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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Événements</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Événements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afrique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Afrique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afrique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amérique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amérique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Amérique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amérique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asie_et_Pacifique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asie_et_Pacifique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Asie et Pacifique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asie_et_Pacifique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnages_significatifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnages_significatifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personnages significatifs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnages_significatifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 136 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">136 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/14de_eeu" title="14de eeu – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="14de eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._Jahrhundert" title="14. Jahrhundert – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="14. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="14ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="14ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_XIV" title="Sieglo XIV – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo XIV" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_14" title="القرن 14 – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 14" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="القرن الاربعتاشر – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن الاربعتاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_XIV" title="Sieglu XIV – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu XIV" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83" title="XIV гӀасру – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="XIV гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-eafa_decemda" title="14-eafa decemda – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="14-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%C9%99sr" title="XIV əsr – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="XIV əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B4._%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="۱۴. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۴. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="XIV быуат – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="XIV быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-14" title="Abad ka-14 – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-14" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_om%C5%BEios" title="XIV omžios – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="XIV omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XIV стагоддзе – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="XIV стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="XIV стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="XIV стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="14 век – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="14 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="চতুর্দশ শতাব্দী – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চতুর্দশ শতাব্দী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIVvet_kantved" title="XIVvet kantved – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="XIVvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._vijek" title="14. vijek – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="14. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_XIV" title="Segle XIV – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle XIV" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_si%C3%A9-g%C4%AB" title="14 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="14 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE" title="XIV бӀешо – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="XIV бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A4%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%85" title="سەدەی ١٤یەم – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ١٤یەم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._stolet%C3%AD" title="14. století – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="14. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="XIV ĕмĕр – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="XIV ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/14eg_ganrif" title="14eg ganrif – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="14eg ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="14. århundrede – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="14. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._Jahrhundert" title="14. Jahrhundert – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="14. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_14%C4%B1ne" title="Seserra 14ıne – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 14ıne" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="14ος αιώνας – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="14ος αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_s%C3%A9col" title="XIV sécol – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="XIV sécol" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="14th century" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-a_jarcento" title="14-a jarcento – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="14-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_XIV" title="Siglo XIV – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo XIV" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._sajand" title="14. sajand – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="14. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV._mendea" title="XIV. mendea – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="XIV. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_XIV" title="Sigru XIV – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru XIV" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%DA%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سده چهاردهم میلادی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده چهاردهم میلادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1300-luku" title="1300-luku – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="1300-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._aastagasada" title="14. aastagasada – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="14. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._%C3%B8ld" title="14. øld – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="14. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._juarhunert" title="14. juarhunert – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="14. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/14e_iuw" title="14e iuw – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="14e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%C3%BA_haois" title="14ú haois – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="14ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="14世紀 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="14世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/14mh_Linn" title="14mh Linn – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="14mh Linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIV" title="Século XIV – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século XIV" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/14oo_eash" title="14oo eash – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="14oo eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-14" title="המאה ה-14 – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-14" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="१४वीं शताब्दी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१४वीं शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._stolje%C4%87e" title="14. stoljeće – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="14. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._sz%C3%A1zad" title="14. század – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="14. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="14-րդ դար – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="14-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_14" title="Seculo 14 – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 14" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-14" title="Abad ke-14 – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-14" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/14ma_yarcento" title="14ma yarcento – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="14ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._%C3%B6ldin" title="14. öldin – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="14. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_secolo" title="XIV secolo – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="XIV secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="14世紀 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="14世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_14" title="Abad ping 14 – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 14" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="XIV საუკუნე – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="XIV საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XIV ғасыр – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="XIV ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="14세기 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="14세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_14an" title="Sedsala 14an – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 14an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/14ves_kansbledhen" title="14ves kansbledhen – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="14ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_14" title="Saeculum 14 – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 14" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._Joerhonnert" title="14. Joerhonnert – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="14. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="XIV виш йис – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="XIV виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_14" title="Sentenio 14 – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 14" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veertiende_iew" title="Veertiende iew – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Veertiende iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_secolo" title="XIV secolo – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="XIV secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cul_XIV" title="Sécul XIV – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sécul XIV" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_am%C5%BEius" title="XIV amžius – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="XIV amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._gadsimts" title="14. gadsimts – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="14. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-14" title="Abad kaping-14 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-14" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="XIV курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="XIV курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_14" title="Rautau 14 – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 14" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="14 век – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="14 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AA_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १४ वे शतक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १४ वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-14" title="Abad ke-14 – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-14" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%84_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁၄ ရာစုနှစ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၄ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="XIV пинге – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="XIV пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_XIV" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XIV – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl XIV" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_seculo" title="XIV seculo – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="XIV seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._Johrhunnert" title="14. Johrhunnert – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="14. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/14e_eeuw" title="14e eeuw – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="14e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/14e_eeuw" title="14e eeuw – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="14e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/1300-talet" title="1300-talet – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="1300-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._%C3%A5rhundre" title="14. århundre – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="14. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIVe_s." title="XIVe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="XIVe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_14" title="Ngwagakgolo 14 – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 14" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XIV" title="Sègle XIV – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle XIV" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%81" title="XIV æнус – ossète" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="XIV æнус" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossète" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_14" title="Siglo 14 – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Siglo 14" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_wiek" title="XIV wiek – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="XIV wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="چودہویں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چودہویں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_XIV" title="Século XIV – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século XIV" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata" title="14 ñiqin pachakwata – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="14 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_XIV-lea" title="Secolul al XIV-lea – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al XIV-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="XIV век – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="XIV век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="XIV. стороча – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="XIV. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="XIV үйэ – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="XIV үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8culu_XIV" title="Sèculu XIV – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sèculu XIV" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._vijek" title="14. vijek – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="14. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_14" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 14 – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 14" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_century" title="14th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="14th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._storo%C4%8Die" title="14. storočie – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="14. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._stoletje" title="14. stoletje – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="14. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_XIV" title="Shekulli XIV – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli XIV" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="14. век – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="14. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._Jierhunnert" title="14. Jierhunnert – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="14. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-14" title="Abad ka-14 – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-14" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/1300-talet" title="1300-talet – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="1300-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_14" title="Karne ya 14 – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 14" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="14-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="14-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_XIV" title="Садаи XIV – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи XIV" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_14" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 14 – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 14" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/14-nji_asyr" title="14-nji asyr – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="14-nji asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-14_na_dantaon" title="Ika-14 na dantaon – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-14 na dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="14. yüzyıl – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="14. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="XIV гасыр – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="XIV гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="XIV століття – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="XIV століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="چودہویں صدی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چودہویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_asr" title="XIV asr – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="XIV asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_secolo" title="XIV secolo – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="XIV secolo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_14" title="Thế kỷ 14 – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 14" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/14inme_sieke" title="14inme sieke – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="14inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-14_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-14 nga gatostuig – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-14 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="14世纪 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="14世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/XIV_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="XIV ოშწანურა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="XIV ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%22%D7%94" title="14טער י"ה – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="14טער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/14e_e%C3%AAuw" title="14e eêuw – zélandais" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="14e eêuw" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zélandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="14世纪 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="14世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="14 sè-kí – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="14 sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="14世紀 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="14世紀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7034#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifier les liens interlangues" class="wbc-editpage">Modifier les liens</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaces de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=history"><span>Voir l’historique</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Général </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_li%C3%A9es/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Liste des pages liées qui pointent sur celle-ci [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Suivi_des_liens/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle" rel="nofollow" title="Liste des modifications récentes des pages appelées par celle-ci [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Suivi des pages liées</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Importer_un_fichier" title="Téléverser des fichiers [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Téléverser un fichier</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Pages_sp%C3%A9ciales" title="Liste de toutes les pages spéciales [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pages spéciales</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&oldid=220062790" title="Adresse permanente de cette version de cette page"><span>Lien permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=info" title="Davantage d’informations sur cette page"><span>Informations sur la page</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:Citer&page=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&id=220062790&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informations sur la manière de citer cette page"><span>Citer cette page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sp%C3%A9cial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FXIVe_si%25C3%25A8cle"><span>Obtenir l'URL 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de la page"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Apparence"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Apparence</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">masquer</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="toc" align="right" style="margin:4px;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><small>Millénaires :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire" title="Ier millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> millénaire</a> • <b><a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIe millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/IIIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIIe millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="3ᵉ millénaire">III<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire</a><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><small>Siècles :</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> • <b><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> • <a href="/wiki/XVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XVe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> </p> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><small>Décennies :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1300" title="Années 1300">1300</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1310" title="Années 1310">1310</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1320" title="Années 1320">1320</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1330" title="Années 1330">1330</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1340" title="Années 1340">1340</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1350" title="Années 1350">1350</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1360" title="Années 1360">1360</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1370" title="Années 1370">1370</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1380" title="Années 1380">1380</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1390" title="Années 1390">1390</a> </p> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><small>Années :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/1301" title="1301">1301</a> • <a href="/wiki/1302" title="1302">1302</a> • <a href="/wiki/1303" title="1303">1303</a> • <a href="/wiki/1304" title="1304">1304</a> • <a href="/wiki/1305" title="1305">1305</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1306" title="1306">1306</a> • <a href="/wiki/1307" title="1307">1307</a> • <a href="/wiki/1308" title="1308">1308</a> • <a href="/wiki/1309" title="1309">1309</a> • <a href="/wiki/1310" title="1310">1310</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1311" title="1311">1311</a> • <a href="/wiki/1312" title="1312">1312</a> • <a href="/wiki/1313" title="1313">1313</a> • <a href="/wiki/1314" title="1314">1314</a> • <a href="/wiki/1315" title="1315">1315</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1316" title="1316">1316</a> • <a href="/wiki/1317" title="1317">1317</a> • <a href="/wiki/1318" title="1318">1318</a> • <a href="/wiki/1319" title="1319">1319</a> • <a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1321" title="1321">1321</a> • <a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a> • <a href="/wiki/1323" title="1323">1323</a> • <a href="/wiki/1324" title="1324">1324</a> • <a href="/wiki/1325" title="1325">1325</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1326" title="1326">1326</a> • <a href="/wiki/1327" title="1327">1327</a> • <a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a> • <a href="/wiki/1329" title="1329">1329</a> • <a href="/wiki/1330" title="1330">1330</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a> • <a href="/wiki/1332" title="1332">1332</a> • <a href="/wiki/1333" title="1333">1333</a> • <a href="/wiki/1334" title="1334">1334</a> • <a href="/wiki/1335" title="1335">1335</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a> • <a href="/wiki/1337" title="1337">1337</a> • <a href="/wiki/1338" title="1338">1338</a> • <a href="/wiki/1339" title="1339">1339</a> • <a href="/wiki/1340" title="1340">1340</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1341" title="1341">1341</a> • <a href="/wiki/1342" title="1342">1342</a> • <a href="/wiki/1343" title="1343">1343</a> • <a href="/wiki/1344" title="1344">1344</a> • <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1346" title="1346">1346</a> • <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a> • <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a> • <a href="/wiki/1349" title="1349">1349</a> • <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1351" title="1351">1351</a> • <a href="/wiki/1352" title="1352">1352</a> • <a href="/wiki/1353" title="1353">1353</a> • <a href="/wiki/1354" title="1354">1354</a> • <a href="/wiki/1355" title="1355">1355</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1356" title="1356">1356</a> • <a href="/wiki/1357" title="1357">1357</a> • <a href="/wiki/1358" title="1358">1358</a> • <a href="/wiki/1359" title="1359">1359</a> • <a href="/wiki/1360" title="1360">1360</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1361" title="1361">1361</a> • <a href="/wiki/1362" title="1362">1362</a> • <a href="/wiki/1363" title="1363">1363</a> • <a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a> • <a href="/wiki/1365" title="1365">1365</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1366" title="1366">1366</a> • <a href="/wiki/1367" title="1367">1367</a> • <a href="/wiki/1368" title="1368">1368</a> • <a href="/wiki/1369" title="1369">1369</a> • <a href="/wiki/1370" title="1370">1370</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1371" title="1371">1371</a> • <a href="/wiki/1372" title="1372">1372</a> • <a href="/wiki/1373" title="1373">1373</a> • <a href="/wiki/1374" title="1374">1374</a> • <a href="/wiki/1375" title="1375">1375</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1376" title="1376">1376</a> • <a href="/wiki/1377" title="1377">1377</a> • <a href="/wiki/1378" title="1378">1378</a> • <a href="/wiki/1379" title="1379">1379</a> • <a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1381" title="1381">1381</a> • <a href="/wiki/1382" title="1382">1382</a> • <a href="/wiki/1383" title="1383">1383</a> • <a href="/wiki/1384" title="1384">1384</a> • <a href="/wiki/1385" title="1385">1385</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1386" title="1386">1386</a> • <a href="/wiki/1387" title="1387">1387</a> • <a href="/wiki/1388" title="1388">1388</a> • <a href="/wiki/1389" title="1389">1389</a> • <a href="/wiki/1390" title="1390">1390</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1391" title="1391">1391</a> • <a href="/wiki/1392" title="1392">1392</a> • <a href="/wiki/1393" title="1393">1393</a> • <a href="/wiki/1394" title="1394">1394</a> • <a href="/wiki/1395" title="1395">1395</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1396" title="1396">1396</a> • <a href="/wiki/1397" title="1397">1397</a> • <a href="/wiki/1398" title="1398">1398</a> • <a href="/wiki/1399" title="1399">1399</a> • <a href="/wiki/1400" title="1400">1400</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Le <b><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> commence le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1301-01-09" data-sort-value="1301-01-09"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 1301</time> et finit le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1401-01-09" data-sort-value="1401-01-09">31 décembre 1400</time>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Événements"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements"></span>Événements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Événements"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Map14century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map14century.png/220px-Map14century.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map14century.png/330px-Map14century.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Map14century.png/440px-Map14century.png 2x" data-file-width="1438" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>Planisphère représentant la répartition politique mondiale à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afrique">Afrique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Afrique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Afrique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Vers le début du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> : le fils d’un chef du petit royaume de <a href="/wiki/Boungou" class="mw-disambig" title="Boungou">Boungou</a>, nommé Ntinu Wene ou <a href="/wiki/Lukeni_lua_Nimi" title="Lukeni lua Nimi">Nimi a Lukeni</a>, originaire de la vallée du <a href="/wiki/Kwango_(rivi%C3%A8re)" title="Kwango (rivière)">Kouango</a>, fonde le <a href="/wiki/Kongo_(royaume)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongo (royaume)">royaume du Congo</a> après s’être imposé aux chefs des tribus voisines. Il établit sa capitale au centre de son royaume, dans la chefferie de <a href="/wiki/Mpemba" class="mw-disambig" title="Mpemba">Mpemba</a>, au camp militaire de <a href="/wiki/Mbanza-Kongo" title="Mbanza-Kongo">Mbali</a>, d’où partent plusieurs expéditions qui aboutissent à l’annexion du <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nsundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nsundi (page inexistante)">Nsundi</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsundi" class="extiw" title="en:Nsundi"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Nsundi »">(en)</span></a>, de <a href="/wiki/Mbamba" class="mw-disambig" title="Mbamba">Mbamba</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Soyo" title="Soyo">Soyo</a>. Par ailleurs des royaumes voisins, le Mpangou et le Mbata, payent un tribut au souverain du Congo qui prend le titre de <a href="/wiki/Manicongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicongo">Manicongo</a> ou de Ne-Congo<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Vers 1300-1400</b> : au <a href="/wiki/Royaume_du_Fouta-Toro" title="Royaume du Fouta-Toro">Fouta-Toro</a> (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal" title="Sénégal">Sénégal</a>), la dynastie musulmane <a href="/wiki/Toucouleurs" title="Toucouleurs">toucouleur</a> des Manna est renversée par la dynastie païenne des Tondyon, d'origine <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9r%C3%A8res" title="Sérères">sérère</a>, qui règne pendant un siècle<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1312-1337</b> : apogée de l’<a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Mali" title="Empire du Mali">empire du Mali</a> sous le règne de <a href="/wiki/Mansa_Moussa" title="Mansa Moussa">Mansa Moussa</a><sup id="cite_ref-Papin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Papin-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1316</b> : huit dominicains menés par Bartolomeo da Tivoli s’installent à <a href="/wiki/Dongola" title="Dongola">Dongola</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Nubie" title="Nubie">Nubie</a> au moment où un gouverneur musulman est nommé par les sultans du <a href="/wiki/Le_Caire" title="Le Caire">Caire</a>. Bartolomeo da Tivoli est nommé par le pape <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_de_Nubie" title="Église de Nubie">évêque de Dongola</a> en 1330<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À la même époque, vers 1302, le Génois Sor Leone Vivaldi, fils de <a href="/wiki/Vandino_et_Ugolino_Vivaldi" title="Vandino et Ugolino Vivaldi">Ugolino Vivaldi</a>, aurait atteint Magdasor, peut-être <a href="/wiki/Mogadiscio" title="Mogadiscio">Mogadiscio</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ou <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 1360</b> : fondation de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_du_Djolof" title="Empire du Djolof">empire du Djolof</a> par <a href="/wiki/Ndiadiane_Ndiaye" title="Ndiadiane Ndiaye">Ndiadiane Ndiaye</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b><abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> : <ul><li>fondation du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_du_Ouadda%C3%AF" title="Royaume du Ouaddaï">royaume du Ouaddaï</a>, à l’est du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_du_Kanem-Bornou" title="Royaume du Kanem-Bornou">Kanem-Bornou</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; il est gouverné par des chefs animistes <a href="/wiki/Maba_(langue_du_Tchad)" title="Maba (langue du Tchad)">Maba</a> qui sont peu à peu remplacés par des <a href="/wiki/Toundjour" title="Toundjour">Toundjour</a> venus du <a href="/wiki/Darfour" title="Darfour">Darfour</a>. Ces derniers règnent durant un siècle sur ce territoire qui joue un rôle secondaire jusqu’à sa conversion à l’<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> au <abbr class="abbr" title="17ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>à la fin du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle ou au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle les <a href="/wiki/Mossi_(peuple)" title="Mossi (peuple)">Mossi</a>, venus du nord du <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> actuel, forment des <a href="/wiki/Royaume_mossi" title="Royaume mossi">États aristocratiques</a> dans les hautes et moyennes vallées de la <a href="/wiki/Volta_(fleuve)" title="Volta (fleuve)">Volta</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le moins mal connu de ces royaumes animistes est le <a href="/wiki/Royaume_du_Yatenga" title="Royaume du Yatenga">Yatenga</a> en raison de sa proximité des royaumes musulmans. Les Mossi résistent farouchement à l’islam et à leurs voisins beaucoup plus puissants et mieux organisés qu’eux et prennent souvent l’initiative de l’attaque.</li> <li>hégémonie du comptoir arabe de <a href="/wiki/Pate_(ville)" title="Pate (ville)">Paté</a> sur la <a href="/wiki/Zanguebar" title="Zanguebar">côte swahilie</a> en Afrique orientale<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amérique"><span id="Am.C3.A9rique"></span>Amérique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Amérique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Amérique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Série d’années pluvieuses dans le Sud-Ouest de l’<a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord" title="Amérique du Nord">Amérique du Nord</a> à partir de <a href="/wiki/1300" title="1300">1300</a> et pendant tout le <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1300-1600</b> : quatrième <a href="/wiki/Pueblos" title="Pueblos">période Pueblo</a> en <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord" title="Amérique du Nord">Amérique du Nord</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1325</b> : fondation de <a href="/wiki/Mexico-Tenochtitlan" title="Mexico-Tenochtitlan">Mexico-Tenochtitlan</a> par les <a href="/wiki/Azt%C3%A8ques" title="Aztèques">Aztèques</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1370-1470</b> : prospérité du royaume <a href="/wiki/Chim%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimú">Chimú</a>, sur la côte nord du <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rou" title="Pérou">Pérou</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, avec <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chan" title="Chan Chan">Chan Chan</a> pour capitale, qui couvre plus de 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asie_et_Pacifique">Asie et Pacifique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Asie et Pacifique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Asie et Pacifique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>1320-1413</b> : la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_des_Tughl%C3%BBq" title="Dynastie des Tughlûq">dynastie des Tughlûq</a> règne sur le <a href="/wiki/Sultanat_de_Delhi" title="Sultanat de Delhi">sultanat de Delhi</a>, en Inde<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1331-1364</b> : expansion du <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> en <a href="/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie" title="Indonésie">Indonésie</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1336–1392</b> : <a href="/wiki/%C3%89poque_Nanboku-ch%C5%8D" title="Époque Nanboku-chō">époque Nanboku-chō</a> au <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ségéric_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ségéric-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; l’arc et la cavalerie, qui ont dominé jusqu’alors l’art de la guerre, s’effacent au <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle devant l’épée et l’infanterie. Les luttes des « <i>dynasties du <a href="/wiki/Cour_du_Nord" title="Cour du Nord">Nord</a> et du <a href="/wiki/Cour_du_Sud" title="Cour du Sud">Sud</a></i> » se règlent soit à la suite de sièges parfois très longs, soit par de grandes batailles rangées, où le rôle de la piétaille armée de piques devient prépondérant.</li> <li><b>1336-1565</b> : <a href="/wiki/Royaume_de_Vijayanagara" title="Royaume de Vijayanagara">royaume de Vijayanagara</a> en <a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1338-1573</b> : <a href="/wiki/%C3%89poque_de_Muromachi" title="Époque de Muromachi">époque de Muromachi</a> au <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a>. Établis à <a href="/wiki/Ky%C3%B4to" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyôto">Kyôto</a> dans le faubourg de Muromachi, les <a href="/wiki/Shoguns_Ashikaga" title="Shoguns Ashikaga">Shoguns Ashikaga</a> tiennent une cour extrêmement brillante, un peu à la manière des cours italiennes de la <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>. Sous l’influence de la culture <a href="/wiki/Song" class="mw-redirect" title="Song">Song</a>, l’architecture s’affine à l’extrême (<a href="/wiki/Kinkaku-ji" title="Kinkaku-ji">Pavillons d’Or</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ginkaku-ji" title="Ginkaku-ji">d’Argent</a>), une peinture nouvelle, mariant sur des fonds d’or les couleurs vives, flamboie sur les cloisons des résidences tandis que, dans d’austères pavillons savamment rustiques, s’élaborent les rites de la <a href="/wiki/Chanoyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanoyu">cérémonie du thé</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1351-1368</b> : <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Turbans_rouges" title="Révolte des Turbans rouges">révolte des Turbans rouges</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Walter_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Après 1350</b> : début de la période classique <a href="/wiki/Maoris_(Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande)" title="Maoris (Nouvelle-Zélande)">maorie</a> dans l’île du nord de la <a href="/wiki/Nouvelle-Z%C3%A9lande" title="Nouvelle-Zélande">Nouvelle-Zélande</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. La population s’accroît rapidement dans l’île Nord et les tribus sont constamment en guerre. Les <i><a href="/wiki/Pa_(Maori)" title="Pa (Maori)">pa</a></i>, des forteresses massives de terre pisé avec terrasses sont érigées sur les flancs des volcans éteints, sur les crêtes et promontoires, mais aussi en terrains plats et dans les marécages. Ils se renforcent et deviennent de plus en plus nombreux avec le temps. Des systèmes d’exploitation des sols sont mis au point, tels les systèmes de limites de champs et de fosses pour conserver les patates douces retrouvées dans l’île Nord ; la subsistance dépend désormais de l’agriculture (patate douce, racines de fougère)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Sur l’île Sud, la population et le nombre de sites déclinent.</li> <li><b>1354-1434</b> : les <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_Phagmodrupa" title="Période Phagmodrupa">Phagmodrupas</a> prennent le pouvoir au <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, tandis que le <a href="/wiki/Bouddhisme_tib%C3%A9tain" title="Bouddhisme tibétain">bouddhisme tibétain</a> bénéficie d’un nouvel essor grâce aux mesures énergiques du moine réformateur <a href="/wiki/Tsong-kha-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsong-kha-pa">Tsong-kha-pa</a> (1357-<a href="/wiki/1419" title="1419">1419</a>), qui fonde l’ordre religieux des <a href="/wiki/Dge-lugs-pa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dge-lugs-pa">Dge-lugs-pa</a>, plus connu sous le nom de l'<a href="/wiki/Gelugpa" title="Gelugpa">école des bonnets jaunes</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1368-1644</b> : <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Ming" title="Dynastie Ming">dynastie Ming</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a><sup id="cite_ref-Walter_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walter-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1370-1405</b> : conquêtes de <a href="/wiki/Tamerlan" title="Tamerlan">Tamerlan</a> en Asie occidentale<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le siècle est marqué par le début du <a href="/wiki/Petit_%C3%A2ge_glaciaire" title="Petit âge glaciaire">petit âge glaciaire</a>, à partir de l’hiver <a href="/wiki/1303" title="1303">1303</a> et des suivants, caractérisé par une avancée des glaciers européens, des températures hivernales très froides, non constantes mais fréquentes, des étés souvent humides et frais. Une période très humide provoque des famines en Europe dans les années 1315-1316<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; la <a href="/wiki/Peste_noire" title="Peste noire">peste noire</a> de 1347-1350 réduit du tiers la population européenne<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> ; enfin la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Cent_Ans" title="Guerre de Cent Ans">guerre de Cent Ans</a> ravage la France et est accompagnée de <a href="/wiki/Famine" title="Famine">famines</a>. Cet ensemble d'événements constitue la <a href="/wiki/Crise_de_la_fin_du_Moyen_%C3%82ge" title="Crise de la fin du Moyen Âge">crise de la fin du Moyen Âge</a>. </p> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Occident_au_XIVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Occident au XIVe siècle">Occident au XIVe siècle</a>.</div></div> <ul><li><b>1302-1305</b> : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Flandre" title="Guerre de Flandre">guerre en Flandre</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Courtrai_(1302)" title="Bataille de Courtrai (1302)">Bataille de Courtrai (1302)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Zierikzee" title="Bataille de Zierikzee">Bataille de Zierikzee</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Mons-en-P%C3%A9v%C3%A8le" title="Bataille de Mons-en-Pévèle">Bataille de Mons-en-Pévèle</a> (1304). <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_d%27Athis-sur-Orge" class="mw-redirect" title="Traité d'Athis-sur-Orge">Traité d'Athis-sur-Orge</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dubois_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1307-1314</b> : arrestation et procès des <a href="/wiki/Ordre_du_Temple" title="Ordre du Temple">Templiers</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dubois_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dubois-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le pape <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%A9ment_V" title="Clément V">Clément V</a> dissout l'<a href="/wiki/Ordre_du_Temple" title="Ordre du Temple">ordre du Temple</a> au <a href="/wiki/Concile_de_Vienne" title="Concile de Vienne">concile de Vienne</a> (1312)<sup id="cite_ref-Bourel_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourel-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Molay" title="Jacques de Molay">Jacques de Molay</a>, grand-maître des Templiers est condamné à être brûlé vif (1314)</li> <li><b>1309-1378</b> : la <a href="/wiki/Papaut%C3%A9_d%27Avignon" title="Papauté d'Avignon">papauté est établie en Avignon</a> à la suite du conflit entre <a href="/wiki/Philippe_IV_le_Bel" title="Philippe IV le Bel">Philippe le Bel</a> et <a href="/wiki/Boniface_VIII" title="Boniface VIII">Boniface VIII</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bourel_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourel-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1312-1357</b> : apogée de la <a href="/wiki/Horde_d%27or" title="Horde d'or">Horde d'or</a> sous le règne d'<a href="/wiki/%C3%96zbeg" title="Özbeg">Özbeg</a> et de son fils <a href="/wiki/Djanibeg" title="Djanibeg">Djanibeg</a>. Des troubles internes affaiblissent le khanat de 1359 au règne de <a href="/wiki/Tokhtamych" title="Tokhtamych">Tokhtamych</a> qui réunifie brièvement la Horde de 1381 à 1395<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1316-1341</b> : le <a href="/wiki/Grand-duch%C3%A9_de_Lituanie" title="Grand-duché de Lituanie">grand-duc de Lituanie</a> <a href="/wiki/Gh%C3%A9dimin" title="Ghédimin">Gediminas</a> conquiert les principautés russes de <a href="/wiki/Volhynie" title="Volhynie">Volhynie</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Bi%C3%A9lorussie" title="Biélorussie">Biélorussie</a> et une partie de l'<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine du Nord-Ouest</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les grands se lient en une pyramide d’obligations partant du grand-duc et accaparent de vastes domaines dans les régions conquises, transformant les paysans russes en serfs. Les villes se développent en suivant l’exemple polonais, c’est-à-dire par l’action de marchands et d’artisans allemands.</li> <li><b>1323-1328</b> : <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Karls" title="Révolte des Karls">révolte des Karls</a> en Flandre<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1337-1453</b> : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Cent_Ans" title="Guerre de Cent Ans">guerre de Cent Ans</a> entre la France et l'Angleterre. Succès anglais jusqu'en 1360<sup id="cite_ref-Bourel_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourel-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1341-1364</b> : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Succession_de_Bretagne" title="Guerre de Succession de Bretagne">guerre de Succession de Bretagne</a><sup id="cite_ref-Minois_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minois-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1341-1347</b> : <a href="/wiki/Guerre_civile_de_Byzance_(1341-1347)" title="Guerre civile de Byzance (1341-1347)">guerre civile</a> dans l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_byzantin" title="Empire byzantin">Empire byzantin</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>1346</b> : <a href="/wiki/Bataille_de_Cr%C3%A9cy" title="Bataille de Crécy">bataille de Crécy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bourel_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourel-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1347-1352</b> : une terrible pandémie, la <a href="/wiki/Peste_noire" title="Peste noire">peste noire</a>, provoque la mort d'un tiers de la population européenne<sup id="cite_ref-Bourel_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourel-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1354-1402</b> : <a href="/wiki/Guerres_ottomanes_en_Europe#Premières_conquêtes_sur_l'Empire_byzantin_(1346-1356)" title="Guerres ottomanes en Europe">premières conquêtes des Ottomans sur l'Empire byzantin</a> dans les <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1360-1380</b> : reconquête française pendant la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Cent_Ans" title="Guerre de Cent Ans">guerre de Cent Ans</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bourel_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourel-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1366-1369</b> : <a href="/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_civile_de_Castille" title="Première guerre civile de Castille">guerre civile en Castille</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pirenne_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pirenne-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1378-1417</b> : le <a href="/wiki/Grand_Schisme_d%27Occident" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Schisme d'Occident">grand Schisme d'Occident</a> divise l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique" title="Église catholique">Église catholique</a> ; un pape est établi à Rome, un autre <a href="/wiki/Comtat_Venaissin" title="Comtat Venaissin">en Avignon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bourel_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bourel-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1378-1384</b> : troubles sociaux en Europe occidentale. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_chaperons_blancs" title="Révolte des chaperons blancs">Révolte des chaperons blancs</a> (1379-1382)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_paysans" class="mw-redirect" title="Révolte des paysans">Révolte des paysans</a> en Angleterre. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Tuchins" title="Révolte des Tuchins">Révolte des Tuchins</a> en Languedoc. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_de_la_Harelle" title="Révolte de la Harelle">Révolte de la Harelle</a> à Rouen. <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_des_Maillotins" title="Révolte des Maillotins">Révolte des Maillotins</a> à Paris<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1378-1381</b> : la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_de_Chioggia" title="Guerre de Chioggia">guerre de Chioggia</a> consacre la supériorité maritime de <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_Venise" title="République de Venise">Venise</a> sur sa rivale <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_de_G%C3%AAnes" title="République de Gênes">Gênes</a> en Méditerranée orientale<sup id="cite_ref-Klaniczay_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klaniczay-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>1385</b> : premiers textes connus concernant les <a href="/wiki/Roms" title="Roms">Roms</a> en <a href="/wiki/Moldavie" title="Moldavie">Moldavie</a> et <a href="/wiki/Valachie" title="Valachie">Valachie</a>, liés à leur situation d'esclavage. Arrivés en Europe au début du siècle en passant par la <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8ce" title="Grèce">Grèce</a>, ils viennent d’<a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a> du Nord (<abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle) ; leur trajet peut être retracé par les emprunts de mots persans, kurdes ou grecs dans les dialectes roms européens que l’on retrouve. Ils restent en Grèce près d’un siècle avant de s’installer dans toute l’Europe. Au début du <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle, ils atteignent tous les pays du continent, y compris la <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Scandinavie" title="Scandinavie">Scandinavie</a>, les <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Eles_Britanniques" title="Îles Britanniques">Îles Britanniques</a> et l’<a href="/wiki/Espagne" title="Espagne">Espagne</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnages_significatifs">Personnages significatifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Personnages significatifs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Personnages significatifs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_IV_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe IV de France">Philippe IV de France</a>, dit Philippe Le Bel (<a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a>-<a href="/wiki/1314" title="1314">1314</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roi_de_France" title="Roi de France">roi de France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_monarques_de_Navarre" title="Liste des monarques de Navarre">roi de Navarre</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis X de France">Louis X de France</a>, (<a href="/wiki/1314" title="1314">1314</a>-<a href="/wiki/1316" title="1316">1316</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roi_de_France" title="Roi de France">roi de France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_monarques_de_Navarre" title="Liste des monarques de Navarre">roi de Navarre</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_V_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe V de France">Philippe V de France</a>, (<a href="/wiki/1316" title="1316">1316</a>-<a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roi_de_France" title="Roi de France">roi de France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_monarques_de_Navarre" title="Liste des monarques de Navarre">roi de Navarre</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles IV de France">Charles IV de France</a>, (<a href="/wiki/1322" title="1322">1322</a>-<a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roi_de_France" title="Roi de France">roi de France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_monarques_de_Navarre" title="Liste des monarques de Navarre">roi de Navarre</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_III_d%27Angleterre" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard III d'Angleterre">Édouard III d'Angleterre</a>, (1312-1377), roi d'Angleterre, petit-fils de Philippe le Bel. Il rétablit l'autorité royale en Angleterre, commence la guerre de Cent Ans car il est le successeur le plus direct au trône de France vacant qui sera désormais occupé par la branche cadette des Capétiens, les Valois.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_de_Woodstock" title="Édouard de Woodstock">Édouard de Woodstock</a>, (1330-1376), dit le Prince Noir. Prince de Galles, fils aîné d'Édouard III. Il est l'un des principaux chefs de guerre de la guerre de Cent Ans. Il commande les forces anglaises en France. Il remporta notamment la bataille de Crécy et la bataille de Poitiers : deux des principaux désastres militaires français.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_VI_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe VI de France">Philippe VI de France</a>, (<a href="/wiki/1328" title="1328">1328</a>-<a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roi_de_France" title="Roi de France">roi de France</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_II_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean II de France">Jean II de France</a>, dit Jean Le Bon, (<a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>-<a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roi_de_France" title="Roi de France">roi de France</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles V de France">Charles V de France</a> (<a href="/wiki/1364" title="1364">1364</a>-<a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roi_de_France" title="Roi de France">roi de France</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles VI de France">Charles VI de France</a> (<a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>-<a href="/wiki/1422" title="1422">1422</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roi_de_France" title="Roi de France">roi de France</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamerlan" title="Tamerlan">Tamerlan</a> <i>(Timur lenk)</i> (<a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sabz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahr-e Sabz">Shahr-e Sabz</a>, <a href="/wiki/1336" title="1336">1336</a> - <a href="/wiki/Otrar" title="Otrar">Otrar</a> <a href="/wiki/1405" title="1405">1405</a>), conquérant des empires <a href="/wiki/Empire_perse" title="Empire perse">perse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_ottoman" title="Empire ottoman">ottoman</a> et de l'<a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, fondateur de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_timuride" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire timuride">Empire timuride</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Du_Guesclin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand Du Guesclin">Bertrand Du Guesclin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Broons" title="Broons">La Motte-Broons</a>, v. <a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-de-Randon" title="Châteauneuf-de-Randon">Châteauneuf-de-Randon</a>, <a href="/wiki/1380" title="1380">1380</a>), chevalier et <a href="/wiki/Conn%C3%A9table" title="Connétable">connétable</a> de <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_d%27Ockham" title="Guillaume d'Ockham">Guillaume d'Ockham</a> (v. <a href="/wiki/1285" title="1285">1285</a>-<a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>), philosophe franciscain anglais,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9trarque" title="Pétrarque">Pétrarque</a> (<a href="/wiki/1304" title="1304">1304</a>-<a href="/wiki/1374" title="1374">1374</a>), précurseur de la <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> en <a href="/wiki/Italie" title="Italie">Italie</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wyclif" title="John Wyclif">John Wycliffe</a> (<a href="/wiki/1320" title="1320">1320</a> - <a href="/wiki/1384" title="1384">1384</a>), <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ologien" class="mw-redirect" title="Théologien">théologien</a> anglais et partisan précoce de la réforme de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_catholique_romaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Église catholique romaine">Église catholique romaine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldoun" title="Ibn Khaldoun">Ibn Khaldoun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/1332" title="1332">1332</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Caire" title="Le Caire">Le Caire</a>, <a href="/wiki/1406" title="1406">1406</a>, <a href="/wiki/Historien" title="Historien">historien</a>, philosophe et sociologue d'Afrique du Nord,</li></ul> <p>Voir : <a href="/wiki/Liste_de_philosophes_par_ann%C3%A9e_de_naissance#XIVe_siècle" title="Liste de philosophes par année de naissance">Philosophes et théologiens du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:25em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nkouka-Menga1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Marc_Nkouka-Menga1997">Jean-Marc Nkouka-Menga, <cite class="italique">Chronique politique congolaise : Du nani-Kongo à la guerre civile</cite>, L'Harmattan, <time>1997</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782296336827" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782296336827"><span class="nowrap">9782296336827</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=lMadWxi5-soC&pg=PA11">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronique+politique+congolaise+%3A+Du+nani-Kongo+%C3%A0+la+guerre+civile&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Nkouka-Menga&rft.aufirst=Jean-Marc&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9782296336827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Labouret"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henri_Labouret">Henri Labouret, <cite class="italique">Paysans d'Afrique occidentale</cite>, Gallimard <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782072143670" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782072143670"><span class="nowrap">9782072143670</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=YgrYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT105">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paysans+d%27Afrique+occidentale&rft.pub=Gallimard&rft.aulast=Labouret&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.isbn=9782072143670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Papin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Papin_3-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Papin2001"><span class="ouvrage" id="Yves-Denis_Papin2001">Yves-Denis Papin, <cite class="italique">Chronologie du Moyen Âge</cite>, Éditions Jean-paul Gisserot, <time>2001</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782877475921" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782877475921"><span class="nowrap">9782877475921</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=L8E4fXzp1WAC&pg=PA88">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologie+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Jean-paul+Gisserot&rft.aulast=Papin&rft.aufirst=Yves-Denis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9782877475921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hill2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard_Hill2019">Richard Hill, <cite class="italique">A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan : Second Edition</cite>, Routledge, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781136227769" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781136227769"><span class="nowrap">9781136227769</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=SIYECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Sudan+%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781136227769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Capdepuy2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Vincent_Capdepuy2020">Vincent Capdepuy, <cite class="italique">50 histoires de mondialisations</cite>, Alma éditeur, <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782362792687" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782362792687"><span class="nowrap">9782362792687</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=_SXZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT130">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+histoires+de+mondialisations&rft.pub=Alma+%C3%A9diteur&rft.aulast=Capdepuy&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9782362792687&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="de_La_Croix"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_de_La_Croix">Robert de La Croix, <cite class="italique">Histoires extraordinaires de l'exploration</cite>, Presses de la cité <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782258171510" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782258171510"><span class="nowrap">9782258171510</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=LiW3DwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT19">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoires+extraordinaires+de+l%27exploration&rft.pub=Presses+de+la+cit%C3%A9&rft.au=Robert+de+La+Croix&rft.isbn=9782258171510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cessou2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sabine_Cessou2020">Sabine Cessou, <cite class="italique">Sénégal : La pirogue des marchands</cite>, Nevicata, <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782512010630" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782512010630"><span class="nowrap">9782512010630</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3tzuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT19">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal+%3A+La+pirogue+des+marchands&rft.pub=Nevicata&rft.aulast=Cessou&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9782512010630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stamm"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anne_Stamm">Anne Stamm, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'Afrique précoloniale</cite>, Presses universitaires de France <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782130675945" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782130675945"><span class="nowrap">9782130675945</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=YUJYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT48">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Afrique+pr%C3%A9coloniale&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Stamm&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.isbn=9782130675945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Diop2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Aminata_Diop2013">Aminata Diop, <cite class="italique">La diffusion du français au Tchad. Les centres d'apprentissage pour arabophones</cite>, Karthala, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782811108854" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782811108854"><span class="nowrap">9782811108854</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=8CQfrPR1d_UC&pg=PA60">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+diffusion+du+fran%C3%A7ais+au+Tchad.+Les+centres+d%27apprentissage+pour+arabophones&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.aulast=Diop&rft.aufirst=Aminata&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9782811108854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bonnet1982"><span class="ouvrage" id="Doris_Bonnet1982">Doris Bonnet, <cite class="italique">Le proverbe chez les Mossi du Yatenga, Haute-Volta</cite>, Peeters Publishers, <time>1982</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782852971387" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782852971387"><span class="nowrap">9782852971387</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=LRhtma550MMC&pg=PA16">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+proverbe+chez+les+Mossi+du+Yatenga%2C+Haute-Volta&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.aulast=Bonnet&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9782852971387&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Vennetier"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Vennetier">Pierre Vennetier, <cite class="italique">Les villes d'Afrique tropicale</cite>, Masson <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782307112389" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782307112389"><span class="nowrap">9782307112389</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Ffn-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT29">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+villes+d%27Afrique+tropicale&rft.pub=Masson&rft.aulast=Vennetier&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.isbn=9782307112389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Burke2005"><span class="ouvrage" id="Peter_Burke2005">Peter Burke, <cite class="italique">Economy and Society in Early Modern Europe : Essays from Annales</cite>, Taylor & Francis, <time>2005</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780415377010" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780415377010"><span class="nowrap">9780415377010</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Sg_ScwYklg4C&pg=PA143">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economy+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+Europe+%3A+Essays+from+Annales&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780415377010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lee_Lyman,_Michael_J._O'Brien,_Robert_C._Dunnell2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="R._Lee_Lyman,_Michael_J._O'Brien,_Robert_C._Dunnell2013">R. Lee Lyman, Michael J. O'Brien, Robert C. Dunnell, <cite class="italique">Americanist Culture History : Fundamentals of Time, Space, and Form</cite>, Springer Science & Business Media, <time>2013</time>, 499 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4615-5911-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4615-5911-5"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4615-5911-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=blDtBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Americanist+Culture+History&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.stitle=Fundamentals+of+Time%2C+Space%2C+and+Form&rft.au=R.+Lee+Lyman%2C+Michael+J.+O%27Brien%2C+Robert+C.+Dunnell&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=499&rft.isbn=978-1-4615-5911-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Soustelle2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jacques_Soustelle2020">Jacques Soustelle, <cite class="italique">Les Aztèques</cite>, Presses universitaires de France, <abbr class="abbr" title="collection">coll.</abbr> « Que sais-je ? » (<abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 1391), <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782715403673" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782715403673"><span class="nowrap">9782715403673</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=eqjuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT10">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Azt%C3%A8ques&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Soustelle&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9782715403673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2014"><cite class="italique">Pre-Colombian Cities</cite>, Routledge, <time>2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781135687311" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781135687311"><span class="nowrap">9781135687311</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ssYJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT322">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pre-Colombian+Cities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781135687311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Astier2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alexandre_Astier2011">Alexandre Astier, <cite class="italique">Petite histoire de l'Inde</cite>, Éditions Eyrolles, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782212862133" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782212862133"><span class="nowrap">9782212862133</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=NwzKDJElQGsC&pg=PA102">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petite+histoire+de+l%27Inde&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Eyrolles&rft.aulast=Astier&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9782212862133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gin_Ooi2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Keat_Gin_Ooi2004">Keat Gin Ooi, <cite class="italique">Southeast Asia : a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, ABC-CLIO, <time>2004</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781576077702" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781576077702"><span class="nowrap">9781576077702</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA567">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia+%3A+a+historical+encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.au=Keat+Gin+Ooi&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=1&rft.isbn=9781576077702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ségéric-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Ségéric_18-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ségéric2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-José_Ségéric2013">Jean-José Ségéric, <cite class="italique">Le Japon militaire</cite>, Éditions L'Harmattan, <time>2013</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782336325057" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782336325057"><span class="nowrap">9782336325057</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=EYrEAAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA24">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Japon+militaire&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=S%C3%A9g%C3%A9ric&rft.aufirst=Jean-Jos%C3%A9&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9782336325057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Astier2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alexandre_Astier2010">Alexandre Astier, <cite class="italique">Histoire de l'Inde</cite>, Éditions Eyrolles, <time>2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782212547696" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782212547696"><span class="nowrap">9782212547696</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=jh-UkH2-TLgC&pg=PA109">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+l%27Inde&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Eyrolles&rft.aulast=Astier&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9782212547696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Siary"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gérard_Siary">Gérard Siary, <cite class="italique">Histoire du Japon : Des origines à nos jours</cite>, Tallandier <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9791021033320" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9791021033320"><span class="nowrap">9791021033320</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=FNXeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT132">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Japon+%3A+Des+origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Tallandier&rft.aulast=Siary&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rft.isbn=9791021033320&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walter-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Walter_21-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Walter_21-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Walter2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Xavier_Walter2011">Xavier Walter, <cite class="italique">Petite histoire de la Chine</cite>, Éditions Eyrolles, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782212861747" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782212861747"><span class="nowrap">9782212861747</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ArVEcx45D3AC&pg=PA110">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petite+histoire+de+la+Chine&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Eyrolles&rft.aulast=Walter&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9782212861747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Parker2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="Philip_Parker2010">Philip Parker, <cite class="italique">World History</cite>, Dorling Kindersley Ltd, <time>2010</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3f9D2rXoGHkC&pg=PA213">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Ltd&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robineau1984"><span class="ouvrage" id="Claude_Robineau1984">Claude Robineau, <cite class="italique">Tradition et modernité aux îles de la Société : Les racines</cite>, IRD Editions, <time>1984</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782709906876" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782709906876"><span class="nowrap">9782709906876</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Pj_mwxFPLXoC&pg=PA2">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+et+modernit%C3%A9+aux+%C3%AEles+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+%3A+Les+racines&rft.pub=IRD+Editions&rft.aulast=Robineau&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9782709906876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pommaret-Imaeda,_Françoise_Pommaret1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Françoise_Pommaret-Imaeda,_Françoise_Pommaret1997">Françoise Pommaret-Imaeda, Françoise Pommaret, <cite class="italique">Lhasa, lieu du divin : la capitale des Dalaï-Lama au 17e siècle</cite>, Éditions Olizane, <time>1997</time>, 270 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-88086-184-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-88086-184-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-88086-184-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Bb0KQnj-zqkC&pg=PA236">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lhasa%2C+lieu+du+divin&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Olizane&rft.stitle=la+capitale+des+Dala%C3%AF-Lama+au+17e+si%C3%A8cle&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7oise+Pommaret-Imaeda%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise+Pommaret&rft.date=1997&rft.tpages=270&rft.isbn=978-2-88086-184-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Favier1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean_Favier1996">Jean Favier, <cite class="italique">Les <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècles, crises et genèses</cite>, Presses universitaires de France, <time>1996</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782130639404" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782130639404"><span class="nowrap">9782130639404</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=cOkICwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT645">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+XIVe%26%2332%3Bet%26%2332%3BXVe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cles%2C+crises+et+gen%C3%A8ses&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Favier&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9782130639404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Le_Roy_Ladurie2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie2007">Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie, <cite class="italique">Abrégé d'histoire du climat - Du Moyen Âge à nos jours</cite>, Fayard, <time>2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782213644578" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782213644578"><span class="nowrap">9782213644578</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=-JgVgUElYEsC&pg=PAPP15">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abr%C3%A9g%C3%A9+d%27histoire+du+climat+-+Du+Moyen+%C3%82ge+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Fayard&rft.au=Emmanuel+Le+Roy+Ladurie&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9782213644578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Photios_Tapinos,_Didier_Blanchet,_D._Horlacher1991"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Photios_Tapinos,_Didier_Blanchet,_D._Horlacher1991">Georges Photios Tapinos, Didier Blanchet, D. Horlacher, <cite class="italique">Conséquences de la croissance démographique rapide dans les pays en développement : actes du groupe d'experts de l'Institut national d'études démographiques et de la Division de la population des Nations Unies (New York, août 1988)</cite>, INED, <time>1991</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782733240052" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782733240052"><span class="nowrap">9782733240052</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Vmk8d1Ls0nQC&pg=PA34">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cons%C3%A9quences+de+la+croissance+d%C3%A9mographique+rapide+dans+les+pays+en+d%C3%A9veloppement+%3A+actes+du+groupe+d%27experts+de+l%27Institut+national+d%27%C3%A9tudes+d%C3%A9mographiques+et+de+la+Division+de+la+population+des+Nations+Unies+%28New+York%2C+ao%C3%BBt+1988%29&rft.pub=INED&rft.au=Georges+Photios+Tapinos%2C+Didier+Blanchet%2C+D.+Horlacher&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9782733240052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dubois-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Dubois_28-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Dubois_28-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dubois,_Anne_Bernet2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gabriel_Dubois,_Anne_Bernet2008">Gabriel Dubois, Anne Bernet, <cite class="italique">La saga capétienne : D'Hugues Capet à Louis XVI</cite>, Artège Éditions, <time>2008</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782360403806" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782360403806"><span class="nowrap">9782360403806</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=_wx3CAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT149">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+saga+cap%C3%A9tienne+%3A+D%27Hugues+Capet+%C3%A0+Louis+XVI&rft.pub=Art%C3%A8ge+%C3%89ditions&rft.au=Gabriel+Dubois%2C+Anne+Bernet&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9782360403806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bourel-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Bourel_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourel_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourel_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourel_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourel_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bourel_29-5">f</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Bourel_29-6">g</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bourel,_Marielle_Chevallier,_Axelle_Guillausseau,_Guillaume_Joubert2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Guillaume_Bourel,_Marielle_Chevallier,_Axelle_Guillausseau,_Guillaume_Joubert2016">Guillaume Bourel, Marielle Chevallier, Axelle Guillausseau, Guillaume Joubert, <cite class="italique">Bescherelle Chronologie de l'histoire de France (édition 2016) : le récit des événements fondateurs de notre histoire, des origines à nos jours</cite>, Hatier, <time>2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782218998584" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782218998584"><span class="nowrap">9782218998584</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3B_xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT110">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bescherelle+Chronologie+de+l%27histoire+de+France+%28%C3%A9dition+2016%29+%3A+le+r%C3%A9cit+des+%C3%A9v%C3%A9nements+fondateurs+de+notre+histoire%2C+des+origines+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pub=Hatier&rft.au=Guillaume+Bourel%2C+Marielle+Chevallier%2C+Axelle+Guillausseau%2C+Guillaume+Joubert&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782218998584&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mc_Krause,_Yuri_Galbinst,_Willem_Brownstok"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stanford_Mc_Krause,_Yuri_Galbinst,_Willem_Brownstok">Stanford Mc Krause, Yuri Galbinst, Willem Brownstok, <cite class="italique">Islam : des invasions mongoles aux conquêtes musulmanes en Inde</cite>, Cambridge Stanford Books <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=GeTNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT23">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+%3A+des+invasions+mongoles+aux+conqu%C3%AAtes+musulmanes+en+Inde&rft.pub=Cambridge+Stanford+Books&rft.au=Stanford+Mc+Krause%2C+Yuri+Galbinst%2C+Willem+Brownstok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rey"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marie-Pierre_Rey"><a href="/wiki/Marie-Pierre_Rey" title="Marie-Pierre Rey">Marie-Pierre Rey</a>, <cite class="italique">La Russie face à l'Europe - d'Ivan le Terrible à Vladimir Poutine</cite>, Flammarion <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782081381513" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782081381513"><span class="nowrap">9782081381513</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=_etsCwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT20">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Russie+face+%C3%A0+l%27Europe+-+d%27Ivan+le+Terrible+%C3%A0+Vladimir+Poutine&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.aulast=Rey&rft.aufirst=Marie-Pierre&rft.isbn=9782081381513&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Feller2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Laurent_Feller2017">Laurent Feller, <cite class="italique">Paysans et seigneurs au Moyen Âge - <abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècles</cite>, Armand Colin, <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782200620257" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782200620257"><span class="nowrap">9782200620257</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=dVoyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT291">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paysans+et+seigneurs+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge+-+VIIIe%E2%80%89%E2%80%93%E2%80%89XVe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cles&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.aulast=Feller&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9782200620257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Minois-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Minois_33-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Minois2016"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Minois2016">Georges Minois, <cite class="italique">La guerre de Cent ans</cite>, Place des éditeurs, <time>2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782262066482" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782262066482"><span class="nowrap">9782262066482</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=3YipCwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT562">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+guerre+de+Cent+ans&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.aulast=Minois&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782262066482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Laiou,_Cécile_Morrisson2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Angeliki_Laiou,_Cécile_Morrisson2015">Angeliki Laiou, Cécile Morrisson, <cite class="italique">Le monde byzantin - L'empire grec et ses voisins (<abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle)</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, Presses universitaires de France, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782130737384" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782130737384"><span class="nowrap">9782130737384</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=j0lfCwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT270">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+monde+byzantin+-+L%27empire+grec+et+ses+voisins+%28XIIIe%E2%80%89%E2%80%93%E2%80%89XVe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle%29&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.au=Angeliki+Laiou%2C+C%C3%A9cile+Morrisson&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=3&rft.isbn=9782130737384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Daskalov,_Alexander_Vezenkov2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roumen_Daskalov,_Alexander_Vezenkov2015">Roumen Daskalov, Alexander Vezenkov, <cite class="italique">Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, BRILL, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789004290365" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789004290365"><span class="nowrap">9789004290365</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=WDRzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA358">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Entangled+Histories+of+the+Balkans+-+Shared+Pasts%2C+Disputed+Legacies&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.au=Roumen+Daskalov%2C+Alexander+Vezenkov&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=3&rft.isbn=9789004290365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pirenne-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Pirenne_36-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pirenne"><span class="ouvrage" id="Henri_Pirenne">Henri Pirenne, <cite class="italique">La fin du Moyen Âge</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 2, Nouveau Monde Éditions <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782365832113" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782365832113"><span class="nowrap">9782365832113</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=V8zTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT147">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+fin+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=Nouveau+Monde+%C3%89ditions&rft.aulast=Pirenne&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft.volume=2&rft.isbn=9782365832113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Henri Pirenne, <i>op. cit</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=V8zTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT403"><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 403</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gacon2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stéphane_Gacon2017">Stéphane Gacon, <cite class="italique">L'Europe : Histoire et civilisation</cite>, Armand Colin, <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782200620530" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782200620530"><span class="nowrap">9782200620530</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=OvA2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT76">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Europe+%3A+Histoire+et+civilisation&rft.pub=Armand+Colin&rft.aulast=Gacon&rft.aufirst=St%C3%A9phane&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9782200620530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klaniczay-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Klaniczay_39-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Klaniczay,_Eva_Kushner,_André_Stegmann1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tibor_Klaniczay,_Eva_Kushner,_André_Stegmann1988">Tibor Klaniczay, Eva Kushner, André Stegmann, <cite class="italique">L'époque de la Renaissance 1400-1600 - L'avènement de l'esprit nouveau, 1400-1480</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, John Benjamins Publishing, <time>1988</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789630541305" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789630541305"><span class="nowrap">9789630541305</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=gjrcZPFnkGgC&pg=PA24">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%A9poque+de+la+Renaissance+1400-1600+-+L%27av%C3%A8nement+de+l%27esprit+nouveau%2C+1400-1480&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.au=Tibor+Klaniczay%2C+Eva+Kushner%2C+Andr%C3%A9+Stegmann&rft.date=1988&rft.volume=1&rft.isbn=9789630541305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Liégeois2007"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Pierre_Liégeois2007">Jean-Pierre Liégeois, <cite class="italique">Roms en Europe</cite>, Council of Europe, <time>2007</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789287160508" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789287160508"><span class="nowrap">9789287160508</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=uxi2DlXZnd0C&pg=PA18">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roms+en+Europe&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.aulast=Li%C3%A9geois&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789287160508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXIVe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r194021218">.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>.titre{text-align:center;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li{list-style:none;margin:0.2em 0;text-indent:0;padding-left:24px;min-height:20px;text-align:left;display:block}.mw-parser-output .autres-projets>ul>li>a{font-style:italic}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .autres-projets{float:none}}</style><div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="titre">Sur les autres projets Wikimedia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:14th_century?uselang=fr">Le <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, sur <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span></li><li class="wikisource"><a href="https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:XIVe_si%C3%A8cle" class="extiw" title="s:Catégorie:XIVe siècle">Textes du <abbr class="abbr" title="14ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>, <span class="nowrap">sur <span class="project">Wikisource</span></span></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faits_%C3%A9conomiques_et_sociaux_au_XIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Faits économiques et sociaux au XIIIe siècle">Faits économiques et sociaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_en_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="XIVe siècle en architecture">Architecture</a> - <a href="/wiki/Arts_plastiques_au_XIVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Arts plastiques au XIVe siècle">Arts plastiques</a> - <a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_du_XIVe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Littérature du XIVe siècle">Littérature</a> - <a href="/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_en_musique" title="XIVe siècle en musique">Musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XIVe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="XIVe siècle en science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronologie_des_explorations#XIVe_siècle" title="Chronologie des explorations">Explorations</a></li> <li>Histoire de la France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=XIVe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la 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