CINXE.COM
The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957
<!doctype html> <!--[if lt IE 7]><html class="lt-ie9 lt-ie8 lt-ie7" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 7]><html class="lt-ie9 lt-ie8" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"><![endif]--> <!--[if IE 8]><html class="lt-ie9" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en"><![endif]--> <html> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/","20180615032541","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1529033141"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0"> <link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,600" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Libre+Baskerville:400,700,400italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <title>The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957</title> <meta name="description" content="Nobelprize.org, The Official Web Site of the Nobel Prize"> <meta name="keywords" content="Nobel, Nobelprize, Nobelpriset, Foundation, Prize, Alfred, Museum, Literature, Physics, Chemistry, Peace, Medicine, Physiology, Economics, Laureate, Laureates, Winner, Winners, Award, Awards, Science"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541im_/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/lee_postcard.jpg"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541im_/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/yang_postcard.jpg"> <link href="https://plus.google.com/103477693143895827696" rel="publisher"> <link href="/web/20180615032541cs_/https://www.nobelprize.org/css/foundation5/normalize.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="/web/20180615032541cs_/https://www.nobelprize.org/css/foundation5/foundation.css?v=20140521" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <!-- komm --> <link href="/web/20180615032541cs_/https://www.nobelprize.org/css/jquery/colorbox/colorbox.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="/web/20180615032541cs_/https://www.nobelprize.org/css/nobelslide.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <!-- /komm --> <link href="/web/20180615032541cs_/https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/css/mediaplayer.css?v=20140929" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <!-- komm --> <link href="/web/20180615032541cs_/https://www.nobelprize.org/css/jquery/jquery.multiselect.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="/web/20180615032541cs_/https://www.nobelprize.org/css/jquery/mselect/jquery-ui-1.8.1.custom.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <!-- /komm --> <link href="/web/20180615032541cs_/https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/css/game_style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <link href="/web/20180615032541cs_/https://www.nobelprize.org/css/nobel_custom.css?v=20170929" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <!-- Slick --> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20180615032541cs_/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/slick/slick.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/web/20180615032541cs_/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/slick/slick-theme.css"/> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/web/20180615032541js_/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/foundation5/vendor/jquery.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/web/20180615032541js_/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/swfobject.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/web/20180615032541js_/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/videoplayer/video.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/web/20180615032541js_/https://www.nobelprize.org/__utm.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="/web/20180615032541js_/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/php/poll/pulse.js"></script> <style> /* The Grid ---------------------- */ .lt-ie9 .row { width: 940px; max-width: 100%; min-width: 768px; margin: 0 auto; } .lt-ie9 .row .row { width: auto; max-width: none; min-width: 0; margin: 0 -15px; } .lt-ie9 .row.large-collapse .column, .lt-ie9 .row.large-collapse .columns { padding: 0; } .lt-ie9 .row .row { width: auto; max-width: none; min-width: 0; margin: 0 -15px; } .lt-ie9 .row .row.large-collapse { margin: 0; } .lt-ie9 .column, .lt-ie9 .columns { float: left; min-height: 1px; padding: 0 15px; position: relative; } .lt-ie9 .column.large-centered, .columns.large-centered { float: none; margin: 0 auto; } .lt-ie9 [class*="column"] + [class*="column"]:last-child { float: right; } .lt-ie9 [class*="column"] + [class*="column"].end { float: left; } .lt-ie9 .large-1, .lt-ie9 .row .large-1 { width: 8.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .large-2, .lt-ie9 .row .large-2 { width: 16.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .large-3, .lt-ie9 .row .large-3 { width: 25%; } .lt-ie9 .large-4, .lt-ie9 .row .large-4 { width: 33.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .large-5, .lt-ie9 .row .large-5 { width: 41.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .large-6, .lt-ie9 .row .large-6 { width: 50%; } .lt-ie9 .large-7, .lt-ie9 .row .large-7 { width: 58.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .large-8, .lt-ie9 .row .large-8 { width: 66.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .large-9, .lt-ie9 .row .large-9 { width: 75%; } .lt-ie9 .large-10, .lt-ie9 .row .large-10 { width: 83.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .large-11, .lt-ie9 .row .large-11 { width: 91.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .large-12, .lt-ie9 .row .large-12 { width: 100%; } .lt-ie9 .row .large-offset-1 { margin-left: 8.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .row .large-offset-2 { margin-left: 16.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .row .large-offset-3 { margin-left: 25%; } .lt-ie9 .row .large-offset-4 { margin-left: 33.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .row .large-offset-5 { margin-left: 41.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .row .large-offset-6 { margin-left: 50%; } .lt-ie9 .row .large-offset-7 { margin-left: 58.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .row .large-offset-8 { margin-left: 66.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .row .large-offset-9 { margin-left: 75%; } .lt-ie9 .row .large-offset-10 { margin-left: 83.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .pull-2 { right: 16.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .pull-3 { right: 25%; } .lt-ie9 .pull-4 { right: 33.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .pull-5 { right: 41.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .pull-6 { right: 50%; } .lt-ie9 .pull-7 { right: 58.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .pull-8 { right: 66.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .pull-9 { right: 75%; } .lt-ie9 .pull-10 { right: 83.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .push-2 { left: 16.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .push-3 { left: 25%; } .lt-ie9 .push-4 { left: 33.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .push-5 { left: 41.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .push-6 { left: 50%; } .lt-ie9 .push-7 { left: 58.33333%; } .lt-ie9 .push-8 { left: 66.66667%; } .lt-ie9 .push-9 { left: 75%; } .lt-ie9 .push-10 { left: 83.33333%; } /* Nicolas Gallagher's micro clearfix */ .lt-ie9 .row { *zoom: 1; } .lt-ie9 .row:before, .row:after { content: " "; display: table; } .lt-ie9 .row:after { clear: both; } /* IE8 fix for the topbar */ .lt-ie9 .top-bar { background: #2f2f2f; *zoom: 1; overflow: visible; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar:before, .lt-ie9 .top-bar:after { content: " "; display: table; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar:after { clear: both; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar .toggle-topbar { display: none; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar .title-area { float: left; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar .name h1 a { width: auto; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar input, .lt-ie9 .top-bar .button { line-height: 2em; font-size: 0.875em; height: 2em; padding: 0 10px; position: relative; top: 8px; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar.expanded { background: #111111; } .lt-ie9 .contain-to-grid .top-bar { max-width: 57.5em; margin: 0 auto; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section { -webkit-transition: none 0 0; -moz-transition: none 0 0; transition: none 0 0; left: 0 !important; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section ul { width: auto; height: auto !important; display: inline; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section ul li { float: left; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section ul li > a { padding-right: 14px !important; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section ul li .js-generated { display: none; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section li a:not(.button) { padding: 0 15px; line-height: 45px; background: #111111; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section li a:not(.button):hover { background: #2b2b2b; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .has-dropdown > a { padding-right: 35px !important; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .has-dropdown > a:after { content: ""; display: block; width: 0; height: 0; border: solid 5px; border-color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5) transparent transparent transparent; margin-top: -2.5px; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .has-dropdown.moved { position: relative; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .has-dropdown.moved > .dropdown { visibility: hidden; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .has-dropdown:hover > .dropdown, .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .has-dropdown:active > .dropdown { visibility: visible; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .has-dropdown .dropdown li.has-dropdown > a:after { border: none; content: "\00bb"; margin-top: -7px; right: 5px; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .dropdown { left: 0; top: auto; background: transparent; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .dropdown li a { line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap; padding: 7px 15px; background: #1e1e1e; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .dropdown li label { white-space: nowrap; background: #1e1e1e; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .dropdown li .dropdown { left: 100%; top: 0; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section > ul > .divider { border-bottom: none; border-top: none; border-right: solid 1px #2b2b2b; border-left: solid 1px black; clear: none; height: 45px; width: 0px; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section .has-form { background: #111111; padding: 0 15px; height: 45px; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section ul.right li .dropdown { left: auto; right: 0; } .lt-ie9 .top-bar-section ul.right li .dropdown li .dropdown { right: 100%; } </style> <style> .ratingtable { display: none; } .video_rating_wrapper { display: none; } #splash-countdown-black { /*position: absolute; bottom: 40px; left: 40px;*/ position: absolute; bottom: 30px; width: 100%; text-align: center; color: #000; font-size: 2em; margin: 0; padding: 0; font-weight: 900; background: none; border: none; font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif; } #splash-countdown-measure { position: absolute; bottom: 10px; width: 100%; text-align: center; color: #000; font-family: 'Libre Baskerville', serif; font-size: 0.813em; } @media only screen and (max-width: 875px) { #splash-countdown-black { font-size: 1.5em; bottom: 20px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 640px) { .main-navigation-link { font-weight: bold !important; font-size: 16px !important; padding-top: 5px !important; padding-bottom: 5px !important; } #splash-countdown-black { font-size: 1em; bottom: 5px; } } @media only screen and (max-width: 360px) { #splash-countdown-black { font-size: 0.7em; bottom: 0; } } </style> </head> <body> <!-- Cookie Consent --> <script> $(function() { cookieConsent(); }); </script> <!-- Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <noscript><iframe src="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541if_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WDHZ8W5" ; height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <!-- End Google Tag Manager (noscript) --> <!-- Logo, search, quick links FOUNDATION 5 --> <div class="row" id="top-container"> <div class="large-12 columns show-for-small" id="mobile-logo"> <a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/" style="display: block;"><img alt="Nobelprize.org" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/logo_mobile.png"></a> </div> <div class="medium-4 columns hide-for-small" id="logo-container"> <a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/"><img alt="Nobelprize.org" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/logo-nobelprize_org.png"></a> </div> <div id="quick-links-container" class="medium-6 columns hide-for-small" style="background-color: none; text-align: right; padding-top: 40px;"> <ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0;"> <li style="display: inline; margin-right: 10px;"> <a style="padding-left: 23px; color: #fff;" class="quick-link-video" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/">Video</a> </li> <li style="display: inline; margin-right: 10px;"> <a style="padding-left: 23px; color: #fff;" class="quick-link-podcast" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/podcast/">Podcast</a> </li> <li style="display: inline;"> <a style="padding-left: 25px; color: #fff;" class="quick-link-about" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/">About Us</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div id="top-search" class="medium-2 columns hide-for-small"> <form action="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/search/" method="get" id="searchform" name="search-site-form" style="margin: 0;"> <div style="float: left; width: 80%;"> <input placeholder="Search" type="text" class="search-form-input" id="query" name="query"> </div> <div style="float: left; width: 20%; text-align: right;"> <input type="submit" value="" class="top-search-button"> </div> </form> </div> </div> <!-- /Logo, search, quick links --> <!-- Main navigation --> <div class="row" style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> <nav class="top-bar" data-topbar> <ul class="title-area"> <li class="name"></li> <li class="toggle-topbar menu-icon"><a href="#"><span>menu</span></a></li> </ul> <section class="top-bar-section"> <ul class="left"> <li><a class="main-navigation-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/">Home</a></li> <li class="divider"></li> <li class="has-dropdown active"><a class="main-navigation-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/">Nobel Prizes and Laureates</a> <ul class="dropdown"> <li class="show-for-touch"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Nobel Prizes and Laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Physics Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Chemistry Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Medicine Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Literature Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Prize in Economic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Quick Facts</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="divider"></li> <li class="has-dropdown"><a class="main-navigation-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/">Nomination</a> <ul class="dropdown"> <li class="show-for-touch"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Nomination</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/physics/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Physics Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/chemistry/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Chemistry Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/medicine/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Medicine Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/literature/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Literature Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/peace/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Peace Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/economic-sciences/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Prize in Economic Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Nomination Archive</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="divider"></li> <li class="has-dropdown"><a class="main-navigation-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/">Ceremonies</a> <ul class="dropdown"> <li class="show-for-touch"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Ceremonies</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/archive/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Ceremony Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/menus/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Nobel Banquet Menus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/dresscode/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Nobel Banquet Dress Code</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/queens-gowns/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">The Queen's Gowns</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/ceremonies/eyewitness/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Eyewitness Reports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="divider"></li> <li class="has-dropdown"><a class="main-navigation-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/">Alfred Nobel</a> <ul class="dropdown"> <li class="show-for-touch"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/will/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Alfred Nobel's Will</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/biographical/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Alfred Nobel's Life</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/library/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Private Library of Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/books/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Books on Alfred Nobel</a></li> </ul> </li> <!-- Educational --> <li class="divider"></li> <li class=""><a class="main-navigation-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/">Educational</a></li> <!-- /educational --> <li class="divider"></li> <li class="has-dropdown"><a class="main-navigation-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/events/">Events</a> <ul class="dropdown"> <li class="show-for-touch"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/events/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Events</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/events/nobel-prize-dialogue/index.html" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Nobel Prize Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/events/nobel-week-dialogue/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Nobel Week Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/events/nobel-prize-inspiration-initiative/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Nobel Prize Inspiration Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/events/nobel-prize-series/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Nobel Prize Series</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/events/nobel-peace-prize-forum/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Nobel Peace Prize Forum Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/events/nobel-concert/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Nobel Prize Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/events/nobel-museum/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Exhibitions at the Nobel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/events/nobel-peace-center/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Exhibitions at the Nobel Peace Center</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/events/calendar/" class="main-nav-dropdown-link">Events Calendar</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="quick-link-nav show-for-small"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/podcast/" class="main-navigation-link">Podcast</a></li> <li class="show-for-small has-form"> <form action="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/search/" method="get" id="searchform" name="search-site-form" style="margin: 0;"> <input placeholder="Search" type="text" id="query" name="query" style="border: 0; height: 26px; background-color: #e4e4e4; margin: 0; padding: 0 25px 0 5px; border-radius: 3px; background-image: url(/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/icon-search.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 97% 50%;"> </form> </li> <li class="quick-link-nav show-for-small"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/" class="main-navigation-link">About Us</a></li> </section> </nav> </div> <!-- /main navigation --> <style> #left-arrow:hover { cursor: pointer; } #right-arrow:hover { cursor: pointer; } </style> <div class="row"> <!-- Left column --> <div id="nobel-left-col" class="large-3 columns hide-for-small" style="margin-top: 10px; padding-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 600px; background-color: #f0f0f0; border-right: 1px solid #d3d3d3;"><!--eri-no-index--> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <h5 id="create-list-headline">Nobel Prizes and Laureates</h5> </div> </div> <form name="goto"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div id="basic-create-list"> <input type="hidden" id="hidden-the-year" value="1957"> <input type="hidden" id="hidden-the-prize" value="p"> <select id="goto-prize-change-prize" style="padding: 0; font-size: 0.813em; width: 61%; display: inline; margin-right: 3%; height: 25px;"> <option value="physics" selected>Physics Prizes</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry Prizes</option> <option value="medicine">Medicine Prizes</option> <option value="literature">Literature Prizes</option> <option value="peace">Peace Prizes</option> <option value="economic-sciences">Prize in Economic Sciences</option> </select> <img style="display: inline;" class="tap-up-down-icon" id="goto-prize-tap-down" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/menuslide-arrow-left.png"> <input style="padding: 0; font-size: 0.813em; text-align: center; width: 21%; height: 22px; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0;" id="goto-prize-change-year" type="text" value="1957"> <img style="display: inline;" class="tap-up-down-icon" id="goto-prize-tap-up" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/menuslide-arrow-right.png"><br> </div> </div> </div> </form> <script> $(document).ready(function() { if($(window).width() > 780) { setTimeout(calc_height, 1000); } }); function calc_height() { var left_height = $('#nobel-left-col').height(); left_height = Math.round(left_height); var middle_height = $('#nobel-middle-col').height(); middle_height = Math.round(middle_height); var right_height = $('#nobel-right-col').height(); right_height = Math.round(right_height); // Calculate the height of the containers and make it look right var highest = left_height; if(middle_height > highest) { highest = middle_height; } if(right_height > highest) { highest = right_height; } var highest_mid = highest+20; $('#nobel-left-col').height(highest); $('#nobel-middle-col').height(highest_mid); $('#nobel-right-col').height(highest); } </script> <!-- <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <h5>Find Nobel Prizes and Laureates</h5> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <select id="left-col-filter-dropdown"> <option id="che">Chemistry</option> <option id="phy">Physics</option> <option id="pea">Peace</option> <option id="lit">Literature</option> <option id="med">Medicine</option> <option id="eco">Economic Sciences</option> </select> </div> </div> --> <!-- If summer podcast page ... show links to the episodes --> <!-- /summer pod menu --> <!-- If npd, show links in menu --> <!-- /npd --> <!-- If nppf, show links in menu --> <!-- /nppf --> <!-- If np series Singapore 2015, show links in menu --> <!-- /np series --> <!-- If np series Dubai 2016, show links in menu --> <!-- /np series --> <!-- If np series India 2017, show links in menu --> <!-- /np series --> <!-- If np series India 2018, show links in menu --> <!-- /np series --> <!-- If nwd2017, show links in menu --> <!-- /nwd2017 series --> <ul class="right-col-menu"> <li class="left-col-nav-head"><div class="dot"><span class="selected"><img style="display: inline;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/menu-arrow-unfold.png"> About the Nobel Prize in Physics 1957</span></div></li> <ul class="right-col-menu"> <li style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="selected left-col-nav-under">Summary</span></li> <li style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/press.html" class="left-col-nav-under">Presentation Speech</a></li> </ul> <li class="left-col-nav-head"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/yang-facts.html"><img style="display: inline;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/menu-arrow-fold.png"> Chen Ning Yang</a></li> <li class="left-col-nav-head"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/lee-facts.html"><img style="display: inline;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/menu-arrow-fold.png"> Tsung-Dao Lee</a></li> <hr><li class="left-col-nav-head"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/index.html">All Nobel Prizes in Physics</a></li><li class="left-col-nav-head"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/year/index.html?year=1957&images=yes">All Nobel Prizes in 1957</a></li></ul> <!--/eri-no-index--> </div> <!-- Small left col --> <div class="small-12 columns show-for-small nobel-small-left-col" style="background-color: #fff; margin-bottom: 15px; padding-bottom: 15px;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <h5 id="create-list-headline">Nobel Prizes and Laureates</h5> </div> </div> <form name="goto"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <div id="basic-create-list"> <input type="hidden" id="hidden-the-year" value="1957"> <input type="hidden" id="hidden-the-prize" value="p"> <select id="goto-prize-change-prize-small" style="padding: 0; font-size: 0.813em; width: 61%; display: inline; margin-right: 3%; height: 25px;"> <option value="physics" selected>Physics Prizes</option> <option value="chemistry">Chemistry Prizes</option> <option value="medicine">Medicine Prizes</option> <option value="literature">Literature Prizes</option> <option value="peace">Peace Prizes</option> <option value="economic-sciences">Prize in Economic Sciences</option> </select> <img style="display: inline;" class="tap-up-down-icon" id="goto-prize-tap-down-small" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/menuslide-arrow-left.png"> <input style="padding: 0; font-size: 0.813em; text-align: center; width: 21%; height: 22px; display: inline; margin-bottom: 0;" id="goto-prize-change-year-small" type="text" value="1957"> <img style="display: inline;" class="tap-up-down-icon" id="goto-prize-tap-up-small" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/menuslide-arrow-right.png"><br> </div> </div> </div> </form> <script> $(document).ready(function() { setTimeout(calc_height, 1000); }); function calc_height() { var left_height = $('#nobel-left-col').height(); left_height = Math.round(left_height); var middle_height = $('#nobel-middle-col').height(); middle_height = Math.round(middle_height); var right_height = $('#nobel-right-col').height(); right_height = Math.round(right_height); // Calculate the height of the containers and make it look right var highest = left_height; if(middle_height > highest) { highest = middle_height; } if(right_height > highest) { highest = right_height; } var highest_mid = highest+20; $('#nobel-left-col').height(highest); $('#nobel-middle-col').height(highest_mid); $('#nobel-right-col').height(highest); } </script> <!-- <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <h5>Find Nobel Prizes and Laureates</h5> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <select id="left-col-filter-dropdown"> <option id="che">Chemistry</option> <option id="phy">Physics</option> <option id="pea">Peace</option> <option id="lit">Literature</option> <option id="med">Medicine</option> <option id="eco">Economic Sciences</option> </select> </div> </div> --> <ul class="right-col-menu"> <li class="left-col-nav-head"><div class="dot"><span class="selected"><img style="display: inline;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/menu-arrow-unfold.png"> About the Nobel Prize in Physics 1957</span></div></li> <ul class="right-col-menu"> <li style="font-size: 13px;"><span class="selected left-col-nav-under">Summary</span></li> <li style="font-size: 13px;"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/press.html" class="left-col-nav-under">Presentation Speech</a></li> </ul> <li class="left-col-nav-head"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/yang-facts.html"><img style="display: inline;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/menu-arrow-fold.png"> Chen Ning Yang</a></li> <li class="left-col-nav-head"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/lee-facts.html"><img style="display: inline;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/menu-arrow-fold.png"> Tsung-Dao Lee</a></li> <hr><li class="left-col-nav-head"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/index.html">All Nobel Prizes in Physics</a></li><li class="left-col-nav-head"><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/year/index.html?year=1957&images=yes">All Nobel Prizes in 1957</a></li></ul> </div> <!-- /small left col --> <!-- /left column --> <!-- Middle column --> <div id="nobel-middle-col" class="large-6 columns" style="padding-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 15px; background-color: #ffffff;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <!-- Start Main Content --> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <span itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <div class="prize_header_wrapper" style="border: none;"> <div class="prize_header physics"> <p class="laureate_prize_title"><b><span itemprop="award">The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957</span></b><br> Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee</p> <div style="float: left; width: 100%; margin: 0 0 8px 0; padding: 5px 0 5px 0; border-top: 1px solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"> <!-- AddThis Button BEGIN --> <div style="display: inline; float: left;"><h5 style="margin-right: 5px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; display: inline;">Share this:</h5></div> <div style="display: inline; float: left;" class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_16x16_style"> <a class="addthis_button_facebook"></a> <a class="addthis_button_google_plusone_share"></a> <a class="addthis_button_twitter"></a> <a class="addthis_button_compact"></a><a class="addthis_counter addthis_bubble_style"></a> <a class="addthis_button_email"></a> </div> <script type="text/javascript">var addthis_config = {"data_track_addressbar":true};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180615032541js_/https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=nobelprize"></script> <!-- AddThis Button END --> </div> </div></div><div style="clear:both;"></div><div class="prize_wrapper"><h1>The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957</h1> <div class="row"> <div class="large-4 columns"> <a href="yang.html"><img src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/yang.jpg" alt="Chen Ning Yang" border="0"></a> <div class="image_copyright"></div> <p style="line-height: 1.2; margin: 0; padding: 0; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px !important;">Chen Ning Yang</p><p style="font-size: 11px"><strong>Prize share:</strong> 1/2</p></div> <div class="large-4 columns"> <a href="lee.html"><img src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/lee.jpg" alt="Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee" border="0"></a> <div class="image_copyright"></div> <p style="line-height: 1.2; margin: 0; padding: 0; font-weight: bold; font-size: 14px !important;">Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee</p><p style="font-size: 11px"><strong>Prize share:</strong> 1/2</p></div> <div class="large-4 columns"></div> </div></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="prize_wrapper names"> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <p class="ingress motivation">The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 was awarded jointly to Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee <i>"for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"</i></p><div class="prize_copyright">Photos: Copyright © The Nobel Foundation</div> <!-- End Main Area --> <div style="clear:both"></div> <!--eri-no-index--> <div style="float: left; width: 100%; margin: 20px 0 20px 0; padding: 5px 0 5px 0; border-top: 1px solid #c0c0c0; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"> <!-- AddThis Button BEGIN --> <div style="display: inline; float: left;"><h5 style="margin-right: 5px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; font-style: italic; display: inline;">Share this:</h5></div> <div style="display: inline; float: left;" class="addthis_toolbox addthis_default_style addthis_16x16_style"> <a class="addthis_button_facebook"></a> <a class="addthis_button_google_plusone_share"></a> <a class="addthis_button_twitter"></a> <a class="addthis_button_compact"></a><a class="addthis_counter addthis_bubble_style"></a> <a class="addthis_button_email"></a> </div> <script type="text/javascript">var addthis_config = {"data_track_addressbar":false};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180615032541js_/https://s7.addthis.com/js/300/addthis_widget.js#pubid=nobelprize"></script> <!-- AddThis Button END --> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div> <div class="mla_cite" style="word-break: break-all;"> <span class="row1">To cite this page</span><br><span class="row2">MLA style: "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957". <i>Nobelprize.org.</i> Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 15 Jun 2018. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1957/> </span> </div> <style> #recommended-slider-container { float: left; width: 100%; padding-left: 20px; /*padding-right: 28px;*/ padding-right: 20px; } .recommended-slider-item { padding: 8px; background: #Fff; } .recommended-slider-title { font-weight: bold; } .recommended-slider-descr { line-height:1.2em; font-size: 0.813em; margin: 0; } .recommended-slider-img { margin-bottom: 5px; padding-bottom: 0; margin: 0 auto; } </style> <h2 style="margin-bottom: 15px;">Recommended:</h2> <div class="row" id="recommended-slider-container"> <div class="recommended-slider-item"> <a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/laser/"><img class="recommended-slider-img" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/recommend/educational/physics/laser-challenge-game.jpg"></a> <a class="recommended-slider-title" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/laser/">Play the Laser Challenge Game</a> <p class="recommended-slider-descr">Your mission is to arrange an amazing laser party!</p> </div> <div class="recommended-slider-item"> <a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/physics/karlsson/index.html"><img class="recommended-slider-img" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/recommend/physics/physics-overview.jpg"></a> <a class="recommended-slider-title" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/physics/karlsson/index.html">The Nobel Prize in Physics 1901-2000</a> <p class="recommended-slider-descr">Read more about the Nobel Prize in Physics.</p> </div> <div class="recommended-slider-item"> <a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/physics/index.html"><img class="recommended-slider-img" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/recommend/physics/physics-short-facts.jpg"></a> <a class="recommended-slider-title" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/facts/physics/index.html">Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physics</a> <p class="recommended-slider-descr">All you want to know about the Nobel Prize in Physics!</p> </div> </div> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $('#recommended-slider-container').slick({ infinite: true, slidesToShow: 3, slidesToScroll: 1, responsive: [ { breakpoint: 640, settings: { slidesToShow: 1 } } ] }); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /middle column --> <!-- Right column --> <div id="nobel-right-col" class="large-3 columns hide-for-small" style="margin-top: 10px; padding-top: 15px; padding-bottom: 15px; background-color: #f0f0f0; border-left: 1px solid #d3d3d3;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/year/index.html?year=2017&images=yes"><img src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/right-column/2017-nobel-laureates-25.jpg"></a> </div> </div><div style="background-color: #FFFFFF; border-top: 1px solid #D7D5D5; height: 1px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "></div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/other/womens-day-2017.html"><img src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/right-column/women-25.jpg"></a> </div> </div><div style="background-color: #FFFFFF; border-top: 1px solid #D7D5D5; height: 1px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "></div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/newsletter/"><img src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/right-column/monthly05.jpg"></a> </div> </div><div style="background-color: #FFFFFF; border-top: 1px solid #D7D5D5; height: 1px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "></div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://www.facebook.com/nobelprize" target="_blank"><img src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/right-column/facebook.jpg"></a> </div> </div><div style="background-color: #FFFFFF; border-top: 1px solid #D7D5D5; height: 1px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "></div> </div> <div class="small-12 columns show-for-small" style="background-color: #fff;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/lists/year/index.html?year=2017&images=yes"><img src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/right-column/2017-nobel-laureates-25.jpg"></a> </div> </div><div style="background-color: #FFFFFF; border-top: 1px solid #D7D5D5; height: 1px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "></div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/themes/other/womens-day-2017.html"><img src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/right-column/women-25.jpg"></a> </div> </div><div style="background-color: #FFFFFF; border-top: 1px solid #D7D5D5; height: 1px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "></div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/newsletter/"><img src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/right-column/monthly05.jpg"></a> </div> </div><div style="background-color: #FFFFFF; border-top: 1px solid #D7D5D5; height: 1px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "></div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://www.facebook.com/nobelprize" target="_blank"><img src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/right-column/facebook.jpg"></a> </div> </div><div style="background-color: #FFFFFF; border-top: 1px solid #D7D5D5; height: 1px; margin-top: 10px; margin-bottom: 10px; "></div> </div> <!-- /right column --> </div> <!-- /content area --> <!-- Small footer --> <div class="row show-for-small" id="small-footer-container" style="background-color: #111111;"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <h3 style="margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; color: #eeeeee; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: underline;">Contact</h3> <ul style="color: #ffffff;" class="small-footer-list"> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/contact">E-mail us</a></li> </ul> <h3 style="margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; color: #eeeeee; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: underline;">Press</h3> <ul style="color: #ffffff;" class="small-footer-list"> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/press/">Newsroom</a></li> <!--<li><a href="/press/">Press Releases</a></li> <li><a href="/press/nobelfoundation/">Newsroom - Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/press/nobelmedia/">Newsroom - Nobel Media</a></li>--> </ul> <h3 style="margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; color: #eeeeee; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: underline;">Sitemap</h3> <ul style="color: #ffffff;" class="small-footer-list"> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/az_index.html">A-Z Index</a></li> </ul> <h3 style="margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; color: #eeeeee; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: underline;">FAQ</h3> <ul style="color: #ffffff;" class="small-footer-list"> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/faq">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> </ul> <h3 style="margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; color: #eeeeee; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: underline;">Terms</h3> <ul style="color: #ffffff;" class="small-footer-list"> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/terms_use.html">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/privacy_policy.html">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/tech_support/">Technical Support</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/developer/">For Developers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/copyright/">Copyright</a></li> </ul> <h3 style="margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 0; padding-bottom: 0; color: #eeeeee; font-weight: bold; font-size: 16px; text-decoration: underline;">Follow</h3> <ul style="color: #ffffff;" class="small-footer-list"> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://www.facebook.com/nobelprize">Facebook</a></li> <!-- <li><a href="https://plus.google.com/+NobelPrize/posts">Google+</a></li> --> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://www.instagram.com/nobelprize_org/">Instagram</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://twitter.com/NobelPrize">Twitter</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/http://www.youtube.com/thenobelprize">YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/newsletter/">Nobelprize.org Monthly</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/channels/app/index.html">Nobel Prize App</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <!-- /small footer --> <!-- Big footer FOUNDATION 5 --> <div class="hide-for-small" id="footer-container" style="width: 100%; position: fixed; bottom: -172px; z-index: 999999;"> <div style="width: 100%; background-color: #c3d0e1; border-bottom: 1px solid #fff;"> <div class="row"> <div class="medium-5 columns" style="padding-top: 9px; padding-bottom: 13px;"> <span style="border-radius: 3px; padding: 0 10px 2px 10px; background-color: #fff;"><img id="big-footer-link" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/foundation/arrow-right.png" style="display: inline;"> <a class="footer-top-link" href="#" id="footer-top-link-first" style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0; padding: 0;">Contact | Press | Sitemap | FAQ | Terms</a></span> </div> <div class="medium-3 columns" style="text-align: right;"> <p style="color: #888; margin: 6px 0 0 0; padding: 0;">Copyright © Nobel Media AB 2018</p> </div> <div class="medium-4 columns"> <div id="footer-follow-us-text-space" style="float: left; width: 62%; text-align: right; padding-top: 5px;"> <h2 style="font-weight: normal; margin: 0; margin-top: -20px !important padding: 0; color: #fff; font-style: italic; display: inline; margin-right: 10px;">Join us:</h2> </div> <div id="footer-follow-us-icon-space" style="float: left; width: 38%; padding-top: 5px; text-align: right;"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://www.facebook.com/nobelprize"><img style="display: inline;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/fb-footer-big.png"></a> <!-- <a href="https://plus.google.com/+NobelPrize/posts"><img style="display: inline;" src="/images/icons/g-footer-big.png"></a> --> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://www.instagram.com/nobelprize_org/"><img style="display: inline;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/instagram-footer-big.png"></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://twitter.com/NobelPrize"><img style="display: inline;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/tw-footer-big.png"></a> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/http://www.youtube.com/thenobelprize"><img style="display: inline;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/yt-footer-big.png"></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div style="width: 100%; background-color: #466c99;"> <div class="row"> <div class="medium-3 columns" style="padding-left: 0;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <ul style="list-style-type: none;"> <li class="footer-list-headline">Contact</li> <li><a style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/contact">E-mail Us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <ul style="list-style-type: none;"> <li class="footer-list-headline">Press</li> <li><a style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/press/">Newsroom</a></li> <!--<li><a style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" href="/press/">Press Releases</a></li> <li><a style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" href="/press/nobelfoundation/">Newsroom - Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" href="/press/nobelmedia/">Newsroom - Nobel Media</a></li>--> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="medium-3 columns" style="padding-left: 0;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <ul style="list-style-type: none;"> <li class="footer-list-headline">Sitemap</li> <li><a style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/az_index.html/">A-Z Index</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <ul style="list-style-type: none;"> <li class="footer-list-headline">FAQ</li> <li><a href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/faq" style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" style="cursor: pointer;">Frequently Asked Questions</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="medium-3 columns" style="padding-left: 0;"> <div class="row"> <div class="large-12 columns"> <ul style="list-style-type: none;"> <li class="footer-list-headline">Terms</li> <li><a style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/terms_use.html">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/privacy_policy.html">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/tech_support/">Technical Support</a></li> <li><a style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/developer/">For Developers</a></li> <li><a style="color: #fff;" class="footer-link" href="/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/copyright/">Copyright</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="medium-3 columns" style="padding-left: 0;"> <h2 class="footer-list-headline" style="margin-bottom: 8px;">Join us:</h2> <div style="float: left; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 4px;"> <div style="float: left; width: 11%;"><img style="padding-top: 2px;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/facebook-footer.png"></div> <div style="float: left; width: 89%;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://www.facebook.com/nobelprize">Facebook</a></div> </div> <!-- <div style="float: left; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 4px;"> <div style="float: left; width: 11%;"><img style="padding-top: 2px;" src="/images/icons/googleplus-footer.png"></div> <div style="float: left; width: 89%;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="https://plus.google.com/+NobelPrize/posts">Google+</a></div> </div> --> <div style="float: left; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 4px;"> <div style="float: left; width: 11%;"><img style="padding-top: 2px;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/instagram-footer.png"></div> <div style="float: left; width: 89%;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://www.instagram.com/nobelprize_org/">Instagram</a></div> </div> <div style="float: left; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 4px;"> <div style="float: left; width: 11%;"><img style="padding-top: 2px;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/twitter-footer.png"></div> <div style="float: left; width: 89%;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://twitter.com/NobelPrize">Twitter</a></div> </div> <div style="float: left; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 4px;"> <div style="float: left; width: 11%;"><img style="padding-top: 2px;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/youtube-footer.png"></div> <div style="float: left; width: 89%;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/http://www.youtube.com/thenobelprize">YouTube</a></div> </div> <div style="float: left; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 4px;"> <div style="float: left; width: 11%;"><img style="padding-top: 2px;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/monthly-footer.png"></div> <div style="float: left; width: 89%;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/nobelprize_org/newsletter/">Nobelprize.org Monthly</a></div> </div> <div style="float: left; width: 100%; margin-bottom: 4px;"> <div style="float: left; width: 11%;"><img style="padding-top: 2px;" src="/web/20180615032541im_/https://www.nobelprize.org/images/icons/app-footer.png"></div> <div style="float: left; width: 89%;"><a style="color: #fff;" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/nobelmedia/channels/app/index.html">Nobel Prize App</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <!-- /big footer --> <script src="/web/20180615032541js_/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/foundation5/vendor/modernizr.js"></script> <script src="/web/20180615032541js_/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/foundation5/foundation/foundation.js"></script> <script src="/web/20180615032541js_/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/foundation5/foundation/foundation.orbit.js"></script> <script src="/web/20180615032541js_/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/foundation5/foundation/foundation.topbar.js"></script> <script> $(document).foundation(); </script> <script> var and_test; var left_height, middle_height, right_height, highest; var footer_visible = false; var filter_year = 2015; create_list_form_toggled = false; create_list_form_visible = false; function toggle_create_list_form() { if(create_list_form_visible) { $('#create-list-container-yo').css('display', 'none'); create_list_form_visible = false; } else { $('#create-list-container-yo').css('display', 'inline'); create_list_form_visible = true; } if(!create_list_form_toggled) { //var left_height = $('#nobel-left-col').height(); var left_height = $('#create-list-container-yo').height(); left_height = Math.round(left_height); left_height += 200; var middle_height = $('#nobel-middle-col').height(); middle_height = Math.round(middle_height); var right_height = $('#nobel-right-col').height(); right_height = Math.round(right_height); if($(window).width() > 780) { // Calculate the height of the containers and make it look right highest = left_height; if(middle_height > highest) { highest = middle_height; } if(right_height > highest) { highest = right_height; } var highest_mid = highest+20; $('#nobel-left-col').height(highest); $('#nobel-middle-col').height(highest_mid); $('#nobel-right-col').height(highest); } create_list_form_toggled = false; } } $(document).ready(function() { var currentUrl = window.location.href; //checkVersion(); if($('#this-create-list-page').val() == 'yes') { $('#create-list-container-yo').css('display', 'inline'); var left_height = $('#nobel-left-col').height(); var left_height = Math.round(left_height); var middle_height = $('#nobel-middle-col').height(); var middle_height = Math.round(middle_height); var right_height = $('#nobel-right-col').height(); var right_height = Math.round(right_height); if($(window).width() > 780) { // Calculate the height of the containers and make it look right highest = left_height; if(middle_height > highest) { highest = middle_height; } if(right_height > highest) { highest = right_height; } var highest_mid = highest+20; $('#nobel-left-col').height(highest); $('#nobel-middle-col').height(highest_mid); $('#nobel-right-col').height(highest); } } else { setTimeout(function() { da_url = window.location.href; var left_height = $('#nobel-left-col').height(); var left_height = Math.round(left_height); var middle_height = $('#nobel-middle-col').height(); var middle_height = Math.round(middle_height); var right_height = $('#nobel-right-col').height(); var right_height = Math.round(right_height); if($(window).width() > 780) { // Calculate the height of the containers and make it look right highest = left_height; if(middle_height > highest) { highest = middle_height; } if(right_height > highest) { highest = right_height; } var highest_mid = highest+20; if(da_url.match(/live.nobelprize.org/)) { $('#nobel-middle-col').css('min-height', highest+'px'); $('#nobel-right-col').css('min-height', highest+'px'); } else { $('#nobel-left-col').height(highest); $('#nobel-left-col').height(highest-585); $('#nobel-middle-col').height(highest_mid); $('#nobel-right-col').height(highest); } //alert($('#nobel-left-col').height()); //alert($('#nobel-right-col').height()); } else { //$('#nobel-left-col').height(left_height-700); //alert('small'); } }, 1000); } /* Left sidebar filter */ $('#left-arrow').click(function() { if(filter_year > 1901) { filter_year--; $('#year-input').val(filter_year); } }); $('#right-arrow').click(function() { if(filter_year < 2017) { filter_year++; $('#year-input').val(filter_year); } }); $('.footer-top-link').click(function() { if(!footer_visible) { show_footer(); } else { hide_footer(); } }); $('.footer-top-link').click(function(event) { event.preventDefault(); }); // Left column filter dropdown $('#left-col-filter-dropdown').change(function() { }); /* Goto other biography up-and-down-year */ var selected_goto_year = 2015; selected_goto_year = $('#hidden-the-year').val(); var url; var selected_goto_prize; // Dropdown $('#goto-prize-change-prize').change(function() { selected_goto_prize = $(this).find(":selected").val(); if(selected_goto_prize == "economic-sciences" && selected_goto_year<1969) { url = '/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1969/'; } else { url = '/nobel_prizes/'+selected_goto_prize+'/laureates/'+selected_goto_year+'/'; } location.href = url; }); // Button tap down $('#goto-prize-tap-down').click(function() { if(parseInt(selected_goto_year) > 1901) { selected_goto_prize = $('#goto-prize-change-prize').find(":selected").val(); selected_goto_year--; if(selected_goto_prize == "economic-sciences" && selected_goto_year<1969) { url = '/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1969/'; } else { url = '/nobel_prizes/'+selected_goto_prize+'/laureates/'+selected_goto_year+'/'; } location.href = url; } }); // Button tap up $('#goto-prize-tap-up').click(function() { if(parseInt(selected_goto_year) < 2017) { selected_goto_prize = $('#goto-prize-change-prize').find(":selected").val(); selected_goto_year++; if(selected_goto_prize == "economic-sciences" && selected_goto_year<1969) { url = '/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1969/'; } else { //url = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/http://www.nobelprize.org'; url = '/nobel_prizes/'+selected_goto_prize+'/laureates/'+selected_goto_year+'/'; } location.href = url; } }); $('#goto-prize-change-year').keyup(function() { if($(this).val().length == 4) { selected_goto_year = $('#goto-prize-change-year').val(); selected_goto_prize = $('#goto-prize-change-prize').find(":selected").val(); if(selected_goto_prize == "economic-sciences" && selected_goto_year<1969) { url = '/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1969/'; } else { url = '/nobel_prizes/'+selected_goto_prize+'/laureates/'+selected_goto_year+'/'; } location.href = url; } }); <!-- small --> // Dropdown $('#goto-prize-change-prize-small').change(function() { selected_goto_prize = $(this).find(":selected").val(); if(selected_goto_prize == "economic-sciences" && selected_goto_year<1969) { url = '/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1969/'; } else { url = '/nobel_prizes/'+selected_goto_prize+'/laureates/'+selected_goto_year+'/'; } location.href = url; }); // Button tap down $('#goto-prize-tap-down-small').click(function() { if(parseInt(selected_goto_year) > 1901) { selected_goto_prize = $('#goto-prize-change-prize-small').find(":selected").val(); selected_goto_year--; if(selected_goto_prize == "economic-sciences" && selected_goto_year<1969) { url = '/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1969/'; } else { url = '/nobel_prizes/'+selected_goto_prize+'/laureates/'+selected_goto_year+'/'; } location.href = url; } }); // Button tap up $('#goto-prize-tap-up-small').click(function() { if(parseInt(selected_goto_year) < 2017) { selected_goto_prize = $('#goto-prize-change-prize-small').find(":selected").val(); selected_goto_year++; if(selected_goto_prize == "economic-sciences" && selected_goto_year<1969) { url = '/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1969/'; } else { //url = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/http://www.nobelprize.org'; url = '/nobel_prizes/'+selected_goto_prize+'/laureates/'+selected_goto_year+'/'; } location.href = url; } }); $('#goto-prize-change-year-small').keyup(function() { if($(this).val().length == 4) { selected_goto_year = $('#goto-prize-change-year-small').val(); selected_goto_prize = $('#goto-prize-change-prize-small').find(":selected").val(); if(selected_goto_prize == "economic-sciences" && selected_goto_year<1969) { url = '/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1969/'; } else { url = '/nobel_prizes/'+selected_goto_prize+'/laureates/'+selected_goto_year+'/'; } location.href = url; } }); <!-- /small --> }); // Show the footer function show_footer() { $('#footer-container').animate({ bottom: '0' }, 500, function() { }); //$('#footer-top-link-first').css('background-image', 'url(/images/foundation/arrow-down.png)'); $('#big-footer-link').attr('src', '/images/foundation/arrow-down.png'); footer_visible = true; } // Hide the footer function hide_footer() { $('#footer-container').animate({ bottom: '-172px' }, 500, function() { }); //$('#footer-top-link-first').css('background-image', 'url(/images/foundation/arrow-right.png)'); $('#big-footer-link').attr('src', '/images/foundation/arrow-right.png'); footer_visible = false; } </script> <script> $(document).ready(function() { var el = $('.yes-filler'); var originalHeight = el.height(); var properties = { height : originalHeight * 0.9 } el.pulse(properties, {duration : 1000, pulses : -1}); // Voting $('.ein-poll-alt').change(function() { poll_stats = []; poll_stats_percent = []; alt_ids = []; total_votes = 0; num_alts = 0; alt_counter = 0; ein_poll_id = $(this).data('pollid'); ein_alt_id = $(this).data('altid'); el.pulse('destroy'); $('.poll-'+ein_poll_id+'-alt').each(function() { $(this).attr('disabled',true); alt_ids[alt_counter] = $(this).data('altid'); alt_counter++; num_alts++; }); // Lets save da vote yao $.ajax({ type: "POST", url: "//web.archive.org/web/20180615032541/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/php/poll/api.php", data: {poll_id: ein_poll_id, alt_id: ein_alt_id}, dataType: "json", beforeSend:function(){ //alert("sending"); }, error: function(jqXHR, textStatus, errorThrown){ //alert("Error: "+errorThrown); }, success: function(data){ $.each(data, function(index, element) { //self.questions[i]['id'] = element.question_id; poll_stats[element.id] = []; poll_stats[element.id]['votes'] = parseInt(element.votes); total_votes += parseInt(element.votes); }); //# Calculate percent % stats var percent_per_vote = 100/total_votes; var tot_percent = 0; for(var per_counter = 0; per_counter < num_alts; per_counter++) { var curr_alt_id = alt_ids[per_counter]; poll_stats[curr_alt_id]['percent'] = parseInt(poll_stats[curr_alt_id]['votes'] * percent_per_vote); tot_percent += poll_stats[curr_alt_id]['percent']; } $('#poll-num-votes-'+ein_poll_id).html('<p style="padding: 0; margin: 0;">Answers: <b>'+total_votes+'</b></p>'); setTimeout(function() { for(var insta = 0; insta < num_alts; insta++) { var curraltid = alt_ids[insta]; var curraltpercent = poll_stats[curraltid]['percent']; curraltpercentminus = 100-curraltpercent; $('#filler-'+curraltid).css("height",curraltpercentminus+"px"); $('#green-filler-'+curraltid).append('<center><span style="color: #fff; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold;">'+curraltpercent+'%</span></span>'); } },1100); } }); }); }); </script> <script src="/web/20180615032541js_/https://www.nobelprize.org/prog/js/slick/slick.js"></script> <script> $(document).ready(function(){ $.each($('.slickidy-slick'), function() { $(this).slick(); }); }); </script> </body></html> <!--/eri-no-index--> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 03:25:41 Jun 15, 2018 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 16:57:10 Nov 24, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.531 exclusion.robots: 0.021 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.013 esindex: 0.01 cdx.remote: 11.249 LoadShardBlock: 366.51 (6) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 110.264 (7) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 184.618 (3) load_resource: 104.755 -->