbins" title="The Days of the Turbins">play of the same name</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bulgakov" title="Mikhail Bulgakov">Mikhail Bulgakov</a>, about the fate of intelligentsia during the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in Russia; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Chairs_(1976_film)" title="The Twelve Chairs (1976 film)">The Twelve Chairs</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1976, 4 episodes)—an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Chairs" title="The Twelve Chairs">satirical novel of the same name</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ilf_and_Petrov" title="Ilf and Petrov">Ilf and Petrov</a>, where two partners in crime search for chairs from a former twelve-chair set, one of which has jewelry stashed in it; <i>Open Book</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1977, 9 episodes)—an adaptation of the novel of the same name by <a href="/wiki/Veniamin_Kaverin" title="Veniamin Kaverin">Veniamin Kaverin</a> about a Soviet female microbiologist who obtained the first batches of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> in the Soviet Union and organized its production; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Meeting_Place_Cannot_Be_Changed" title="The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed">The Meeting Place Cannot Be Changed</a></i> (1979, 5 episodes) about the fight against criminals in the immediate post-war period; <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Tragedies_(1979_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Tragedies (1979 film)">Little Tragedies</a></i> (1979, 3 episodes)—a collection of short theatrical plays based on works by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Pushkin" title="Alexander Pushkin">Alexander Pushkin</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Suicide_Club,_or_the_Adventures_of_a_Titled_Person" title="The Suicide Club, or the Adventures of a Titled Person">The Suicide Club, or the Adventures of a Titled Person</a></i> (1981, 3 episodes) about the adventures of Prince Florizel, a character of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Suicide_Club_(short_story_collection)" title="The Suicide Club (short story collection)">The Suicide Club</a></i> stories by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Souls_(1984_film)" title="Dead Souls (1984 film)">Dead Souls</a></i> (1984, 5 episodes)—an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Souls" title="Dead Souls">novel of that name</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Nikolai Gogol</a> chronicling travels and adventures of Pavel Chichikov and the people whom he encounters; and <i><a href="/wiki/TASS_Is_Authorized_to_Declare..." title="TASS Is Authorized to Declare...">TASS Is Authorized to Declare...</a></i> (1984, 10 episodes) about the tug-of-war of Soviet and American intelligence agencies. </p><p>Numerous miniseries were produced for children in the 1970s–1980s. Among them are: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Buratino_(1976_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Adventures of Buratino (1976 film)">The Adventures of Buratino</a></i> (1976, 2 episodes)—an adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Key,_or_the_Adventures_of_Buratino" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino">The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Nikolayevich_Tolstoy" title="Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy">Alexey Tolstoy</a>, which in turn is a retelling of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Pinocchio" title="The Adventures of Pinocchio">The Adventures of Pinocchio</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Collodi" title="Carlo Collodi">Carlo Collodi</a>; <i>The Two Captains</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1976, 6 episodes)—an adaptation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Two_Captains" title="The Two Captains">The Two Captains</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Veniamin_Kaverin" title="Veniamin Kaverin">Veniamin Kaverin</a> about a search for a lost Arctic expedition and the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Severnaya_Zemlya" title="Severnaya Zemlya">Severnaya Zemlya</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_the_Elektronic" title="The Adventures of the Elektronic">The Adventures of Elektronic</a></i> (1979, 3 episodes) about a humanoid robot meeting and befriending his prototype—a 6th grade schoolboy; <i><a href="/wiki/Guest_from_the_Future" title="Guest from the Future">Guest from the Future</a></i> (1985, 5 episodes) about a girl travelling to contemporary time from the future. </p><p>After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Russian television saw a period of privatization and liberalization. The television programming of the 1990s–2000s included a great deal of crime dramas set both in contemporary times (<i>The Criminal Saint Petersburg</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000, 90 episodes) as well in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist Russia</a> (<i>The Mysteries of Sankt Petersburg</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1994, 60 episodes). </p><p>Starting from the 2000s, Russian TV saw a resurgence of book adaptations, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Idiot_(TV_series)" title="The Idiot (TV series)">The Idiot</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2003, 10 episodes)—an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/The_Idiot" title="The Idiot">novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyodor Dostoyevsky">Fyodor Dostoyevsky</a>; <i>The Case of Kukotskiy</i><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2005, 12 episodes)—an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/The_Kukotsky_Enigma" title="The Kukotsky Enigma">novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Ulitskaya" title="Lyudmila Ulitskaya">Lyudmila Ulitskaya</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita_(miniseries)" title="The Master and Margarita (miniseries)">The Master and Margarita</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2005, 10 episodes)—an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/The_Master_and_Margarita" title="The Master and Margarita">novel</a> by Mikhail Bulgakov; <i>Doctor Zhivago</i><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2006, 11 episodes)—an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(novel)" title="Doctor Zhivago (novel)">novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a>; <i>Fathers and Sons</i><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2008, 4 episodes)—an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Fathers_and_Sons_(novel)" title="Fathers and Sons (novel)">novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Turgenev" title="Ivan Turgenev">Ivan Turgenev</a>; <i>Life and Fate</i><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2012, 12 episodes)—an adaptation of the <a href="/wiki/Life_and_Fate" title="Life and Fate">novel</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Grossman" title="Vasily Grossman">Vasily Grossman</a>; <i>Kuprin</i><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2014, 13 episodes)—an adaptation of several novels by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Kuprin" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Kuprin">Aleksandr Kuprin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Brazil, the <a href="/wiki/Rede_Globo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rede Globo">Rede Globo</a> television network commenced the production of this type of television genre with the transmission of <i>Lampião e Maria Bonita</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written by <a href="/wiki/Aguinaldo_Silva" title="Aguinaldo Silva">Aguinaldo Silva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doc_Comparato" title="Doc Comparato">Doc Comparato</a> and directed by Paulo Afonso Grisolli, and broadcast in 1982 in eight episodes;<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Brazil these episodes are popularly known as "<a href="/wiki/Chapter_(books)" title="Chapter (books)">chapters</a>", because each episode is analogous to a book chapter, where the following chapter begins at the same point where the previous one has ended.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rede_Manchete" title="Rede Manchete">Rede Manchete</a>, in the following year after its creation (1984), has produced and broadcast <i>Marquesa de Santos</i>. </p><p>The <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lista_de_miniss%C3%A9ries_da_Rede_Globo" class="extiw" title="pt:Lista de minisséries da Rede Globo">Brazilian miniseries</a> usually consist of several dozen chapters, occasionally having longer duration, like <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarela_do_Brasil_(miniss%C3%A9rie)" class="extiw" title="pt:Aquarela do Brasil (minissérie)">Brazilian Aquarelle</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that consists of 60 chapters, making it almost a "mini-<a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovela</a>". </p><p>Due to the fact that they are broadcast at a later time than telenovelas (usually after 22:00 or 10 pm), miniseries are more daring in terms of themes, scenes, dialogues and situations, a function previously played by the "novelas das dez"—a popular term referring to the telenovelas that were broadcast at 10 p.m. between 1969 and 1979.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Miniseries made by Rede Globo are released in the DVD format by the aforementioned television network, and a few of these miniseries are also released as a book, especially in the case of great successes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Anos_Rebeldes" title="Anos Rebeldes">Anos Rebeldes</a></i> ("Rebel Years") and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Casa_das_Sete_Mulheres" title="A Casa das Sete Mulheres">A Casa das Sete Mulheres</a></i> ("The House of the Seven Women"); the latter was based on the eponymous book written by <a href="/wiki/Let%C3%ADcia_Wierzchowski" title="Letícia Wierzchowski">Letícia Wierzchowski</a>, which became known due to the miniseries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first locally produced miniseries in Australia was <i><a href="/wiki/Against_the_Wind_(miniseries)" title="Against the Wind (miniseries)">Against the Wind</a>,</i> which aired in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over one hundred miniseries were produced in Australia over the next decade.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical dramas were particularly popular with Australian audiences during this period. Between 1984 and 1987, twenty-seven out of a total of thirty-four Australian-made miniseries had historical themes.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable examples included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dismissal_(miniseries)" title="The Dismissal (miniseries)">The Dismissal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodyline_(miniseries)" title="Bodyline (miniseries)">Bodyline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Stockade_(miniseries)" title="Eureka Stockade (miniseries)">Eureka Stockade</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cowra_Breakout_(miniseries)" title="The Cowra Breakout (miniseries)">The Cowra Breakout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_(miniseries)" title="Vietnam (miniseries)">Vietnam</a>,</i> and <a href="/wiki/Brides_of_Christ" title="Brides of Christ"><i>Brides</i> <i>of Christ</i></a>. The narratives of these miniseries often followed one or two fictionalized individuals in the context of actual historical events and situations.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Literary adaptations were also popular, with notable examples including <a href="/wiki/A_Town_Like_Alice_(miniseries)" title="A Town Like Alice (miniseries)"><i>A</i> <i>Town like Alice</i></a><i>, <a href="/wiki/A_Fortunate_Life" title="A Fortunate Life">A Fortunate Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Harp_in_the_South" title="The Harp in the South">The Harp in the South</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Come_In_Spinner" title="Come In Spinner">Come In Spinner</a></i>. </p><p>Although most Australian miniseries during this period were historically focused, there were occasional variants into genres such as contemporary action/adventure and romantic melodrama.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1983 miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Eden" title="Return to Eden">Return to Eden</a></i> was Australia's most successful miniseries ever, with over 300 million viewers around the world, and has been described as "the best Australian example of the melodramatic miniseries."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of Australian-made miniseries declined in the 1990s, and many of those that were made had more of an "international" focus, often starring American or British actors in the leading roles and/or being filmed outside of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some notable examples included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Frontier_(miniseries)" title="The Last Frontier (miniseries)">The Last Frontier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Which_Way_Home_(miniseries)" title="Which Way Home (miniseries)">Which Way Home</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Dangerous_Life" title="A Dangerous Life">A Dangerous Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok_Hilton" title="Bangkok Hilton">Bangkok Hilton</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dadah_Is_Death" title="Dadah Is Death">Dadah Is Death</a>.</i> </p><p>More recently, true crime docudrama miniseries have become popular, with notable examples including <a href="/wiki/Blue_Murder_(miniseries)" title="Blue Murder (miniseries)"><i>Blue Murder</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/Underbelly_(TV_series)" title="Underbelly (TV series)"><i>Underbelly</i></a> anthology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popularity">Popularity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The eighteen-hour 1983 miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Winds_of_War_(miniseries)" title="The Winds of War (miniseries)">The Winds of War</a></i> was a ratings success, with 140 million viewers for all or part of the miniseries, making it the most-watched miniseries up to that time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its 1988 sequel <i><a href="/wiki/War_and_Remembrance_(miniseries)" title="War and Remembrance (miniseries)">War and Remembrance</a></i> won for best miniseries, special effects and single-camera production editing, and was considered by some critics the ultimate epic miniseries on the American television.<sup id="cite_ref-Minihistory_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minihistory-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it also signalled the start of the format's decline, as the $105 million production was a major ratings flop; the advent of VCR and cable television options was responsible for the decrease of length and ratings of most miniseries that continued into the mid-1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-Minihistory_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minihistory-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1996, <a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels_(miniseries)" title="Gulliver's Travels (miniseries)">the highest-rated miniseries of the winter season</a> garnered a 19 rating, less than the rating average of 22 of <a href="/wiki/ER_(TV_series)" title="ER (TV series)">that same season's top-rated regular series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Minihistory_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minihistory-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the 1980s and 1990s was the golden age of television miniseries attracting millions of Egyptians. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Family_of_Mr_Shalash" title="The Family of Mr Shalash">The Family of Mr Shalash</a></i> miniseries starring <a href="/wiki/Salah_Zulfikar" title="Salah Zulfikar">Salah Zulfikar</a> was the highest rated at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Limited_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series">Emmy Award</a> was taken three times by the British police procedural drama <i><a href="/wiki/Prime_Suspect" title="Prime Suspect">Prime Suspect</a></i>. A highlight of the 1990s was an HBO production <i><a href="/wiki/From_the_Earth_to_the_Moon_(miniseries)" title="From the Earth to the Moon (miniseries)">From the Earth to the Moon</a></i>, telling the story of the landmark <a href="/wiki/Apollo_program" title="Apollo program">Apollo</a> expeditions to the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> during the 1960s and early 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, the format made a comeback on cable television and became popular on streaming services. <a href="/wiki/History_(U.S._TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="History (U.S. TV channel)">History</a>, for example, has had some of its greatest successes with miniseries such as <i><a href="/wiki/America:_The_Story_of_Us" title="America: The Story of Us">America: The Story of Us</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hatfields_%26_McCoys_(miniseries)" title="Hatfields & McCoys (miniseries)">Hatfields & McCoys</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Bible_(miniseries)" title="The Bible (miniseries)">The Bible</a></i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_(miniseries)" title="Political Animals (miniseries)">Political Animals</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/USA_Network" title="USA Network">USA Network</a> was honored with a <a href="/wiki/Critics%27_Choice_Television_Award_for_Most_Exciting_New_Series" title="Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series">Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series</a> award, while HBO's <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Little_Lies_(miniseries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Little Lies (miniseries)">Big Little Lies</a></i> (which was eventually renewed for a second season) won eight Emmy awards.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To designate one-season shows that are not intended for being renewed for additional seasons, the broadcast and television industry came up with terms like "limited series" or "event series". These terms also apply to multi-season shows which feature rotating casts and storylines each season, such as <i><a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story" title="American Horror Story">American Horror Story</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fargo_(TV_series)" title="Fargo (TV series)">Fargo</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/True_Detective" title="True Detective">True Detective</a></i>. This makes the self-contained season longer than a miniseries, but shorter than the entire run of the multi-season series. This terminology became relevant for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award_for_Outstanding_Limited_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Limited Series">categorization</a> of programs for <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award">industry awards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TVGuide_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TVGuide-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several television executives interviewed by <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i> stated that the term "miniseries" has negative connotations to the public, having become associated with <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodrama</a>-heavy works that were commonly produced under the format, while "limited series" or "event series" demand higher respect.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Such was the cause of the parody miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spoils_of_Babylon" title="The Spoils of Babylon">The Spoils of Babylon</a></i>, which lampooned many of the negative stereotypes of miniseries.)<sup id="cite_ref-production_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-production-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 21st century, two miniseries have had significant impact on <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">pop culture</a>, and are often named the two best shows ever made: <i><a href="/wiki/Band_of_Brothers_(miniseries)" title="Band of Brothers (miniseries)">Band of Brothers</a></i>, released in 2001, and <i><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_(miniseries)" title="Chernobyl (miniseries)">Chernobyl</a></i>, released in 2019. When the final episode of Chernobyl aired, it was already the highest rated show in IMDb history.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mini-series as a format has become more popular than ever before.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2020_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthology_series" title="Anthology series">Anthology series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaseries" class="mw-redirect" title="Metaseries">Metaseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">Telenovela</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Miniseries&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MBC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MBC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBC_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MBC_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707221948/http://www.museum.tv/eotv/miniseries.htm">"Miniseries"</a>. Museum of Broadcast Communication. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/eotv/miniseries.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Miniseries&rft.pub=Museum+of+Broadcast+Communication&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.tv%2Feotv%2Fminiseries.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniseries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Halliwell, Leslie, and Peter Purser, <i>Halliwell's Television Companion</i>, London: Paladin, 1987</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunningham, Stuart. "Textual Innovation in the Australian Historical Mini-series", chapter in <i>Australian Television: Programs, Pleasures and Politics</i>, Sidney: Allen and Unwin, 1989</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_Sins-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_Sins_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorry1986" class="citation news cs1">Corry, John (31 January 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/01/31/arts/joan-collins-in-sins-a-mini-series.html">"Joan Collins In <i>Sins</i>, A Mini-Series"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+Cable&rft.atitle=Rule+Changes+Open+Gates+To+More+Hopefuls&rft.date=2015-05-25&rft.aulast=Albiniak&rft.aufirst=Paige&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nexttv.com%2Fnews%2Frule-changes-open-gates-more-hopefuls-141149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniseries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ced-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ced_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/miniseries">"Miniseries definition and meaning"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786457335" title="Special:BookSources/9780786457335"><bdi>9780786457335</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+Television+Miniseries%3A+A+Critical+History&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2010-03-08&rft.isbn=9780786457335&rft.aulast=De+Vito&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Tropea%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOtQ8DuHHouQC%26q%3Dminiseries%2Bdecline%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniseries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TS_2007-08-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TS_2007-08_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett2007" class="citation web cs1">Bennett, Mark (11 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribstar.com/news/lifestyles/john-jakes-journey-to-new-york-times-bestseller-list-included/article_8a3877e1-8e78-593d-9de8-b878d396254a.html">"John Jakes' journey to <i>New York Times</i> bestseller list included boyhood years in Terre Haute"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Tribune-Star" title="Tribune-Star">Tribune-Star</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tribune-Star&rft.atitle=John+Jakes%27+journey+to+New+York+Times+bestseller+list+included+boyhood+years+in+Terre+Haute&rft.date=2007-08-11&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribstar.com%2Fnews%2Flifestyles%2Fjohn-jakes-journey-to-new-york-times-bestseller-list-included%2Farticle_8a3877e1-8e78-593d-9de8-b878d396254a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniseries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P&C_2002-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-P&C_2002_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2002" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, Bill (18 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/news/index.asp?id=11968">"Bestselling novelist penning saga of fictional Charleston family"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Post_and_Courier" title="The Post and Courier">The Post and Courier</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Post+and+Courier&rft.atitle=Bestselling+novelist+penning+saga+of+fictional+Charleston+family&rft.date=2002-03-18&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.depauw.edu%2Fnews%2Findex.asp%3Fid%3D11968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniseries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JJCC-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JJCC_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1996" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Mary Ellen (30 November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2pzmvCXfuoAC&q=highest+rated+miniseries+jakes&pg=PA3">"The People's Author: The Life of John Jakes"</a>. <i>John Jakes: A Critical Companion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Press</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29530-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29530-1"><bdi>0-313-29530-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+People%27s+Author%3A+The+Life+of+John+Jakes&rft.btitle=John+Jakes%3A+A+Critical+Companion&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1996-11-30&rft.isbn=0-313-29530-1&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2pzmvCXfuoAC%26q%3Dhighest%2Brated%2Bminiseries%2Bjakes%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniseries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dorama-encyclopedia-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dorama-encyclopedia_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClemensTamamuro2003" class="citation book cs1">Clemens, Jonathan; Tamamuro, Motoko (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7I-VyCfZdQC&pg=xiii"><i>The Dorama Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese TV Drama Since 1953</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dorama+Encyclopedia%3A+A+Guide+to+Japanese+TV+Drama+Since+1953&rft.pages=XIII&rft.pub=Asahi+TV&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-880656-81-5&rft.aulast=Clemens&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Tamamuro%2C+Motoko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz7I-VyCfZdQC%26pg%3Dxiii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMiniseries" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-renzoku-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-renzoku_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo1997" class="citation web cs1">Leo, John (12 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.halfaya.org/dorama/renzoku.html">"Renzoku Ren'ai Dorama"</a>. <i>the Conference on Japanese Popular Culture</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Television_drama_series" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Television_drama_series" title="Template:Television drama series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Television_drama_series" title="Template talk:Television drama series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Television_drama_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Television drama series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Television_drama_series" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">Television drama series</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_television_drama" title="Arab television drama">Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_television_drama" title="Chinese television drama">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_television_drama" title="Hong Kong television drama">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_television_drama" title="Indian television drama">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_television_drama" title="Japanese television drama">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_dramas" title="Pakistani dramas">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_television_drama" title="Philippine television drama">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese drama">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_television_soap_opera" title="Thai television soap opera">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_television_drama" title="Turkish television drama">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boys%27_love" title="Boys' love">BL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddy_film" title="Buddy film">Buddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comedy-drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy-drama">Comedy-drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_film" title="Economics film">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drama" title="Legal drama">Legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_procedural" title="Police procedural">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_drama" title="Political drama">Politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_drama" title="Medical drama">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">Sitcom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animated_sitcom" title="Animated sitcom">Animated sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_sitcom" title="Black sitcom">Black sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_sitcom" title="Teen sitcom">Teen sitcom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">Soap opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9roman" title="Téléroman">Téléroman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_TVB_dramas_and_series" title="Lists of TVB dramas and series">Hongkongese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_television_dramas" title="List of Japanese television dramas">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_television_series" title="List of Pakistani television series">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_dramas" title="List of Korean dramas">South Korean</a></li> <li>Taiwanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_dramas_from_2000_to_2010" title="List of Taiwanese dramas from 2000 to 2010">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_dramas_from_2011_to_2020" title="List of Taiwanese dramas from 2011 to 2020">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_dramas_from_2021_to_present" title="List of Taiwanese dramas from 2021 to present">2020s</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_television_soap_operas" title="List of Thai television soap operas">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List by genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BL_dramas" title="List of BL dramas">BL drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comedy-drama_television_series" class="mw-redirect" title="List of comedy-drama television series">Comedy-drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_GL_dramas" title="List of GL dramas">GL drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_drama_television_programs" title="List of medical drama television programs">Medical drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_police_television_dramas" title="List of police television dramas">Police drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Science fiction sitcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_serial_drama_television_series" title="List of serial drama television series">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_situation_comedies" title="List of situation comedies">Situation comedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soap_operas" title="List of soap operas">Soap opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teen_dramas" title="List of teen dramas">Teen drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_teen_sitcoms" title="List of teen sitcoms">Teen sitcoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_telenovelas" title="List of telenovelas">Telenovela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_(radio_and_television)" title="Serial (radio and television)">Serial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_drama" title="Procedural drama">Procedural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">Telenovela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">Executive producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Showrunner" title="Showrunner">Showrunner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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