CINXE.COM

<!doctype html>     <html class="no-js" lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <title>SFE: Swift, Jonathan</title> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"> <meta name="description" content="Welcome to the fourth edition of The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction." /> <meta name="keywords" content="" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1">  <script> window.ga=window.ga||function(){(ga.q=ga.q||[]).push(arguments)};ga.l=+new Date; ga("create", "UA-24275979-1", "auto"); ga("send", "pageview"); </script> <script async src="https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js"></script>  <link rel="icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/style.css?v=1"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/media-queries.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/css/cookie.css"> <script src="/static/js/libs/modernizr-2.0.6.min.js"></script> <style media="screen" type="text/css"> ::-moz-selection { background: navy !important; } html, body { margin:0; padding:0; height:100%; } #container { min-height:100%; position:relative; } #header { background:#ff0; padding:10px; } #body { padding-bottom:15px; /* Height of the footer */ } #footer { position:absolute; bottom:0; width:100%; height:15px; /* Height of the footer */ background:#6cf; } </style>  </head> <body style="overflow-x: hidden;"> <div id="container"> <div id="body"> <div id="minorNavWrapper"> <nav id="minornav" class="clearfix"> <ul class="clearfix" style="font-weight: bold;"> <li><a href="/">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/about-us">About us</a></li> <li><a href="/random.php">Random</a></li> <li><a href="/contact.php">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/donate.php">Donate</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div id="mainNavWrapper"> <nav id="mainnav"> <ul class="clearfix"> <li class="home"><a title="Home page" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/"><img id="sfeLogoSmall" src="/static/img/sfe.png" alt="SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"><img id="sfeLogo" src="/static/img/logo.png" alt="SFE: The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction"></a><span class="logoArrow"></span></li> <li class="section-all"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/category/0">All entries</a></li> <li class="section-themes"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/category/theme">Themes</a></li> <li class="section-authors"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/category/everyone">People</a></li> <li class="section-media"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/category/media">Media</a></li> <li class="section-culture"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/category/culture">Culture</a></li> <li class="section-news"><a href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/news/">News</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div id="main"> <div class="colsWrapper clearfix"> <div class="column mainCol clearfix" style="background-color:white !important;"> <fieldset id="globalSearch"> <form name="srchenter" method="post" action="/search.php"> <select name="catfilter" class="searchFilter" style="width: 132px" title="Select entry category for headword or global search"> <option value="">Search all entries</option> <option value="chk">Checklist titles</option><option value="art">Art</option> <option value="author">Author</option> <option value="award">Award</option> <option value="character">Character</option> <option value="comics">Comics</option> <option value="community">Community</option> <option value="critic">Critic</option> <option value="editor">Editor</option> <option value="fan">Fan</option> <option value="film">Film</option> <option value="game">Game</option> <option value="house name">House Name</option> <option value="international">International</option> <option value="music">Music</option> <option value="people">People (media)</option> <option value="prelim">Prelim</option> <option value="publication">Publication</option> <option value="publisher">Publisher</option> <option value="radio">Radio</option> <option value="theatre">Theatre</option> <option value="theme">Theme</option> <option value="tv">TV</option> </select> <input name="search" type="text" value="" style="margin: 0 0 5px 0; width: 155px !important;" onFocus="this.select()" onClick="this.select()" onHover="this.select()" class="searchText" id="defaultOpen">  <input type="submit" value="Headwords" class="button primary" style="margin: 5px 0 0 0;; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px">  <input type="submit" name="glob" value="Global search" class="button primary" style="margin: 5px 0 0 0; padding-left: 8px; padding-right: 8px"> <input type="text" name="eofmode" value="" hidden> <div style="display:none;"> <p style="margin: 0px; float: left;"><input type="radio" name="tomeselect" value="sfe" checked> <i>Search SFE</i>   <input type="radio" name="tomeselect" value="eof"> <i>Search EoF</i></p> <p style="margin: 0px; float: right;"> <input type="checkbox" Name="noxref">  <i>Omit cross-reference entries</i>  </p> <script> document.srchenter.search.focus(); document.addEventListener("keydown", function(event) { if (event.code == "PageDown" || event.code == "ArrowDown" || ( !event.getModifierState("NumLock") && (event.code == "Numpad2" || event.code == "Numpad3"))) { document.srchenter.search.blur(); } }) </script> </div> </form> </fieldset> <article class="entryArticle content STeditorial"> <header class="entryHeader icon-author"> <h1 class="entryTitle">Swift, Jonathan </h1> </header><p class='tagLine'>Entry updated 18 November 2024. Tagged: Author.</p><div class="browsingBtns"> <span> <input class="button PNI previous" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/next.php?id=p&entry=swift_jonathan'" value="Prev" /> </span> <span> <input class="button PNI next" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/next.php?&entry=swift_jonathan'" value="Next" /> </span> <span> <input class="button PNI incoming" type="button" onclick="window.location.href='/incoming.php?entry=swift_jonathan'" value="About This Entry" title="What links to the entry; contributor initials explained; how to cite; other information" /> </span> <span><input class="button PNI" type="button" value="Checklist" onclick="window.location.hash='chklst'" ></span> <span><input class="button PNI" type="button" value="Alpha" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=swift_jonathan&abc'" ></span> <span><input class="button PNI" type="button" value="Chron" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=swift_jonathan'" ></span> <span style="cursor: pointer;" onclick="window.open('/gallery.php?link=swift_jonathan');"> <img alt="Icon made by Freepik from www.flaticon.com" style="margin: 0; position: relative; top:-2px;" src="/images/icon-gal.gif"></img></span> </div><p style='float:right; margin-bottom:0; margin-left:10px; position: relative; top: 3px;'> <a href='/gallery.php?id=Swift-Gulliver-1726-TP.jpg' target='_blank'> <img src='https://x.sf-encyclopedia.com/gal/thumbs/Swift-Gulliver-1726-TP.jpg' alt='pic'></a></p> <p>(1667-1745) Irish satirist, cleric and poet, dean of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin, from 1713, who began publishing with the relatively innocuous <i>Ode: to the King on his Irish Expedition</i> (<b>1691</b> chap), but who soon composed <i>A Tale of a Tub</i> [for subtitle see Checklist] (<b>1704</b>) anonymous, written almost a decade before it was published. The book incorporated a second <a href="/entry/satire">Satire</a>, usually called today "The Battle of the Books", which used the imagery of books taking sides in a <a href="/entry/libraries">Library</a> in a pitched battle to highlight the contemporary debate of the benefits or failings of classical literature over modern. Swift was generally on the side of the classicists and he would often revert to the imagery of the fantastic to contrast political and religious problems that arose in the cause of progress. This was never better exemplified than in his most famous work, perhaps the most important of all works of <a href="/entry/proto_sf">Proto SF</a>, <i>Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and Then a Captain of Several Ships</i> (<b>1726</b>; rev <b>1735</b>) [for details see Checklist], better known today as <i>Gulliver's Travels</i>. This short form of the title was used by commentators as early as the year of first publication, though not as the sole title of a reissue until 1821 [again see Checklist]. Written and published during years of cultural turmoil which almost simultaneously generated <a href="/entry/satire">Satires</a> like <i>The Beggar's Opera</i> (performed 17 January 1728 Theatre-Royal, London; <b>1729</b>) by John Gay (1685-1732) and the <i>Dunciad</i> (<b>1728</b>) by Alexander Pope (1688-1744), the work is also in part pure sf, and certainly makes use of and in some cases invents narrative strategies which are now basic to sf; its influence, both direct and indirect, on subsequent sf has been enormous, as for example on H G <a href="/entry/wells_h_g">Wells</a>'s <i>The Island of Dr Moreau</i> (<b>1896</b>) and, even more directly, on his late satire <i>Mr Blettsworthy on Rampole Island</i> (<b>1928</b>).</p> <p>In each of its four books Captain Gulliver finds himself marooned in an <a href="/entry/aliens">Alien</a> culture, each of these occupying a separate <a href="/entry/islands">Island</a> in a somewhat metaphysically conjoined <a href="/entry/archipelago">Archipelago</a>. Swift's <a href="/entry/satire">Satire</a> has two main forms: sometimes the culture in which he finds himself reflects aspects of British society in an exaggerated manner, so as to reveal its absurdities, and sometimes – more interestingly to sf readers – it is the differences between alien societies and ours which serve by contrast to make us see our own culture from a new perspective. This latter technique predominates in Book IV, "A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms", in which Gulliver finds himself stranded in a society of intelligent horses, who do not (for example) understand such concepts as <a href="/entry/war">War</a>, the telling of untruths, or sexual passion (see <a href="/entry/sex">Sex</a>). The details of their culture are more convincing than was commonly the case with satire of this kind, and the satire itself more complex. Although the story is often read as a forceful attack on mankind – the brutish Yahoos who live there (see <a href="/entry/apes_as_human">Apes as Human</a>) are in fact humans – a more interesting reading, and one more readily supported from the text, is that Gulliver's admiring description of the life of pure intellect is part of Swift's ironic strategy, and that the reader is to see the horses as emotionally sterile and soulless. Swift's use of horse and Yahoo as sticks to beat one another is a double irony of a kind that has been much used in sf. What must be noted throughout is that Gulliver and the interpretation to be put on his responses are themselves subject to the author's complex scrutiny, a complexity of address that many of Swift's readers have, over the centuries, failed to note.</p> <p>Books I and II, in which Gulliver voyages to Lilliput, where everyone is very small, and to Brobdingnag, where everyone is a giant (see <a href="/entry/great_and_small">Great and Small</a>), are the best known, partly because bowdlerized versions have become children's classics; the originals are savage and bawdy. Book III is set in and around Laputa, an <a href="/entry/islands">Island</a> floating in the air and largely populated by semi-crazed scientific researchers (the first important appearance of the <a href="/entry/mad_scientist">Mad Scientist</a> in literature); in the distant city of Luggnagg live a group of depressing, senile immortals, "opinionative, peevish, covetous, morose, vain, talkative, but uncapable of Friendship and dead to all natural Affection", the Struldbruggs (see <a href="/entry/immortality">Immortality</a>). Many of the scientific experiments satirized by Swift were to become staples of later sf; though he shows their absurdity, he also has sympathy for the imaginative enthusiasm with which they are carried out. Most of Swift's work contains such paradoxes, some of which arose from discussions with fellow members of the Scriblerus Club, founded in London in 1712, which included John Gay (1685-1732), Alexander Pope (1688-1744) and the physician and satirist John Arbuthnot (1667-1735), who provided Swift with a variety of examples of scientific quackery such as trying to cook by sunlight, which Swift adapted in <i>Gulliver's Travels</i> to demonstrate the absurd research being undertaken at the University of Lagado on the island of Balnibarbi. Occasionally, despite his attempts to parody science, Swift showed foresight. He noted the perils of increased longevity without improved healthcare, he suggested the state education of children and, most remarkably, stated that <a href="/entry/mars">Mars</a> had two moons, a fact that was not proved until 1877.</p> <p>Swift became increasingly misanthropic as he grew older which, amongst those who knew him, added a bitter element of realism to another of his satirical strategies which has become important to <a href="/entry/dystopias">Dystopian</a> writing generally: he takes an outrageous proposition and debates it quite deadpan, as if he not only supports it but does not seriously expect opposition. Thus he satirized the more inhuman attitudes to poverty (then as now) in <i>A Modest Proposal</i> [for full title see Checklist] (<b>1729</b> chap) by detailedly suggesting that <a href="/entry/overpopulation">Overpopulation</a> and starvation in Ireland could each be cured at a stroke by using the children of the poor as food [for Skinned see <i>The</i> <a href="/entry/encyclopedia_of_fantasy_the">Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a> under <b>links</b> below].</p> <p>For the many <a href="/entry/sequels_by_other_hands">Sequels by Other Hands</a> to <i>Gulliver's Travels</i>, see <a href="/entry/gulliver">Gulliver</a>. [PN/JC/MA]</p> <p><b>see also:</b> <a href="/entry/astronomy">Astronomy</a>; <a href="/entry/bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>; Pierre François Guyot <a href="/entry/desfontaines_pierre_francois_guyot">Desfontaines</a>; <a href="/entry/fantastic_voyages">Fantastic Voyages</a>; <a href="/entry/humour">Humour</a>; <a href="/entry/lost_races">Lost Races</a>; <a href="/entry/lost_worlds">Lost Worlds</a>; <a href="/entry/mathematics">Mathematics</a>; <a href="/entry/race_in_sf">Race in SF</a>; <a href="/entry/sociology">Sociology</a>; <a href="/entry/utopias">Utopias</a>.</p> <h3 id="chklst">Jonathan Swift</h3> <p><b>born</b> Dublin, Ireland: 30 November 1667</p> <p><b>died</b> Dublin, Ireland: 19 October 1745</p> <p><b>works</b></p> <p><input type="button" value="Alphabetical" class="button PNI" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=swift_jonathan&abc'"> <input type="button" value="Chronological" class="button PNI" onclick="window.location.href='/chron.php?id=swift_jonathan'"></p> <p>The bibliographical record of Swift's publications remains somewhat contentious, <i>Gulliver's Travels</i> in particular continuing to pose some problems. We register several stages in the progress to a definitive critical text of this novel. We do not knowingly register abridgements or bowdlerizations; but many texts fail to acknowledge changes.</p> <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=A+Tale+of+a+Tub+Written+for+the+Universal&field-author=Swift+Jonathan" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">A Tale of a Tub: Written for the Universal Improvement of Mankind. To Which is Added, An Account of a Battel Between the Antient and Modern Books in St James's Library</a></em> (London: Printed for John Nutt, <b>1704</b>) anonymous [coll: binding unknown/] <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=A+Tale+of+a+Tub+Written+for+the+Universal&field-author=Swift+Jonathan" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">A Tale of a Tub: Written for the Universal Improvement of Mankind. To Which is Added, An Account of a Battel Between the Antient and Modern Books in St James's Library: The Fifth Edition: With the Author's Apology and Explanatory Notes</a></em> (London: Printed for John Nutt, <b>1710</b>) anonymous [exp of the above: binding unknown/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=An+Apology+for+the+Tale+of+a+Tub&field-author=Swift+Jonathan" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">An Apology for the Tale of a Tub</a></em> (London: Printed for John Morphew, <b>1711</b>) [chap: new matter as explained by title: binding unknown/]</li> </ul></li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Travels+into+Several+Remote+Nations+of+the+World+&field-author=Swift+Jonathan" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and Then a Captain of Several Ships</a></em> (London: Printed for Benj Motte, <b>1726</b>) anonymous [published in two volumes: with at least two further printings in 1726, identifiable only through textual comparisons: some contain minor copyedits: binding unknown/] <ul class="x"> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Travels+into+Several+Remote+Nations+of+the+World+&field-author=Swift+Jonathan" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and Then a Captain of Several Ships: Second Edition, Corrected</a></em> (London: Printed for Benj Motte, <b>1727</b>) anonymous [published in two volumes: restores some wordings at Swift's insistence: binding unknown/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Volume+III+of+the+Author+Works+Containing&field-author=Swift+Jonathan" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Volume III of the Author's Works: Containing Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World: In This Impression several Errors in the London and Dublin Editions are Corrected</a></em> (Dublin, Ireland: George Faulkner, <b>1735</b>) [rev vt of the above: containing <em>circa</em> 500 copyedit changes plus new material: binding unknown/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Captain+Lemuel+Gulliver+Travels+into+Several&field-author=Swift+Jonathan" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Captain Lemuel Gulliver's Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World</a></em> (London: Bathurst, <b>1751</b>) [published in two volumes: may be the first edition to incorporate the wording "Gulliver's Travels" into the title: binding unknown/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Gulliver+Travels&field-author=Swift+Jonathan" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Gulliver's Travels</a></em> (London: John Ballantyne, <b>1821</b>) [first edition to use the now familiar short-form title only: binding unknown/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Gulliver+Travels&field-author=Swift+Jonathan" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Gulliver's Travels</a></em> (London: George Bell, <b>1899</b>) [edited by G Ravenscroft Dennis: first edition to incorporate the "Lindalino" (ie Dublin) episode which appears in Chapter Three of Part Three: vol 8 of <b>The Prose Works of Jonathan Swift, D D</b>: hb/]</li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=Gulliver+Travels&field-author=Swift+Jonathan" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">Gulliver's Travels</a></em> (Belfast, Northern Ireland: The Appletree Press, <b>1976</b>) [first edition to incorporate corrections in Swift's hand to the "Armagh" copy of the large-paper issue of the first edition: illus/hb/James Millar]</li> </ul></li> <li><em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=A+Modest+Proposal+for+Preventing+the+Children+of&field-author=Swift+Jonathan" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People from Being a Burthen to their Parents, or the Country, and For Making them Beneficial to the Publick</a></em> (Dublin, Ireland: Printed by Sarah Harding, <b>1729</b>) anonymous [chap: binding unknown/]</li> </ul> <p><b>about the author</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li>Claude Rawson. <em><a href="/sfeshop.php?field-keywords=God+Gulliver+and+Genocide+Barbarism+and+the&field-author=Claude+Rawson" class="link-amazon" target="_blank">God, Gulliver, and Genocide: Barbarism and the European Imagination</a></em> (Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, <b>2001</b>) [nonfiction: hb/]</li> </ul> <p><b>links</b></p> <ul class="x"> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/jswift.htm">Books and Writers: Jonathan Swift</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="http://www.online-literature.com/swift/">Jonathan Swift at The Literature Network</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?303">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/326">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/fe/"><em>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</em></a>: <a target="_blank" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/fe/skinned">Skinned</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" href="https://sf-encyclopedia.com/gallery.php?link=swift_jonathan">Picture Gallery</a></li> </ul> <p><b>previous versions of this entry</b></p> <ul><li><a href='https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/swift_jonathan' target='_blank'>Internet Archive</a></li></ul><br /><br /></article></div> <div class="sideBarsWrapper"> <div class="sideBarsColsWrapper clearfix"> <div class="column sideBar12 clearfix"> <div class="columnForm"><aside id="blogFeed" class="widget"> <div class="content STeditorial clearfix"> <h2>Recently visited entries<span style="background:url(/images/thingSFE2.png) !important"></span></h2><ul style='width: 50%; float: left;'> </ul> <p align=center style="float:right; padding-top:20px; padding-bottom:20px;">ISSN 3049-7612<br /> <a href="/facts.php?id=logo"> <img src="/images/VitMan.gif" width=150 height=150 title="Click for larger version of this SFE logo"></a><br /> <b><a href="/donate.php"><img src="/images/Paypal-Donate.gif" WIDTH="92" HEIGHT="26" BORDER="0" /></a><br /><a href="/">Home/Welcome page</a></b></p><div style="margin-bottom:10px;"></div></div> </aside><aside id="blogFeed" class="widget"> <div class="content STeditorial clearfix"> <h2><i>SFE</i> Special Features<span></span></h2><p style="margin-top: 10px;"><input type="button" value="What’s New" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/whatsnew.php'">  Latest entries; <a href="/updated.php">latest updates</a></p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="In Memoriam" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/timeline.php?rip'">  Recent deaths</p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="On This Day" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/today.php'">  Anniversaries; also <a href="/timeline.php">Timeline</a></p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="Gallery" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/gallery.php'">  <i>SFE</i> Picture Gallery; <a href="/gallery.php?list&new">What’s New</a></p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="Shopping" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/sfeshop.php'">  Affiliate settings</p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="Random" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/random.php'">  Show a random <i>SFE</i> entry</p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="SFE Facts" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='/facts.php'">  Bar charts, awards and more</p> <p style="line-height:1.6em;"><input type="button" value="Entry Data" style="width: 150px !important;" class="button primary" onclick="window.location.href='https://sf-encyclopedia.com/incoming.php?entry=swift_jonathan'">  Incoming links, who wrote it, etc</p> <p style="margin-bottom:15px;"><a href="/searching">Search help</a> | <a href="/rss.php" target="_blank">RSS feed</a> <img src="/static/img/external.gif"> | <a href="/fe/"><i>Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i></a> <img src="/static/img/external.gif"></p><div style="margin-bottom:10px;"></div></div> </aside><aside id="connect" class="widget"> <div class="content STeditorial clearfix"> <h2>Connect with <i>SFE</i> <span></span></h2> <ul> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="/donate.php">Donate towards <i>SFE</i> expenses</a></h3> </li> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="/contact.php">Send email feedback to the <i>SFE</i> editors</a></h3> </li> <li style=" display:none;"> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://twitter.com/john_clute" target="_blank">John Clute on Twitter [X]</a></h3> <a href="https://twitter.com/john_clute" class="twitter-follow-button">Follow @john_clute</a> <script src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </li> <li style=" display:none;"> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://twitter.com/sfencyclopedia" target="_blank"><i>SFE</i> on Twitter [X]</a></h3> <a href="https://twitter.com/sfencyclopedia" class="twitter-follow-button">Follow @sfencyclopedia</a> <script src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </li> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Sf-Encyclopedia/138995776178949" target="_blank"><i>SFE</i> on Facebook</a></h3> </li> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/john.clute.5" target="_blank">John Clute on Facebook</a></h3> </li> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://bsky.app/profile/sfencyclopedia.bsky.social" target="_blank"><i>SFE</i> on BlueSky</a></h3> </li> <li> <h3 style="text-align: left !important;"><a href="https://mastodon.social/@SF_Encyclopedia" target="_blank"><i>SFE</i> on Mastodon</a></h3> </li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="cookieConsent"> <div id="closeCookieConsent" onclick="hidepopup()">x</div> This website uses cookies.  <a href="/cookies" target="_blank">More information here</a>. <a class="cookieConsentOK" onclick="setcookie()">Accept Cookies</a> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> function hidepopup() { document.cookie = "hidecookiepopup=yes; path=/"; // session only document.getElementById("cookieConsent").style.display = "none"; } function setcookie() { document.cookie = "cookiesOK=yes; max-age=31536000; path=/"; // 1 year document.getElementById("cookieConsent").style.display = "none"; } var cookiestring = document.cookie; // document.getElementById("connect").innerHTML = cookiestring; // TEST only if ( cookiestring.indexOf("cookiesOK=yes") == -1 ) { if ( cookiestring.indexOf("hidecookiepopup=yes") == -1 ) { document.getElementById("cookieConsent").style.display = "block"; } } </script> <div id="footer" style="background:#fff; padding: 5px;"> <footer id="globalFooter" class="clearfix"> <div id="credit">Website design by Ansible Editions </div> <div id="credit" style="float: left !important; padding-left:20px;">Site and <i>SFE</i> content © 2011-2024 John Clute & David Langford</div> </footer> </div> </div> </body></html>