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<span>City of Akhetaten</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-City_of_Akhetaten-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle City of Akhetaten subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-City_of_Akhetaten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Site_and_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Site_and_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Site and plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Site_and_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>North City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Central City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_suburbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_suburbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Southern suburbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_suburbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_outskirts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_outskirts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>City outskirts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_outskirts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_in_ancient_Amarna/Akhetaten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_in_ancient_Amarna/Akhetaten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Life in ancient Amarna/Akhetaten</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Life_in_ancient_Amarna/Akhetaten-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Life in ancient Amarna/Akhetaten subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Life_in_ancient_Amarna/Akhetaten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religious life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amarna_art-style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amarna_art-style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Amarna art-style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amarna_art-style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rediscovery_and_excavation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rediscovery_and_excavation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rediscovery and excavation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rediscovery_and_excavation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rediscovery and excavation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rediscovery_and_excavation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_century_excavations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_century_excavations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>18th and 19th century excavations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_century_excavations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Amarna_letters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Amarna_letters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The Amarna letters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Amarna_letters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavation_of_the_king's_tomb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation_of_the_king's_tomb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Excavation of the king's tomb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation_of_the_king's_tomb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_excavations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_excavations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>20th century excavations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_excavations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century_excavations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century_excavations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>21st century excavations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century_excavations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In media</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In media subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fictional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fictional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fictional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fictional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fictional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fictional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Non-fictional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fictional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magazines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magazines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Magazines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magazines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Opera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amarna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9" title="تل العمارنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تل العمارنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Амарна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амарна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ахетатон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ахетатон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Am%C4%81rna" title="Al-Amārna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al-Amārna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_al_%E2%80%98Am%C4%81rinah" title="Tall al ‘Amārinah – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tall al ‘Amārinah" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Amarna" title="El Amarna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="El Amarna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Αμάρνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμάρνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tell_al-Amarna" title="Tell al-Amarna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tell al-Amarna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87_(%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1)" title="عمارنه (مصر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عمارنه (مصر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%A7%88%EB%A5%B4%EB%82%98" title="아마르나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아마르나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Թել ալ-Ամառնա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թել ալ-Ամառնա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אל-עמארנה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אל-עמארנה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8" title="ಟೆಲ್ ಎಲ್ ಅಮಾರ್ನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟೆಲ್ ಎಲ್ ಅಮಾರ್ನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ელ-ამარნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ელ-ამარნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Амарна – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Амарна" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahet-Aton" title="Ahet-Aton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ahet-Aton" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="تل العمارنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تل العمارنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarnah" title="Amarnah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Amarnah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achetaton" title="Achetaton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Achetaton" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A" title="アマルナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アマルナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE" title="ਅਮਰਨਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮਰਨਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Амарна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Амарна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AB" title="අමර්ණ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අමර්ණ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Амарна – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амарна" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhetaten" title="Akhetaten – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akhetaten" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/El-Amarna" title="El-Amarna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="El-Amarna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="அமர்னா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமர்னா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="อะมาร์นา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อะมาร์นา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Амарна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Амарна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%81" title="عمارنہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عمارنہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amarna" title="Amarna – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amarna" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%8E%9B%E7%BA%B3" title="阿玛纳 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="阿玛纳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%8E%9B%E7%BA%B3" title="阿玛纳 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿玛纳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5736#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Amarna&params=27_38_43_N_30_53_47_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°38′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°53′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.64528°N 30.89639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.64528; 30.89639</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Akhenaten's capital of Egypt, 1346–1332 BC</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Amarna</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">العمارنة</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_aten_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Small_aten_temple.jpg/220px-Small_aten_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Small_aten_temple.jpg/330px-Small_aten_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Small_aten_temple.jpg/440px-Small_aten_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="567" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Small_Aten_Temple" title="Small Aten Temple">Small Aten Temple</a> at Akhetaten</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amarna is located in Egypt"><img alt="Amarna is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.247%;left:51.117%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Amarna"><img alt="Amarna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Egypt</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">El-Amarna, Tell el-Amarna</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Amarna&params=27_38_43_N_30_53_47_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">27°38′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">30°53′47″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">27.64528°N 30.89639°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">27.64528; 30.89639</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Builder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">Approximately 1346 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Amarna</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">العمارنة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-ʿAmārna</i></span>) is an extensive ancient <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> containing the remains of what was the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> during the late <a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">Eighteenth Dynasty</a>. The city of <i>Akhetaten</i> was established in 1346 BC, built at the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>, and abandoned shortly after <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten#Death_and_burial" title="Akhenaten">his death</a> in 1332 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name that the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptians</a> used for the city is transliterated as <b>Akhetaten</b> or <b>Akhetaton</b>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Akhet_(hieroglyph)" title="Akhet (hieroglyph)">the horizon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-davidp125_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidp125-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site is on the east bank of the <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a>, in what today is the Egyptian province of <a href="/wiki/Minya_Governorate" title="Minya Governorate">Minya</a>. It is about 58 km (36 mi) south of the city of <a href="/wiki/Minya,_Egypt" title="Minya, Egypt">al-Minya</a>, 312 km (194 mi) south of the Egyptian capital, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, and 402 km (250 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a> (site of the previous capital, <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Deir_Mawas" class="mw-redirect" title="Deir Mawas">Deir Mawas</a> lies directly to its west. On the east side of Amarna there are several modern villages, the chief of which are l-Till in the north and el-Hagg Qandil in the south. </p><p>Activity in the region flourished from the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a> until the later <a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Roman era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Amarna</i> comes from the Beni Amran tribe that lived in the region<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (March 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> and founded a few settlements. The ancient Egyptian name was Akhetaten. </p><p>(This site should be distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Tell_Amarna_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Tell Amarna in Syria">Tell Amarna in Syria</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf period</a> archaeological <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>English Egyptologist Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Gardner_Wilkinson" title="John Gardner Wilkinson">John Gardner Wilkinson</a> visited Amarna twice in the 1820s and identified it as <b>Alabastron</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following the sometimes contradictory descriptions of Roman-era authors <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> (<i>On Stones</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-MatHyer_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatHyer-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MatInd_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MatInd-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he was not sure about the identification and suggested <a href="/wiki/Nekhen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nekhen">Kom el-Ahmar</a> as an alternative location.<sup id="cite_ref-ModEg_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModEg-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="City_of_Akhetaten">City of Akhetaten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: City of Akhetaten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="position:relative;float:right"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 425px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_map_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amarna_map_large.jpg/425px-Amarna_map_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="425" height="422" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Amarna_map_large.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="549" /></a></span> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:316.575px; top:206.625px"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Wadi_and_Tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Wadi and Tombs">Royal Wadi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:155.075px; top:210.875px"><a href="/wiki/Workmen%27s_Village,_Amarna" title="Workmen's Village, Amarna">Workmen's village</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:359.075px; top:215.125px"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tomb_of_Akhenaten" title="Royal Tomb of Akhenaten">Tomb of Akhenaten</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:223.075px; top:108.875px"><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Nobles_(Amarna)#Northern_tombs" title="Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)">Northern tombs</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:167.825px; top:283.125px"><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Nobles_(Amarna)#Southern_tombs" title="Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)">Southern tombs</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:235.825px; top:159.875px"><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Stelae_of_Akhenaten" title="Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten">Stelae U</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:163.575px; top:108.875px"><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Nobles_(Amarna)#Desert_altars" title="Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)">Desert altars</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:53.075px; top:274.625px"><a href="/wiki/Maru-Aten" title="Maru-Aten">Maru-Aten</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:155.075px; top:91.875px"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Palace_(Amarna)" title="Northern Palace (Amarna)">Northern Palace</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:146.575px; top:74.025px"><a href="/wiki/North_City,_Amarna" title="North City, Amarna">North City</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:95.575px; top:257.2px"><a href="/wiki/Kom_el-Nana" title="Kom el-Nana">Kom el-Nana</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:231.575px; top:368.125px"><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Stelae_of_Akhenaten" title="Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten">Stelae H</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:146.575px; top:159.875px"><a href="/wiki/Great_Temple_of_the_Aten" title="Great Temple of the Aten">Great Aten Temple</a></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>The area of the city was effectively a virgin site, and it was this city that Akhetaten described as the Aten's "seat of the First Occasion, which he had made for himself that he might rest in it". </p><p>It may be that the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Wadi_and_tombs" title="Royal Wadi and tombs">Royal Wadi</a>'s resemblance to the <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptian hieroglyph">hieroglyph</a> for <i>horizon</i> showed that this was the place to found the city. </p><p>The city was built as the new capital of the Pharaoh Akhenaten, dedicated to his <a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">new religion</a> of worship to the <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a>. Construction started in or around Year 5 of his reign (1346 BC) and was probably completed by Year 9 (1341 BC), although it became the capital city two years earlier. To speed up construction of the city most of the buildings were constructed out of <a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">mudbrick</a>, and white washed. The most important buildings were faced with local stone.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is the only ancient Egyptian city which preserves great details of its internal plan in large part because it was abandoned almost completely shortly after the royal government of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> quit the city in favor of Thebes (modern <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>). The city seems to have remained active for a decade or so after his death, and a shrine to <a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a> indicates that it was at least partially occupied at the beginning of his reign,<sup id="cite_ref-kemp_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kemp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> if only as a source for building material elsewhere. Once it was abandoned, it remained uninhabited until Roman settlement<sup id="cite_ref-roman_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> began along the edge of the Nile. However, due to the unique circumstances of its creation and abandonment, it is questionable how representative of ancient Egyptian cities it actually is. Amarna was hastily constructed and covered an area of approximately 8 miles (13 km) of territory on the east bank of the Nile River; on the west bank, land was set aside to provide crops for the city's population.<sup id="cite_ref-davidp125_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidp125-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entire city is encircled with a total of 14 boundary <a href="/wiki/Stela" class="mw-redirect" title="Stela">stelae</a> (labeled A thru V with discontinuities left for those thought to be missing, Stele B was defaced by locals in 1885) detailing Akhenaten's conditions for the establishment of this new capital city of Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-davidp125_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidp125-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest dated stele from Akhenaten's new city is known to be <i>Boundary stele K</i> which is dated to Year 5, IV Peret (or month 8), day 13 of Akhenaten's reign.<sup id="cite_ref-aldredp47_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aldredp47-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Most of the original 14 boundary stelae have been badly eroded.) It preserves an account of Akhenaten's foundation of this city. The document records the pharaoh's wish to have several temples of the Aten to be erected here, for several royal tombs to be created in the eastern hills of Amarna for himself, his chief wife <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>, and his eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Meritaten" title="Meritaten">Meritaten</a> as well as his explicit command that when he was dead, he would be brought back to Amarna for burial.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boundary stela K introduces a description of the events that were being celebrated at Amarna: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His Majesty mounted a great chariot of <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a>, like the <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a> when He rises on the horizon and fills the land with His love, and took a goodly road to Akhetaten, the place of origin, which [the Aten] had created for Himself that he might be happy therein. It was His son Wa'enrē [i.e. Akhenaten] who founded it for Him as His monument when His Father commanded him to make it. Heaven was joyful, the earth was glad every heart was filled with delight when they beheld him.<sup id="cite_ref-aldredp48_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aldredp48-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_boundary_stela_U_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Amarna_boundary_stela_U_02.JPG/220px-Amarna_boundary_stela_U_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Amarna_boundary_stela_U_02.JPG/330px-Amarna_boundary_stela_U_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Amarna_boundary_stela_U_02.JPG/440px-Amarna_boundary_stela_U_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Statues to the left of Boundary stela U in el-Amarna</figcaption></figure> <p>This text then goes on to state that Akhenaten made a great <a href="/wiki/Oblation" title="Oblation">oblation</a> to the god Aten "and this is the theme [of the occasion] which is illustrated in the <a href="/wiki/Lunette_(stele)" title="Lunette (stele)">lunettes</a> of the stelae where he stands with his queen and eldest daughter before an altar heaped with offerings under the Aten, while it shines upon him rejuvenating his body with its rays."<sup id="cite_ref-aldredp48_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aldredp48-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Site_and_plan">Site and plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Site and plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located on the east bank of the Nile, the ruins of the city are laid out roughly north to south along a "Royal Road", now referred to as "Sikhet es-Sultan".<sup id="cite_ref-waterson81_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterson81-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-grundon92_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grundon92-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Royal residences are generally to the north, in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/North_City,_Amarna" title="North City, Amarna">North City</a>, with a central administration and religious area and the south of the city is made up of residential suburbs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_City">North City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: North City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_City,_Amarna" title="North City, Amarna">North City, Amarna</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_-_Seal_Ring_with_the_Name_of_Akhenaten_-_Walters_42201_-_Top.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Egyptian_-_Seal_Ring_with_the_Name_of_Akhenaten_-_Walters_42201_-_Top.jpg/120px-Egyptian_-_Seal_Ring_with_the_Name_of_Akhenaten_-_Walters_42201_-_Top.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Egyptian_-_Seal_Ring_with_the_Name_of_Akhenaten_-_Walters_42201_-_Top.jpg/180px-Egyptian_-_Seal_Ring_with_the_Name_of_Akhenaten_-_Walters_42201_-_Top.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Egyptian_-_Seal_Ring_with_the_Name_of_Akhenaten_-_Walters_42201_-_Top.jpg/240px-Egyptian_-_Seal_Ring_with_the_Name_of_Akhenaten_-_Walters_42201_-_Top.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Akhenaten seal ring in <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_faience" title="Egyptian faience">blue faience</a>. <a href="/wiki/Walters_Art_Museum" title="Walters Art Museum">Walters Art Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>If one approached the city of Amarna from the north by river the first buildings past the northern boundary stele would be the <a href="/wiki/North_Riverside_Palace" title="North Riverside Palace">North Riverside Palace</a>. This building ran all the way up to the waterfront and was likely the main residence of the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located within the North City area is the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Palace_(Amarna)" title="Northern Palace (Amarna)">Northern Palace</a>, the main residence of the royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between this and the central city, the Northern Suburb was initially a prosperous area with large houses, but the house size decreased and became poorer the further from the road they were.<sup id="cite_ref-grundon92_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grundon92-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_City">Central City</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Central City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the important ceremonial and administrative buildings were located in the central city. Here the <a href="/wiki/Great_Temple_of_the_Aten" title="Great Temple of the Aten">Great Temple of the Aten</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Small_Aten_Temple" title="Small Aten Temple">Small Aten Temple</a> were used for religious functions and between these the Great Royal Palace and Royal Residence were the ceremonial residence of the king and royal family, and were linked by a bridge or ramp.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Located behind the Royal Residence was the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Correspondence_of_Pharaoh" title="Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh">Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna Letters">Amarna Letters</a> were found.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This area was probably the first area to be completed, and had at least two phases of construction.<sup id="cite_ref-waterson81_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waterson81-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_suburbs">Southern suburbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Southern suburbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To the south of the city was the area now referred to as the <i>Southern Suburbs</i>. It contained the estates of many of the city's powerful nobles, including <a href="/wiki/Nakhtpaaten" title="Nakhtpaaten">Nakhtpaaten</a> (Chief Minister), Ranefer, <a href="/wiki/Panehesy" title="Panehesy">Panehesy</a> (High Priest of the Aten), and Ramose (Master of Horses). This area also held the studio of the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_(sculptor)" title="Thutmose (sculptor)">Thutmose</a>, where the famous bust of Nefertiti was found in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further to the south of the city was <a href="/wiki/Kom_el-Nana" title="Kom el-Nana">Kom el-Nana</a>, an enclosure, usually referred to as a <i>sun-shade</i>, and was probably built as a sun-temple.,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then the <a href="/wiki/Maru-Aten" title="Maru-Aten">Maru-Aten</a>, which was a palace or sun-temple originally thought to have been constructed for <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>'s queen <a href="/wiki/Kiya" title="Kiya">Kiya</a>, but on her death her name and images were altered to those of <a href="/wiki/Meritaten" title="Meritaten">Meritaten</a>, his daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="City_outskirts">City outskirts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: City outskirts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Workmen%27s_Village,_Amarna" title="Workmen's Village, Amarna">Workmen's Village, Amarna</a></div> <p>Surrounding the city and marking its extent, the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_Stelae_of_Akhenaten" title="Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten">Boundary Stelae</a> (each a rectangle of carved rock on the cliffs on both sides of the Nile) describing the founding of the city are a primary source of information about it.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TutankhamunBerlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/TutankhamunBerlin.jpg/220px-TutankhamunBerlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/TutankhamunBerlin.jpg/330px-TutankhamunBerlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/TutankhamunBerlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Tutankamun Amarna portrait. <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Away from the city Akhenaten's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Wadi_and_Tombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Wadi and Tombs">Royal necropolis</a> was started in a narrow valley to the east of the city, hidden in the cliffs. Only one tomb was completed, and was used by an unnamed Royal Wife, and Akhenaten's tomb was hastily used to hold him and likely <a href="/wiki/Meketaten" title="Meketaten">Meketaten</a>, his second daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the cliffs to the north and south of the Royal Wadi, the nobles of the city constructed their <a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Nobles_(Amarna)" title="Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)">Tombs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_in_ancient_Amarna/Akhetaten"><span id="Life_in_ancient_Amarna.2FAkhetaten"></span>Life in ancient Amarna/Akhetaten</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Life in ancient Amarna/Akhetaten"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of what is known about Amarna's founding is due to the preservation of a series of official boundary stelae (13 are known) ringing the perimeter of the city. These are cut into the cliffs on both sides of the Nile (10 on the east, 3 on the west) and record the events of Akhetaten (Amarna) from founding to just before its fall.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_fragment_column_showing_reeds_and_an_early_Aten_cartouche._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna,_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Limestone_fragment_column_showing_reeds_and_an_early_Aten_cartouche._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Limestone_fragment_column_showing_reeds_and_an_early_Aten_cartouche._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Limestone_fragment_column_showing_reeds_and_an_early_Aten_cartouche._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4328" data-file-height="3281" /></a><figcaption>Limestone fragment column showing reeds and an early Aten cartouche. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London</figcaption></figure> <p>To make the move from Thebes to Amarna, Akhenaten needed the support of the military. <a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a>, one of Akhenaten's principal advisors, exercised great influence in this area because his father <a href="/wiki/Yuya" title="Yuya">Yuya</a> had been an important military leader. Additionally, everyone in the military had grown up together, they had been a part of the richest and most successful period in Egypt's history under <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Akhenaten's father</a>, so loyalty among the ranks was strong and unwavering. Perhaps most importantly, "it was a military whose massed ranks the king took every opportunity to celebrate in temple reliefs, first at Thebes and later at Amarna."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siliceous_limestone_fragment_of_a_statue._There_are_late_Aten_cartouches_on_the_draped_right_shoulder._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna,_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Siliceous_limestone_fragment_of_a_statue._There_are_late_Aten_cartouches_on_the_draped_right_shoulder._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Siliceous_limestone_fragment_of_a_statue._There_are_late_Aten_cartouches_on_the_draped_right_shoulder._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Siliceous_limestone_fragment_of_a_statue._There_are_late_Aten_cartouches_on_the_draped_right_shoulder._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4446" data-file-height="3376" /></a><figcaption>Siliceous limestone fragment of a statue. There are late Aten cartouches on the draped right shoulder. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_life">Religious life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religious life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the reforms of Akhenaten are generally believed to have been oriented towards a sort of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a>, or perhaps more accurately, <a href="/wiki/Monolatrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolatrism">monolatrism</a>, archaeological evidence shows other deities were also revered, even at the centre of the Aten cult – if not officially, then at least by the people who lived and worked there. </p> <blockquote> <p>... at Akhetaten itself, recent excavation by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Kemp_(Egyptologist)" title="Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)">Kemp</a> (2008: 41–46) has shown the presence of objects that depict gods, goddesses and symbols that belong to the traditional field of personal belief. So many examples of <a href="/wiki/Bes" title="Bes">Bes</a>, the grotesque dwarf figure who warded off evil spirits, have been found, as well as of the goddess-monster, <a href="/wiki/Taweret" title="Taweret">Taweret</a>, part crocodile, part hippopotamus, who was associated with childbirth. Also in the royal workmen's village at Akhetaten, stelae dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shed_(deity)" title="Shed (deity)">Shed</a> have been discovered (Watterson 1984: 158 & 208).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fragment_of_tomb_relief_depicting_four_scribes_at_work.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fragment_of_tomb_relief_depicting_four_scribes_at_work.jpg/220px-Fragment_of_tomb_relief_depicting_four_scribes_at_work.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fragment_of_tomb_relief_depicting_four_scribes_at_work.jpg/330px-Fragment_of_tomb_relief_depicting_four_scribes_at_work.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Fragment_of_tomb_relief_depicting_four_scribes_at_work.jpg/440px-Fragment_of_tomb_relief_depicting_four_scribes_at_work.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4705" data-file-height="3547" /></a><figcaption>Scribes with pens and papyrus scrolls. Relief from Amarna</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amarna_art-style">Amarna art-style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Amarna art-style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amarna_art" title="Amarna art">Amarna art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_trial_piece_of_a_private_person._Head_of_a_princess_on_the_reverse._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna,_Egypt._Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_UCL,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Limestone_trial_piece_of_a_private_person._Head_of_a_princess_on_the_reverse._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_UCL%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Limestone_trial_piece_of_a_private_person._Head_of_a_princess_on_the_reverse._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_UCL%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Limestone_trial_piece_of_a_private_person._Head_of_a_princess_on_the_reverse._Reign_of_Akhenaten._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_UCL%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4015" data-file-height="5317" /></a><figcaption>Limestone trial piece of a private person. Head of a princess on the reverse. Reign of Akhenaten. From Amarna, Egypt. Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, UCL, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabaster_sunken_relief_depicting_Akhenaten,_Nefertiti,_and_daughter_Meritaten._Early_Aten_cartouches_on_king%27s_arm_and_chest._From_Amarna,_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alabaster_sunken_relief_depicting_Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiti%2C_and_daughter_Meritaten._Early_Aten_cartouches_on_king%27s_arm_and_chest._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alabaster_sunken_relief_depicting_Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiti%2C_and_daughter_Meritaten._Early_Aten_cartouches_on_king%27s_arm_and_chest._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alabaster_sunken_relief_depicting_Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiti%2C_and_daughter_Meritaten._Early_Aten_cartouches_on_king%27s_arm_and_chest._From_Amarna%2C_Egypt._18th_Dynasty._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4006" data-file-height="3827" /></a><figcaption>Alabaster sunken relief depicting Akhenaten, Nefertiti, and daughter Meritaten. Early Aten cartouches on king's arm and chest. From Amarna, Egypt. 18th Dynasty. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London</figcaption></figure> <p>The Amarna art-style broke with long-established Egyptian conventions. Unlike the strict idealistic <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">formalism</a> of previous <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Ancient_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of Ancient Egypt">Egyptian art</a>, it depicted its subjects more realistically. These included informal scenes, such as intimate portrayals of affection within the royal family or playing with their children, and no longer portrayed women as lighter coloured than men. The art also had a realism that sometimes borders on caricature. </p><p>While the worship of <a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a> was later referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_heresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna heresy">Amarna heresy</a> and suppressed, this art had a more lasting legacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rediscovery_and_excavation">Rediscovery and excavation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rediscovery and excavation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_century_excavations">18th and 19th century excavations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th century excavations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first western mention of the city was made in 1714 by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Sicard" title="Claude Sicard">Claude Sicard</a>, a French <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> priest who was travelling through the Nile Valley, and described the boundary stela from Amarna. As with much of Egypt, it was visited by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <i>corps de savants</i> in 1798–1799, who prepared the first detailed map of Amarna, which was subsequently published in <i><a href="/wiki/Description_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Description de l'Égypte">Description de l'Égypte</a></i> between 1821 and 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-amarnamapping_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amarnamapping-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After this European exploration continued in 1824 when Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Gardiner_Wilkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gardiner Wilkinson">John Gardiner Wilkinson</a> explored and mapped the city remains. The copyist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hay_(Egyptologist)" title="Robert Hay (Egyptologist)">Robert Hay</a> and his surveyor G. Laver visited the locality and uncovered several of the Southern Tombs from sand drifts, recording the reliefs in 1833. The copies made by Hay and Laver languish largely unpublished in the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, where an ongoing project to identify their locations is underway.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lepsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lepsius">Richard Lepsius</a> visited the site in 1843 and 1845, and recorded the visible monuments and topography of Amarna in two separate visits over a total of twelve days, using drawings and paper squeezes. The results were ultimately published in <i>Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien</i> between 1849 and 1913, including an improved map of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-amarnamapping_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amarnamapping-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being somewhat limited in accuracy, the engraved <i>Denkmäler</i> plates formed the basis for scholastic knowledge and interpretation of many of the scenes and inscriptions in the private tombs and some of the Boundary Stelae for the rest of the century. The records made by these early explorers teams are of immense importance since many of these remains were later destroyed or otherwise lost. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png/150px-Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png/225px-Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png/300px-Amarna_Akkadian_letter.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Amarna_letters">The Amarna letters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Amarna letters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1887, a local woman digging for <i><a href="/wiki/Sebakh" title="Sebakh">sebakh</a></i> uncovered a cache of over 300 <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform tablets</a> (now commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna Letters</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These tablets recorded select <a href="/wiki/Diplomacy" title="Diplomacy">diplomatic</a> correspondence of the Pharaoh and were predominantly written in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i> commonly used during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a> for such communication. This discovery led to the recognition of the importance of the site, and led to a further increase in exploration.<sup id="cite_ref-grundon9091_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grundon9091-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavation_of_the_king's_tomb"><span id="Excavation_of_the_king.27s_tomb"></span>Excavation of the king's tomb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Excavation of the king's tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1891 and 1892 <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Barsanti" title="Alessandro Barsanti">Alessandro Barsanti</a> discovered and cleared the king's tomb (although it was probably known to the local population from about 1880).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891 and 1892 Sir <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Petrie" title="Flinders Petrie">Flinders Petrie</a> worked for one season at Amarna, working independently of the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Exploration_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Exploration Fund">Egypt Exploration Fund</a>. He excavated primarily in the Central City, investigating the <a href="/wiki/Great_Temple_of_the_Aten" title="Great Temple of the Aten">Great Temple of the Aten</a>, the Great Official Palace, the King's House, the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Correspondence_of_Pharaoh" title="Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh">Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh</a>, and several private houses. Although frequently amounting to little more than a <a href="/wiki/Sondage" title="Sondage">sondage</a>, Petrie's excavations revealed additional <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> tablets, the remains of several glass factories, and a great quantity of discarded <a href="/wiki/Faience" title="Faience">faience</a>, glass, and ceramic in sifting the palace rubbish heaps (including Mycenaean sherds).<sup id="cite_ref-grundon9091_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grundon9091-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By publishing his results and reconstructions rapidly, Petrie was able to stimulate further interest in the site's potential.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_excavations">20th century excavations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 20th century excavations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The copyist and artist <a href="/wiki/N._de_Garis_Davies" title="N. de Garis Davies">Norman de Garis Davies</a> published drawn and photographic descriptions of private tombs and boundary stelae from Amarna from 1903 to 1908. These books were republished by the EES in 2006. </p><p>In the early years of the 20th century (1907 to 1914) the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Orientgesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Orientgesellschaft">Deutsche Orientgesellschaft</a> expedition, led by <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Borchardt" title="Ludwig Borchardt">Ludwig Borchardt</a>, excavated extensively throughout the North and South suburbs of the city. The famous bust of <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti_bust" class="mw-redirect" title="Nefertiti bust">Nefertiti</a>, now in Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Neues_Museum" title="Neues Museum">Ägyptisches Museum</a>, was discovered amongst other sculptural artefacts in the workshop of the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_(sculptor)" title="Thutmose (sculptor)">Thutmose</a>. The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> in August 1914 terminated the German excavations. </p><p>From 1921 to 1936 an Egypt Exploration Society expedition returned to excavation at Amarna under the direction of <a href="/wiki/T._Eric_Peet" title="T. Eric Peet">T.E. Peet</a>, Sir <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Woolley" title="Leonard Woolley">Leonard Woolley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henri_Frankfort" title="Henri Frankfort">Henri Frankfort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Glanville" title="Stephen Glanville">Stephen Glanville</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/John_Pendlebury" title="John Pendlebury">John Pendlebury</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Chubb" title="Mary Chubb">Mary Chubb</a> served as the digs administrator. The renewed investigations were focused on religious and royal structures. </p><p>During the 1960s the Egyptian Antiquities Organization (now the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_of_Antiquities" title="Supreme Council of Antiquities">Supreme Council of Antiquities</a>) undertook a number of excavations at Amarna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century_excavations">21st century excavations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 21st century excavations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exploration of the city continues to the present, currently under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Barry_Kemp_(Egyptologist)" title="Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)">Barry Kemp</a> (Emeritus Professor in Egyptology, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, England) (until 2006, under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Exploration_Society" title="Egypt Exploration Society">Egypt Exploration Society</a> and now with the <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amarnaproject.com/">"Amarna Project"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amarna+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarnaproject.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-kemp_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kemp-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980 a separate expedition led by <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Thorndike_Martin" title="Geoffrey Thorndike Martin">Geoffrey Martin</a> described and copied the reliefs from the Royal Tomb, later publishing its findings together with objects thought to have come from the tomb. This work was published in 2 volumes by the EES. </p><p>From 2005 to 2013, the Amarna Project excavated at a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Tombs_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Tombs Cemetery">cemetery</a> of private individuals, close to the southern tombs of the Nobles.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_media">In media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fictional">Fictional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fictional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>The Painted Queen</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written by the famous Elizabeth Peters a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mertz" title="Barbara Mertz">Barbara Mertz</a> is the most recent installment to the <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Peabody_series" title="Amelia Peabody series">Amelia Peabody</a> novels after the author's passing in 2013. Elizabeth Peters was a school trained archaeologist, but was persuaded by her male colleagues that a woman was not to be an archaeologist, so "she created characters based on those misogynistic Egyptologists..."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as stated by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Parcak" title="Sarah Parcak">Sarah Parcak</a>, a female archaeologist that specializes in <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a>. The adventure stars a female archaeologist Amelia Peabody and the mystery of the missing Bust of Nefertiti. The Painted Queen takes place in the 1912, several years after the actual excavations at Amarna, when excavations in Egypt are solely European, local hires, or looters. Like all good mystery novels, there is humor, twists, and turns, and a predictable ending of a solved case. </p><p><i>Nefertiti</i> by <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Moran" title="Michelle Moran">Michelle Moran</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a historical fiction work that guides the reader from the perspective of Queen Nefertiti and her younger sister <a href="/wiki/Mutnedjmet" title="Mutnedjmet">Mutnodjmet</a>. The story follows the timeline from her time in Thebes to Amarna and after Akhenaten's death. <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a> was the Chief wife in Akhenaten's court or haram. Though she is well known by name, as many historical female role models, her story is often overlooked for masculine rulers. Michelle Moran webs her story of the queen and her sister with political secrets, loss of innocence, and female strength in a patriarchal society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-fictional">Non-fictional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non-fictional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and its People</i> by <a href="/wiki/Barry_Kemp_(Egyptologist)" title="Barry Kemp (Egyptologist)">Barry Kemp</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discusses everything from the conception of Amarna to the abandonment of the city. Within the book are images that display art, architecture, and the city as it was (reconstructed) and now. It also has a short chapter written by Kemp in the book <i>Cities That Shaped the Ancient World</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magazines">Magazines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Magazines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the past years <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i> and archaeological articles have published articles on Amarna, <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>. Most of the article can be found in both the paperback or on the National Geographic website<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (currently the most recent article was published January 2021). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opera">Opera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Opera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Akhnaten_(opera)" title="Akhnaten (opera)">Akhnaten</a></i>, act II, scene 3 ("The City") by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Glass" title="Philip Glass">Philip Glass</a> describes the mandate from <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> to build Akhetaten. In the English lines, it is consistently referred to as the "City of the Horizon". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amarnaproject.com/">"The Official Website of the Amarna Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081008002752/http://www.amarnaproject.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Website+of+the+Amarna+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarnaproject.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidp125-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidp125_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidp125_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidp125_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David (1998), p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maps.google.com/maps?t=k&ie=UTF8&ll=27.649016,30.908833&spn=0.056566,0.077248&z=14">"Google Maps Satellite image"</a>. Google Maps<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Maps+Satellite+image&rft.pub=Google+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaps.google.com%2Fmaps%3Ft%3Dk%26ie%3DUTF8%26ll%3D27.649016%2C30.908833%26spn%3D0.056566%2C0.077248%26z%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roman_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roman_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/survey/middle_egypt/2006.shtml">"Middle Egypt Survey Project 2006"</a>. Amarna Project. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622062044/http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/recent_projects/survey/middle_egypt/2006.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Middle+Egypt+Survey+Project+2006&rft.pub=Amarna+Project&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarnaproject.com%2Fpages%2Frecent_projects%2Fsurvey%2Fmiddle_egypt%2F2006.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1032531">"Tell Amarna in the general framework of the Halaf period"</a>. <i>academia.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=academia.edu&rft.atitle=Tell+Amarna+in+the+general+framework+of+the+Halaf+period&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1032531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/amarna/index.html">"Digital Egypt for Universities: Amarna"</a>. University College London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Egypt+for+Universities%3A+Amarna&rft.pub=University+College+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucl.ac.uk%2Fmuseums-static%2Fdigitalegypt%2Famarna%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MatHyer-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MatHyer_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_John_Gardner_Wilkinson1828" class="citation book cs1">Sir John Gardner Wilkinson (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWgGAAAAQAAJ&q=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&pg=RA1-PA22"><i>Materia hieroglyphica</i></a>. Malta: privately printed. p. 22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Materia+hieroglyphica&rft.place=Malta&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=privately+printed&rft.date=1828&rft.au=Sir+John+Gardner+Wilkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWgGAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DAmarna%2B%2522alabastron%2522%26pg%3DRA1-PA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MatInd-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MatInd_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_LucasJohn_Richard_Harris2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lucas_(chemist)" title="Alfred Lucas (chemist)">Alfred Lucas</a>; John Richard Harris (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8dIoAwAAQBAJ&q=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&pg=PA60"><i>Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries</i></a> (reprint of 4th edition (1962), revised from first (1926) ed.). Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40446-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-40446-2"><bdi>978-0-486-40446-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Materials+and+Industries&rft.place=Mineola%2C+NY&rft.pages=60&rft.edition=reprint+of+4th+edition+%281962%29%2C+revised+from+first+%281926%29&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-486-40446-2&rft.au=Alfred+Lucas&rft.au=John+Richard+Harris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8dIoAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAmarna%2B%2522alabastron%2522%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ModEg-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ModEg_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fLsMAAAAIAAJ&q=Amarna+%22alabastron%22&pg=PA44"><i>Modern Egypt and Thebes: being a description of Egypt; including the information required for travellers in that country</i></a>. Vol. II. London: John Murray. 1843. pp. 43–44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Egypt+and+Thebes%3A+being+a+description+of+Egypt%3B+including+the+information+required+for+travellers+in+that+country&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfLsMAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DAmarna%2B%2522alabastron%2522%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grundon (2007), p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kemp-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kemp_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kemp_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/online/interviews/kemp.html">"Excavating Amarna"</a>. Archaeology.org. 27 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711043111/http://www.archaeology.org/online/interviews/kemp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kom+El-Nana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarnaproject.com%2Fpages%2Famarna_the_place%2Fkomelnana%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyma (2003), p. 53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/boundary_stelae/index.shtml">"Boundary Stelae"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529001036/http://www.amarnaproject.com/pages/amarna_the_place/boundary_stelae/index.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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HarperLuxe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062201362" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062201362"><bdi>978-0062201362</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Painted+Queen&rft.pub=HarperLuxe&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0062201362&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParcak2019" class="citation book cs1">Parcak, Sarah (2019). <i>Archaeology From Space: How The Future Shapes Our Past</i>. Henry Holt. p. 188.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+From+Space%3A+How+The+Future+Shapes+Our+Past&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Parcak&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran2009" class="citation book cs1">Moran, Michelle (2009). <i>Nefertiti</i>. Broadway Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307718709" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307718709"><bdi>978-0307718709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nefertiti&rft.pub=Broadway+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0307718709&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=Michelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwich2014" class="citation book cs1">Norwich, John Julius (2014). <i>Cities That Shaped the Ancient World</i>. Thames & Hudson. pp. 88–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0500252048" title="Special:BookSources/978-0500252048"><bdi>978-0500252048</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+That+Shaped+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=88-93&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0500252048&rft.aulast=Norwich&rft.aufirst=John+Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/search">"Amarna - National Geographic Search"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Amarna+-+National+Geographic+Search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldred1988" class="citation book cs1">Aldred, Cyril (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/00book1496783233"><i>Akhenaten: King of Egypt</i></a></span>. London: Thames and Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05048-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-05048-4"><bdi>978-0-500-05048-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/17997212">17997212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akhenaten%3A+King+of+Egypt&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F17997212&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05048-4&rft.aulast=Aldred&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F00book1496783233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid1998" class="citation book cs1">David, Rosalie (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbooktolifein00aros"><i>Handbook to Life in Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. Facts on File. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816033126" title="Special:BookSources/9780816033126"><bdi>9780816033126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780816033126&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Rosalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbooktolifein00aros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Garis_Davies1903–1908" class="citation book cs1">de Garis Davies, Norman (1903–1908). <i>The Rock Tombs of El Amarna. Parts 1–6</i>. London: EES.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rock+Tombs+of+El+Amarna.+Parts+1%E2%80%936&rft.place=London&rft.pub=EES&rft.date=1903%2F1908&rft.aulast=de+Garis+Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyma,_Aayko2003" class="citation book cs1">Eyma, Aayko, ed. (2003). <i>A Delta-Man in Yebu</i>. Universal-Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Delta-Man+in+Yebu&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundon2007" class="citation book cs1">Grundon, Imogen (2007). <i>The Rash Adventurer, A Life of John Pendlebury</i>. London: Libri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rash+Adventurer%2C+A+Life+of+John+Pendlebury&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Libri&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Grundon&rft.aufirst=Imogen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHess,_Richard_S.1996" class="citation thesis cs1">Hess, Richard S. (1996). <i>Amarna Personal Names</i> (Thesis). Winona Lake, IN: American Schools of Oriental Research. DASOR, 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Amarna+Personal+Names&rft.inst=American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Hess%2C+Richard+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp,_Barry2012" class="citation book cs1">Kemp, Barry (2012). <i>The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti. Amarna and its People</i>. London, UK: Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+City+of+Akhenaten+and+Nefertiti.+Amarna+and+its+People&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Kemp%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1989" class="citation book cs1">Martin, G.T. (1989) [1974]. <i>The Royal Tomb at el-'Amarna</i>. London, UK: EES.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Tomb+at+el-%27Amarna&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=EES&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=G.T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span> 2 vols.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoran1992" class="citation book cs1">Moran, William L. (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/amarnaletters0000unse"><i>The Amarna Letters</i></a></span>. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4251-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4251-4"><bdi>0-8018-4251-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amarna+Letters&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+MD&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-8018-4251-4&rft.aulast=Moran&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famarnaletters0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedford1984" class="citation book cs1">Redford, Donald (1984). <i>Akhenaten: The Heretic King</i>. Princeton, NJ.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Akhenaten%3A+The+Heretic+King&rft.pub=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Redford&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterson1999" class="citation book cs1">Waterson, Barbara (1999). <i>Amarna: Ancient Egypt's Age of Revolution</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amarna%3A+Ancient+Egypt%27s+Age+of+Revolution&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Waterson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Freed, Rita A., Yvonne J. Markowitz, and Sue H. D'Auria, eds. 1999. Pharaohs of the Sun: Akhenaten, Nefertiti, Tutankhamun. London: Thames and Hudson.</li> <li>Giles, Frederick John. 2001. <i>The Amarna Age: Egypt</i>. Warminster, Wiltshire, England: Aris & Phillips.</li> <li>Kemp, Barry J. 2006. <i>Ancient Egypt: Anatomy of a Civilization</i>. 2d ed. London: Routledge.</li> <li>Kemp, Barry J. 2012. <i>The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People</i>. London: Thames and Hudson.</li> <li>Murnane, William J. 1995. <i>Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt</i>. Atlanta: Scholars.</li> <li>Mynářová, Jana. 2007. <i>Language of Amarna – Language of Diplomacy: Perspectives On the Amarna Letters</i>. Prague: Czech Institute of Egyptology; Faculty of Arts, Charles University in Prague.</li> <li>Watterson, Barbara. 1999. <i>Amarna: Ancient Egypt's Age of Revolution</i>. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amarna&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Amarna</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Amarna&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Amarna">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Amarna&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amarnaproject.com/">"Amarna Project"</a>. The University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amarna+Project&rft.pub=The+University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarnaproject.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katherinestange.com/egypt/gallery.htm">"Amarna Art Gallery"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amarna+Art+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkatherinestange.com%2Fegypt%2Fgallery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span> – Shows just a few, but stunning, examples of the art of the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Amarna period">Amarna period</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mansooramarnacollection.com/">"M.A. Mansoor Amarna Collection"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M.A.+Mansoor+Amarna+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mansooramarnacollection.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amarna3d.com/">"The Amarna3D Project"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Amarna3D+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amarna3d.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span> – 3D visualisation of the city developed by Paul Docherty.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tell el Amarna"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tell_el_Amarna">"Tell el Amarna" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tell+el+Amarna&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmarna" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Amarna</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amarna" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Amarna">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Amarna" class="extiw" title="voy:Amarna">Travel guides</a></b> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital of Egypt">Capital of Egypt</a> (Akhetaten) </b><br />c. 1353 BC – c. 1332 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Akhetaten_—_Amarna" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amarna_Navigator" title="Template:Amarna Navigator"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amarna_Navigator" title="Template talk:Amarna Navigator"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amarna_Navigator" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amarna Navigator"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Akhetaten_—_Amarna" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">City of Akhetaten — Amarna</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_City,_Amarna" title="North City, Amarna">North City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Palace_(Amarna)" title="Northern Palace (Amarna)">Northern Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Riverside_Palace" title="North Riverside Palace">North Riverside Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Temple_of_the_Aten" title="Great Temple of the Aten">Great Temple of the Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Correspondence_of_Pharaoh" title="Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh">Bureau of Correspondence of Pharaoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Aten_Temple" title="Small Aten Temple">Small Aten Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amarna_map_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amarna_map_large.jpg/155px-Amarna_map_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amarna_map_large.jpg/233px-Amarna_map_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Amarna_map_large.jpg/310px-Amarna_map_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="549" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Necropolis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_Tombs_in_Amarna" title="Anonymous Tombs in Amarna">Anonymous Tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Wadi_and_tombs" title="Royal Wadi and tombs">Royal Wadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Tomb_of_Akhenaten" title="Royal Tomb of Akhenaten">Tomb of Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Nobles_(Amarna)" title="Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)">Tombs of the Nobles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tombs_Cemetery,_Amarna" title="South Tombs Cemetery, Amarna">South Tombs Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Workmen%27s_Village,_Amarna" title="Workmen's Village, Amarna"> Workmen's Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Stelae_of_Akhenaten" title="Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten">Boundary Stelae of Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kom_el-Nana" title="Kom el-Nana">Kom el-Nana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maru-Aten" title="Maru-Aten">Maru-Aten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Amarna_Period" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Amarna_Period" title="Template:Amarna Period"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amarna_Period" title="Template talk:Amarna Period"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amarna_Period" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amarna Period"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Amarna_Period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pharaohs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Akhenaten,_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/155px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/233px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/310px-Akhenaten%2C_Nefertiri_and_three_daughers_beneath_the_Aten_-_Neues_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3994" data-file-height="3303" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Royal family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiye" title="Tiye">Tiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiya" title="Kiya">Kiya</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Younger_Lady" title="The Younger Lady">The Younger Lady</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tey" title="Tey">Tey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Children</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meritaten" title="Meritaten">Meritaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meketaten" title="Meketaten">Meketaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenamun" title="Ankhesenamun">Ankhesenamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten_Tasherit" title="Neferneferuaten Tasherit">Neferneferuaten Tasherit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferure" title="Neferneferure">Neferneferure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setepenre_(princess)" title="Setepenre (princess)">Setepenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritaten_Tasherit" title="Meritaten Tasherit">Meritaten Tasherit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankhesenpaaten_Tasherit" title="Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit">Ankhesenpaaten Tasherit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Nobles</li><li>Officials</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aperel" title="Aperel">Aperel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bek_(sculptor)" title="Bek (sculptor)">Bek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huya_(noble)" title="Huya (noble)">Huya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipy_(noble)" title="Ipy (noble)">Ipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahu_(noble)" title="Mahu (noble)">Mahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maia_(nurse)" title="Maia (nurse)">Maia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_(noble)" title="May (noble)">May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryneith" title="Meryneith">Meryneith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryre" title="Meryre">Meryre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meryre_II" title="Meryre II">Meryre II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutbenret" title="Mutbenret">Mutbenret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhtpaaten" title="Nakhtpaaten">Nakhtpaaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkheperu-her-sekheper" title="Neferkheperu-her-sekheper">Neferkheperuhersekheper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paatenemheb" title="Paatenemheb">Paatenemheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panehesy" title="Panehesy">Panehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parennefer" title="Parennefer">Parennefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthu" title="Penthu">Penthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramose_(TT55)" title="Ramose (TT55)">Ramose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_(sculptor)" title="Thutmose (sculptor)">Thutmose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Akhetaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Amenhotep_IV" title="Temple of Amenhotep IV">Karnak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KV55" title="KV55">KV55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KV62" class="mw-redirect" title="KV62">KV62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombs_of_the_Nobles_(Amarna)" title="Tombs of the Nobles (Amarna)">Amarna Tombs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_letters" title="Amarna letters">Amarna letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_succession" title="Amarna succession">Amarna succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhamunzu" title="Dakhamunzu">Dakhamunzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amarna_art" title="Amarna art">Amarna Art Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Egypt_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#decd87"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div 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href="/wiki/Index_of_ancient_Egypt%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of ancient Egypt–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Egypt/Main_topics" title="Portal:Ancient Egypt/Main topics">Main topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:81px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_agriculture" title="Ancient Egyptian agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_architecture" title="Ancient Egyptian architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Revival_architecture" title="Egyptian Revival architecture">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_obelisks" title="List of Egyptian obelisks">Obelisks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pylon_(architecture)" title="Pylon (architecture)">Pylon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Art of ancient Egypt">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Portraiture in ancient Egypt">Portraiture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_chronology" title="Egyptian chronology">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Urban planning in ancient Egypt">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_towns_and_cities" title="List of ancient Egyptian towns and cities">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Clothing in ancient Egypt">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_race_controversy" title="Ancient Egyptian race controversy">Ancient Egyptian race controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Egypt" title="Population history of Egypt">Population history of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Prehistoric Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_ancient_Egypt" title="Dance in ancient Egypt">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Dynasties of ancient Egypt">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_funerary_practices" title="Ancient Egyptian funerary practices">Funerary practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Category:Geography of ancient Egypt">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Royal_Wife" title="Great Royal Wife">Great Royal Wives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_royal_consorts" title="List of ancient Egyptian royal consorts">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_hieroglyphs" title="Cursive hieroglyphs">Cursive hieroglyphs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Egypt" title="History of ancient Egypt">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_literature" title="Ancient Egyptian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_mathematics" title="Ancient Egyptian mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Military of ancient Egypt">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt" title="Music of Egypt">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_mythology" title="Egyptian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptians" title="List of ancient Egyptians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_titulary" title="Ancient Egyptian royal titulary">Titulary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_philosophy" title="Ancient Egyptian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_pottery" title="Ancient Egyptian pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_scribes" title="List of ancient Egyptian scribes">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_sites" title="List of ancient Egyptian sites">Sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_capitals_of_Egypt" title="List of historical capitals of Egypt">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology" 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