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md-sidebar--secondary" data-md-component="sidebar" data-md-type="toc" > <div class="md-sidebar__scrollwrap"> <div class="md-sidebar__inner">    <nav class="md-nav md-nav--secondary" aria-label="Table of contents">  <label class="md-nav__title" for="__toc"> <span class="md-nav__icon md-icon"></span> Table of contents </label> <ul class="md-nav__list" data-md-component="toc" data-md-scrollfix> <li class="md-nav__item"> <a href="#understanding-the-arxiv-identifier" class="md-nav__link"> Understanding the arXiv identifier </a> <nav class="md-nav" aria-label="Understanding the arXiv identifier"> <ul class="md-nav__list"> <li class="md-nav__item"> <a href="#identifier-scheme-since-1-april-2007-0704-" class="md-nav__link"> Identifier scheme since 1 April 2007 (0704-) </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item"> <a href="#identifiers-up-to-march-2007-9107-0703" class="md-nav__link"> Identifiers up to March 2007 (9107-0703) </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item"> <a href="#motivation-for-2007-change-of-identifier-scheme" class="md-nav__link"> Motivation for 2007 change of identifier scheme </a> </li> <li class="md-nav__item"> <a href="#further-information-for-interacting-services" class="md-nav__link"> Further information for interacting services </a> </li> </ul> </nav> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="md-content" data-md-component="content"> <article class="md-content__inner md-typeset"> <a href="https://github.com/arXiv/arxiv-docs/blob/develop/source/help/arxiv_identifier.md" title="Edit this page" class="md-content__button md-icon"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"><path d="M20.71 7.04c.39-.39.39-1.04 0-1.41l-2.34-2.34c-.37-.39-1.02-.39-1.41 0l-1.84 1.83 3.75 3.75M3 17.25V21h3.75L17.81 9.93l-3.75-3.75L3 17.25Z"/></svg> </a> <h1 id="understanding-the-arxiv-identifier">Understanding the arXiv identifier</h1> <p><em>The canonical form of identifiers from January 2015 (1501) is arXiv:YYMM.NNNNN, with 5-digits for the sequence number within the month.</em></p> <p>The article identifier scheme used by arXiv was changed in April 2007. All existing articles retain their <a href="#old">original identifiers</a> but newly announced articles have identifiers following the <a href="#new">new scheme</a>. As of January 2015, the number of digits used in the second part of the new identifier, the sequence number within the month, is increased from 4 to 5. This will allow arXiv to handle more than 9999 submissions per month (see <a href="https://arxiv.org/stats/monthly_submissions">monthly submission rates</a>).</p> <p><span id="new"></span></p> <h2 id="identifier-scheme-since-1-april-2007-0704-">Identifier scheme since 1 April 2007 (0704-)</h2> <p>All new articles have identifiers with the following form:</p> <p><code>arXiv:YYMM.number</code></p> <p><code>e.g. arXiv:1501.00001 or arXiv:0706.0001</code></p> <p>where identifiers up to month 1412 are zero-padded to 4-digits in the last block, and those from 1501 onward are zero-padded to 5-digits. Specific versions are referred to by adding the version number:</p> <p><code>arXiv:YYMM.numbervV</code></p> <p><code>e.g. arXiv:1501.00001v1 or arXiv:0706.0001v2</code></p> <p>In general, the form is <code>arXiv:YYMM.number{vV}</code>, where</p> <ul> <li><code>YY</code> is the two-digit year (07=2007 through 99=2099, and potentially up to 06=2106)</li> <li><code>MM</code> is the two-digit month number (01=Jan,...12=Dec)</li> <li><code>number</code> is a zero-padded sequence number of 4- or 5-digits. From 0704 through 1412 it is 4-digits, starting at <code>0001</code>. From 1501 on it is 5-digits, starting at <code>00001</code>. 5-digits permits up to <code>99999</code> submissions per month. We cannot currently anticipate more than 99999 submissions per month although extension to 6-digits would be possible.</li> <li><code>vV</code> is a literal <code>v</code> followed by a version number of 1 or more digits starting at <code>v1</code>.</li> </ul> <p>Note that the identifier no longer contains any classification information and thus reclassification after an article is announced is possible. Classification information is indicated in other ways. For example, the stamp added to the side of the PDF versions of arXiv articles has the form:</p> <p><code>arXiv:0706.0001v1 [q-bio.CB] 1 Jun 2007</code></p> <p>which indicates <code>v1</code> of the article <code>arXiv:0706.0001</code> which has primary classification <code>q-bio.CB</code>, and was submitted on 1 June 2007.</p> <p>The identifier <code>arXiv:YYMM.numbervV</code> provides a complete and unique citation for an arXiv article. Without the version number (e.g. <code>arXiv:YYMM.number</code>), the identifier refers to the <em>most recent version</em> of the article. We recommend that in citations the specific version number, the subject classification and the date information be included in the same way that it is in the stamp on the side of the PDF. See also <a href="faq/references.html">References to and in arXiv Documents</a>.</p> <p><span id="old"></span></p> <h2 id="identifiers-up-to-march-2007-9107-0703">Identifiers up to March 2007 (9107-0703)</h2> <p>Identifiers from 1991 through 2007-03 followed the form shown in the image below. The full list of groups, archives and subject classes is listed on the <a href="https://arxiv.org">front page</a>:</p> <p><img alt="Each article identifier begins with an archive, such as 'astro-ph' or 'hep-ex'. Optionally, this is followed by a period and a subject class. This is followed by a forward slash and seven digits. The first four digits represent the year and month an article was added to arXiv. For example, an article id whose first four digits are '0107' was published on arXiv in July, 2001. The last three digits represent the unique number of that article in a given month and archive." src="https://arxiv.org/icons/arxiv_identifier.png" /></p> <p>Subject classes do not exist for some of the older archives in the <strong>Physics</strong> group. Instead, each archive represents a subject class, e.g., <strong>hep-ex</strong>, <strong>hep-lat</strong>, <strong>hep-ph</strong>, and <strong>hep-th</strong>. The <strong>astro-ph</strong> archive currently has no subject classes, while <strong>cond-mat</strong> and <strong>physics</strong> are classified by subject classes that appear only in the metadata (not in the identifier).</p> <p>This scheme uses two upper-case characters to identify the subject class, e.g., math (Geometric Topology) = <strong>math.GT</strong>, cs (Software Engineering) = <strong>cs.SE</strong>, and nlin (Chaotic Dynamics) = <strong>nlin.CD</strong>.</p> <h2 id="motivation-for-2007-change-of-identifier-scheme">Motivation for 2007 change of identifier scheme</h2> <p>Some change to the arXiv identifier scheme was needs to permit submissions expected to exceed 1000 articles per month in some archives in 2007 (likely <code>math</code>, <code>cond-mat</code> and <code>astro-ph</code>). The <a href="#old">old identifier scheme</a> imposed a limit of 999 submissions per month in any one archive. Obviously, we could have just added an extra digit (<code>arch-ive/YYMMNNNN</code>) or perhaps made the <code>NNN</code> alphanumeric. However, we took the opportunity to address other issues too.</p> <p>The primary motivation for removing subject-classification information from the identifier was to decouple these two properties (identification and classification). This will increase our flexibility to adjust the classifications of individual articles as necessary (for example, it has long been possible to adjust classification of articles <em>within</em> the <code>cs</code> and <code>math</code> archives and we see this as beneficial). It also makes it easier to adjust our classification schemes as disciplines and arXiv usage evolve (for example, we need to sub-divide astro-ph since it currently too large). Various schemes with optional or redundant classification information in the identifier were considered (extending from the redundant <a href="https://arxiv.org/list/math/info">2-letter subject classes in <code>math</code></a> etc.) but these were rejected because such many-to-1 resolution of identifier-to-article means that interacting services cannot compare identifiers and know whether they refer to the same arXiv article without local knowledge of arXiv's identifier scheme.</p> <p>We feel that is a useful to have a single canonical form for identifiers within a month, with the same number of digits following the period. Thus identifiers from 0704 through 1412 have the sequence number (the number following the period) padded to 4-digits. The use of 4-digits places a limit of 9999 identifiers in a single month and it is possible that this will be exceeded in 2015 (8871 articles in 1410, 8668 in 1409). To ensure that the canonical form changes at a convenient year-boundary the sequence number is padded to 5-digits from month 1501 onward, starting with identifier 1501.00001.</p> <h2 id="further-information-for-interacting-services">Further information for interacting services</h2> <p>There are additional (gruesome) details of <a href="arxiv_identifier_for_services.html">arXiv identifiers for interacting services</a>. 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