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Messier Objects" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Messier 31 (M31), better known as the Andromeda Galaxy, is a large spiral galaxy located in the constellation Andromeda. Lying at a distance of 2.54 million light years from Earth, the Andromeda Galaxy is the nearest major galaxy to our own. It is on a collision course with our home galaxy, the Milky Way. 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9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-2870" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2870"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-1-crab-nebula/">Messier 1: Crab Nebula</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2871" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2871"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-2/">Messier 2</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2872" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2872"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-3/">Messier 3</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2873" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2873"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-4/">Messier 4</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2874" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2874"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-5/">Messier 5</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2875" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2875"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-6-butterfly-cluster/">Messier 6: Butterfly Cluster</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2876" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2876"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-7-ptolemys-cluster/">Messier 7: Ptolemy’s Cluster</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2877" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2877"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-8-lagoon-nebula/">Messier 8: Lagoon Nebula</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2878" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2878"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-9/">Messier 9</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2879" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2879"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-10/">Messier 10</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2880" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2880"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-11-wild-duck-cluster/">Messier 11: Wild Duck Cluster</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2881" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2881"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-12-gumball-globular/">Messier 12: Gumball Globular</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2882" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2882"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-13-hercules-globular-cluster/">Messier 13: Hercules Globular Cluster</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2883" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2883"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-14/">Messier 14</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2884" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2884"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-15-great-pegasus-cluster/">Messier 15: Great Pegasus Cluster</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2885" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2885"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-16-eagle-nebula/">Messier 16: Eagle Nebula</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2886" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2886"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-17-omega-nebula/">Messier 17: Omega Nebula</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2887" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2887"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-18/">Messier 18</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2888" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2888"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-19/">Messier 19</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2889" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2889"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-20-trifid-nebula/">Messier 20: Trifid Nebula</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2890" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2890"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-21/">Messier 21</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2891" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2891"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-22-sagittarius-cluster/">Messier 22: Sagittarius Cluster</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2892" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2892"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-23/">Messier 23</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2893" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2893"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-24-sagittarius-star-cloud/">Messier 24: Sagittarius Star Cloud</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2894" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2894"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-25/">Messier 25</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2895" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2895"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-26/">Messier 26</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2896" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2896"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-27-dumbbell-nebula/">Messier 27: Dumbbell Nebula</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2897" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2897"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-28/">Messier 28</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2898" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2898"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-29/">Messier 29</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2899" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2899"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-30/">Messier 30</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2900" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post current-menu-item menu-item-2900 nv-active"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-31-andromeda-galaxy/" aria-current="page">Messier 31: Andromeda Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2901" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2901"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">Messier 32: Le Gentil</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2902" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2902"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-33-triangulum-galaxy/">Messier 33: Triangulum Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2903" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2903"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-34/">Messier 34</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2904" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2904"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-35/">Messier 35</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2905" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2905"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-36-pinwheel-cluster/">Messier 36: Pinwheel Cluster</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2906" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2906"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-37/">Messier 37</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2907" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2907"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-38-starfish-cluster/">Messier 38: Starfish Cluster</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2908" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2908"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-39/">Messier 39</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2909" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2909"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-40-winnecke-4/">Messier 40: Winnecke 4</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2910" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2910"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-41/">Messier 41</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2911" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2911"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-42-orion-nebula/">Messier 42: Orion Nebula</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2912" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2912"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-43-de-mairans-nebula/">Messier 43: De Mairan’s Nebula</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2913" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2913"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-44-beehive-cluster/">Messier 44: Beehive Cluster</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2914" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2914"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-45-pleiades/">Messier 45: Pleiades</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2915" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2915"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-46/">Messier 46</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2916" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2916"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-47/">Messier 47</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2917" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2917"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-48/">Messier 48</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2918" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2918"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-49/">Messier 49</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2919" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2919"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-50-heart-shaped-cluster/">Messier 50: Heart-Shaped Cluster</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2920" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2920"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-51-whirlpool-galaxy/">Messier 51: Whirlpool Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2921" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2921"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-52/">Messier 52</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2922" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2922"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-53/">Messier 53</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2923" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2923"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-54/">Messier 54</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2924" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2924"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-55-summer-rose-star/">Messier 55: Summer Rose Star</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2925" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2925"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-56/">Messier 56</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2926" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2926"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-57-ring-nebula/">Messier 57: Ring Nebula</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2927" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2927"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-58/">Messier 58</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2928" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2928"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-59/">Messier 59</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2929" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2929"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-60/">Messier 60</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2930" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2930"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-61/">Messier 61</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2931" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2931"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-62/">Messier 62</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2932" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2932"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-63-sunflower-galaxy/">Messier 63: Sunflower Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2933" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2933"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-64-black-eye-galaxy/">Messier 64: Black Eye Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2934" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2934"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-65/">Messier 65</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2935" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2935"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-66/">Messier 66</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2936" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2936"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-67-king-cobra-cluster/">Messier 67: King Cobra Cluster</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2937" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2937"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-68/">Messier 68</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2938" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2938"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-69/">Messier 69</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2939" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2939"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-70/">Messier 70</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2940" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2940"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-71/">Messier 71</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2941" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2941"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-72/">Messier 72</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2942" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2942"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-73/">Messier 73</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2943" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2943"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-74-phantom-galaxy/">Messier 74: Phantom Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2944" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2944"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-75/">Messier 75</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2945" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2945"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-76-little-dumbbell-nebula/">Messier 76: Little Dumbbell Nebula</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2946" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2946"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-77-cetus-a/">Messier 77: Cetus A</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2947" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2947"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-78/">Messier 78</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2948" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2948"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-79/">Messier 79</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2949" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2949"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-80/">Messier 80</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2950" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2950"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-81-bodes-galaxy/">Messier 81: Bode’s Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2951" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2951"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-82-cigar-galaxy/">Messier 82: Cigar Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2952" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2952"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-83-southern-pinwheel-galaxy/">Messier 83: Southern Pinwheel Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2953" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2953"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-84/">Messier 84</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2954" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2954"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-85/">Messier 85</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2955" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2955"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-86/">Messier 86</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2956" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2956"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-87-virgo-a/">Messier 87: Virgo A</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2957" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2957"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-88/">Messier 88</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2958" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2958"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-89/">Messier 89</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2959" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2959"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-90/">Messier 90</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2960" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2960"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-91/">Messier 91</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2961" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2961"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-92/">Messier 92</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2962" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2962"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-93/">Messier 93</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2963" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2963"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-94-cats-eye-galaxy/">Messier 94: Cat’s Eye Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2964" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2964"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-95/">Messier 95</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2965" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2965"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-96/">Messier 96</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2966" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2966"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-97-owl-nebula/">Messier 97: Owl Nebula</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2967" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2967"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-98/">Messier 98</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2968" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2968"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-99-coma-pinwheel/">Messier 99: Coma Pinwheel</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2969" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2969"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-100/">Messier 100</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2970" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2970"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-101-pinwheel-galaxy/">Messier 101: Pinwheel Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2971" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2971"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-102-spindle-galaxy/">Messier 102: Spindle Galaxy</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2972" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2972"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-103/">Messier 103</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-2973" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2973"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-104-sombrero-galaxy/">Messier 104: Sombrero Galaxy</a></div></li> <li 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24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></div></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li id="menu-item-3637" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3637"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-objects-by-constellation/messier-objects-in-canis-major/">Messier Objects in Canis Major</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-3636" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3636"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-objects-by-constellation/messier-objects-in-cassiopeia/">Messier Objects in Cassiopeia</a></div></li> <li id="menu-item-3634" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3634"><div class="wrap"><a 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style="margin-left:5px;" aria-label="Toggle Messier Object List"><span class="caret"><svg fill="currentColor" aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z"/></svg></span></button></div> <ul class="sub-menu"> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2870"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-1-crab-nebula/">Messier 1: Crab Nebula</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2871"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-2/">Messier 2</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post 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menu-item-2882"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-13-hercules-globular-cluster/">Messier 13: Hercules Globular Cluster</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2883"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-14/">Messier 14</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2884"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-15-great-pegasus-cluster/">Messier 15: Great Pegasus Cluster</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2885"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-16-eagle-nebula/">Messier 16: Eagle Nebula</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2886"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-17-omega-nebula/">Messier 17: Omega Nebula</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2887"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-18/">Messier 18</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2888"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-19/">Messier 19</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2889"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-20-trifid-nebula/">Messier 20: Trifid Nebula</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2890"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-21/">Messier 21</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2891"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-22-sagittarius-cluster/">Messier 22: Sagittarius Cluster</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2892"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-23/">Messier 23</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2893"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-24-sagittarius-star-cloud/">Messier 24: Sagittarius Star Cloud</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2894"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-25/">Messier 25</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2895"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-26/">Messier 26</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2896"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-27-dumbbell-nebula/">Messier 27: Dumbbell Nebula</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2897"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-28/">Messier 28</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2898"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-29/">Messier 29</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2899"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-30/">Messier 30</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post current-menu-item menu-item-2900 nv-active"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-31-andromeda-galaxy/" aria-current="page">Messier 31: Andromeda Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2901"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">Messier 32: Le Gentil</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2902"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-33-triangulum-galaxy/">Messier 33: Triangulum Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2903"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-34/">Messier 34</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2904"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-35/">Messier 35</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2905"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-36-pinwheel-cluster/">Messier 36: Pinwheel Cluster</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2906"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-37/">Messier 37</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2907"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-38-starfish-cluster/">Messier 38: Starfish Cluster</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2908"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-39/">Messier 39</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2909"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-40-winnecke-4/">Messier 40: Winnecke 4</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2910"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-41/">Messier 41</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2911"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-42-orion-nebula/">Messier 42: Orion Nebula</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2912"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-43-de-mairans-nebula/">Messier 43: De Mairan’s Nebula</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2913"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-44-beehive-cluster/">Messier 44: Beehive Cluster</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2914"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-45-pleiades/">Messier 45: Pleiades</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2915"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-46/">Messier 46</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2916"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-47/">Messier 47</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2917"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-48/">Messier 48</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2918"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-49/">Messier 49</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2919"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-50-heart-shaped-cluster/">Messier 50: Heart-Shaped Cluster</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2920"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-51-whirlpool-galaxy/">Messier 51: Whirlpool Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2921"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-52/">Messier 52</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2922"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-53/">Messier 53</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2923"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-54/">Messier 54</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2924"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-55-summer-rose-star/">Messier 55: Summer Rose Star</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2925"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-56/">Messier 56</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2926"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-57-ring-nebula/">Messier 57: Ring Nebula</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2927"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-58/">Messier 58</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2928"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-59/">Messier 59</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2929"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-60/">Messier 60</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2930"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-61/">Messier 61</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2931"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-62/">Messier 62</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2932"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-63-sunflower-galaxy/">Messier 63: Sunflower Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2933"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-64-black-eye-galaxy/">Messier 64: Black Eye Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2934"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-65/">Messier 65</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2935"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-66/">Messier 66</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2936"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-67-king-cobra-cluster/">Messier 67: King Cobra Cluster</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2937"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-68/">Messier 68</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2938"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-69/">Messier 69</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2939"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-70/">Messier 70</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2940"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-71/">Messier 71</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2941"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-72/">Messier 72</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2942"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-73/">Messier 73</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2943"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-74-phantom-galaxy/">Messier 74: Phantom Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2944"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-75/">Messier 75</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2945"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-76-little-dumbbell-nebula/">Messier 76: Little Dumbbell Nebula</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2946"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-77-cetus-a/">Messier 77: Cetus A</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2947"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-78/">Messier 78</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2948"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-79/">Messier 79</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2949"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-80/">Messier 80</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2950"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-81-bodes-galaxy/">Messier 81: Bode’s Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2951"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-82-cigar-galaxy/">Messier 82: Cigar Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2952"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-83-southern-pinwheel-galaxy/">Messier 83: Southern Pinwheel Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2953"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-84/">Messier 84</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2954"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-85/">Messier 85</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2955"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-86/">Messier 86</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2956"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-87-virgo-a/">Messier 87: Virgo A</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2957"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-88/">Messier 88</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2958"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-89/">Messier 89</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2959"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-90/">Messier 90</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2960"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-91/">Messier 91</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2961"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-92/">Messier 92</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2962"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-93/">Messier 93</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2963"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-94-cats-eye-galaxy/">Messier 94: Cat’s Eye Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2964"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-95/">Messier 95</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2965"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-96/">Messier 96</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2966"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-97-owl-nebula/">Messier 97: Owl Nebula</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2967"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-98/">Messier 98</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2968"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-99-coma-pinwheel/">Messier 99: Coma Pinwheel</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2969"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-100/">Messier 100</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2970"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-101-pinwheel-galaxy/">Messier 101: Pinwheel Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2971"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-102-spindle-galaxy/">Messier 102: Spindle Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2972"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-103/">Messier 103</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2973"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-104-sombrero-galaxy/">Messier 104: Sombrero Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2974"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-105/">Messier 105</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2975"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-106/">Messier 106</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2976"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-107/">Messier 107</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2977"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-108-surfboard-galaxy/">Messier 108: Surfboard Galaxy</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2978"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-109/">Messier 109</a></div></li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-post menu-item-2979"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-110-edward-young-star/">Messier 110: Edward Young Star</a></div></li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3054"><div class="wrap"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-objects-by-constellation/"><span class="menu-item-title-wrap dd-title">Messier Objects by Constellation</span></a><button tabindex="0" type="button" class="caret-wrap navbar-toggle 114" style="margin-left:5px;" aria-label="Toggle Messier Objects by Constellation"><span class="caret"><svg fill="currentColor" aria-label="Dropdown" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M207.029 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(max-width:400px){.messier_objects_header{display:none}}@media (min-width:500px){.messier_objects_header{width:320px;height:100px}}@media (min-width:800px){.messier_objects_header{width:728px;height:90px}}</style> <ins class="adsbygoogle messier_objects_header" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0663561204264333" data-ad-slot="5272327740"></ins> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <script>(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});</script> </div> <main id="content" class="neve-main"> <div class="container single-post-container"> <div class="row"> <article id="post-497" class="nv-single-post-wrap col post-497 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-spiral-galaxy tag-037-b327 tag-abd-al-rahman-al-sufi tag-almach tag-alpheratz tag-andromeda-constellation tag-andromeda-galaxy tag-delta-andromedae tag-edwin-hubble tag-flamsteed-58 tag-g1 tag-g76 tag-globular-one tag-great-andromeda-nebula tag-great-square-of-pegasus tag-h-v-36 tag-harlow-shapley tag-heber-curtis tag-isaac-roberts tag-island-universes tag-lirg tag-local-group tag-luminous-infrared-galaxy tag-m31 tag-m33 tag-m45 tag-m7 tag-mayall-ii tag-messier-110 tag-messier-31 tag-messier-32 tag-milky-way tag-mirach tag-ngc-206 tag-ngc-224 tag-nova-1885 tag-omega-centauri tag-p1 tag-p2 tag-pleiades tag-ptolemy-cluster tag-s-andromedae tag-simon-marius tag-sn-1885a tag-triangulum-galaxy tag-walter-baade tag-william-henry-smyth tag-william-herschel tag-william-huggins"> <div class="entry-header" ><div class="nv-title-meta-wrap"><small class="nv--yoast-breadcrumb neve-breadcrumbs-wrapper"><span><span><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/">Home</a></span> » <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Messier 31: Andromeda Galaxy</span></span></small><h1 class="title entry-title">Messier 31: Andromeda Galaxy</h1><ul class="nv-meta-list"><li class="meta author vcard no-mobile"><span class="author-name fn">by <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/author/admin/" title="Posts by admin" rel="author">admin</a></span></li><li class="meta date posted-on"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2015-04-28T02:09:49+00:00" content="2015-04-28">April 28, 2015</time><time class="updated" datetime="2021-12-22T13:02:16+00:00">December 22, 2021</time></li></ul></div></div><div class="nv-content-wrap entry-content"><p>Messier 31 (M31), better known as the Andromeda Galaxy, is a large spiral galaxy located in the constellation <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/andromeda-constellation/">Andromeda</a>. Lying at a distance of 2.54 million light years from Earth, the Andromeda Galaxy is the nearest major galaxy to our own. It is on a collision course with our home galaxy, the Milky Way. Messier 31 has an apparent magnitude of 3.44. Its designation in the New General Catalogue is NGC 224.<br /> <span id="more-497"></span><br /> The Andromeda Galaxy was named after the area of the sky that it occupies, the constellation <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/andromeda-constellation/">Andromeda</a>, which represents the princess Andromeda in Greek mythology. Andromeda was chained to a rock and left to a sea monster to appease Poseidon after her mother Cassiopeia had boasted that her daughter’s beauty surpassed that of the sea nymphs. The princess was saved by Perseus, the Greek hero represented by the neighbouring constellation.</p> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy is relatively easy to find in the sky as it is one of the brightest Messier objects. It lies in the vicinity of two prominent <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/asterisms/">asterisms</a> in the northern sky: the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-square-of-pegasus/">Great Square of Pegasus</a> (formed by <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/alpheratz/">Alpheratz</a>, <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/algenib/">Algenib</a>, <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/markab/">Markab</a> and <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/scheat/">Scheat</a>) and <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/cassiopeias-w/">Cassiopeia’s W</a>. The only objects listed in Messier’s catalogue that are brighter than M31 are the <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-45-pleiades/">Pleiades</a> (M45) and the <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-7-ptolemys-cluster/">Ptolemy Cluster</a> (M7).</p> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy is one of the most distant deep sky objects visible to the naked eye. The best time of year to observe it is during the months of October, November and December.</p> <p>In 10×50 binoculars, the galaxy appears as an oval shaped cloud with a bright nucleus. Binoculars and small telescopes reveal only the galaxy’s bright core, but larger instruments show its full size, which is six times larger than the apparent diameter of the full Moon. The Andromeda Galaxy’s brightest companions, the dwarf galaxies <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">Messier 32</a> and <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-110-edward-young-star/">Messier 110</a>, can also be seen in binoculars.</p> <figure id="attachment_500" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-500" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31.jpg"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="wp-image-500" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31.jpg" alt="andromeda galaxy,ngc 224" width="600" height="394" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31.jpg 1280w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-300x197.jpg 300w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-1024x673.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-500" class="wp-caption-text">The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy approximately 2.5 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. The image also shows Messier Objects 32 and 110, as well as NGC 206 (a bright star cloud in the Andromeda Galaxy) and the star Nu Andromedae. This image was taken using a hydrogen-alpha filter. Image: <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/8269775@N05">Adam Evans</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Messier 31 is the largest and most massive member of the Local Group of galaxies, which also includes the Milky Way, the <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-33-triangulum-galaxy/">Triangulum Galaxy</a> (M33) and more than 40 smaller galaxies. The Andromeda Galaxy contains a trillion stars, more than twice as many as the Milky Way, which is home to 200 to 400 billion stars.</p> <p>The two galaxies are roughly equal in mass and will collide in about 3.75 billion years. The collision will likely result in a new giant elliptical galaxy or disk galaxy being formed.</p> <figure id="attachment_502" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-502" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-32-Messier-31-and-Messier-110.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-502" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-32-Messier-31-and-Messier-110-300x300.jpg" alt="andromeda galaxy,m31,m32,m110,satellite galaxies" width="300" height="300" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-32-Messier-31-and-Messier-110-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-32-Messier-31-and-Messier-110-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-32-Messier-31-and-Messier-110-50x50.jpg 50w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-32-Messier-31-and-Messier-110.jpg 800w" sizes="(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-502" class="wp-caption-text"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">Messier 32</a>, Messier 31 and <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-110-edward-young-star/">Messier 110</a>. Image: Wikisky</figcaption></figure> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy has a total of 14 satellite galaxies, of which <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">Messier 32</a> and <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-110-edward-young-star/">Messier 110</a> are the largest and easiest to observe.</p> <p><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">M32</a> is believed to have undergone a close encounter with M31, which resulted in the smaller galaxy losing its stellar disk and undergoing a dramatic increase in star forming activity in the central region. The starburst activity ended in the relatively recent past.</p> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy was long believed to be a nebula in our own galaxy, the Milky Way, and was known as the Great Andromeda Nebula. It wasn’t until 1917 that this belief started to be questioned. American astronomer Heber Curtis saw a nova within the galaxy and, after going over the photographic record, found 11 more novae in the region. He noticed that the novae within M31 were about 10 magnitudes fainter than those observed elsewhere in the sky and came up with a new distance estimate for the object: 500,000 light years.</p> <p>Curtis became a proponent of a new theory which introduced the idea that the objects known as spiral nebulae were in fact independent galaxies. The theory was known as the “island universes” hypothesis. The term “island universes” came from German philosopher Immanuel Kant, who also believed that spiral nebulae were not part of our galaxy.</p> <p>In 1920, Curtis debated the nature of spiral nebulae and the size of the universe with Harlow Shapley in what is known as the Great Debate or the Shapley-Curtis Debate. The debate took place on April 26 at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Shapley argued that spiral nebulae were part of the Milky Way and that the universe was composed of only one large galaxy, while Curtis contended that spiral nebulae were separate galaxies and that the Milky Way was just one of many galaxies.</p> <figure id="attachment_505" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-505" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="wp-image-505" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy.jpg" alt="messier 31,m31" width="600" height="450" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy.jpg 1024w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-300x225.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-505" class="wp-caption-text">Hot stars burn brightly in this image from NASA’s Galaxy Evolution Explorer, showing the ultraviolet side of a familiar face. At approximately 2.5 million light-years away, the Andromeda galaxy, or M31, is our Milky Way’s largest galactic neighbor. The entire galaxy spans 260,000 light-years across — a distance so large, it took 11 different image segments stitched together to produce this view of the galaxy next door. The bands of blue-white making up the galaxy’s striking rings are neighborhoods that harbor hot, young, massive stars. Dark blue-grey lanes of cooler dust show up starkly against these bright rings, tracing the regions where star formation is currently taking place in dense cloudy cocoons. Eventually, these dusty lanes will be blown away by strong stellar winds, as the forming stars ignite nuclear fusion in their cores. Meanwhile, the central orange-white ball reveals a congregation of cooler, old stars that formed long ago.<br />When observed in visible light, Andromeda’s rings look more like spiral arms. The ultraviolet view shows that these arms more closely resemble the ring-like structure previously observed in infrared wavelengths with NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope. Astronomers using Spitzer interpreted these rings as evidence that the galaxy was involved in a direct collision with its neighbor, <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">M32</a>, more than 200 million years ago. Andromeda is so bright and close to us that it is one of only ten galaxies that can be spotted from Earth with the naked eye. This view is two-color composite, where blue represents far-ultraviolet light, and orange is near-ultraviolet light. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech</figcaption></figure> <p>The true nature of M31 was not proven until 1923, when Edwin Hubble established the intergalactic distance between Andromeda and the Milky Way. Hubble identified Cepheid variable stars outside the Milky Way on astronomical images of M31. He did this using the 100-inch Hooker Telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory in Los Angeles, the largest instrument in the world at the time. Hubble’s original estimate placed M31 at an approximate distance of 750,000 light years from Earth.</p> <p>German astronomer Walter Baade was the first to resolve stars in the Andromeda Galaxy’s central region in 1943. He was also the one to classify stars into two population types: Type I and Type II. He found that each type had a distinct kind of Cepheid variable, which led to distance estimates for M31 doubling and Baade deducing that the universe was about twice as big and old as previously believed.</p> <p>Baade named the young stars in the Andromeda Galaxy’s disk Type I and the more evolved, red stars in the bulge Type II. The nomenclature was later applied to stars within our own galaxy.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">COLLISION</h3> <p>Messier 31 is approaching the Milky Way at about 110 km/s. It is one of the few blueshifted galaxies (moving toward us) from our point of view.</p> <p>Andromeda is expected to directly collide with our galaxy in about 4 billion years. The collision will most likely result in a merger of the two large galaxies into a giant elliptical galaxy, and possibly even a large disk galaxy. Before the galaxies merge, our solar system may be ejected from the Milky Way and join Andromeda.</p> <figure id="attachment_542" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-542" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Milky-Way-collision.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-542" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Milky-Way-collision.jpg" alt="milky way andromeda collision" width="600" height="682" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Milky-Way-collision.jpg 1227w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Milky-Way-collision-264x300.jpg 264w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Milky-Way-collision-901x1024.jpg 901w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-542" class="wp-caption-text">This series of photo illustrations shows the predicted merger between our Milky Way galaxy and the neighbouring Andromeda galaxy. Image: NASA; ESA; Z. Levay and R. van der Marel, STScI; T. Hallas, and A. Mellinger</figcaption></figure> <h3 style="text-align: center;">FACTS</h3> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy was formed out of a collision between two smaller galaxies between 5 and 9 billion years ago according to a study released in 2010.</p> <figure id="attachment_526" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-526" style="width: 220px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/M31-infrared-X-ray.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-526" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/M31-infrared-X-ray-220x300.jpg" alt="andromeda galaxy infrared,messier 31 xray" width="220" height="300" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/M31-infrared-X-ray-220x300.jpg 220w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/M31-infrared-X-ray.jpg 752w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 220px) 100vw, 220px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-526" class="wp-caption-text">This mosaic of the Andromeda Galaxy highlights explosive stars in its interior, and cooler, dusty stars forming in its many rings. The image is a combination of observations from the Herschel Space Observatory taken in infrared light (orange), and the XMM-Newton telescope captured in X-rays (blue). Image: ESA/Herschel/PACS/SPIRE/J. Fritz, U. Gent; X-ray: ESA/XMM Newton/EPIC/W. Pietsch, MPE</figcaption></figure> <p>A research published in 2012 estimated an age of roughly 10 billion years for the galaxy, stating that M31 formed from the merger of multiple smaller protogalaxies.</p> <p>The violent collision that took place about 8 billion years ago resulted in most of the galaxy’s metal-rich halo and extended disk being formed.</p> <p>Star forming activity was probably intense at that point and resulted in M31 becoming a luminous infrared galaxy (LIRG) for about 100 million years.</p> <p>These galaxies emit more in the infrared than at all other wavelengths put together. An average luminosity of a LIRG is 100 billion times solar.</p> <p>Between 2 and 4 billion years ago, Andromeda had a close encounter with the <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-33-triangulum-galaxy/">Triangulum Galaxy</a> (M33), which incited high levels of star formation across the galactic disk of M31 and distorted <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-33-triangulum-galaxy/">Triangulum</a>‘s outer disk.</p> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy has a counter-rotating disk of gas in its central region, which is populated by relatively young stars.</p> <p>This is believed to be the result of a merger with a smaller galaxy that took place about 100 million years ago.</p> <p>The earliest record of M31 comes from the Persian astronomer Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi, who mentioned the chained constellation, referring to Andromeda, or the Chained Maiden, in his <em>Book of Fixed Stars</em> in 964. Al-Sufi described the Andromeda Galaxy as a “small cloud.”</p> <p>The first documented telescopic observation of the galaxy was provided by the German astronomer Simon Marius on December 15, 1612. Marius wrote:</p> <blockquote><p>Of these observation the first is, that since December 15, 1612, I have discovered & observed a star or a fixed star, as I could not find elsewhere in all the sky. It is situated near the third & northern star in the girdle of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/andromeda-constellation/">Andromeda</a>. Without instrument there can be seen something like a nebula; but with the telescope no stars can be seen, as in the nebula in <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cancer-constellation/">Cancer</a> [<a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-44-beehive-cluster/">Beehive Cluster, M44</a>] & other nebulous stars, but only glimmering rays, which are the brighter the closer they are to the center. In the center is a faint & pale glow which occupies a diameter of about a quarter of a degree. A similar glow occurs, if the flame of a candle is seen through transparent horn. The nebula appears not dissimilar to the comet, which Tycho Brahe has observed in the year 1586.</p> <p>In September of last year, the highly erudite gentleman M. Lucas Brunnius, mathematician at His Highness the Elector of Saxony was staying with me. Between our mathematical colloquia, with the sky offering great serenity, I also showed him this strange star; he observed it with the greatest admiration. If, however, this stars is a new one, I cannot say with certainty; others may determine & judge this. I’m surprised about the most sharpviewed Tycho, who has determined for a fixed star lying little more north in the girdle of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/andromeda-constellation/">Andromeda</a>, with his instruments, longitude & latitude, but left untouched this nebula, despite it is very close to it.</p></blockquote> <p>Charles Messier credited Marius for the discovery of M31, unaware of the Persian astronomer’s earlier observations. This is what Messier wrote in the first edition of his catalogue (1771):</p> <blockquote><p>The sky has been very good in the night of August 3 to 4, 1764; & the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/andromeda-constellation/">constellation Andromeda</a> was near the Meridian, I have examined with attention the beautiful nebula in the girdle of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/andromeda-constellation/">Andromeda</a>, which was discovered in 1612 by Simon Marius, & which has been observed since with great care by different astronomers, & at last by M. le Gentil who has given a very ample & detailed description in the volume of the <em>Memoirs of the Academy for 1759</em>, page 453, with a drawing of its appearance. I will not report here what I have written in my Journal: I have employed different instruments for examining that nebula, & above all an excellent Gregorian telescope of 30 pouces focal length, the large mirror having 6 pouces in diameter, & magnifying 104 times these objects: the middle of that nebula appeared rather bright with this instrument, without any appearance of stars; the light went diminishing up to extinguishing; it resembles two cones or pyramides of light, opposed at their bases, of which the axis was in the direction form North-West to South-East; the two points of light or the two summits are about 40 minutes of arc apart; I say about, because of the difficulty to recognize these two extremities. The common base of the two pyramides is 15 minutes [of arc long]: these measures have been made with a Newtonian telescope of 4 feet & a half focal length, equipped with a micrometer of silk wires. With the same instrument I have compared the middle of the summits of the two cones of light with the star Gamma Andromedae of fourth magnitude which is very near to it, & little distant from its parallel. From these observations, I have concluded the right ascension of the middle of this nebula as 7d 26′ 32″, & its declination as 39d 9′ 32″ north. Since fifteen years during which I viewed & observed this nebula, I have not noticed any change in its appearances; having always perceived it in the same shape.</p></blockquote> <figure id="attachment_530" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-530" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/M31.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-530" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/M31.jpg" alt="andromeda galaxy,messier 31" width="600" height="481" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/M31.jpg 736w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/M31-300x240.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-530" class="wp-caption-text">Messier 31. Image: NASA</figcaption></figure> <p>William Herschel, who first observed the object on August 6, 1780, believed the Great Andromeda Nebula to be the nearest of all the “great nebulae” in the night sky. He incorrectly estimated the distance to M31 to be no more than 2,000 times than that to <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/sirius/">Sirius</a>, which lies 8.611 light years from Earth:</p> <blockquote><p>The ninth [very compound Nebula, or Milky-Way] is that in the girdle of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/andromeda-constellation/">Andromeda</a>, which is undoubtedly the nearest of all the great nebulae; its extent is above a degree and a half in length and, in even one of the narrowest places, not less than 16′ in breadth. The brightest part of it approaches to the resolvable nebulosity, and begins to shew a faint red colour; which, from many observations on the colour of and magnitude of nebulae, I believe to be an indication that its distance in this coloured part does not exceed 2000 times the distance of <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/sirius/">Sirius</a>. There is a very considerable, broad, pretty faint, small nebula [<a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-110-edward-young-star/">Messier 110</a>] near it; my Sister [Caroline] discovered it August 27, 1783, with a Newtonian 2-feet sweeper. It shews the same faint colour with the great one, and is, no doubt, in the neighbourhood of it. It is not the 32d of the <em>Connoissance des Temps</em> [<a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">Messier 32</a>]; which is a pretty large round nebula, much condensed in the middle, and south following the great one; but this is about two-thirds of a degree north preceding it, in a line parallel to Beta and Nu Andromedae.</p></blockquote> <figure id="attachment_516" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-516" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-NASA.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-516" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-NASA-1024x327.jpg" alt="andromeda galaxy detail,m31 hubble" width="600" height="192" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-NASA.jpg 1024w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-NASA-300x96.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-516" class="wp-caption-text">Andromeda Galaxy (M31). Image: NASA, ESA, J. Dalcanton, B.F. Williams, and L.C. Johnson (University of Washington), the PHAT team, and R. Gendler, 2015</figcaption></figure> <p>Admiral William Henry Smyth observed M31 in September 1833 and noted the following:</p> <blockquote><p>sf [south following, SE] edge of the general mass, and of a milky irresolvable nebulosity; but though described “in cingulo Andromedae,” it is between the robes and the left arm of the Lady, and certainly below its girdle. There are numerous telescopic stars around; and three minute ones are involved in the glow, but which can have no connection with it, and are doubtless between our system and the nebulosity. The axis of direction trends <em>sp </em>and <em>nf</em> [south preceding and north following, SW to NE]; and it may be caught by a good eye, on a very fine night, by running a fancied line from Alamak to Mirak, and from thence carrying a rectangular glance to a distance of about 6 1/2 deg. It can also be struck upon by a ray from Gamma in the mouth of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cetus-constellation/">Cetus</a>, over <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/sheratan/">Sheratan</a> in the head of <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/aries-constellation/">Aries</a>, through Mirak, or Beta Andromedae, to 6 1/2 deg beyond.</p> <p>This is the oldest known nebula; for though it attracted but little notice till the seventeenth century, it was seen, at least, as far back as 905 A.D. Simon Marius re-discovered it, — if such a term can be applied to an object seen with the naked eye: in his rare work — <em>De Mundo Jovialis</em> – that astronomer acquaints us, that he first examined it with a telescope on the 15th Dec. 1612; he was astonished at the singularity of the phenomenon, but expressly says, that he leaves it to others to judge whether it was a new discovery or not. It was therefore by an oversight, that Halley ascribes the discovery, in 1661, to Bullialdus (Ismaël Boulliaud); who himself mentions its being known as <em>Nebulosa in cingulo Andromedae</em>, and that it had been noticed 150 years before, by an expert though anonymous astronomer. The tenuity of its boundary offering no definition for exact comparison, has made the several attempts to figure it so conflicting as to mislead. Marius describes it as resembling the diluted light of the flame of a candle seen through horn, — Halley mentions that it emits a radiant beam, — Cassini calls it <em>à peu-près triangulaire</em>, — Le Gentil considered it round for some years, then oval, but always of an uniform light in all its parts, — while Messier represents it as resembling two cones, or pyramids of light, opposed by their bases. From such statements, Boulliaud and Kircher thought this wonderful object appeared and disappeared, like <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/mira/">Mira</a>; and Le Gentil had no doubt of its undergoing changes in form. But probably this discordance is a consequence of the means employed. Le Gentil, by his paper of 1749, seems to have used telescopes of various sizes, in order to see it very clearly — “<em>non seulement pour servir à la reconnoître, mais encore pour voir si dans la suite elle ne seroit point sujette à variation, soit dans la figure, soit dans la position</em>;” yet fifteen years afterwards Messier differs from him, by assigning a greater brilliance to the centre than to the edges, which latter accords better with my views of it, than do our apparent mean places. It is, however, remarkable that Messier examined this giant nebula with a 4 1/2 foot Newtonian, and then turned the instrument upon Gamma Andromedae — “<em>qui en étoit fort près</em>” — to compare its light with that of the star, on a beautiful night of August, 1764; but he makes no mention of the duplicity, or contrasted colours, of that lovely star.</p> <p>The companion [<a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">Messier 32</a>] was discovered in November, 1749, by Le Gentil, and was described by him as being about an eighth of the size of the principal one; he adds, “<em>elle m’a paru exactement de la même densité que l’ancienne</em>.” The light is certainly more feeble than here assigned. Messier – whose No. 32 it is – observed it closely in 1764, and remarked, that no change had taken place since the time of its being first recorded. In form it is nearly circular. The powerful telescope of Lord Rosse has been applied to this, after finding that no actual re-solution in the large nebulae could be seen, though its edge had stellar symptoms; and it proved to be clearly resolvable into stars – the which directly interferes with Le Gentil’s remark.</p></blockquote> <p>In 1864, English astronomer William Huggins noticed that the spectrum of M31 was different from that of a gaseous nebula, which led to the conclusion that the object was stellar in nature.</p> <p>In 1885, a supernova event was observed in M31. Now known as S Andromedae or SN 1885A, this was the only supernova ever detected in the galaxy. At the time, M31 was believed to be closer to us than it really is and astronomers thought they were seeing a nova event, so they named it Nova 1885. Novae, which are significantly less luminous than supernovae, are cataclysmic nuclear explosions that occur on the surface of a white dwarf in a binary system.</p> <p>In 1887, Welsh engineer and amateur astronomer Isaac Roberts took the first photographs of the Andromeda Galaxy from Sussex, England. His long-exposure images revealed the galaxy’s spiral structure for the first time, but did not alter the belief that M31 was a nebula within the Milky Way.</p> <figure id="attachment_504" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-504" style="width: 226px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Mayall-II.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-504" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Mayall-II-226x300.jpg" alt="globular one,g1,andromeda cluster" width="226" height="300" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Mayall-II-226x300.jpg 226w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Mayall-II.jpg 473w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 226px) 100vw, 226px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-504" class="wp-caption-text">Mayall II (G1). Image: Michael Rich, Kenneth Mighell, and James D. Neill (Columbia University), and Wendy Freedman (Carnegie Observatories) and NASA</figcaption></figure> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy is home to the most luminous globular cluster in the Local Group. The cluster <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/mayall-ii/">Globular One</a> (G1) contains several million stars and has an apparent magnitude of 13.72, which makes it brighter than the Milky Way’s brightest globular, <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/omega-centauri-ngc-5139/">Omega Centauri</a>.</p> <p>Also catalogued as <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/mayall-ii/">Mayall II</a>, G1 is even visible in 10-inch or larger telescopes in good conditions. Because of its mass and stellar population, G1 is considered by some to be a remnant core of a dwarf galaxy.</p> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy contains an estimated 450 globular clusters in total. The cluster G76, located in the southwest arm, has the greatest apparent brightness. Another massive globular cluster was discovered in 2006 that has similar properties to <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/mayall-ii/">Mayall II</a>. It was catalogued as 037-B327.</p> <p>Messier 31 also contains a bright star cloud designated NGC 206. The object was catalogued by William Herschel as H V.36 after observing it on October 17, 1786.</p> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy has a double nucleus, which was revealed by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1991. The second nucleus may have belonged to a smaller galaxy that was devoured by M31, or it may be an illusion caused by dust clouds obscuring parts of the galaxy’s central region.</p> <p>The first extragalactic microquasar was discovered in M31 in 2012. The radio burst was detected emanating from a progenitor black hole near the galaxy’s core. The black hole had an estimated mass of 10 solar masses.</p> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy has often been featured in works of fiction. Some authors kept referring to it as the Andromeda Nebula in their works long after the 1920s. They include science fiction author Jack Vance, who always called it a nebula in his novels, and Ivan Yefremov, the author of <em>Andromeda Nebula</em> (1957).</p> <figure id="attachment_518" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-518" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Cassiopeia-and-Pegasus.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-518" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Cassiopeia-and-Pegasus.jpg" alt="find andromeda,where is andromeda in the sky" width="600" height="600" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Cassiopeia-and-Pegasus.jpg 800w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Cassiopeia-and-Pegasus-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Cassiopeia-and-Pegasus-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Cassiopeia-and-Pegasus-50x50.jpg 50w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-518" class="wp-caption-text">Andromeda Galaxy between Cassiopeia and the Great Square of Pegasus. Image: Wikisky</figcaption></figure> <h3 style="text-align: center;">LOCATION</h3> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy is pretty easy to find as it lies between two prominent <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/asterisms/">asterisms</a>, the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/cassiopeias-w/">W of Cassiopeia</a> and the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-square-of-pegasus/">Great Square of Pegasus</a>. The bright stars in the constellation <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/andromeda-constellation/">Andromeda</a> form a chain that starts with <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/alpheratz/">Alpheratz</a>, the northernmost star in the <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/great-square-of-pegasus/">Great Square</a>, and leads first to Delta Andromedae, then to <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/mirach/">Mirach</a>, and finally to <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/almach/">Almach</a>, the star nearest to <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/cassiopeia-constellation/">Cassiopeia</a>.</p> <p>Messier 31 can be found 8 degrees to the northwest of the middle star, <a href="https://www.star-facts.com/mirach/">Mirach</a>. The galaxy is visible to the naked eye and appears as a hazy patch of light even in less than ideal observing conditions.</p> <figure id="attachment_499" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-499" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-location.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-499" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-location.png" alt="andromeda galaxy location,where is andromeda galaxy,find m31" width="600" height="593" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-location.png 1000w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-location-300x296.png 300w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-location-50x50.png 50w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-499" class="wp-caption-text">Messier 31 location. Image: IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)</figcaption></figure> <h3 style="text-align: center;">PLANETS</h3> <p>The first planet candidate in M31 may have been discovered in 2009 using gravitational microlensing, a phenomenon that allows astronomers to see smaller objects located in the background of very massive objects. The massive objects in the foreground deflect the light of the smaller object, resulting in several images of the smaller background object appearing distorted and enlarged near the larger object.</p> <p>The extragalactic planet has a mass only 6 to 7 times that of Jupiter. It was first detected in 2004, but believed to be a star in a binary system. In 2009, scientists revisited the microlensing event and concluded that it was more likely to be a star with a smaller companion.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">SIZE & TYPE</h3> <p>Messier 31 is classified as an SA(s)b galaxy based on visible light images, but data from the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS), a survey of the entire sky in three infrared wavebands between 1997 and 2001, revealed that the galaxy’s bulge is box-like in shape, indicating that Andromeda is a barred spiral galaxy, just like the Milky Way, and that its bar is seen along its long axis when viewed from Earth.</p> <p>In 2005, M31 was discovered to have a large extended stellar disk, spanning more than 220,000 light years in diameter. The galaxy was previously thought to have a diameter between 70,000 and 120,000 light years.</p> <figure id="attachment_514" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-514" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-X-ray.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-514" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-X-ray-752x1024.jpg" alt="messier 31 xray" width="600" height="817" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-X-ray.jpg 752w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-X-ray-220x300.jpg 220w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-514" class="wp-caption-text">This image of the Andromeda spiral galaxy highlights explosive stars in its interior, and cooler, dusty stars forming in its many rings. The XMM-Newton telescope captured in X-rays. NASA plays a role in both of these European Space Agency-led missions.<br />XMM-Newton is capturing what happens at the end of the lives of massive stars. It shows the high-energy X-rays that come from, among other objects, supernova explosions and massive dead stars rotating around companions. These X-ray sources are clustered in the center of the galaxy, where the most massive stars tend to form. Image: ESA/XMM-Newton/EPIC/W. Pietsch</figcaption></figure> <p>Messier 31 is inclined at about 77 degrees relative to Earth. As a result of gravitational interaction with the nearby galaxies, it has a notable S-shaped warp rather than a flat disk.</p> <p>Walter Baade was the first to study the Andromeda Galaxy’s spiral arms in great detail. He concluded that it had two tightly wound spiral arms that were more widely spaced that the Milky Way’s arms.</p> <p>Studies of M31 have revealed a normal spiral galaxy with spiral arms wound up clockwise. The spiral arms are separated from each other by at least 13,000 light years. The spiral pattern is somewhat distorted by the galaxy’s interactions with <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">M32</a> and <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-110-edward-young-star/">M110</a>.</p> <p>Images taken by the European Space Agency’s Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) in 1998 showed that M31 may be transitioning into a ring galaxy. The dust and gas within the galaxy form several overlapping rings and one of these stands out in particular. The ring is formed at a radius of 32,000 light years from the galaxy’s core and can be seen in visible light images. The Spitzer Space Telescope (SST), NASA’s infrared space observatory, revealed two spiral arms emerging from a central bar. The arms have a segmented structure and continue beyond the galaxy’s ring mentioned above.</p> <figure id="attachment_507" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-507" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-rings.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-507" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-rings.jpg" alt="andromeda galaxy spitzer,andromeda collision" width="600" height="480" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-rings.jpg 1280w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-rings-300x240.jpg 300w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-rings-1024x819.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-507" class="wp-caption-text">Astronomers have found evidence that the Andromeda spiral galaxy was involved in a violent head-on collision with the neighboring dwarf galaxy <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">Messier 32</a> (M32) more than 200 million years ago. Infrared photographs taken with NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope revealed a never-before-seen dust ring deep within the Andromeda galaxy. When combined with a previously observed outer ring, the presence of both dust rings suggests that M32 plunged through the disk of Andromeda along Andromeda’s polar axis approximately 210 million years ago. This image was obtained by the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) at a wavelength of 8.0 microns. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/D. Block (Anglo American Cosmic Dust Lab, SA), 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>The ring structures are believed to have been created as a result of interaction with <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">M32</a> over 200 million years ago. M32 likely passed through the disk of M31, which left M32 stripped of more than half its mass.</p> <p>The stars in the extended halo of M31 are metal-poor, like those in our galaxy. The Milky Way and Andromeda likely had similar evolutionary paths, with each galaxy swallowing and assimilating 100 to 200 smaller galaxies over the past 12 billion years.</p> <figure id="attachment_509" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-509" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-core-X-ray.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-509" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-core-X-ray-300x253.jpg" alt="andromeda galaxy centre" width="300" height="253" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-core-X-ray-300x253.jpg 300w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-core-X-ray.jpg 512w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-509" class="wp-caption-text">Like the Milky Way, Andromeda’s galactic center appears to harbor an X-ray source characteristic of a black hole of a million or more solar masses. Seen above, the false-color X-ray picture shows a number of X-ray sources, likely X-ray binary stars, within Andromeda’s central region as yellowish dots. The blue source located right at the galaxy’s center is coincident with the position of the suspected massive black hole. While the X-rays are produced as material falls into the black hole and heats up, estimates from the X-ray data show Andromeda’s central source to be surprisingly cool – only a million degrees or so compared to the tens of millions of degrees indicated for Andromeda’s X-ray binaries. Image: NASA, S. Murray, M. Garcia, et al.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Andromeda Galaxy’s nucleus is home to a dense, compact star cluster.</p> <p>The inner nucleus consists of two concentrations, designated P1 and P2 and separated by 4.9 light years.</p> <p>P2 is dimmer and falls at the galaxy’s true centre, while the brighter P1 is offset from the centre.</p> <p>P2 contains a black hole with a mass of about 140 million suns.</p> <p>The blue stars found orbiting the black hole are only 200 million years old and likely formed in the vicinity of the central black hole in a sudden burst of star formation.</p> <p>The compact star cluster is surrounded by the galaxy’s larger double nucleus, which is in fact an elliptical ring of evolved red stars that orbit the black hole at a greater distance than the blue stars.</p> <p>When they reach the farthest point in the orbit, the stars move slower, giving the illusion of a second nucleus.</p> <p>A total of 35 stellar-mass black holes have been detected in the Andromeda Galaxy, out of which seven are within 1,000 light years of the galaxy’s centre.</p> <p>These black holes formed by gravitational collapses of massive stars and have a mass about 5 to 10 times that of the Sun.</p> <h3 style="text-align: center;">INFORMATION</h3> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Object: Galaxy </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Type: Spiral </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Class: SA(s)b</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Designations: Messier 31, M31, Andromeda Galaxy, NGC 224, LEDA 2557, Bode 3, Flamsteed 58, PGC 2557, UGC 454, Hevelius 32, GC 116, CGCG 535-17, MCG +07-02-016, IRAS 00400+4059, 2MASX J00424433+4116074, h 50, Ha 3.3, IRC +40013, GIN 801, DA 21, K79 1C, RAFLG 104, 2C 56 (core)</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Constellation: <a href="https://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/andromeda-constellation/">Andromeda</a> </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Right ascension: 00h 42m 44.3s </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Declination: +41°16’9” </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Distance: 2.54 million light years (778,000 parsecs) </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Number of stars: 1 trillion </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Apparent magnitude: +3.44 </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Absolute magnitude: -21.5 </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Apparent dimensions: 190′ x 60′ </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Size: 220,000 light years (linear diameter) </strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Redshift: -0.001001</strong></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="619"><strong>Helio radial velocity: -301 km/s </strong></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <h3 style="text-align: center;">IMAGES</h3> <figure id="attachment_532" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-532" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-infrared.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-532" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-infrared.jpg" alt="andromeda galaxy nasa" width="600" height="480" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-infrared.jpg 1280w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-infrared-300x240.jpg 300w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-infrared-1024x819.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-532" class="wp-caption-text">This infrared composite image from NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope shows the Andromeda galaxy, a neighbor to our Milky Way galaxy. The main image (top) highlights the contrast between the galaxy’s choppy waves of dust (red) and smooth sea of older stars (blue). The panels below the main image show the galaxy’s older stars (left) and dust (right) separately. Spiral galaxies tend to form new stars in their dusty, clumpy arms, while their cores are populated by older stars. The Spitzer view also shows Andromeda’s dust lanes twisting all the way into the center of the galaxy, a region that is crammed full of stars. In visible-light pictures, this central region tends to be dominated by starlight.<br />Astronomers used these new images to measure the total infrared brightness of Andromeda. Because the amount of infrared light given off by stars depends on their masses, the brightness measurements provided a novel method for “weighing” the Andromeda galaxy. According to this method, the mass of the stars in Andromeda is about 110 billion times that of the sun, which is in agreement with past calculations. This means the galaxy contains about one trillion stars (because most stars are actually less massive than the sun). For comparison, the Milky Way is estimated to hold about 400 billion stars. A small, companion galaxy called NGC 205 is visible above Andromeda. Another companion galaxy called M32 can also been seen below the galaxy. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/P. Barmby (Harvard-Smithsonian CfA)</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_533" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-533" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Spitzer.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-533" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Spitzer.jpg" alt="andromeda galaxy infrared" width="600" height="177" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Spitzer.jpg 1280w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Spitzer-300x88.jpg 300w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Spitzer-1024x302.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-533" class="wp-caption-text">NASA’s Spitzer Space Telescope has captured stunning infrared views of the famous Andromeda galaxy to reveal insights that were only hinted at in visible light. This Spitzer’s 24-micron mosaic is the sharpest image ever taken of the dust in another spiral galaxy. This is possible because Andromeda is a close neighbor to the Milky Way at a mere 2.5 million light-years away. The Spitzer multiband imaging photometer’s 24-micron detector recorded 11,000 separate snapshots to create this new comprehensive picture. Asymmetrical features are seen in the prominent ring of star formation. The ring appears to be split into two pieces, forming the hole to the lower right. These features may have been caused by interactions with satellite galaxies around Andromeda as they plunge through its disk. Spitzer also reveals delicate tracings of spiral arms within this ring that reach into the very center of the galaxy. One sees a scattering of stars within Andromeda, but only select stars that are wrapped in envelopes of dust light up at infrared wavelengths. This is a dramatic contrast to the traditional view at visible wavelengths, which shows the starlight instead of the dust. The center of the galaxy in this view is dominated by a large bulge that overwhelms the inner spirals seen in dust. The dust lanes are faintly visible in places, but only where they can be seen in silhouette against background stars. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech/K. Gordon (University of Arizona)</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_534" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-534" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-Herschel.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-534" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-Herschel.jpg" alt="andromeda galaxy,m31" width="600" height="338" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-Herschel.jpg 1280w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-Herschel-300x169.jpg 300w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-Herschel-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Messier-31-Herschel-460x260.jpg 460w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-534" class="wp-caption-text">The ring-like swirls of dust filling the Andromeda galaxy stand out colorfully in this new image from the Herschel Space Observatory, a European Space Agency mission with important NASA participation. The glow seen here comes from the longer-wavelength, or far, end of the infrared spectrum, giving astronomers the chance to identify the very coldest dust in our galactic neighbor. These light wavelengths span from 250 to 500 microns, which are a quarter to half of a millimeter in size. Herschel’s ability to detect the light allows astronomers to see clouds of dust at temperatures of only a few tens of degrees above absolute zero. These clouds are dark and opaque at shorter wavelengths. The Herschel view also highlights spokes of dust between the concentric rings. The colors in this image have been enhanced to make them easier to see, but they do reflect real variations in the data. The very coldest clouds are brightest in the longest wavelengths, and colored red here, while the warmer ones take on a bluish tinge. These data, together with those from other observatories, reveal that other dust properties, beyond just temperature, are affecting the infrared color of the image. Clumping of dust grains, or growth of icy mantles on the grains towards the outskirts of the galaxy, appear to contribute to these subtle color variations. These observations were made by Herschel’s spectral and photometric imaging receiver (SPIRE) instrument. The data were processed as part of a project to improve methods for assembling mosaics from SPIRE observations. Light with a wavelength of 250 microns is rendered as blue, 350-micron is green, and 500-micron light is red. Color saturation has been enhanced to bring out the small differences at these wavelengths. Image: ESA/NASA/JPL-Caltech/NHSC</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_536" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-536" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-NASA.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-536" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-NASA.jpg" alt="messier 31 nasa" width="600" height="600" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-NASA.jpg 768w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-NASA-150x150.jpg 150w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-NASA-300x300.jpg 300w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-NASA-50x50.jpg 50w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-536" class="wp-caption-text">At approximately 2.5 million light-years away, the Andromeda Galaxy, or M31, is our Milky Way’s largest galactic neighbor. The entire galaxy spans 260,000 light-years across — a distance so large, it took 10 GALEX images stitched together to produce this view of the galaxy next door.<br />The wisps of blue making up the galaxy’s spiral arms are neighborhoods that harbor hot, young, massive stars. Meanwhile, the central orange-white ball reveals a congregation of cooler, old stars that formed long ago. Andromeda is so bright and close by that it is one of only three galaxies that can be spotted from Earth with the naked eye. This view is two-color composite, where blue represents far-ultraviolet light, and red is near-ultraviolet light. Image: NASA/JPL-Caltech</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_537" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-537" style="width: 600px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Herschel.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-537" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Herschel.jpg" alt="messier 31 infrared" width="600" height="817" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Herschel.jpg 752w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Herschel-220x300.jpg 220w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-537" class="wp-caption-text">This image of the Andromeda spiral galaxy highlights explosive stars in its interior, and cooler, dusty stars forming in its many rings. The image is of an observation from the Herschel Space Observatory taken in infrared light. NASA plays a role in both of these European Space Agency-led missions.<br />Herschel provides a detailed look at the cool clouds of star birth that line the galaxy’s five concentric rings. Massive young stars are heating blankets of dust that surround them, causing them to glow in the longer-wavelength infrared light, known as far-infrared, that Herschel sees. Image: ESA/Herschel/PACS/SPIRE/J. Fritz, U. Gent; X-ray: ESA/XMM Newton/EPIC/W. Pietsch, MPE</figcaption></figure> <figure id="attachment_535" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-535" style="width: 569px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Isaac-Roberts.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="wp-image-535 size-full" src="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Isaac-Roberts.jpg" alt="messier 31" width="569" height="371" srcset="https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Isaac-Roberts.jpg 569w, https://www.messier-objects.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Andromeda-Galaxy-Isaac-Roberts-300x196.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 569px) 100vw, 569px" /></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-535" class="wp-caption-text">Great Andromeda Nebula. Public domain photo of from <em>A Selection of Photographs of Stars, Star-clusters and Nebulae</em>, Volume II, The Universal Press, London, 1899. Image: Isaac Roberts</figcaption></figure> </div><div class="nv-tags-list"><span>Tags:</span><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/037-b327/ title="037-B327" class=037-b327 rel="tag">037-B327</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/abd-al-rahman-al-sufi/ title="Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi" class=abd-al-rahman-al-sufi rel="tag">Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/almach/ title="Almach" class=almach rel="tag">Almach</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/alpheratz/ title="Alpheratz" class=alpheratz rel="tag">Alpheratz</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/andromeda-constellation/ title="Andromeda Constellation" class=andromeda-constellation rel="tag">Andromeda Constellation</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/andromeda-galaxy/ title="Andromeda Galaxy" class=andromeda-galaxy rel="tag">Andromeda Galaxy</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/delta-andromedae/ title="Delta Andromedae" class=delta-andromedae rel="tag">Delta Andromedae</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/edwin-hubble/ title="Edwin Hubble" class=edwin-hubble rel="tag">Edwin Hubble</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/flamsteed-58/ title="Flamsteed 58" class=flamsteed-58 rel="tag">Flamsteed 58</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/g1/ title="G1" class=g1 rel="tag">G1</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/g76/ title="G76" class=g76 rel="tag">G76</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/globular-one/ title="Globular One" class=globular-one rel="tag">Globular One</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/great-andromeda-nebula/ title="Great Andromeda Nebula" class=great-andromeda-nebula rel="tag">Great Andromeda Nebula</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/great-square-of-pegasus/ title="Great Square of Pegasus" class=great-square-of-pegasus rel="tag">Great Square of Pegasus</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/h-v-36/ title="H V.36" class=h-v-36 rel="tag">H V.36</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/harlow-shapley/ title="Harlow Shapley" class=harlow-shapley rel="tag">Harlow Shapley</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/heber-curtis/ title="Heber Curtis" class=heber-curtis rel="tag">Heber Curtis</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/isaac-roberts/ title="Isaac Roberts" class=isaac-roberts rel="tag">Isaac Roberts</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/island-universes/ title="Island Universes" class=island-universes rel="tag">Island Universes</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/lirg/ title="LIRG" class=lirg rel="tag">LIRG</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/local-group/ title="Local Group" class=local-group rel="tag">Local Group</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/luminous-infrared-galaxy/ title="Luminous Infrared Galaxy" class=luminous-infrared-galaxy rel="tag">Luminous Infrared Galaxy</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/m31/ title="M31" class=m31 rel="tag">M31</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/m33/ title="M33" class=m33 rel="tag">M33</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/m45/ title="M45" class=m45 rel="tag">M45</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/m7/ title="M7" class=m7 rel="tag">M7</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/mayall-ii/ title="Mayall II" class=mayall-ii rel="tag">Mayall II</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/messier-110/ title="Messier 110" class=messier-110 rel="tag">Messier 110</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/messier-31/ title="Messier 31" class=messier-31 rel="tag">Messier 31</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/messier-32/ title="Messier 32" class=messier-32 rel="tag">Messier 32</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/milky-way/ title="Milky Way" class=milky-way rel="tag">Milky Way</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/mirach/ title="Mirach" class=mirach rel="tag">Mirach</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/ngc-206/ title="NGC 206" class=ngc-206 rel="tag">NGC 206</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/ngc-224/ title="NGC 224" class=ngc-224 rel="tag">NGC 224</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/nova-1885/ title="Nova 1885" class=nova-1885 rel="tag">Nova 1885</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/omega-centauri/ title="Omega Centauri" class=omega-centauri rel="tag">Omega Centauri</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/p1/ title="P1" class=p1 rel="tag">P1</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/p2/ title="P2" class=p2 rel="tag">P2</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/pleiades/ title="Pleiades" class=pleiades rel="tag">Pleiades</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/ptolemy-cluster/ title="Ptolemy Cluster" class=ptolemy-cluster rel="tag">Ptolemy Cluster</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/s-andromedae/ title="S Andromedae" class=s-andromedae rel="tag">S Andromedae</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/simon-marius/ title="Simon Marius" class=simon-marius rel="tag">Simon Marius</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/sn-1885a/ title="SN 1885A" class=sn-1885a rel="tag">SN 1885A</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/triangulum-galaxy/ title="Triangulum Galaxy" class=triangulum-galaxy rel="tag">Triangulum Galaxy</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/walter-baade/ title="Walter Baade" class=walter-baade rel="tag">Walter Baade</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/william-henry-smyth/ title="William Henry Smyth" class=william-henry-smyth rel="tag">William Henry Smyth</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/william-herschel/ title="William Herschel" class=william-herschel rel="tag">William Herschel</a><a href=https://www.messier-objects.com/tag/william-huggins/ title="William Huggins" class=william-huggins rel="tag">William Huggins</a> </div> <div id="comments" class="comments-area"> </div> </article> <div class="nv-sidebar-wrap col-sm-12 nv-right blog-sidebar" > <aside id="secondary" role="complementary"> <div id="text-3" class="widget widget_text"> <div class="textwidget"> <script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script> <ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block" data-ad-client="ca-pub-0663561204264333" data-ad-slot="7505940549" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> </div><div id="text-2" class="widget widget_text"><p class="widget-title">Messier Objects</p> <div class="textwidget"><p><a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-1-crab-nebula/">Messier 1: Crab Nebula</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-2/">Messier 2</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-3/">Messier 3</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-4/">Messier 4</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-5/">Messier 5</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-6-butterfly-cluster/">Messier 6: Butterfly Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-7-ptolemys-cluster/">Messier 7: Ptolemy Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-8-lagoon-nebula/">Messier 8: Lagoon Nebula</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-9/">Messier 9</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-10/">Messier 10</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-11-wild-duck-cluster/">Messier 11: Wild Duck Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-12-gumball-globular/">Messier 12: Gumball Globular</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-13-hercules-globular-cluster/">Messier 13: Hercules Globular Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-14/">Messier 14</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-15-great-pegasus-cluster/">Messier 15: Great Pegasus Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-16-eagle-nebula/">Messier 16: Eagle Nebula</a><br /> * <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/pillars-of-creation/">Pillars of Creation</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-17-omega-nebula/">Messier 17: Omega Nebula</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-18/">Messier 18</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-19/">Messier 19</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-20-trifid-nebula/">Messier 20: Trifid Nebula</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-21/">Messier 21</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-22-sagittarius-cluster/">Messier 22: Sagittarius Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-23/">Messier 23</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-24-sagittarius-star-cloud/">Messier 24: Sagittarius Star Cloud</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-25/">Messier 25</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-26/">Messier 26</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-27-dumbbell-nebula/">Messier 27: Dumbbell Nebula</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-28/">Messier 28</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-29/">Messier 29</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-30/">Messier 30</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-31-andromeda-galaxy/">Messier 31: Andromeda Galaxy</a><br /> * <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/mayall-ii/">Mayall II</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-32-le-gentil/">Messier 32: Le Gentil</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-33-triangulum-galaxy/">Messier 33: Triangulum Galaxy</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-34/">Messier 34</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-35/">Messier 35</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-36-pinwheel-cluster/">Messier 36: Pinwheel Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-37/">Messier 37</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-38-starfish-cluster/">Messier 38: Starfish Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-39/">Messier 39</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-40-winnecke-4/">Messier 40: Winnecke 4</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-41/">Messier 41</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-42-orion-nebula/">Messier 42: Orion Nebula</a><br /> * <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/trapezium-cluster/">Trapezium Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-43-de-mairans-nebula/">Messier 43: De Mairan's Nebula</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-44-beehive-cluster/">Messier 44: Beehive Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-45-pleiades/">Messier 45: Pleiades</a><br /> * <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/maia-nebula/">Maia Nebula</a><br /> * <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/merope-nebula/">Merope Nebula</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-46/">Messier 46</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-47/">Messier 47</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-48/">Messier 48</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-49/">Messier 49</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-50-heart-shaped-cluster/">Messier 50: Heart-Shaped Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-51-whirlpool-galaxy/">Messier 51: Whirlpool Galaxy</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-52/">Messier 52</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-53/">Messier 53</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-54/">Messier 54</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-55-summer-rose-star/">Messier 55: Summer Rose Star</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-56/">Messier 56</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-57-ring-nebula/">Messier 57: Ring Nebula</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-58/">Messier 58</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-59/">Messier 59</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-60/">Messier 60</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-61/">Messier 61</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-62/">Messier 62</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-63-sunflower-galaxy/">Messier 63: Sunflower Galaxy</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-64-black-eye-galaxy/">Messier 64: Black Eye Galaxy</a><br /> * <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/leo-triplet/">Leo Triplet</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-65/">Messier 65</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-66/">Messier 66</a><br /> * <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/ngc-3628-hamburger-galaxy/">NGC 3628: Hamburger Galaxy</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-67-king-cobra-cluster/">Messier 67: King Cobra Cluster</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-68/">Messier 68</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-69/">Messier 69</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-70/">Messier 70</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-71/">Messier 71</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-72/">Messier 72</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-73/">Messier 73</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-74-phantom-galaxy/">Messier 74: Phantom Galaxy</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-75/">Messier 75</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-76-little-dumbbell-nebula/">Messier 76: Little Dumbbell Nebula</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-77-cetus-a/">Messier 77: Cetus A</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-78/">Messier 78</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-79/">Messier 79</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-80/">Messier 80</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-81-bodes-galaxy/">Messier 81: Bode's Galaxy</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-82-cigar-galaxy/">Messier 82: Cigar Galaxy</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-83-southern-pinwheel-galaxy/">Messier 83: Southern Pinwheel Galaxy</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-84/">Messier 84</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-85/">Messier 85</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-86/">Messier 86</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-87-virgo-a/">Messier 87: Virgo A</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-88/">Messier 88</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-89/">Messier 89</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-90/">Messier 90</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-91/">Messier 91</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-92/">Messier 92</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-93/">Messier 93</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-94-cats-eye-galaxy/">Messier 94: Cat's Eye Galaxy</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-95/">Messier 95</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-96/">Messier 96</a><br /> <a href="https://www.messier-objects.com/messier-97-owl-nebula/">Messier 97: Owl Nebula</a><br /> <a 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