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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Character generator</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 6 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schriftgenerator" title="Schriftgenerator – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schriftgenerator" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generador_de_caracteres" title="Generador de caracteres – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Generador de caracteres" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90_%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%9D%EA%B8%B0" title="문자 발생기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문자 발생기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Знакогенератор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Знакогенератор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Device for adding text and graphics to a video stream</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about video technology. For hardware character generators in computing context, see <a href="/wiki/Text_mode" title="Text mode">text mode</a>. For the Internet service, see <a href="/wiki/Character_Generator_Protocol" title="Character Generator Protocol">Character Generator Protocol</a>. For Chinese character generator, see <a href="/wiki/Chinese_character_description_languages" title="Chinese character description languages">Chinese character description languages</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Character_generation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Character generation (disambiguation)">Character generation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MTV_K%C3%A9p%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g,_szerkeszt%C5%91s%C3%A9g._Fortepan_56335.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MTV_K%C3%A9p%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g%2C_szerkeszt%C5%91s%C3%A9g._Fortepan_56335.jpg/220px-MTV_K%C3%A9p%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g%2C_szerkeszt%C5%91s%C3%A9g._Fortepan_56335.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MTV_K%C3%A9p%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g%2C_szerkeszt%C5%91s%C3%A9g._Fortepan_56335.jpg/330px-MTV_K%C3%A9p%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g%2C_szerkeszt%C5%91s%C3%A9g._Fortepan_56335.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/MTV_K%C3%A9p%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g%2C_szerkeszt%C5%91s%C3%A9g._Fortepan_56335.jpg/440px-MTV_K%C3%A9p%C3%BAjs%C3%A1g%2C_szerkeszt%C5%91s%C3%A9g._Fortepan_56335.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1974" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>Hungarian hardware character generator</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>character generator</b>, often abbreviated as <b>CG</b>, is a device or software that produces static or animated text (such as <a href="/wiki/News_crawl" class="mw-redirect" title="News crawl">news crawls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Credits_roll" class="mw-redirect" title="Credits roll">credits rolls</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Keying_(graphics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keying (graphics)">keying</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> stream. Modern character generators are computer-based, and they can generate graphics as well as text. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_generator&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Monoscope" title="Monoscope">Monoscopes</a> were used as character generators for <a href="/wiki/Text_mode" title="Text mode">text mode</a> video rendering in computer displays for a short time in the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/CBS_Laboratories" title="CBS Laboratories">CBS Laboratories</a> Vidiac,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/A.B._Dick_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="A.B. Dick Company">A. B. Dick</a> 990 System, were among the earliest character generators for broadcast television.<sup id="cite_ref-history_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CBS Laboratories later developed the more advanced Vidifont system in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 US presidential elections</a>, where a rapid method of all-electronic character generation was required so that news outlets could identify unexpected interviewees on the spot.<sup id="cite_ref-history_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar generator using analogue electronics, Anchor, was developed by the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in 1970<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used in the <a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">general election</a> later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_generator&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aston_ethos_big.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aston_ethos_big.jpg/220px-Aston_ethos_big.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aston_ethos_big.jpg/330px-Aston_ethos_big.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Aston_ethos_big.jpg/440px-Aston_ethos_big.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>An Aston <i>Ethos</i> hardware character generator</figcaption></figure> <p>In the television business in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">digital on-screen graphics</a> generated by character generators are also often called "chyrons", after the <a href="/wiki/Chyron_Corporation" title="Chyron Corporation">Chyron Corporation</a>, whether or not Chyron made the character generator. Similarly, in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, such graphics are often called "Astons", after Aston Broadcast Systems. These are examples of <a href="/wiki/Genericized_trademark" class="mw-redirect" title="Genericized trademark">genericized trademarks</a>. </p><p>Character generators are primarily used in the broadcast areas of <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a> sports or <a href="/wiki/Television_news" class="mw-redirect" title="Television news">television news</a> presentations, given that the modern character generator can rapidly (i.e., "on the fly") generate high-resolution, animated graphics for use when an unforeseen situation in a broadcast dictates an opportunity for <a href="/wiki/Breaking_news" title="Breaking news">breaking news</a> coverage—for example, when, in a football game, a previously unknown player begins to have what looks to become an outstanding day, the character generator <a href="/wiki/Operator_(profession)" title="Operator (profession)">operator</a> can rapidly build a new graphic using the template "shell" of a similarly designed graphic. The character generator is one of many technologies used to meet the demands of live television, where events on the field or in the <a href="/wiki/Newsroom" title="Newsroom">newsroom</a> dictate the direction of the coverage. As character generator development has progressed, the distinction between hardware and software generators has become less distinct as new platforms and operating systems evolve to meet the live television consumer's expectations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_generator&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before character generators were available, the primary method of adding titles to video images was to dedicate one camera to shooting white letters on a black background, which then was combined with the video from a live-action camera to form what appeared to be a single image with white letters seemingly superimposed over it. In fact, to this day (and despite the fact that this technology is long-since antiquated by the modern CG) some directors of live TV continue to order the <a href="/wiki/Technical_director" title="Technical director">technical director</a> (TD) to "add the super" when they want the CG output "superimposed" over the image of another camera. As technology advanced, the ability to "key" (<a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">compositing</a>) these white letters over live video became available, involving electronically "cutting a hole" (analogous to cutting a keyhole) in the shape of the letters from the title camera and then electronically adding the letters to the holes cut into the live action camera image. Again, some directors still call this "keying the graphic". Finally, the modern CG allowed not only more precise and realistic "keying", but also the addition of multiple picture elements from the CG to further the illusion of a three-dimensional graphic physically overlying a video image. The addition of full-<a href="/wiki/Motion_graphics" title="Motion graphics">motion graphics</a> from the CG and the animation of graphic elements by the CG blur the line between "character generator" and "<a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">computer graphics</a>", combining the CG's ability to elegantly present graphics and video with the computer's ability to interface with game scoring and timing systems, to keep running totals of an athlete's performance on the field or the court and to derive statistics both for individual players and the teams involved, and to interface with computer systems located at other game venues or at a <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">television network</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Master_control" title="Master control">master control</a> central broadcast center. On televised sporting events, <a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">score bugs</a> are present. They contain CG data from that game, CG data from other games in progress, other games already completed, and games yet to come, all in an effort to keep the viewer from having to "<a href="/wiki/Channel_surf" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel surf">channel surf</a>" to another station to watch another <a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">television program</a>. Viewers who do not change channels watch the first channel's <a href="/wiki/Television_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Television advertising">television advertising</a> (also included in CG output) which then generates <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue</a> for the television network. </p><p>Although the distinction between hardware and software CGs is becoming less evident as technology advances, and as consumer-grade computing equipment becomes more graphically sophisticated, it remains easiest to view CGs as either hardware- or software-dependent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_character_generators">Hardware character generators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_generator&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hardware character generators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_XV-T33F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sony_XV-T33F.jpg/220px-Sony_XV-T33F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sony_XV-T33F.jpg/330px-Sony_XV-T33F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Sony_XV-T33F.jpg/440px-Sony_XV-T33F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Hardware character generator for home and semiprofessional use (1994; operated by a pen on a drawing area)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Sony_XV-T33F_creates_title_Wikipedia.ogv/220px-seek%3D58-Sony_XV-T33F_creates_title_Wikipedia.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="160" data-durationhint="60" data-mwtitle="Sony_XV-T33F_creates_title_Wikipedia.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Sony_XV-T33F_creates_title_Wikipedia.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Sony_XV-T33F_creates_title_Wikipedia.ogv/Sony_XV-T33F_creates_title_Wikipedia.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="406" data-height="294" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cf/Sony_XV-T33F_creates_title_Wikipedia.ogv/Sony_XV-T33F_creates_title_Wikipedia.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="330" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Sony_XV-T33F_creates_title_Wikipedia.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="405" data-height="294" /></video></span><figcaption>Creation of a title with the above shown hardware character generator (1994; the menu displayed on the TV screen is controlled by the pen movement on the drawing area)</figcaption></figure> <p>Hardware character generators are used in <a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">television studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a> suites. A <a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">desktop publishing</a>-like interface can be used to generate static and moving text or graphics, which the device then encodes into some high-quality video signal, like <a href="/wiki/Serial_digital_interface" title="Serial digital interface">serial digital interface</a> (SDI) or analog <a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">component video</a>, <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high definition</a> or even <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> video. They also provide a <a href="/wiki/Keying_(graphics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keying (graphics)">key</a> signal, which the compositing <a href="/wiki/Vision_mixer" title="Vision mixer">vision mixer</a> can use as an <a href="/wiki/Alpha_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha channel">alpha channel</a> to determine which areas of the CG video are translucent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_character_generators">Software character generators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_generator&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Software character generators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software CGs run on standard off-the-shelf computer hardware and are often integrated into <a href="/wiki/Video_editing_software" title="Video editing software">video editing software</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Non-linear_editing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-linear editing system">non-linear editing system</a> (NLE). Some stand-alone character generator products are available, however, for applications that do not even attempt to offer text generation on their own, as high-end <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a> software often does, or whose internal CG effects are not flexible and powerful enough. Some software CGs can be used in live production with special software and computer video interface cards. In that case, they are equivalent to hardware generators. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_generator&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_%26_Ten_(graphics_system)" title="1st & Ten (graphics system)">1st & Ten (graphics system)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acknowledgment_(creative_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Acknowledgment (creative arts)">Acknowledgment (creative arts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barker_channel" title="Barker channel">Barker channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billing_(filmmaking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billing (filmmaking)">Billing (filmmaking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_automation" title="Broadcast automation">Broadcast automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clean_feed_(TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean feed (TV)">Clean feed (TV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closing_credits" title="Closing credits">Closing credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_(creative_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (creative arts)">Credit (creative arts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chyron_Corporation" title="Chyron Corporation">Chyron Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_asset" title="Digital asset">Digital asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a> (BUG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_coordinator" title="Graphics coordinator">Graphics coordinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_insertion" title="Local insertion">Local insertion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_graphic_design" title="Motion graphic design">Motion graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opening_credits" title="Opening credits">Opening credits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_logo" title="Production logo">Production logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasterisation" title="Rasterisation">Rasterisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signetics" title="Signetics">Signetics</a>, producer of the 2513 CG chip</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Station_identification" title="Station identification">Station identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Side-By-Side_(graphic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Side-By-Side (graphic)">Side-By-Side (graphic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_mode" title="Text mode">Text mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_sequence" title="Title sequence">Title sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">Video production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WGA_screenwriting_credit_system" title="WGA screenwriting credit system">WGA screenwriting credit system</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Character_generator&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mif.pg.gda.pl/homepages/frank/sheets/138/c/CK1414.pdf">"<i>CK1414 Symbolray character generating cathode ray tube</i> data sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Raytheon" title="Raytheon">Raytheon Company</a> components division, industrial components operation. 15 April 1966<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CK1414+Symbolray+character+generating+cathode+ray+tube+data+sheet&rft.pub=Raytheon+Company+components+division%2C+industrial+components+operation&rft.date=1966-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mif.pg.gda.pl%2Fhomepages%2Ffrank%2Fsheets%2F138%2Fc%2FCK1414.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+generator" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc13276/m1/44/">University of North Texas - Automatic Typographic-Quality Typesetting Techniques: A State-of-the-Art Review</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley_Baron2008" class="citation web cs1">Stanley Baron (2008-12-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/First-Hand:Inventing_the_Vidifont:_the_first_electronics_graphics_machine_used_in_television_production">"IEEE Global History Network - First-Hand:Inventing the Vidifont: the first electronics graphics machine used in television production"</a>. IEEE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network+-+First-Hand%3AInventing+the+Vidifont%3A+the+first+electronics+graphics+machine+used+in+television+production&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=2008-12-14&rft.au=Stanley+Baron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FFirst-Hand%3AInventing_the_Vidifont%3A_the_first_electronics_graphics_machine_used_in_television_production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharacter+generator" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/rd/pubs/archive/pdffiles/engineering/bbc_engineering_84.pdf">BBC Engineering, Number 84, October 1970, pp15-19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cq8PMfpA-6g&feature=player_detailpage&x-yt-ts=1422327029&x-yt-cl=84838260#t=2569">BBC Election 1970 - Part 1, 42:49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cq8PMfpA-6g&feature=player_detailpage&x-yt-ts=1422327029&x-yt-cl=84838260#t=2604">BBC Election 1970 - Part 1, 43:24</a></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Character_generator&oldid=1253392681">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Character_generator&oldid=1253392681</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_and_video_technology" title="Category:Film and video technology">Film and video technology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_terminology" title="Category:Television terminology">Television terminology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_November_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from November 2023">Articles with dead external links from November 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_video_clips" title="Category:Articles containing video clips">Articles containing video clips</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 October 2024, at 19:07<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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