Arsinoë IV - World History Encyclopedia

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src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-white-r.svg">'; } function lightMode() { document.getElementById('darkCSS').remove(); document.querySelector('#header_ahe_logo').innerHTML = '<img src="/template/images/header/whe-logo-r.svg">'; } if (localStorage.getItem('darkMode') == 'dark') { darkMode(); } </script>  <main class="left_3_column" id="main_content"> <nav id="toc_wrapper" style="display: none;"> <div id="toc"> <h2 class="no_toc">Contents</h2> <div id="toc_contents"></div> <p class="toc_buttons"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Arsinoe_IV+Cleopatra_VII+Ptolemaic_Dynasty+Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=ava.spartan.117" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </p> </div> </nav> <div id="tag_definition_wrapper"> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ async_load_js('https://assets.pinterest.com/js/pinit.js') }); </script> <div class="pinterest_button"> <a href="https://www.pinterest.com/pin/create/button/" data-pin-do="buttonPin" data-pin-id="https://www.worldhistory.org/Arsinoe_IV/" data-pin-media="https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/19682.jpg" data-pin-url="https://www.worldhistory.org/Arsinoe_IV/" data-pin-description="Arsinoë IV (d. 41 BCE) was a Ptolemaic princess who rebelled against her sister Cleopatra VII during the Alexandrian War in 48 BCE. After being defeated by Cleopatra's ally Julius Caesar, she was a captive in his Roman triumph. Arsinoë later became a priestess at the Temple of Artemis at Ephesus until..." data-pin-count="beside" > </a> </div> <h2>Definition</h2> <div id="tag_definition_text"> <div class="clr"></div> <div class="ci_info"> <div class="ci_author_image"> <img loading="lazy" alt="Arienne King" src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-ava.spartan.117.jpg" width="50" height="50"> </div> <div class="ci_author trans block"> by <a href="/user/ava.spartan.117/" rel="author" title="User Page: Arienne King">Arienne King</a> <br/> published on 21 November 2024 </div> </div> <div class="pre_article_section"> <div class="translations_header"> <div class="translations_title">Available in other languages: <a href="/trans/fr/1-23744/arsinoe-iv/" class="translation_link fr " rel="alternate">French</a>, <a href="/trans/es/1-23744/arsinoe-iv/" class="translation_link es " rel="alternate">Spanish</a></div> </div> <div id="audio-outer-wrapper"> <iframe id="audio-frame-contents" data-src="/audioplayer/en/1-23744/" height="80" width="100%" frameborder="no" scrolling="no"></iframe> </div> <script> pageReady.then(()=>{ jsQueue(()=>{ let litPlayer = $('#audio-frame-contents'); if (litPlayer) { litPlayer.attr('src',litPlayer.attr('data-src')); } }); }); </script> <style> #audio-outer-wrapper { height: 80px; width: 100%; margin: 1em 0em; } #audio-frame-contents { background-image: url("/template/images/loading-audio-3.png"); background-size: contain; background-repeat: no-repeat; max-height: 80px; } </style> <div class="pre_article_buttons no_print"> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Arsinoe_IV+Cleopatra_VII+Ptolemaic_Dynasty+Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="topic_subscribe outline_button">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="/interestemails/?author=ava.spartan.117" class="outline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to author</a> <span class="outline_button print_button" onclick="printButtonClicked();">Print Article</span> <script> function printButtonClicked() { pageReady.then(()=>{ ga4Event('print_button','clicked',AHE.canonicalPath); window.print(); }); } </script> </div> </div> <div class="body"> <article> <figure class="definition_image"> <a href="/image/19682/liberation-of-arsinoe/" title="Liberation of Arsinoë"> <picture>  <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/19682.jpg.webp?v=1736891584-1732174998 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/19682.jpg.webp?v=1736891584-1732174998 600w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/19682.jpg?v=1736891584-1732174998 300w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/19682.jpg?v=1736891584-1732174998 600w" type="image/jpeg"> <img src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/19682.jpg?v=1736891584-1732174998" width="300" height="180" alt="Liberation of Arsinoë (by The Yorck Project, Public Domain)" title="Liberation of Arsinoë (by The Yorck Project, Public Domain)" class="tag_definition_image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Liberation of Arsinoë</div><div class="figauthor">The Yorck Project (Public Domain)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/19682/liberation-of-arsinoe/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/19682/liberation-of-arsinoe/","caption":"The Liberation of Arsino\u00eb, depicting the Ptolemaic princess Arsino\u00eb IV (left) being rescued by Ganymedes after she was imprisoned by Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE). Oil on canvas by Italian Renaissance artist Jacopo Tintoretto (1518-1594).\r\n\r\nStaatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/19682.jpg","copyrightNotice":"The Yorck Project - Public Domain - This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions.","creator":{"@type":"Organization","name":"The Yorck Project"},"creditText":"The Yorck Project / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2024-11-21T07:43:18+0000","datePublished":"2024-11-21T07:43:17+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Liberation of Arsino\u00eb","height":1227,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jacopo_Tintoretto_030.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/19682/liberation-of-arsinoe/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":true,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/19682/liberation-of-arsinoe/","width":2048} </script> <p>Arsinoë IV (d. 41 BCE) was a Ptolemaic princess who rebelled against her sister <a href="/Cleopatra_VII/">Cleopatra VII</a> during the Alexandrian <a href="/war/">War</a> in 48 BCE. After being defeated by <a href="/disambiguation/cleopatra/">Cleopatra</a>'s ally <a href="/Julius_Caesar/">Julius Caesar</a>, she was a captive in his <a href="/Roman_Triumph/">Roman triumph</a>. Arsinoë later became a priestess at the <a href="/Temple_of_Artemis_at_Ephesus/">Temple of Artemis at Ephesus</a> until <a href="/Mark_Antony/">Mark Antony</a> and Cleopatra had her assassinated.</p> <h3>Early Life & Background</h3> <p>Arsinoë was the daughter of <a href="/Ptolemy_XII/">Ptolemy XII</a> Auletes (r. 80-51 BCE), king of <a href="/Ptolemaic_Egypt/">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>. She had two sisters, <a href="/Berenike_IV/">Berenike IV</a> (r. 58-55 BCE) and Cleopatra VII (l. 70/69-30 BCE), and two brothers, <a href="/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator/">Ptolemy XIII</a> (l. 62/61-47 BCE) and <a href="/disambiguation/Ptolemy/">Ptolemy</a> XIV (l. 60/59-44 BCE). Her exact age is not mentioned by ancient sources, but she was younger than her sisters and older than her brothers. By the time Arsinoë was born, Ptolemy XII's wife Cleopatra V Tryphaena had disappeared from <a href="/disambiguation/Egyptian/">Egyptian</a> inscriptions. It is unknown whether this is because Cleopatra Tryphaena died or because they divorced. Arsinoë's mother was an unknown wife or concubine of the king.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-1"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_1' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <div class="big_quote">The first direct references to Arsinoë in <a href="/disambiguation/Roman/">Roman</a> accounts describe how she accompanied Cleopatra in exile.</div> <p>Arsinoë was probably born in the capital <a href="/city/">city</a> <a href="/alexandria/">Alexandria</a>. Because she was not in line for the crown, contemporary writers paid little attention to her, and nothing is known of her childhood. Like all <a href="/disambiguation/women/">women</a> in the <a href="/Ptolemaic_Dynasty/">Ptolemaic dynasty</a>, she would have received an education in areas like politics and <a href="/Greek_Philosophy/">Greek philosophy</a>. Her tutor was a eunuch named Ganymedes, who also acted as her legal guardian. She would also have been expected to become proficient in horseback riding.</p><div id="primis_intext"> <div id="3e3744ed-0893-4ec9-8757-582bfa65ad5c"></div> <div id="6b0cd791-ab2c-4669-b35a-8252ddaa7467"></div> <a href="https://link.worldhistory.org/youtube_intext" target="_blank" class="youtube_notice"> <svg role="img" viewBox="0 0 24 24" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>YouTube</title><path d="M23.498 6.186a3.016 3.016 0 0 0-2.122-2.136C19.505 3.545 12 3.545 12 3.545s-7.505 0-9.377.505A3.017 3.017 0 0 0 .502 6.186C0 8.07 0 12 0 12s0 3.93.502 5.814a3.016 3.016 0 0 0 2.122 2.136c1.871.505 9.376.505 9.376.505s7.505 0 9.377-.505a3.015 3.015 0 0 0 2.122-2.136C24 15.93 24 12 24 12s0-3.93-.502-5.814zM9.545 15.568V8.432L15.818 12l-6.273 3.568z"></path></svg> Follow us on YouTube!</a> </div> <script> </script> <p>In 58 BCE, Berenike IV usurped the throne of Ptolemy XII and declared herself queen. Cleopatra and Arsinoë are thought to have accompanied their father when he went into exile. Searching for an army capable of restoring his throne, Ptolemy XII went to <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a> where he had made allies by bribing politicians like <a href="/disambiguation/Julius/">Julius</a> <a href="/disambiguation/caesar/">Caesar</a> and <a href="/pompey/">Pompey the Great</a>. <a href="/pompey/">Pompey</a> instructed his general Aulus Gabinius to help Ptolemy XII reconquer <a href="/egypt/">Egypt</a> in 56 BCE. The victorious king had Berenike executed and made Cleopatra VII his co-ruler.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-2"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_2' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile"> </div> </div> <h3>Cleopatra's Usurpation & Exile</h3> <p>Ptolemy XII died in 51 BCE, naming the 18-year-old Cleopatra VII and 10-year-old Ptolemy XIII as his heirs. Since Ptolemy XIII was a child, political decisions were made in his name by his tutor Theodotus, the minister Pothinus, and the general Achillas. From the beginning, these advisors disagreed with Cleopatra VII, leading to a feud between the young king and queen. By the end of 49 BCE, Cleopatra had been driven out of the capital by a coup and forced to retreat to <a href="/disambiguation/Thebes/">Thebes</a>.</p> <p>The first direct references to Arsinoë in Roman accounts describe how she accompanied Cleopatra in exile. It is not known whether Arsinoë went willingly to support her sister, or whether she was taken as a hostage. Cleopatra and Arsinoë traveled to <a href="/syria/">Syria</a> to gather an army. After raising her army, Cleopatra returned to Egypt and prepared to fight Ptolemy XIII's army at the border fortress in Pelusium.<figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="15205"> <a href="/image/15205/family-tree-of-the-ptolemaic-dynasty-of-egypt-305/" title="Family Tree of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt (305-30 BCE)" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/15205.png.webp?v=1739982845 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/15205.png.webp?v=1739982845 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/15205.png.webp?v=1739982845 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/15205.png.webp?v=1739982845 1500w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/15205.png?v=1739982845 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/15205.png?v=1739982845 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/15205.png?v=1739982845 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/15205.png?v=1739982845 1500w" type="image/png"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/15205.png?v=1739982845" alt="Family Tree of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt (305-30 BCE)" class="in_text_image" width="750" height="422" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Family Tree of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt (305-30 BCE)</div><div class="figauthor">Simeon Netchev (CC BY-NC-ND)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15205/family-tree-of-the-ptolemaic-dynasty-of-egypt-305/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15205/family-tree-of-the-ptolemaic-dynasty-of-egypt-305/","caption":"An illustration following the evolution of the Ptolemaic Dynasty (also called Lagides, for Lagos, the father of Ptolemy I Soter) in Egypt during the Hellenistic period. This family tree reveals one of the most important distinguishing features of the Ptolemies compared to the other monarchies of antiquity \u2013 the importance of the queen in the representation of the ruling family (from the 2nd century BCE onward, some queens even ruled alone). By chance and historical circumstance, the Ptolemies gave the world the last king of Egypt, ruling queens of Syria and the Seleucid Empire, and the last kings of Cyprus, Cyrene, and Mauretania.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/15205.png","copyrightNotice":"Simeon Netchev - CC BY-NC-ND - This licence only allows others to download this content and share it with others as long as the author is credited, but they can't change the content in any way or use it commercially. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included.","creator":{"@type":"Person","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/simeonnetchev/#person","name":"Simeon Netchev","url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/user/simeonnetchev/","sameAs":["https://www.linkedin.com/in/simeon-netchev/"],"image":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/profile_photos/150-simeonnetchev.jpg","description":"Simeon is a freelance visual designer and history teacher passionate about the human stories behind past events. He believes every image should tell a story and spark interaction, while each map leads on a journey, blending imagination with education.","jobTitle":"Graphic Designer","worksFor":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization"},"creditText":"Simeon Netchev / World History Encyclopedia","dateModified":"2025-02-25T14:21:07+0000","datePublished":"2022-02-18T08:42:54+0000","encodingFormat":"image/png","headline":"Family Tree of the Ptolemaic Dynasty of Egypt (305-30 BCE)","height":2790,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15205/family-tree-of-the-ptolemaic-dynasty-of-egypt-305/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/15205/family-tree-of-the-ptolemaic-dynasty-of-egypt-305/","width":4960} </script> </p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-3"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_3' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>At the same time, Pompey the Great fled to Egypt after being defeated in a civil war against his co-<a href="/Consul/">consul</a> Caesar. Pompey's sudden arrival paused the conflict between Cleopatra and Ptolemy XIII, who rushed to meet him. Caesar was expected to arrive soon in pursuit of Pompey. Ptolemy XIII's advisers convinced him to kill Pompey and give his severed head to Caesar. This angered Caesar, who stayed in Egypt to arbitrate the succession himself.</p> <p>Caesar also demanded the money promised to him by the late Ptolemy XII, claiming that he was owed 17.5 million drachmas, equal to the entire country's annual revenue. Ptolemy XIII's advisors struggled to deliver the money demanded by Caesar, allegedly resorting to melting down the <a href="/disambiguation/palace/">palace</a>'s <a href="/gold/">gold</a> and silverware.</p> <h3>Alexandrian War</h3> <div class="big_quote">Arsinoë & Ptolemy XIV were named co-rulers of <a href="/cyprus/">Cyprus</a>, although they were not allowed to travel to their <a href="/disambiguation/New_Kingdom/">new kingdom</a>.</div> <p>In Pelusium, Cleopatra planned to turn Caesar against Ptolemy XIII, hoping that he would see her as a more reliable and experienced ally than her brother. She smuggled herself into Alexandria and became Caesar's lover. He declared that Ptolemy XIII and Cleopatra VII should marry and rule together, according to their father's will. During the temporary armistice, Arsinoë rejoined her siblings in the palace. Caesar had only a weak legal basis for dictating the Egyptian succession and only a single legion or the <a href="/Roman_Army/">Roman army</a> to defend him. As leverage, he kept all potential heirs, including Arsinoë, in the palace under armed guard.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-4"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_4' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <p>In late 48 BCE, an anti-Roman riot broke out in Alexandria, forcing Caesar to calm the populace with reassurances. He agreed to return the island of Cyprus, which had been annexed by Rome years prior. Arsinoë and her youngest brother Ptolemy XIV were named co-rulers of Cyprus, although they were not yet allowed to travel to their new kingdom. Soon after, Achillas arrived in Alexandria with the Egyptian army and attacked the Romans. In the confusion, Arsinoë and Ganymedes escaped together.</p> <blockquote> <p>Arsinoe, acting through the eunuch Ganymedes, her tutor, struck the first blow and killed Achillas. After his murder she herself exercised complete control without any consort or guardian, while the army was entrusted to Ganymedes.</p> <p>(Julius Caesar, <em>Di Bello Alexandrini</em>, 4, trans. Way)</p> </blockquote> <p>The army proclaimed her queen, since Ptolemy XIII was in the custody of Caesar. Ganymedes and Achillas competed to win the loyalty of the Egyptian army through gifts and increased pay. Arsinoë executed Achillas, allowing Ganymedes to focus on the war. He trapped Caesar's forces in the royal quarter and laid siege to them, building roadblocks and fortifications in the city streets. At one point, he even cut off Caesar's access to fresh water.</p> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper"><div class="youtube-embed-container"><iframe data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/0Qi_yw5-qCg?autoplay=0&cc_lang_pref=en" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen title="The Ptolemaic Dynasty of Ancient Egypt: From Ptolemy I to Cleopatra VII"></iframe></div></div> <p>Caesar released Ptolemy XIII from captivity, hoping to buy himself time by creating chaos in the Egyptian army. The Egyptian soldiers imprisoned Arsinoë and Ganymedes and rallied around Ptolemy XIII. Caesar received reinforcements sent by the allied kingdoms of <a href="/pergamon/">Pergamum</a> and Judea, allowing him to defeat the Egyptians at the <a href="/article/2244/battle-of-the-nile/">Battle of the Nile</a> in the summer of 47 BCE. Ptolemy XIII died in the <a href="/disambiguation/battle/">battle</a>, and Cleopatra became sole ruler. After the war was settled, Caesar took Arsinoë away as his prisoner.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-5"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_5' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <h3>Julius Caesar's <a href="/Roman_Triumph/">Triumph</a></h3> <p>Caesar brought Arsinoë back to Rome, where she was imprisoned alongside other rulers taken captive by him during his conquests. These included <a href="/vercingetorix/">Vercingetorix</a> of <a href="/gaul/">Gaul</a> and <a href="/Juba_II/">Juba II</a> of Numidia. It was traditional for captive kings and generals to be marched through the streets during a Roman triumph, a victory parade celebrating great conquests. Many rulers committed suicide to avoid being mistreated and publicly humiliated by their captors during a triumph. Women were not usually led in triumph as captive rulers, but Caesar made an exception for Arsinoë.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="19684"> <a href="/image/19684/a-roman-triumph-by-rubens/" title="A Roman Triumph by Rubens" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/19684.jpg.webp?v=1731795775-1732175238 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/19684.jpg.webp?v=1731795775-1732175238 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/19684.jpg.webp?v=1731795775-1732175238 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/19684.jpg.webp?v=1731795775-1732175238 1500w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/19684.jpg?v=1731795775-1732175238 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/19684.jpg?v=1731795775-1732175238 1000w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/19684.jpg?v=1731795775-1732175238 750w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1500x1500/19684.jpg?v=1731795775-1732175238 1500w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/750x750/19684.jpg?v=1731795775-1732175238" alt="A Roman Triumph by Rubens" class="in_text_image" width="750" height="399" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">A Roman Triumph by Rubens</div><div class="figauthor">National Gallery of London (Public Domain)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/19684/a-roman-triumph-by-rubens/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/19684/a-roman-triumph-by-rubens/","caption":"A Roman Triumph, oil on canvas by Flemish artist Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1630.\r\n\r\nNational Gallery, London.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/19684.jpg","copyrightNotice":"National Gallery of London - Public Domain - This item is in the public domain, and can be used, copied, and modified without any restrictions.","creator":{"@type":"Organization","name":"National Gallery of London"},"creditText":"National Gallery of London / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2024-11-21T07:47:18+0000","datePublished":"2024-11-21T07:47:16+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"A Roman Triumph by Rubens","height":3964,"isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_Roman_Triumph,_about_1630,_Peter_Paul_Rubens.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/19684/a-roman-triumph-by-rubens/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/19684/a-roman-triumph-by-rubens/","width":7461} </script> </p> <p>In 46 BCE, Caesar celebrated a quadruple triumph to commemorate his <a href="/warfare/">conquest</a> of Gaul, Egypt, Pontus, and <a href="/disambiguation/africa/">Africa</a>. Captives, treasures, and artworks looted by Caesar's army were paraded through the city. During the Egyptian triumph on the second day, Arsinoë was marched through the streets in golden chains so that the Roman mob could witness her ordeal. Roman accounts describe her as a dignified, sympathetic figure who moved the spectators to pity.</p> <p>Ganymedes was executed after the triumph, but Caesar declared that Arsinoë would be spared as a favor to her remaining siblings. Arsinoë's life was probably saved by the outpouring of public support and Caesar's desire to appear merciful. Her cruel treatment at the triumph symbolized Egypt's subjugation by the <a href="/Roman_Republic/">Roman Republic</a> and humiliated the Ptolemaic dynasty. It also contributed to negative perceptions of Caesar as a tyrant. Cleopatra was visiting Rome around this time, but her reaction to these events is not known.</p><div class="intext_6 ahe-ad book_rec_banner"></div> <h3>Exile & Assassination</h3> <p>After the triumph, Arsinoë was allowed to join the priestesses of the <a href="/temple/">Temple</a> of <a href="/artemis/">Artemis</a> at <a href="/ephesos/">Ephesus</a>. Holding a priestly office was meant to prevent her from laying claim to the Egyptian throne. However, there were still many who believed that she should rule Egypt. The high priest Megabyzus even hailed her as queen, in clear defiance of Cleopatra.</p> <p><figure class="image_intext_wrapper" rel="180"> <a href="/image/180/model-of-the-temple-of-artemis/" title="Model of the Temple of Artemis" /> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/180.jpg.webp?v=1728492137 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/180.jpg.webp?v=1728492137 1000w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/180.jpg?v=1728492137 500w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/1000x1200/180.jpg?v=1728492137 1000w" type="image/jpeg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/r/p/500x600/180.jpg?v=1728492137" alt="Model of the Temple of Artemis" class="in_text_image" width="500" height="375" /> </picture> <figcaption class="image_caption"><div class="figtitle">Model of the Temple of Artemis</div><div class="figauthor">Faigl.ladislav (GNU FDL)</div></figcaption> </a> </figure> <script type="application/ld+json"> {"@context":"https://schema.org","@id":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/180/model-of-the-temple-of-artemis/#imageobject","@type":"ImageObject","acquireLicensePage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/180/model-of-the-temple-of-artemis/","caption":"Model of the Temple of Artemis, Miniature Park, Istanbul, Turkey.","contentUrl":"https://www.worldhistory.org/uploads/images/180.jpg","copyrightNotice":"Faigl.ladislav - GNU FDL - Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.","creator":{"@type":"Person","name":"Faigl.ladislav"},"creditText":"Faigl.ladislav / Wikipedia","dateModified":"2025-02-25T14:21:07+0000","datePublished":"2012-04-26T07:45:12+0000","encodingFormat":"image/jpeg","headline":"Model of the Temple of Artemis","height":"768","isAccessibleForFree":true,"isBasedOn":{"@type":"CreativeWork","url":"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miniaturk_009.jpg"},"isFamilyFriendly":true,"isPartOf":"https://www.worldhistory.org#website","license":"http://www.gnu.org/licenses/fdl-1.3.en.html","mainEntityOfPage":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/180/model-of-the-temple-of-artemis/","publisher":"https://www.worldhistory.org#organization","representativeOfPage":false,"url":"https://www.worldhistory.org/image/180/model-of-the-temple-of-artemis/","width":"1024"} </script> </p> <p>In 43 BCE, the Roman Republic descended into civil war sparked by the <a href="/article/803/the-assassination-of-julius-caesar/">assassination of Julius Caesar</a> the year before. Cleopatra sided with Caesar's successors <a href="/augustus/">Octavian</a> and <a href="/disambiguation/Mark/">Mark</a> <a href="/Mark_Antony/">Antony</a> against <a href="/The_Assassins/">the assassins</a> Cassius and Brutus. Serapion, the Egyptian governor of Cyprus, ignored her orders and began aiding Cassius. Modern historians have suggested that Serapion's betrayal was part of a plot to restore Arsinoë to the Egyptian throne with Cassius' support.</p> <p>After Cassius was defeated at the Battle of Phillippi, Cleopatra took back control of Cyprus. She executed Serapion and other Egyptian naval commanders who had sided with him. In the aftermath of these events, Cleopatra began to view her remaining siblings as potential threats to herself and her son <a href="/caesarion/">Caesarion</a> (l. c. 47-30 BCE). She was suspected of poisoning her brother Ptolemy XIV, who died unexpectedly in 43 BCE. Next, she plotted against Arsinoë, who she feared might continue to challenge her reign.</p><div id="mobilenewsletter" class="grey_box mobilenewsletter"> <div class="headline">Love History?</div> <p>Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter!</p> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mailchimp-mobile-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL-mobile" style="width:60%;" required> <input type="submit" value="Sign Up" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-mobile" style="margin-top: 10px;">  <div style="position: absolute; left: -5000px;"><input type="text" name="b_c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46_ac74a77c22" tabindex="-1" value=""></div> </form> </div> <p>In 41 BCE, Cleopatra convinced her ally and lover Mark Antony to arrange Arsinoë's murder. Antony's men murdered Arsinoë inside the temple, despite the fact that this was an affront to the gods. Megabyzus was also arrested, but he was spared after the Ephesians petitioned Cleopatra to show mercy.</p> <h3>Aftermath</h3> <p>Octavian defeated <a href="/article/197/cleopatra--antony/">Cleopatra and Antony</a> at the <a href="/Battle_of_Actium/">Battle of Actium</a> in 30 BCE and established <a href="/Roman_Egypt/">Roman Egypt</a>. Cleopatra committed suicide to avoid being led in triumph as Arsinoë had been years earlier. While less famous than her sister, Arsinoë has been depicted in film and <a href="/literature/">literature</a>. Some depict Arsinoë as a vindictive traitor, while others view her more sympathetically as a victim of circumstance.</p> <blockquote> <p>[Cleopatra], who had killed her brother with poison, made [Antony] kill her sister Arsinoe, in order to remove a threat to her power. The crime was committed in the Temple of <a href="/diana/">Diana</a> at <a href="/ephesos/">Ephesus</a>, where the unlucky girl had fled, seeking sanctuary. It was as if Cleopatra were receiving a sacrifice from her lover.</p> <p>(<a href="/Giovanni_Boccaccio/">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>, <em>On Famous Women</em>)</p> </blockquote> <p>The murder of Arsinoë is considered to be one of the most brutal acts of Cleopatra's reign. Writers like <a href="/Flavius_Josephus/">Flavius Josephus</a> (36-100 CE) and Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375) have highlighted it as an example of her tyranny and immorality. However, many historians also emphasize that it was necessary to safeguard her reign and prevent future civil wars.</p> <h3>Possible <a href="/tomb/">Tomb</a> in Ephesus</h3> <p>In 1926, archaeologists unearthed "The Octagon", a monumental tomb in the center of Ephesus. The octagonal tomb was originally surrounded by a marble colonnade with a circular canopy. It was covered by a stepped roof. The tomb is located within the city walls, at the end of the ancient processional street. Bodies were only buried within ancient <a href="/city/">cities</a> on rare occasions, and this was an honor reserved for very important figures. The tomb was opened in 1929, and a skeleton was found inside. The skeleton was initially identified as a teenage girl, and its skull was taken to Germany where it was subjected to pseudoscientific ancestry tests.</p><div class="ad_Mobile_Intext ahe-ad intext-ad-6"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id='div-adcontainer-AHE_Mobile_Intext_8' class="adcontainer intext innerwrapper mobile desktop"> </div> </div> <div class="youtube-embed-wrapper"><div class="youtube-embed-container"><iframe data-src="https://sketchfab.com/models/a42cbd4eabbc4cc39fcc72816914d4ad/embed" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true" onmousewheel=""></iframe></div></div> <p>Archaeologist Hilke Thür theorized that it was the tomb of Arsinoë because its unusual octagonal shape resembled the famous <a href="/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria/">Lighthouse of Alexandria</a>. Some scholars doubted this theory because the tomb did not strongly resemble a lighthouse, and there was not much evidence linking it to Arsinoë. In 2025, researchers from the University of Vienna subjected the skull to genetic analysis and physical examinations. They discovered that the skull actually belonged to a young boy with developmental disorders, finally disproving the identification with Arsinoë. The actual <a href="/burial/">burial</a> place of Arsinoë remains unknown.</p> </article> <div id="ci_rating_wrapper"> <div class="rating_label filter_label">Did you like this definition?</div> <div id="ci_rating_buttons_wrapper"> <div class="rating_button up base" data-rating="1"></div> <div class="rating_button down base" data-rating="-1"></div> </div> </div> <div id="sections_below_links"> <p> <a href="/interestemails/?tags=Arsinoe_IV+Cleopatra_VII+Ptolemaic_Dynasty+Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="topic_subscribe outline_button below_article">Subscribe to topic</a> <a href="#ci_related_content_outer_wrapper" class="outline_button">Related Content</a> <a href="#books_preview" class="outline_button">Books</a> <a href="#citation_info" class="outline_button">Cite This Work</a> <a href="#ci_author_and_copyright" class="outline_button">License</a> </p> </div> <div class="editorial_review_notice"> <span class="editorial_review_header">Editorial Review</span> This human-authored article has been reviewed by our editorial team before publication to ensure accuracy, reliability and adherence to academic standards in accordance with our <a href="/static/editorial-policy/">editorial policy</a>. </div> </div> </div></div> <div class="ad_Flexi_BottomLeft ahe-ad"> <a href="/membership/?utm_source=whe&utm_medium=remove_ads_button_en&utm_campaign=membership" class="ad_membership_notice" rel="nofollow">Remove Ads</a> <div class="ad_header">Advertisement</div>  <div id="div-adcontainer-AHE_Flexi_BottomLeft" class="adcontainer worldhistory_below_content"> </div> </div> <style> .map_container.il { border: none; } .map_container h3 { text-align: center; } </style> <div id="references"> <h2>Bibliography</h2> <ul id="reference_list" class="ref_list bibliography"> <li id="bibID__d8cf5eb96cf3d2b453bf06b1700d2052"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B01DCPQ0QM/" rel="sponsored">Appian of Alexandria. <i>Delphi Complete Works of Appian.</i> Delphi Classics, 2016.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__75580e0939d9ccde198ab1247feba175"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/B0CSBP2YTC/" rel="sponsored">Caesar, Julius & Way, A. G. <i>The Alexandrian War, The African War, The Spanish War.</i> Independently published, 2024.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__52e13c78ce688c254d1c537bf287af51"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0801438675/" rel="sponsored">Chauveau, Michel & Lorton, David. <i>Cleopatra.</i> Cornell University Press, 2002.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__46f91c03d6a4e44274564bc2f51cb267"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0674991958/" rel="sponsored">Dio Cassius & Foster, Herbert B. & Cary, Earnest. <i>Dio Cassius.</i> Harvard University Press, 1925.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__b0de323216ff932a372abe699e3735f9"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/1563381567/" rel="sponsored">Harvard Divinity School & Harvard University Dept. of the Classics & Harvard University Dept. of Fine Arts & Koester, Helmut. <i>Ephesos Metropolis of Asia.</i> UNKNO, 1995.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__4b55daf551f511b38fa2f2145f4b59ab"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/2362450090/" rel="sponsored">Henry, Olivier & Henry, Olivier. <i>Le Mort dans la Ville.</i> Ege Yayinlari, 2013.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__d2692f0c7afd05401c8d52bcb76703e9"> <cite class="bib_text">Hilke Thür. "Arsinoë IV, eine Schwester Kleopatras VII, Grabinhaberin des Oktogons von Ephesos." <i>Verlag nicht ermittelbar</i>, 1991.</cite> </li> <li id="bibID__ec013ed2d38f9f40e06d03ec09fe0df2"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/080613741X/" rel="sponsored">Jones, Prudence J. <i>Cleopatra.</i> University of Oklahoma Press, 2006.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__93af4fb65dac261ac24091b91757746f"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0674019059/" rel="sponsored">Kleiner, Diana E. E. <i>Cleopatra and Rome.</i> Belknap Press, 2005.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__e319776bdec158470a30398b7691c415"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/9004101969/" rel="sponsored">Lane, Eugene N. <i>Cybele, Attis and Related Cults.</i> Brill Academic Pub, 1996.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__9079f84ca6be3eb318461a7cd6b41d22"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0880297255/" rel="sponsored">michael-grant. <i>Cleopatra.</i> Barnes and Noble Books, 1972.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__d3214218069e2e01d48924c9eacf328e"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0300178638/" rel="sponsored">Rogers, Guy MacLean. <i>The Mysteries of Artemis of Ephesos.</i> Yale University Press, 2013.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__9ad4d3c46dd5ea3b6304a7278598e16e"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0199829969/" rel="sponsored">Roller, Duane W. <i>Cleopatra.</i> Oxford University Press, 2011.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__9c8c72c3b73b674a5206ed62a11d95b1"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="/books/0805239111/" rel="sponsored">Sarah B. Pomeroy. <i>Women in Hellenistic Egypt.</i> Schocken, 1984.</a></cite> </li> <li id="bibID__31cdb91fa6e521cebfe114e19646490e"> <cite class="bib_text"><a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-83870-x" class="reference_link" rel="external" title="The Cranium from the Octagon in Ephesos">The Cranium from the Octagon in Ephesos</a></cite> </li> </ul> <div class="book_promo_wrapper"></div> <span class="light affiliate_notice">World History Encyclopedia is an Amazon Associate and earns a commission on qualifying book purchases.</span> <div id="books_rec"> </div> <script> jsQueue(()=>{ $("ul.bibliography").sortList(); }); </script> </div> <div class="user_short_bio_wrapper"> <a href="/interestemails/?author=ava.spartan.117" class="headline_button" rel="nofollow">Subscribe to this author</a> <h2>About the Author</h2> <div class="user_short_bio"> <div class="left_col"> </div> <div class="right_col"> <a href="/user/ava.spartan.117/" rel="nofollow" title="Arienne King"><img data-src="/uploads/profile_photos/150-ava.spartan.117.jpg?v=1569522413" width="100" height="100" alt="Arienne King" class="avatar_image" /></a> <div class="user_name"> <a href="/user/ava.spartan.117/" rel="author" title="Arienne King">Arienne King</a> </div> <div class="short_bio_text"> Arienne King is a writer and historical consultant specializing in Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. She has written for publications such as Ancient History Magazine, and Ancient World Magazine. </div> <div class="sm_links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="translations_notice"> <h2 class="translations">Translations</h2> <a href="/trans/fr/1-23744/arsinoe-iv/" class="translation_link fr outline_button" rel="alternate">French</a> <a href="/trans/es/1-23744/arsinoe-iv/" class="translation_link es outline_button" rel="alternate">Spanish</a> <p>We want people all over the world to learn about history. 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id="ci_related_content"> <div class="ci_related_content_wrapper ci_two_cols three_cols"> <div class="columns"> <a href="/Arsinoe_II_Philadelphus/" class="content_item ci_related_item ci_type_1 " id="1-18744" data-score="1180210" data-ci-type-id="1"> <picture> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/8202.jpg.webp?v=1732052531 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/8202.jpg.webp?v=1732052531 720w" type="image/webp"> <source srcset="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/8202.jpg?v=1732052531 360w, https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/720x404/8202.jpg?v=1732052531 720w" type="image/jpg"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/8202.jpg?v=1732052531" width="360" height="202" alt="Arsinoe II Philadelphus" class="ci_image " /> </picture> <div class="ci_preview_content"> <div class="ci_header type__1"> <div class="ci_type_name"> Definition </div> <h3>Arsinoe II Philadelphus</h3> </div> <div class="ci_preview"> Arsinoe II (l. 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(2024, November 21). <a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Arsinoe_IV/" class="no_external">Arsinoë IV</a>. <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/Arsinoe_IV/ </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_chicago"> <h4>Chicago Style</h4> <div class="citation_details citation_style"> <p> King, Arienne. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Arsinoe_IV/" class="no_external">Arsinoë IV</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. Last modified November 21, 2024. https://www.worldhistory.org/Arsinoe_IV/. </p> </div> </div> <div class="citation_mla citation_style"> <h4>MLA Style</h4> <div class="citation_details"> <p> King, Arienne. "<a href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Arsinoe_IV/" class="no_external">Arsinoë IV</a>." <i>World History Encyclopedia</i>. World History Encyclopedia, 21 Nov 2024. 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first of a series of bad harvests. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_17067" title=""> <div class="date">41 BCE</div> <a href="/Arsinoe_IV/">Arsinoë IV</a> is murdered in the <a href="/temple/">Temple</a> of <a href="/artemis/">Artemis</a> at <a href="/ephesos/">Ephesus</a>. </li> <li class="timeline_entry" id="tl_1928" title=""> <div class="date">41 BCE - 31 BCE</div> <a href="/Mark_Antony/">Mark Antony</a> of <a href="/Rome/">Rome</a> allied with <a href="/Cleopatra_VII/">Cleopatra VII</a> of <a href="/egypt/">Egypt</a>. </li> </ul> </div> </div>  <div id="mc_embed_signup"> <img loading="lazy" data-src="/template/images/newsletter-header-red.jpg" class="newsletter_banner" width="300" height="106" alt="Weekly Newsletter"> <form action="//ancient.us8.list-manage.com/subscribe/post?u=c3168e59d8bfba7986977db46&id=ac74a77c22" method="post" id="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" name="mc-embedded-subscribe-form" class="validate"> <div id="mc_embed_signup_scroll"> <p>History delivered to you once a week:</p> <div class="mc-field-group"> <input type="email" placeholder="Email address..." name="EMAIL" autocomplete="email" class="required email" id="mce-EMAIL" style="width:80%;" required> </div> <p>Are you a...?</p> <div class="mc-field-group input-group" style="margin-top: -10px;"> <input type="radio" value="1" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-0" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-0">History Enthusiast</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="2" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-1" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-1">Teacher</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="4" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-2" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-2">Student</label><br/> <input type="radio" value="8" name="group[5]" id="mce-group[5]-5-3" required><label for="mce-group[5]-5-3">Librarian</label> </div> <div id="mce-responses" class="clear"> <div class="response" id="mce-error-response" style="display:none"></div> <div class="response" id="mce-success-response" style="display:none"></div> </div>  <input type="hidden" name="tags" value="40497"> <input type="submit" value="Subscribe" name="subscribe" id="mc-embedded-subscribe" class="button content_button red" style="margin-top: 10px;"> <div style="position: absolute; 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