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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_titles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Historical titles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_titles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_republics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_republics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early republics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_republics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bonifacio's_Tagalog_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bonifacio's_Tagalog_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Bonifacio's Tagalog Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bonifacio's_Tagalog_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aguinaldo's_governments_and_the_First_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aguinaldo's_governments_and_the_First_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Aguinaldo's governments and the First Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aguinaldo's_governments_and_the_First_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_claimants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_claimants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Other claimants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_claimants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>American occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Philippine Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Second_Republic_under_the_Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Second_Republic_under_the_Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>The Second Republic under the Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Second_Republic_under_the_Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1973_and_1987_Constitutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1973_and_1987_Constitutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1973 and 1987 Constitutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1973_and_1987_Constitutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Other issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powers_and_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powers_and_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Powers and roles</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Powers_and_roles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Powers and roles subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Powers_and_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Executive power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislative_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislative_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Legislative power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislative_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Election process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eligibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eligibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Eligibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eligibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inauguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inauguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Inauguration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inauguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incumbency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incumbency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Incumbency</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Incumbency-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Incumbency subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Incumbency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_of_the_Nation_Address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_the_Nation_Address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>State of the Nation Address</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_the_Nation_Address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tenure_and_term_limits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tenure_and_term_limits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tenure and term limits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tenure_and_term_limits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacancies_and_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacancies_and_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Vacancies and succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacancies_and_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-At_the_start_of_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_the_start_of_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>At the start of the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_the_start_of_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_the_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>During the term</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impeachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impeachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Impeachment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impeachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Official_residence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_residence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Official residence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_residence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Air transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.2</span> <span>Water transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.3</span> <span>Land transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_presidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_presidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>List of presidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_presidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Post-presidency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">President of the Philippines</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="رئيس الفلبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رئيس الفلبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Filipines" title="Presidente de Filipines – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Presidente de Filipines" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_kan_Filipinas" title="Presidente kan Filipinas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Presidente kan Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Президент на Филипините – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Президент на Филипините" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamuno-Nasod_sa_Pilipinas" title="Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pamuno-Nasod sa Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4sident_der_Philippinen" title="Präsident der Philippinen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präsident der Philippinen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Πρόεδρος των Φιλιππίνων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πρόεδρος των Φιλιππίνων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Filipinas" title="Presidente de Filipinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presidente de Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رئیس‌جمهور فیلیپین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رئیس‌جمهور فیلیپین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_des_Philippines" title="Président des Philippines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Président des Philippines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_de_Filipinas" title="Presidente de Filipinas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Presidente de Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%80%EC%9D%98_%EB%8C%80%ED%86%B5%EB%A0%B9" title="필리핀의 대통령 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="필리핀의 대통령" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidente_ti_Filipinas" title="Presidente ti Filipinas – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Presidente ti Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Filipina" title="Presiden Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Presiden Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forseti_Filippseyja" title="Forseti Filippseyja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forseti Filippseyja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamuntuk_ning_Filipinas" title="Pamuntuk ning Filipinas – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pamuntuk ning Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Претседател на Филипините – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Претседател на Филипините" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presiden_Filipina" title="Presiden Filipina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Presiden Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_van_de_Filipijnen" title="President van de Filipijnen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="President van de Filipijnen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%94%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%A7%E7%B5%B1%E9%A0%98" title="フィリピンの大統領 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フィリピンの大統領" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saray_pangulo_na_Filipinas" title="Saray pangulo na Filipinas – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Saray pangulo na Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="د فلپين ولسمشر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د فلپين ولسمشر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre%C8%99edintele_Filipinelor" title="Președintele Filipinelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Președintele Filipinelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Президент Филиппин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Президент Филиппин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="President of the Philippines" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippiinien_presidentti" title="Filippiinien presidentti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Filippiinien presidentti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangulo_ng_Pilipinas" title="Pangulo ng Pilipinas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangulo ng Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ประธานาธิบดีฟิลิปปินส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประธานาธิบดีฟิลิปปินส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Philippines" title="Tổng thống Philippines – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tổng thống Philippines" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangulo_han_Pilipinas" title="Mangulo han Pilipinas – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Mangulo han Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1" title="菲律賓總統 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菲律賓總統" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%BE%E6%80%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="菲律宾总统 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="菲律宾总统" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=President_of_the_Philippines">reviewed</a> on <i>27 November 2024</i>.</div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Head of state and government of the Philippines</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">List of presidents of the Philippines</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;">President of the Philippines</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 125%; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">Pangulo ng Pilipinas</i></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2425" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_president_of_the_Philippines" title="Seal of the president of the Philippines">Presidential seal</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="651" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_president_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the president of the Philippines">Presidential flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em; border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_R._Marcos_Jr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ferdinand_R._Marcos_Jr.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_R._Marcos_Jr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ferdinand_R._Marcos_Jr.jpg/330px-Ferdinand_R._Marcos_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Ferdinand_R._Marcos_Jr.jpg/440px-Ferdinand_R._Marcos_Jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2524" /></a></span></div><div style="display:inline;font-weight:bold;">Incumbent<br /><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a><br /></div>since June 30, 2022</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government of the Philippines</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Office of the President</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">Style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Mr. President</a><br />(informal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Honourable" title="The Honourable">The Honorable</a><br />(formal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excellency#Philippines" title="Excellency">His Excellency</a><br />(diplomatic)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Head of government</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander-in-chief</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Member of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Philippines)" title="National Security Council (Philippines)">National Security Council</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">Residence</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Seat_(legal_entity)" title="Seat (legal entity)">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Manila" title="San Miguel, Manila">San Miguel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appointer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Direct_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct elections">Direct popular vote</a> or by succession from <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">vice presidency</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Term_of_office" title="Term of office">Term length</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Six years, non–renewable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Constituting instrument</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Constitution of the Philippines">1987 Constitution of the Philippines</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Precursor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">Prime Minister</a><sup id="cite_ref-fn2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inaugural holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">official</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-fn3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">official</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-fn4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data">January 23, 1899 <br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">official</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Aguinaldo_Presidency_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aguinaldo_Presidency-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small><sup id="cite_ref-fn3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />November 15, 1935<br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Official" title="Official">official</a>)</small><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fn4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First holder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Salary</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">₱</a>411,382/US$ 7,409 per month<sup id="cite_ref-fn5_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn5-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Const_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salary_Grade_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salary_Grade-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dbm_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dbm-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Salary_2022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salary_2022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180207005920/http://president.gov.ph/">president.gov.ph</a> (former website)<br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://op-proper.gov.ph/">op-proper<wbr />.gov<wbr />.ph</a></span><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pbbm.com.ph">pbbm<wbr />.com<wbr />.ph</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_reform_in_the_Philippines" title="Constitutional reform in the Philippines">Charter Change</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_laws" title="List of Philippine laws">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hugpong_ng_Pagbabago" title="Hugpong ng Pagbabago">HNP</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Philippines" title="Local government in the Philippines">Local government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="19th Congress of the Philippines">19th Congress</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> (<a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Romualdez" title="Martin Romualdez">Martin Romualdez</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_districts_of_the_Philippines" title="Congressional districts of the Philippines">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-list_representation_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Party-list representation in the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Party-list representation</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro_Parliament" title="Bangsamoro Parliament">Bangsamoro Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlalawigan" title="Sangguniang Panlalawigan">Provincial boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Panlungsod" title="Sangguniang Panlungsod">City councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Bayan" title="Sangguniang Bayan">Municipal councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangguniang_Barangay" title="Sangguniang Barangay">Barangay councils</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court of the Philippines</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Philippines" title="Chief Justice of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gesmundo" title="Alexander Gesmundo">Alexander Gesmundo</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Tax_Appeals" title="Court of Tax Appeals">Court of Tax Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandiganbayan" title="Sandiganbayan">Sandiganbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombudsman_of_the_Philippines" title="Ombudsman of the Philippines">Ombudsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarungang_Pambarangay" title="Katarungang Pambarangay">Barangay justice</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Commission#Philippines" title="Constitutional Commission">Constitutional commissions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_Commission_(Philippines)" title="Civil Service Commission (Philippines)">Civil Service Commission</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Barua-Yap" title="Marilyn Barua-Yap">Marilyn Barua-Yap</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Audit_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Audit (Philippines)">Commission on Audit</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/Gamaliel_Cordoba" title="Gamaliel Cordoba">Gamaliel Cordoba</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Elections_(Philippines)" title="Commission on Elections (Philippines)">Commission on Elections</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Chairperson <a href="/wiki/George_Garcia" title="George Garcia">George Garcia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Philippine_general_election" title="2019 Philippine general election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_general_election" title="2022 Philippine general election">2022</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/2025_Philippine_general_election" title="2025 Philippine general election">2025</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Barangay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_Philippine_barangay_elections" title="2013 Philippine barangay elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2018 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Philippine_barangay_and_Sangguniang_Kabataan_elections" title="2023 Philippine barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections">2023</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Referendums_in_the_Philippines" title="Referendums in the Philippines">Referendums</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbayan" title="Akbayan">Akbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksyon_Demokratiko" title="Aksyon Demokratiko">Aksyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakas%E2%80%93CMD" title="Lakas–CMD">Lakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_ng_Demokratikong_Pilipino" title="Laban ng Demokratikong Pilipino">LDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Philippines)" title="Liberal Party (Philippines)">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_People%27s_Coalition" title="Nationalist People's Coalition">NPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Philippines)" title="National Unity Party (Philippines)">NUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Federal_ng_Pilipinas" title="Partido Federal ng Pilipinas">PFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_para_sa_Demokratikong_Reporma" title="Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma">Reporma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Demokratiko_Pilipino" title="Partido Demokratiko Pilipino">PDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nationalist_Alliance" title="United Nationalist Alliance">UNA</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Regions of the Philippines">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_the_Philippines" title="Autonomous regions of the Philippines">Autonomous regions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_Philippines" title="Cities of the Philippines">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_the_Philippines" title="Municipalities of the Philippines">Municipalities</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangays</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitios</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Puroks</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center; line-height:18px;;text-align:center;"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>president of the Philippines</b> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">pangulo ng Pilipinas</i>, sometimes referred to as <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">presidente ng Pilipinas</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and chief executive of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>. The president leads the executive branch of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine government">Philippine government</a> and is the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces of the Philippines</a>. </p><p>The president is <a href="/wiki/Direct_election" title="Direct election">directly elected</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">citizens of the Philippines</a> and is one of only two nationally elected executive officials, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Vice_president_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice president of the Philippines">vice president of the Philippines</a>. However, four vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having been elected to the office, by virtue of a president's intra-term death or resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-fn6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filipinos generally refer to their president as <i>pangulo</i> or <i>presidente</i> in their local language. The president is limited to a single six-year term. No one who has served more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again. </p><p>The current president of the Philippines is <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a>, who was <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Bongbong_Marcos" title="Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos">sworn in</a> on June 30, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">National Museum of Fine Arts</a> (formerly the Legislative Building). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Title">Title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of the Philippines." The title in <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> is <i>Pangulo</i> (<a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <i>penghulu</i> "leader", "chieftain"). In the other major <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Bisayan_languages" title="Bisayan languages">Bisayan languages</a>, <i>presidente</i> is more common when Filipinos are not actually <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code-switching</a> with the English word. The honorific for the president is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency." During his tenure, President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> broke precedent by not using the honorific, opting to drop the title in all official communications, events or materials.<sup id="cite_ref-honorifics13_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honorifics13-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-honorifics23_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honorifics23-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-honorifics33_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-honorifics33-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_titles">Historical titles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical titles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines" used under <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a> distinguished the government of then-president <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a> <a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> under President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restoration of the Commonwealth in 1945 and the subsequent independence of the Philippines restored the title of "President of the Philippines" enacted in the 1935 constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1973 constitution, though generally referring to the president as "President of the Philippines", Article XVII, Section 12 once used the term, "President of the Republic."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the text of <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_No._1081" title="Proclamation No. 1081">Proclamation No. 1081</a> that placed the country under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> in September 1972, President <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> consistently referred to himself as "President of the Philippines."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_republics">Early republics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early republics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bonifacio's_Tagalog_Republic"><span id="Bonifacio.27s_Tagalog_Republic"></span>Bonifacio's Tagalog Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bonifacio's Tagalog Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the definition chosen for these terms, a number of persons could alternatively be considered the inaugural holder of the office. <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio" title="Andrés Bonifacio">Andrés Bonifacio</a> could be considered the president of the tagalog provinces, while he was the third Supreme President (Spanish: <i>Presidente Supremo</i>; <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i>Kataas-taasang Pangulo</i>) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a></i>, a secret revolutionary society that started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896, he transformed the society into a revolutionary government with himself as "President of the Sovereign Nation/People" (Filipino: <i>Pangulo ng Haring Bayan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the term <i>Katipunan</i> (and the title "Supreme President") remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_Republic" title="Tagalog Republic">Tagalog Republic</a> (Spanish: <i>República Tagala</i>; Filipino: <i>Republika ng Katagalugan</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the term <i>haring bayan</i> or <i>haringbayan</i> as an adaptation and synonym of "republic", from its Latin roots as <i><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">res publica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since <i>Presidente Supremo</i> was shortened to <i>Supremo</i> in contemporary historical accounts of other people, he thus became known by that title alone in traditional Philippine historiography, which by itself was thus understood to mean "Supreme Leader"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to the later "Presidents". However, as noted by Filipino historian <a href="/wiki/Xiao_Chua" title="Xiao Chua">Xiao Chua</a>, Bonifacio did not refer himself as <i>Supremo</i> but rather as <i>Kataas-taasang Pangulo</i> (Supreme President), <i>Pangulo ng Kataas-taasang Kapulungan</i> (President of the Supreme Assembly), or <i>Pangulo ng Haring Bayan</i> (President of the Sovereign Nation/People), as evidenced by his own writings.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the word <i>Tagalog</i> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog people</a>, a specific ethno-linguistic group mostly in southern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, Bonifacio used the term "Tagalog" in "Tagalog Republic" to denote all non-Spanish peoples of the Philippines in place of <i><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></i>, which had colonial origins, referring to his concept of the Philippine nation and people as the "Sovereign Tagalog Nation/People" or more precisely "Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People" (Filipino: <i>Haring Bayang Katagalugan</i>), in effect a synonym of "Tagalog Republic" or more precisely "Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guerrero_2001_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guerrero_2001-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Guerrero_1996_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guerrero_1996-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gat_Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Gat_Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg/220px-Gat_Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Gat_Andr%C3%A9s_Bonifacio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Petitions were filed before the current Philippine government to recognize Andres Bonifacio as the first Philippine president.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Filipino historian <a href="/wiki/Ambeth_Ocampo" title="Ambeth Ocampo">Ambeth Ocampo</a>, including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that <a href="/wiki/Macario_Sakay" title="Macario Sakay">Macario Sakay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a> should also be included, as Sakay continued Bonifacio's concept of a national Tagalog Republic, and Malvar continued the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippine Republic</a> which was the culmination of several governments headed by <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> that superseded Bonifacio's, Malvar taking over after Aguinaldo's capture.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, there are still calls, including from a descendant of Bonifacio, to let Bonifacio be recognized by the current government as the first Philippine president.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, historians Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas petitioned before the National Historical Institute (now the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines" title="National Historical Commission of the Philippines">National Historical Commission of the Philippines</a>) to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president but the institute turned down the petition and reasoned that Bonifacio was not even the Katipunan's first <i>Supremo</i>, but rather <a href="/wiki/Deodato_Arellano" title="Deodato Arellano">Deodato Arellano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Manila_City_Council" title="Manila City Council">Manila City Council</a> passed a resolution persuading the national government to declare Bonifacio as the first president of the Tagalog Republic, attributing to all natives of the archipelago of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A separate resolution was also signed in 2013 by the Philippine Historian Association urging then Philippine President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> to recognize Bonifacio as the first Philippine president.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, representatives of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">Philippine House of Representatives</a> passed a house resolution that sought to acknowledge Bonifacio as the first president.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar house resolution was also filed in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Marlon Cadiz of the NHCP, the agency is waiting for a thorough and clear study containing new evidence as well as explanations of experts regarding Bonifacio's status as the first president.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aguinaldo's_governments_and_the_First_Republic"><span id="Aguinaldo.27s_governments_and_the_First_Republic"></span>Aguinaldo's governments and the First Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aguinaldo's governments and the First Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg/220px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg/330px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg/440px-Emilio_Aguinaldo_delegates.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="951" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> and ten of the Malolos Congress delegates that passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">Constitución Política de la República Filipina</a></i> in 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>In March 1897, during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> against Spain, <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> was elected president of a new revolutionary government at the <a href="/wiki/Tejeros_Convention" title="Tejeros Convention">Tejeros Convention</a> in Tejeros, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new government was meant to replace the <i>Katipunan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It variously called itself the "Philippine Republic" (Spanish: <i>Republica Filipina</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: <i>Republica de Filipinas</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Government of All Tagalogs" or "Government of the Whole Tagalog Nation/People" (Filipino: <i>Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Months later, Aguinaldo was again elected president at <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Biak-na-Bato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a> in November,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading a reorganized "Republic of the Philippines" (Spanish: <i>Republica de Filipinas</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly known today as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Republic of Biak-na-Bato">Republic of Biak-na-Bato</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aguinaldo therefore signed the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Biak-na-Bato" title="Pact of Biak-na-Bato">Pact of Biak-na-Bato</a> and went into exile in Hong Kong at the end of 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1898, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> broke out,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and afterwards, the <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_Squadron" title="Asiatic Squadron">Asiatic Squadron</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> sailed for the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Battle of Manila Bay</a> on May 1, 1898, the American Navy decisively defeated the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Regalado_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Regalado-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aguinaldo subsequently returned to the Philippines aboard a U.S. Navy vessel<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and renewed the revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He formed a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorial_Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Dictatorial Government of the Philippines">dictatorial government</a> on May 24, 1898,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and issued the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Philippine Declaration of Independence">Philippine Declaration of Independence</a> on June 12, 1898.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this brief period he took the title "Dictator" and the Declaration of Independence refers to him as such.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 23, 1898, Aguinaldo transformed his dictatorial government into a <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931899)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899)">revolutionary government</a> and became known as "President" again.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 23, 1899, Aguinaldo was then elected president of the "<a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">Philippine Republic</a>" (Spanish: <i>Republica Filipina</i>), a new government constituted by a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Congress" title="Malolos Congress">congress</a> under a likewise revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Constitution" title="Malolos Constitution">constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, this government is today officially considered to be the proper "first republic" and is also called the <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos Republic">Malolos Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after its capital <a href="/wiki/Malolos" title="Malolos">Malolos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its congress (formally "National Assembly") and constitution are commonly known as the Malolos Congress and Malolos Constitution as well.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like all of its predecessors and would-be successors until the 1935 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a>, the First Philippine Republic was short-lived<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states_and_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies">never internationally recognized</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and never controlled or was universally recognized by the entire area covered by the current republic, though it (and they) claimed to represent and govern the entire Philippine archipelago and all its people.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines was transferred from Spanish to American control by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris of 1898</a>, signed in December of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a> broke out between the United States and Aguinaldo's government.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His government effectively ceased to exist on April 1, 1901, after he pledged allegiance to the United States following his capture by U.S. forces in March.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current government of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of the Philippines">Republic of the Philippines</a> considers Emilio Aguinaldo to be the first president of the Philippines-based specifically on his presidency of the Malolos Republic, not any of his various prior governments.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_2009_p8_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_2009_p8-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_claimants">Other claimants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other claimants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Malvar" title="Miguel Malvar">Miguel Malvar</a> continued Aguinaldo's leadership of the Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902, while <a href="/wiki/Macario_Sakay" title="Macario Sakay">Macario Sakay</a> revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuing state of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents", and along with Bonifacio, are not recognized as presidents by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sakay1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sakay1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_occupation">American occupation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: American occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1898 and 1935, executive power in the Philippines was exercised by a succession of four American military <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines#Insular_Government_(1901–1935)" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">governors-general</a> and eleven civil governors-general.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_Commonwealth">Philippine Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Philippine Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1935, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> was elected the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a>, which had been established, still under United States sovereignty, under a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Commonwealth_and_Third_Republic_(1935)" title="Constitution of the Philippines">constitution</a> ratified on May 14 of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During its first five years, the president could serve for a six-year term that cannot be renewed.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later amended in 1940 to limit a president to serving no more than two four-year terms.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the administration of President Quezon exiled to the United States after the Philippines fell to the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II in the Philippines">World War II</a>, Quezon appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Abad_Santos" title="José Abad Santos">José Abad Santos</a> as his delegate, which in effect the acting president of the commonwealth according to Justice <a href="/wiki/George_A._Malcolm" title="George A. Malcolm">George A. Malcolm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abad Santos was subsequently executed by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> on May 2, 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Second_Republic_under_the_Japanese">The Second Republic under the Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Second Republic under the Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Jose_P._Laurel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/President_Jose_P._Laurel.jpg/220px-President_Jose_P._Laurel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/President_Jose_P._Laurel.jpg/330px-President_Jose_P._Laurel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/President_Jose_P._Laurel.jpg/440px-President_Jose_P._Laurel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a> officially is recognized as the third president of the Philippines and president of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On October 14, 1943, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a> became president under <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#Second_Republic_(1943)" title="Constitution of the Philippines">a constitution imposed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laurel, an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines">associate justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had been instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon, who withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Corregidor" title="Corregidor">Corregidor</a> and then to the United States to establish a <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 17, 1945, two days after the Japanese surrendered to the Allies, Laurel officially dissolved the republic.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1935 Constitution was restored after the Japanese surrender ended World War II,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Vice President <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> becoming president due to Quezon's death on August 1, 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained in effect after the United States recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of the Philippines as a separate self-governing nation on July 4, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the same day, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel A. Roxas</a>, the last president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines,<sup id="cite_ref-:9_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the Third Republic of the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1973_and_1987_Constitutions">1973 and 1987 Constitutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1973 and 1987 Constitutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines#The_New_Society_and_the_Fourth_Republic_(1973)" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a> ratified on January 17, 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> introduced a parliamentary-style government.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcos instituted himself as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">prime minister</a> while serving as president in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marcos later appointed <a href="/wiki/Cesar_Virata" title="Cesar Virata">César Virata</a> as prime minister in 1981, although, he was only a figurehead as the government control was still with Marcos.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1973 Constitution was in effect until the <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> of 1986 toppled Marcos's 21-year authoritarian regime and replaced him with <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon C. Aquino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 25, 1986, Aquino issued Proclamation No. 3, s. 1986 or the "freedom constitution" that initially replaced the 1973 Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provisional constitution was done as Aquino was installed as president through revolutionary means.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proclamation No. 3 abrogated many of the provisions of the then 1973 Constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the provisions associated with the Marcos regime,<sup id="cite_ref-:11_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which gave the president legislative powers,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the unicameral legislature called the Batasang Pambansa<sup id="cite_ref-:11_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (literally <i>National Legislature</i> in Filipino). The proclamation retained only parts of the 1973 Constitution that were essential for a return to democratic rule, such as the bill of rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This constitution was superseded on February 2, 1987, by the present constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_73-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_issues">Other issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jose_P._Laurel_giving_a_speech.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jose_P._Laurel_giving_a_speech.jpg/220px-Jose_P._Laurel_giving_a_speech.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jose_P._Laurel_giving_a_speech.jpg/330px-Jose_P._Laurel_giving_a_speech.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Jose_P._Laurel_giving_a_speech.jpg/440px-Jose_P._Laurel_giving_a_speech.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a> giving a speech after his inauguration as President of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Both Bonifacio<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Aguinaldo<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> might be considered to have been an inaugural president of an insurgent government. Quezon was the inaugural president of a predecessor state to the current one,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Roxas was the first president of an independent Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_71-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government considers Aguinaldo to have been the first president of the Philippines, followed by Quezon and his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_2009_p8_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_2009_p8-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the differences in <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">constitutions</a> and government, the line of presidents is considered to be continuous.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, Rodrigo Duterte, is considered to be the 16th president.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the government may consider Aguinaldo as the first president, the First Republic fell under the United States' jurisdiction due to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">1898 Treaty of Paris</a> which ended the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>; the United States thus does not consider his tenure to have been legitimate.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_2009_p8_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_2009_p8-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> is considered to be the first president by the United States when they gave the Philippines independence through the <a href="/wiki/Tydings%E2%80%93McDuffie_Act" title="Tydings–McDuffie Act">Tydings–McDuffie Act</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also the first to win a popular election and a nationwide election.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the Philippines had two presidents heading two governments.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One was Quezon and the Commonwealth <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government-in-exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other was Manila-based Laurel heading the Japanese-sponsored Second Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, Laurel was himself instructed to remain in Manila by President Quezon.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laurel and Aguinaldo were not formally recognized as Philippine presidents until <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal's</a> administration.<sup id="cite_ref-:14_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their inclusion in the official list coincided with the transfer of the official date of Independence Day from July 4 (the anniversary of the Philippines' independence from the United States) to June 12 (the anniversary of the 1898 Declaration of Independence).<sup id="cite_ref-:14_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powers_and_roles">Powers and roles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Powers and roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_power">Executive power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Executive power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The president of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, being the chief executive, serves as both the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazette_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazette-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitution vests the executive power with the president who consequently heads the government's executive branch, including the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">executive departments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also government agencies that report to no specific department but are instead under the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Office of the President</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:15_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president also exercises general supervision over local government units.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president has <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_Power_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Ordinance Power of the President of the Philippines">the power to give executive issuances</a>, which are means to streamline the policy and programs of an administration. There are six issuances that the President may issue, as defined in the Administrative Code of 1987:<sup id="cite_ref-Gazette_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazette-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> executive orders, administrative orders, proclamations, memorandum orders, memorandum circulars, and general or special orders. </p><p>The president has power to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, and remit fines and forfeitures after conviction by final judgment, except in cases of impeachment.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president can grant amnesty with the concurrence of the majority of all the members of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president has authority to contract or guarantee foreign loans on behalf of the country but only with the prior concurrence of the Monetary Board and subject to such limitations as may be provided by law.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president has the authority to exercise the power of <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a>. The president also has the power to direct escheat or reversion proceedings and the power to reserve lands of the public and private domain of the government. However, there are two constitutional provisions that limit the exercise of such power: Article 3, Section 9 of the Constitution provides that no person shall be deprived of his/her life, liberty, or property without due process of law and that private property shall not be taken for public use without just compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-Gazette_105-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gazette-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Appointments" title="Commission on Appointments">Commission on Appointments</a>, the president also appoints the heads of the executive departments, board of members and its leaders from any national government-related institutions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, high-ranking officers of the armed forces, and other officials.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a> and lower courts are also appointed by the president, but only from the list of nominees prepared by the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_and_Bar_Council" title="Judicial and Bar Council">Judicial and Bar Council</a>. Such appointments do not need the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Appointments" title="Commission on Appointments">Commission on Appointments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislative_power">Legislative power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legislative power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As per Article 6, Section 1 of the Constitution, the power of lawmaking is vested in the bicameral <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Congress</a>, which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a>. However, the president has some legislative power.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president has the power to veto any <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bill</a> passed by Congress. Article 6, Section 27 requires that every legislation passed by Congress shall be presented to the president, after which the president can either sign the bill into law within thirty days, veto the bill, or take no action within the timeframe, in which the bill will pass as if it had been signed. While Congress can override a presidential veto, it requires a <a href="/wiki/Two-thirds_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-thirds vote">two-thirds vote</a> of both houses. The president can also veto any particular item or items in an appropriation, revenue, or tariff bill, but the veto shall not affect the item or items to which he does not object. By exerting their influence on Congress, the president can shape legislation and be involved in the legislative process.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_Address_(Philippines)" title="State of the Nation Address (Philippines)">State of the Nation Address</a> also gives the president an opportunity to outline their priority legislative agenda. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_process">Election process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Election process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eligibility">Eligibility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Eligibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 7, Section 2 of the Constitution sets the following qualifications for holding the presidency:<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>be a natural-born citizen of the Philippines</li> <li>be a registered voter</li> <li>be able to read and write</li> <li>at least forty years of age on the day of the election</li> <li>a resident of the Philippines for at least ten years immediately preceding such election.</li></ul> <p>Natural-born Filipinos are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines at the time of their birth and those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority are considered natural-born Filipinos.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Constitution also provides term limits where the president is ineligible for reelection and a person who has succeeded as president and has served as such for more than four years will be ineligible to be elected for a second term. However, with the case of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> who <a href="/wiki/1998_Philippine_presidential_election" title="1998 Philippine presidential election">was elected president in 1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/2001_EDSA_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="2001 EDSA Revolution">deposed in 2001</a>, and again <a href="/wiki/2010_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2010 Philippine presidential election">ran for the presidency in 2010</a>, the Constitution's wording where "[the] President shall not be eligible for any re-election"<sup id="cite_ref-1987_Constitution_7_4_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1987_Constitution_7_4-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remains unclear as his case was never brought to the Supreme Court. It remains unclear whether the term limit of no re-election applies only to the incumbent president or for any person who has been elected as president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election">Election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine presidential election">Philippine presidential election</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_provinces_of_Philippine_Presidents.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Home_provinces_of_Philippine_Presidents.PNG/220px-Home_provinces_of_Philippine_Presidents.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Home_provinces_of_Philippine_Presidents.PNG/330px-Home_provinces_of_Philippine_Presidents.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Home_provinces_of_Philippine_Presidents.PNG/440px-Home_provinces_of_Philippine_Presidents.PNG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Home <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">provinces</a> (blue and purple) of the presidents.</figcaption></figure> <p>The president is elected by direct vote every six years, usually on the second Monday of May.<sup id="cite_ref-1987_Constitution_7_4_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1987_Constitution_7_4-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latest election was held in <a href="/wiki/2022_Philippine_presidential_election" title="2022 Philippine presidential election">2022</a>. </p><p>The returns of every election for president and vice president, duly certified by the board of canvassers of each province or city, shall be transmitted to Congress, directed to the president of the Senate. Upon receipt of the certificates of canvass, the president of the Senate shall open all the certificates in the presence of a joint public session of Congress not later than 30 days after election day. Congress then canvasses the votes upon determining that the polls are authentic and were done in the manner provided by law. </p><p>The person with the highest number of votes is declared the winner, but in case two or more have the highest number of votes, the president is elected by a majority of all members of Congress, with the Senate and the House of Representatives voting separately. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inauguration">Inauguration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Inauguration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_inauguration" title="Philippine presidential inauguration">Philippine presidential inauguration</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlos_P_Garcia_second_inauguration,_1957.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Carlos_P_Garcia_second_inauguration%2C_1957.jpg/220px-Carlos_P_Garcia_second_inauguration%2C_1957.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Carlos_P_Garcia_second_inauguration%2C_1957.jpg/330px-Carlos_P_Garcia_second_inauguration%2C_1957.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Carlos_P_Garcia_second_inauguration%2C_1957.jpg/440px-Carlos_P_Garcia_second_inauguration%2C_1957.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> is sworn in as the eighth president of the Philippines after winning the election of 1957</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bongbong_Marcos_oath_taking_6.30.22_(PNA)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bongbong_Marcos_oath_taking_6.30.22_%28PNA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bongbong_Marcos_oath_taking_6.30.22_%28PNA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bongbong_Marcos_oath_taking_6.30.22_%28PNA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bongbong_Marcos_oath_taking_6.30.22_%28PNA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Bongbong_Marcos_oath_taking_6.30.22_%28PNA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Bongbong_Marcos_oath_taking_6.30.22_%28PNA%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1417" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> during his <a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Bongbong_Marcos" title="Inauguration of Bongbong Marcos">inauguration</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The president of the Philippines usually takes the oath of office at noon of June 30 following the presidential election. Traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">vice president</a> takes the oath first, a little before noon for two reasons. First, according to protocol, no one follows the president (who is last due to his supremacy), and second, to establish a constitutionally valid successor before the president-elect accedes. During <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Quezon</a>'s inauguration, however, the vice president and legislature were sworn in after the president, to symbolize a new start. </p><p>Custom has enshrined three places as the traditional venue for the inauguration ceremony: <a href="/wiki/Barasoain_Church" title="Barasoain Church">Barasoain Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malolos_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos City">Malolos City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a>; in front of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Manila)" title="National Museum of Fine Arts (Manila)">old Legislative Building</a> (now part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_Philippines" title="National Museum of the Philippines">National Museum</a>) in Manila; or at <a href="/wiki/Quirino_Grandstand" title="Quirino Grandstand">Quirino Grandstand</a>, where most have been held. Some presidential have broken precedent, either due to extraordinary circumstances or In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> delivered her pre-inaugural address at Quirino Grandstand, took the oath of office in <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a> before Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Hilario_Davide_Jr." title="Hilario Davide Jr.">Hilario Davide Jr.</a>, and the next day held the first cabinet meeting in <a href="/wiki/Butuan" title="Butuan">Butuan</a>. She broke with precedent, reasoning that she wanted to celebrate her inauguration in each of the three main island groups of the Philippines: <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. Her first inauguration also broke precedent as she was sworn in at the <a href="/wiki/EDSA_Shrine" title="EDSA Shrine">EDSA Shrine</a> on January 20, 2001, during the <a href="/wiki/EDSA_Revolution_of_2001" title="EDSA Revolution of 2001">EDSA Revolution of 2001</a> that removed <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> from office. </p><p>The dress code at the modern inaugural ceremony is traditional, formal Filipino clothing, which is otherwise loosely termed <i><a href="/wiki/Filipiniana" title="Filipiniana">Filipiniana</a></i>. Ladies must wear <i><a href="/wiki/Baro%27t_saya" title="Baro't saya">baro't saya</a></i> (the formal wear of other indigenous groups is permissible), while men don the <i><a href="/wiki/Barong_tagalog" title="Barong tagalog">barong tagalog</a></i>. Non-Filipinos at the ceremony may wear their respective versions of formal dress, but foreign diplomats have often been seen donning <i>Filipiniana</i> as a mark of cultural respect. </p><p>The Constitution provides the following oath or affirmation for the president and vice president-elect which must be taken before they enter into office:<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"I, (name), do solemnly swear [or affirm], that I will faithfully and conscientiously fulfill my duties as President [or Vice-President or Acting President] of the Philippines. Preserve and defend its Constitution, execute its laws, do justice to every man, and consecrate myself to the service of the Nation. So help me God." [In case of affirmation, last sentence will be omitted.]</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Constitution of the Philippines, art. 7, sec. 5</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Filipino text of the oath used for the inaugurations of <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> reads:<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">"Ako si (pangalan), ay taimtim kong pinanunumpaan (o pinatototohanan) na tutuparin ko nang buong katapatan at sigasig ang aking mga tungkulin bilang Pangulo (o Pangalawang Pangulo o Nanunungkulang Pangulo) ng Pilipinas, pangangalagaan at ipagtatanggol ang kanyang Konstitusyon, ipatutupad ang mga batas nito, magiging makatarungan sa bawat tao, at itatalaga ang aking sarili sa paglilingkod sa Bansa. Kasihan nawa ako ng Diyos." (Kapag pagpapatotoo, ang huling pangungusap ay kakaltasin.)</i></span></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas, Artikulo VII, SEK. 5</i></span></cite></div></blockquote> <p>As soon as the president takes the oath of office, a <a href="/wiki/21-gun_salute" title="21-gun salute">21-gun salute</a> is fired to salute the new head of state, and the <a href="/wiki/Honors_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Honors music">presidential anthem</a> <i>"<a href="/wiki/We_Say_Mabuhay" title="We Say Mabuhay">We Say Mabuhay</a>"</i> is played. The president delivers his inaugural address, and then proceeds to <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a> to climb the Grand Staircase, a ritual which symbolizes the formal possession of the palace. The president then inducts the newly formed cabinet into office in one of the state rooms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Incumbency">Incumbency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Incumbency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_the_Nation_Address">State of the Nation Address</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: State of the Nation Address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20220725-SONAPBBM2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/20220725-SONAPBBM2.jpg/220px-20220725-SONAPBBM2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/20220725-SONAPBBM2.jpg/330px-20220725-SONAPBBM2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/20220725-SONAPBBM2.jpg/440px-20220725-SONAPBBM2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> during his first State of the Nation Address on July 25, 2022.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PGMA_7th_SONA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PGMA_7th_SONA.jpg/220px-PGMA_7th_SONA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PGMA_7th_SONA.jpg/330px-PGMA_7th_SONA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/PGMA_7th_SONA.jpg/440px-PGMA_7th_SONA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> delivering her seventh <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_Address_(Philippines)" title="State of the Nation Address (Philippines)">State of the Nation Address</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Batasang_Pambansa_Complex" title="Batasang Pambansa Complex">Batasang Pambansa</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Nation_Address_(Philippines)" title="State of the Nation Address (Philippines)">State of the Nation Address (Philippines)</a></div> <p>The State of the Nation Address (SONA) is an annual event, in which the president reports on the status of the nation, normally to the resumption of a joint session of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a>. This is a duty of the president as stated in Article VII, Section 23 of the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Const_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tenure_and_term_limits">Tenure and term limits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tenure and term limits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1935 Constitution originally set the president's term at six years, without re-election.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940, however, the 1935 Constitution was amended and the term of the president (and vice president) was shortened to four years, with a two-term limit. Under the provisions of the amended 1935 document, only presidents <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> (1941) and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_E._Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand E. Marcos">Ferdinand E. Marcos</a> (1969) were re-elected. Presidents <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> (1946), <a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> (1953), <a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> (1961) and <a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> (1965) all failed in seeking a new term. Marcos was the only president to serve three terms (1965–1969, 1969–1981, 1981–1986).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 24, 1970, Congress enacted RA No. 6132, otherwise known as the Constitutional Convention Act, for the purpose of convening a Constitutional Convention. The 320 delegates met from June 1971 until November 30, 1972, when they approved the draft of the new Charter. While in the process of drafting a new Constitution, President Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law on September 21, 1972. The draft Constitution was submitted to the Citizen's Assemblies from January 10 to 17, 1973 for ratification. On January 17, 1973, President Marcos issued Proclamation No. 1102, announcing the ratification of the Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines. In <a href="/wiki/1981_Philippine_presidential_election_and_referendum" title="1981 Philippine presidential election and referendum">1981</a>, President Marcos secured a third term, defeating <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Santos" title="Alejo Santos">Alejo Santos</a> in an election.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1987 Constitution restored the 1935 Constitution's original ban on presidential reelection. Under Article 7, Section 4 of the current constitution, the term of the president shall begin at noon on the thirtieth day of June next following the day of the election and shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter. The incumbent president is not eligible for re-election, even if non-consecutive. Moreover, no president who serves more than four years of a presidential term is allowed to run or serve again.<sup id="cite_ref-Const_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacancies_and_succession">Vacancies and succession</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Vacancies and succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Philippine presidential line of succession">Philippine presidential line of succession</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="At_the_start_of_the_term">At the start of the term</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: At the start of the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Article 7, Section 7 of the Constitution, In case the president-elect fails to qualify, the vice president-elect shall act as president until the president-elect shall have qualified.<sup id="cite_ref-Const_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If at the beginning of the term of the president, the president-elect shall have died or shall have become permanently disabled, the vice president-elect shall become president.<sup id="cite_ref-Const_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where no president and vice president shall have been chosen or shall have qualified, or where both shall have died or become permanently disabled, the president of the Senate or, in case of his inability, the speaker of the House of Representatives, shall act as president until a president or a vice president shall have been chosen and qualified.<sup id="cite_ref-Const_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="During_the_term">During the term</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: During the term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmena.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Osmena.jpg/220px-Osmena.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Osmena.jpg/330px-Osmena.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Osmena.jpg/440px-Osmena.jpg 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">vice president</a> to succeed to the presidency upon the death of a chief executive, who was <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>, in 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>The line of presidential succession as specified by Article 7, Section 8 of the Constitution are the vice president, Senate president and the speaker of the House of Representatives. Contrary to popular belief, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines">Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines</a> is not in the line of succession. If the offices of both the president and vice president are vacant at the same time, Congress shall within a specific period enact a law calling for a special election. However, if the presidential election is 18 months away, no special election shall be called. An <a href="/wiki/Acting_president" title="Acting president">acting president</a> may temporarily assume the duties of president. </p><p>The current presidential line of succession is: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number in line">No.</abbr> </th> <th>Office </th> <th>Incumbent </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">Vice President</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sara_Duterte" title="Sara Duterte">Sara Duterte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Senate of the Philippines">President of the Senate</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francis_Escudero" title="Francis Escudero">Francis Escudero</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Romualdez" title="Martin Romualdez">Martin Romualdez</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impeachment">Impeachment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Impeachment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_Philippines" title="Impeachment in the Philippines">Impeachment in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a>, one of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the president, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Vice President of the Philippines">vice president</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a>, members of the constitutional commissions and the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Ombudsman" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Ombudsman">ombudsman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate of the Philippines</a> which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case.<sup id="cite_ref-Article_XI_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Article_XI-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A main difference from U.S. proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the president (as opposed to the majority required in the United States). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the senators act as judges with the Senate president and chief justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the senate vote in favor of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year. </p><p>The Constitution enumerates the culpable violation of the Constitution, treason, bribery, graft and corruption, other high crimes, and betrayal of public trust as grounds for the impeachment of the president.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same also applies for the vice president, the members of the Supreme Court, the members of the constitutional commissions, and the ombudsman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_residence">Official residence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Official residence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Presidential residences</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_(local_img).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malacañang Palace, the official residence"><img alt="Malacañang Palace, the official residence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/400px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/601px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/20/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg/800px-Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace_%28local_img%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a>, the official residence</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 224.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 222.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Mansion,_Baguio_City._Building_only.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Mansion, the official summer palace"><img alt="The Mansion, the official summer palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Mansion%2C_Baguio_City._Building_only.jpg/334px-The_Mansion%2C_Baguio_City._Building_only.jpg" decoding="async" width="223" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Mansion%2C_Baguio_City._Building_only.jpg/502px-The_Mansion%2C_Baguio_City._Building_only.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/The_Mansion%2C_Baguio_City._Building_only.jpg/668px-The_Mansion%2C_Baguio_City._Building_only.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2511" data-file-height="1691" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/The_Mansion_(Baguio)" title="The Mansion (Baguio)">The Mansion</a>, the official summer palace</div> </li> </ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a> is the official residence of the president of the Philippines, a privilege entitled to him/her under Article VII, Section 6 of the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-Const_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Const-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palace is located along the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a>, along J.P. Laurel Street in the district of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel,_Manila" title="San Miguel, Manila">San Miguel, Manila</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> phrase "<i>may <a href="/wiki/Lakan" title="Lakan">lakán</a> diyán</i>" ("there is a <a href="/wiki/Nobility#Filipino" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> there"), and this was eventually shortened to <i>Malakanyáng</i>. The complex includes several mansions and office buildings built and designed in the <a href="/wiki/Bahay_na_bato" title="Bahay na bato">bahay na bato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neo-classical_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-classical architecture">neoclassical</a> architectural styles. </p><p>Before Malacañang Palace was designated as the official residence of the president, various establishments served as residence of the chief executive in the Philippines. The Spanish governor-general, the highest-ranking official in the Philippines during the Spanish Era, resided in the <a href="/wiki/Palacio_del_Gobernador" title="Palacio del Gobernador">Palacio del Gobernador</a> inside the walled city of <a href="/wiki/Intramuros" title="Intramuros">Intramuros</a>. However, after an <a href="/wiki/1863_Manila_earthquake" title="1863 Manila earthquake">earthquake in 1863</a>, the Palacio del Gobernador was destroyed, and the residence and office of the governor-general was transferred to Malacañang Palace. During the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a>, President Aguinaldo resided in his own home in <a href="/wiki/Kawit" title="Kawit">Kawit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>. After his defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War" title="Philippine–American War">Philippine–American War</a>, Aguinaldo transferred the <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_the_Philippines" title="Capital of the Philippines">capital of the Philippines</a> several times as he struggled against invading American Forces. When the Americans occupied the Philippines, they also used the palace as an official residence for their governors-general. During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation of the Philippines</a>, the presidential seat and government offices were transferred to the more inland Baguio, where the <a href="/wiki/The_Mansion,_Baguio" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mansion, Baguio">Mansion House</a> was used as the official residence. Meanwhile, President <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Philippine Commonwealth</a> <a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> resided in the <a href="/wiki/Omni_Shoreham_Hotel" title="Omni Shoreham Hotel">Omni Shoreham Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a> After the restoration of independence in 1946, plans were made for the construction of the new presidential residence to replace Malacañang in <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">a new capital city</a>. However, the plans did not push through and the president's official residence is still Malacañang Palace in Manila.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A secondary residence within the wider palace grounds is <i><a href="/wiki/Bahay_Pangulo" title="Bahay Pangulo">Bahay Pangulo</a></i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> President's House</span>), formerly known as <i>Bahay Pangarap</i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> House of Dreams</span>) and <i>Bahay ng Pagbabago</i> (<abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> House of Change</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Bahay_Pangarap:_Aquino's_future_home?_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahay_Pangarap:_Aquino's_future_home?-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a smaller structure located on the south bank of the <a href="/wiki/Pasig_River" title="Pasig River">Pasig River</a> across the main palace in <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Park" title="Malacañang Park">Malacañang Park</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-How_was_PNoy's_first_night_at_Bahay_Pangarap?_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_was_PNoy's_first_night_at_Bahay_Pangarap?-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is itself part of the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Security Group">Presidential Security Group</a> Complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahay_Pangarap:_Aquino's_future_home?_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahay_Pangarap:_Aquino's_future_home?-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noynoy's_new_home_is_Bahay_Pangarap_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noynoy's_new_home_is_Bahay_Pangarap-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> was the first to use <i>Bahay Pangarap</i> as his official residence.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahay_Pangarap_for_P-Noy_ready_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahay_Pangarap_for_P-Noy_ready-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briefer_on_Bahay_Pangarap_and_Malacañang_Park_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briefer_on_Bahay_Pangarap_and_Malacañang_Park-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was originally built in the 1930s under President Quezon as a rest house and venue for informal activities and social functions of the First Family.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahay_Pangarap:_Aquino's_future_home?_129-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahay_Pangarap:_Aquino's_future_home?-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briefer_on_Bahay_Pangarap_and_Malacañang_Park_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briefer_on_Bahay_Pangarap_and_Malacañang_Park-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The house was designed by architect Juan Arellano in the 1930s,<sup id="cite_ref-Bahay_Pangarap:_Aquino's_future_home?_129-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahay_Pangarap:_Aquino's_future_home?-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briefer_on_Bahay_Pangarap_and_Malacañang_Park_133-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briefer_on_Bahay_Pangarap_and_Malacañang_Park-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and underwent several renovations in the early 1960s, 2008, and 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-Bahay_Pangarap:_Aquino's_future_home?_129-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bahay_Pangarap:_Aquino's_future_home?-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-How_was_PNoy's_first_night_at_Bahay_Pangarap?_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-How_was_PNoy's_first_night_at_Bahay_Pangarap?-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Briefer_on_Bahay_Pangarap_and_Malacañang_Park_133-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briefer_on_Bahay_Pangarap_and_Malacañang_Park-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The president also has several other official residences nationwide for official use. <a href="/wiki/The_Mansion_(Baguio)" title="The Mansion (Baguio)">The Mansion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a> is the official <a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">summer palace</a> of the president. The palace was originally built in 1908 to serve as the summer residence for American <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governors-General</a>, and later became the holiday home and working office for presidents when the government would temporarily visit Baguio.<sup id="cite_ref-marker_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marker-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_of_the_South" title="Malacañang of the South">Malacañang of the South</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davao_City" title="Davao City">Davao City</a> is the president's residence in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. It was built in 2005 on state property and serves as an official residence and base of operations for presidents when visiting Davao and the surrounding provinces. <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_sa_Sugbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacañang sa Sugbo">Malacañang sa Sugbo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cebu_City" title="Cebu City">Cebu City</a> was the former official residence in <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">the Visayas</a>. Originally the local office of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Customs" title="Bureau of Customs">Bureau of Customs</a> (BOC), it was converted to a palace in 2004. It was later returned to the BOC.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_of_the_North" title="Malacañang of the North">Malacañang of the North</a> was also an official residence of the president in the <a href="/wiki/Ilocos_Region" title="Ilocos Region">Ilocos Region</a>. The residence is currently a presidential museum.<sup id="cite_ref-PDI_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PDI-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align: center;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Philippine Presidential transportation</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 233.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 231.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercedes-Benz_S_320_CDI_4MATIC_L_(V_221)_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht_(1),_30._August_2011,_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential Car"><img alt="Presidential Car" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mercedes-Benz_S_320_CDI_4MATIC_L_%28V_221%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht_%281%29%2C_30._August_2011%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg/347px-Mercedes-Benz_S_320_CDI_4MATIC_L_%28V_221%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht_%281%29%2C_30._August_2011%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg" decoding="async" width="232" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mercedes-Benz_S_320_CDI_4MATIC_L_%28V_221%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht_%281%29%2C_30._August_2011%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg/521px-Mercedes-Benz_S_320_CDI_4MATIC_L_%28V_221%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht_%281%29%2C_30._August_2011%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mercedes-Benz_S_320_CDI_4MATIC_L_%28V_221%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht_%281%29%2C_30._August_2011%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg/693px-Mercedes-Benz_S_320_CDI_4MATIC_L_%28V_221%29_%E2%80%93_Frontansicht_%281%29%2C_30._August_2011%2C_D%C3%BCsseldorf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2361" data-file-height="1533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Presidential Car</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAF_-_Gulfstream_G280.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Presidential Plane"><img alt="The Presidential Plane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PAF_-_Gulfstream_G280.jpg/338px-PAF_-_Gulfstream_G280.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PAF_-_Gulfstream_G280.jpg/507px-PAF_-_Gulfstream_G280.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/PAF_-_Gulfstream_G280.jpg/675px-PAF_-_Gulfstream_G280.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2909" data-file-height="1939" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Presidential Plane</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Some_Bell_412EP_of_Philippine_Air_Force.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential Helicopter"><img alt="Presidential Helicopter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Some_Bell_412EP_of_Philippine_Air_Force.jpg/338px-Some_Bell_412EP_of_Philippine_Air_Force.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Some_Bell_412EP_of_Philippine_Air_Force.jpg/507px-Some_Bell_412EP_of_Philippine_Air_Force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Some_Bell_412EP_of_Philippine_Air_Force.jpg/675px-Some_Bell_412EP_of_Philippine_Air_Force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Presidential Helicopter</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BRP_Ang_Pangulo_(AT-25).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Presidential Yacht"><img alt="Presidential Yacht" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/BRP_Ang_Pangulo_%28AT-25%29.jpg/300px-BRP_Ang_Pangulo_%28AT-25%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/BRP_Ang_Pangulo_%28AT-25%29.jpg/451px-BRP_Ang_Pangulo_%28AT-25%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/BRP_Ang_Pangulo_%28AT-25%29.jpg/600px-BRP_Ang_Pangulo_%28AT-25%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Presidential Yacht</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_transportation">Air transportation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Air transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Air_transports_of_heads_of_state_and_government#Philippines" title="Air transports of heads of state and government">Air transports of heads of state and government § Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAF-Puma-at-Subic-Bay.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PAF-Puma-at-Subic-Bay.JPEG/220px-PAF-Puma-at-Subic-Bay.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PAF-Puma-at-Subic-Bay.JPEG/330px-PAF-Puma-at-Subic-Bay.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/PAF-Puma-at-Subic-Bay.JPEG/440px-PAF-Puma-at-Subic-Bay.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2780" data-file-height="1870" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Westland_Puma" class="mw-redirect" title="Westland Puma">Aérospatiale SA-330 Puma</a> carrying President <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon C. Aquino</a> at <a href="/wiki/Subic_Bay_Naval_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Subic Bay Naval Base">Subic Bay Naval Base</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 250th (Presidential) Airlift Wing of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Philippine Air Force</a> has the mandate of providing safe and efficient air transport for the president of the Philippines and the First Family. On occasion, the wing has also been tasked to provide transportation for other members of government, visiting heads of state, and other state guests. </p><p>The majority of the fleet is fairly dated with a few exceptions it includes: 1 <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F28" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokker F28">Fokker F28</a>, which is primarily used for the president's domestic trips and it is also called "Kalayaan One" when the president is on board, 4 <a href="/wiki/Bell_412" title="Bell 412">Bell 412</a> helicopters, 3 <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-76" title="Sikorsky S-76">Sikorsky S-76</a> helicopters, 1 <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-70" title="Sikorsky S-70">Sikorsky S-70</a>-5 Black Hawk, a number of <a href="/wiki/Bell_UH-1N" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell UH-1N">Bell UH-1N</a> Twin Hueys, as well as <a href="/wiki/Fokker_F-27" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokker F-27">Fokker F-27</a> <i>Friendship</i>s. In September 2020, a new <a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_G280" title="Gulfstream G280">Gulfstream G280</a> was delivered which will be used for VIP transport as well as for C2 (Command and Control) missions.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For trips outside of the Philippines, the Air Force employs a <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Global_Express" title="Bombardier Global Express">Bombardier Global Express</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulftsream_G650ER&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulftsream G650ER (page does not exist)">Gulftsream G650ER</a> or charters appropriate aircraft from the country's flag carrier, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines" title="Philippine Airlines">Philippine Airlines</a>. Any PAL aircraft with the flight number "PR/PAL 001" and callsign "PHILIPPINE 001" is a flight operated by <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Airlines" title="Philippine Airlines">Philippine Airlines</a> to transport the president of the Philippines. The president sometimes charter private jets for domestic trips within the Philippines due to some airports in the Philippines having small runways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water_transportation">Water transportation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Water transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/BRP_Ang_Pangulo_(AT-25)" class="mw-redirect" title="BRP Ang Pangulo (AT-25)">BRP Ang Pangulo</a></i> (<i>BRP</i> stands for <i>Barkó ng Repúblika ng Pilipinas</i>, "Ship of the Republic of the Philippines"; "<i>Ang Pangulo</i>" is Filipino for "the president") was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Philippine Navy</a> on March 7, 1959. It was built in and by Japan during the administration of President García as part of Japanese reparations to the Philippines for World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-OG_Yachts_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OG_Yachts-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is primarily used in entertaining guests of the incumbent president. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Land_transportation">Land transportation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Land transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Official_state_car#Philippines" title="Official state car">Official state car § Philippines</a></div> <p>The president of the Philippines uses two black and heavily armored <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W221" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz W221">Mercedes-Benz W221</a> S600 Guard, whereas one is a decoy vehicle. In convoys, the president is escorted by the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Security Group">Presidential Security Group</a> using primarily <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Fortuner" title="Toyota Fortuner">Toyota Fortuner</a> SUVs with the combination of the following vehicles: <a href="/wiki/Toyota_FJ_Cruiser" title="Toyota FJ Cruiser">Toyota FJ Cruiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Fortuner" title="Toyota Fortuner">Toyota Fortuner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser" title="Toyota Land Cruiser">Toyota Land Cruiser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Hiace" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Hiace">Toyota Hiace</a> <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Camry" title="Toyota Camry">Toyota Camry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a> 400cc motorcycles, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Philippine National Police</a> <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Montero" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitsubishi Montero">Mitsubishi Montero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Innova" title="Toyota Innova">Toyota Innova</a> (Police car variant), other government-owned vehicles, and ambulances at the tail of the convoy; the number depends on the destination. The presidential cars are designated and registered a plate number of "1" or the word "PANGULO" (president). The limousine bears the flag of the Philippines and, occasionally, the presidential standard.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="font-size:95%;background-color:white;white-space:nowrap;border:none;margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <th scope="col" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">Official state cars of the president<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;border-bottom:double grey;"> <th scope="col" style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">President</span> </th> <th scope="col" style="text-align:left;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Land Transport</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> </td> <td>1924 <a href="/wiki/Packard_Six" title="Packard Six">Packard Six</a> Touring </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quezon" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Quezon">Manuel Quezon</a> </td> <td>1937 <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Airflow" title="Chrysler Airflow">Chrysler Airflow</a> Custom Imperial CW </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a> </td> <td>1942 <a href="/wiki/Packard" title="Packard">Packard</a> <a href="/wiki/Packard_180" class="mw-redirect" title="Packard 180">Custom Super Eight:One-Eighty</a> Limousine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> </td> <td>1940 <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Series_70#1938–1940" title="Cadillac Series 70">Cadillac Series 75</a> limousine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> </td> <td>1953 <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Imperial#1949–1954" title="Chrysler Imperial">Chrysler Imperial</a> Limousine </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a> </td> <td>1955 <a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Series_70#1954–1956" title="Cadillac Series 70">Cadillac Series 75-23</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> </td> <td><i>No records, possibly same as Magsaysay</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> </td> <td>1957 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford</a> Sedan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> </td> <td>1980 <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Continental_Mark_VI#Signature_Series" title="Lincoln Continental Mark VI">Lincoln Continental Mark VI Signature Series</a><br />1981 <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_600" title="Mercedes-Benz 600">Mercedes-Benz 600 Pullman Limousine (W100)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W126" title="Mercedes-Benz W126">Mercedes-Benz 500SEL (W126)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W126" title="Mercedes-Benz W126">Mercedes-Benz 500SEL Guard (W126)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W140" title="Mercedes-Benz W140">Mercedes-Benz S600 (W140)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BMW_7_Series_(E38)" title="BMW 7 Series (E38)">BMW 750iL High Security (E38)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W140" title="Mercedes-Benz W140">Mercedes-Benz S600 (W140)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W220" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes-Benz W220">Mercedes-Benz S600 Guard (W220)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W221)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)">Mercedes-Benz S600 (W221)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W221)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)">Mercedes-Benz S600 (W221)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser" title="Toyota Land Cruiser">Toyota Land Cruiser</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lexus_LX" title="Lexus LX">Lexus LX570</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser" title="Toyota Land Cruiser">Toyota Land Cruiser</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isuzu_D-Max" title="Isuzu D-Max">Isuzu D-Max</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Hilux" title="Toyota Hilux">Toyota Hilux</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Colorado" title="Chevrolet Colorado">Chevrolet Colorado</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser" title="Toyota Land Cruiser">Toyota Land Cruiser</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cadillac_Escalade" title="Cadillac Escalade">Cadillac Escalade ESV</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W221)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W221)">Mercedes-Benz S600 (W221)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_S-Class_(W223)" title="Mercedes-Benz S-Class (W223)">Mercedes-Benz Maybach S680 (W223)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Continental#Tenth_generation_(2017–2020)" title="Lincoln Continental">Lincoln Continental Coach Door Edition</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 0.75em;"> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The Office of the President has also owned various cars over the decades, including a 1937 <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Airflow" title="Chrysler Airflow">Chrysler Airflow</a> that served as the country's very first presidential limousine for <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a>. For regional trips, the president boards a <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Coaster" title="Toyota Coaster">Toyota Coaster</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Fuso_Rosa" title="Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa">Mitsubishi Fuso Rosa</a> or other vehicles owned by <a href="/wiki/Government-owned_and_controlled_corporation" title="Government-owned and controlled corporation">government-owned and controlled corporations</a> or government agencies. In this case, the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Security Group">PSG</a> escorts the president using local police cars with an ambulance at the tail of the convoy. Former president <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a>, preferred to use his personal vehicle, a <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Land_Cruiser#200_Series" title="Toyota Land Cruiser">Toyota Land Cruiser 200</a> or his relative's <a href="/wiki/Lexus_LX#2007–2010" title="Lexus LX">Lexus LX 570</a> over the black presidential limousines after their electronic mechanisms were damaged by floodwater. Malacañang had announced its interest to acquire a new presidential limousine.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>, utilized a white, bullet-proof armored <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Landcruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyota Landcruiser">Toyota Landcruiser</a> as his official presidential vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Security Group">Presidential Security Group</a></div> <p>The Presidential Security Group (abbreviated PSG), is the lead agency tasked with providing security for the president, vice president, and their immediate families. They also provide protective service for visiting heads of state and diplomats. </p><p>Unlike similar groups around the world who protect other political figures, the PSG is not required to handle presidential candidates. However, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to a small security detail from the PSG. Currently, the PSG uses <a href="/wiki/Toyota_Fortuner" title="Toyota Fortuner">Toyota Fortuner</a> SUVs as its primary security vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_presidents">List of presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: List of presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">List of presidents of the Philippines</a></div> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_f0kfkkxce1e2tkj7vc9g2zkx50k8p1e"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" coords="760,267,888,289" title="Bongbong Marcos" alt="Bongbong Marcos" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" coords="745,255,874,277" title="Rodrigo Duterte" alt="Rodrigo Duterte" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" coords="709,244,857,266" title="Benigno Aquino III" alt="Benigno Aquino III" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" coords="674,232,851,254" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo" alt="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" coords="617,221,740,243" title="Joseph Estrada" alt="Joseph Estrada" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" coords="602,209,707,231" title="Fidel Ramos" alt="Fidel Ramos" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" coords="566,198,689,220" title="Corazon Aquino" alt="Corazon Aquino" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" coords="529,175,664,197" title="Ferdinand Marcos" alt="Ferdinand Marcos" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" coords="409,151,556,174" title="Diosdado Macapagal" alt="Diosdado Macapagal" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" coords="385,140,520,162" title="Carlos P. Garcia" alt="Carlos P. Garcia" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" coords="356,128,485,151" title="Ramon Magsaysay" alt="Ramon Magsaysay" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" coords="337,117,466,139" title="Elpidio Quirino" alt="Elpidio Quirino" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" coords="303,105,414,128" title="Manuel Roxas" alt="Manuel Roxas" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" coords="292,82,415,105" title="Sergio Osmeña" alt="Sergio Osmeña" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" coords="287,71,416,93" title="José P. Laurel" alt="José P. Laurel" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" coords="281,48,416,70" title="Manuel L. Quezon" alt="Manuel L. Quezon" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" coords="23,13,158,36" title="Emilio Aguinaldo" alt="Emilio Aguinaldo" /></map><img usemap="#timeline_f0kfkkxce1e2tkj7vc9g2zkx50k8p1e" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/f0kfkkxce1e2tkj7vc9g2zkx50k8p1e.png" /></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency">Post-presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Post-presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magsaysay_and_Garcia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Magsaysay_and_Garcia.jpg/220px-Magsaysay_and_Garcia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Magsaysay_and_Garcia.jpg/330px-Magsaysay_and_Garcia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Magsaysay_and_Garcia.jpg/440px-Magsaysay_and_Garcia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Garcia (right) and <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Magsaysay</a> (left)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_E._Marcos_and_Diosdado_Macapagal_at_the_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace_Music_Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ferdinand_E._Marcos_and_Diosdado_Macapagal_at_the_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace_Music_Room.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_E._Marcos_and_Diosdado_Macapagal_at_the_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace_Music_Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ferdinand_E._Marcos_and_Diosdado_Macapagal_at_the_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace_Music_Room.jpg/330px-Ferdinand_E._Marcos_and_Diosdado_Macapagal_at_the_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace_Music_Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ferdinand_E._Marcos_and_Diosdado_Macapagal_at_the_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace_Music_Room.jpg/440px-Ferdinand_E._Marcos_and_Diosdado_Macapagal_at_the_Malaca%C3%B1an_Palace_Music_Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>President-elect <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand E. Marcos</a> is received by incumbent President Diosdado Macapagal at the Malacañan Palace Music Room, before both proceeded to the inaugural venue, December 30, 1965.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sen_Primicias_in_Malacanang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sen_Primicias_in_Malacanang.jpg/220px-Sen_Primicias_in_Malacanang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sen_Primicias_in_Malacanang.jpg/330px-Sen_Primicias_in_Malacanang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Sen_Primicias_in_Malacanang.jpg/440px-Sen_Primicias_in_Malacanang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>At <a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a>, 1955. <i>Clockwise, from top left:</i> Senator <a href="/wiki/Edmundo_B._Cea" title="Edmundo B. Cea">Edmundo Cea</a>, Former President <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel Sr.</a>, Senator <a href="/wiki/Cipriano_Primicias_Sr." title="Cipriano Primicias Sr.">Cipriano Primicias</a>, Senate President <a href="/wiki/Eulogio_Rodriguez" title="Eulogio Rodriguez">Eulogio A. Rodriguez Sr.</a>, President Ramon F. Magsaysay, & House Speaker <a href="/wiki/Jose_Laurel_Jr." title="Jose Laurel Jr.">Jose B. Laurel Jr.</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aguinaldo_and_Quezon_in_1935.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aguinaldo_and_Quezon_in_1935.JPG/220px-Aguinaldo_and_Quezon_in_1935.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aguinaldo_and_Quezon_in_1935.JPG/330px-Aguinaldo_and_Quezon_in_1935.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Aguinaldo_and_Quezon_in_1935.JPG/440px-Aguinaldo_and_Quezon_in_1935.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>Presidents <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> during the 1935 campaign.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodrigo_Duterte_and_his_predecessors_(Ramos,_Estrada,_Arroyo_and_Aquino_III).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rodrigo_Duterte_and_his_predecessors_%28Ramos%2C_Estrada%2C_Arroyo_and_Aquino_III%29.jpg/260px-Rodrigo_Duterte_and_his_predecessors_%28Ramos%2C_Estrada%2C_Arroyo_and_Aquino_III%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rodrigo_Duterte_and_his_predecessors_%28Ramos%2C_Estrada%2C_Arroyo_and_Aquino_III%29.jpg/390px-Rodrigo_Duterte_and_his_predecessors_%28Ramos%2C_Estrada%2C_Arroyo_and_Aquino_III%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rodrigo_Duterte_and_his_predecessors_%28Ramos%2C_Estrada%2C_Arroyo_and_Aquino_III%29.jpg/520px-Rodrigo_Duterte_and_his_predecessors_%28Ramos%2C_Estrada%2C_Arroyo_and_Aquino_III%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>From left: Presidents <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Ejercito Estrada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Benigno_S._Aquino_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno S. Aquino III">Benigno S. Aquino III</a>; photo taken before the start of a <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Philippines)" title="National Security Council (Philippines)">National Security Council</a> meeting at the Malacañang Palace on July 27, 2016.</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving office, a number of presidents held various public positions and made an effort to remain in the limelight. Among other honors, except <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos Sr</a>, former presidents and their immediate families are entitled to seven soldiers as their security detail.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_P._Laurel" class="mw-redirect" title="José P. Laurel">José P. Laurel</a>, who was the only president of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a>, was elected to the Senate in 1951 and would serve in the upper house until 1957, making him the country's first head of state to seek lower office following his presidency. During his tenure, the <a href="/wiki/Nacionalista_Party" title="Nacionalista Party">Nacionalista Party</a> urged him to run for president in 1953. He declined, working instead for the successful election of <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a>, who subsequently appointed Laurel to head a diplomatic mission that was tasked with negotiating trade and other issues with United States officials, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Laurel-Langley_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurel-Langley Agreement">Laurel-Langley Agreement</a>. Laurel was also the chairperson of the Economic Mission to the United States (1954) and the founder of <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_of_the_Philippines_University" title="Lyceum of the Philippines University">Lyceum of the Philippines University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pangulo.ph_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pangulo.ph-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Council_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Council of State">Council of State</a> under Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, and García. He was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Philippines)" title="National Security Council (Philippines)">National Security Council</a> in the García administration.<sup id="cite_ref-pangulo.ph_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pangulo.ph-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> became a councilor of state under President Magsaysay.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> was a delegate, later elected, president of the Constitutional Convention on June 1, 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> was also a delegate and then succeeded Carlos P. García as president of the 1971 Constitutional Convention. He also lectured in universities and was later a Councilor of State under presidents Aquino and Ramos.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> was a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Philippines)" title="National Security Council (Philippines)">National Security Council</a> under Ramos, Estrada and Arroyo. She was also a member of the Council of State under President Arroyo.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a> founded the Ramos Peace and Development Foundation. He was a senior advisor and member of the National Security Council under President Estrada. Ramos was a member of the Council of State and an <a href="/wiki/Ambassador-at-Large" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador-at-Large">Ambassador-at-Large</a> under President Arroyo. He was later appointed as special envoy to China under President Duterte to open bilateral negotiations with China over the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="Territorial disputes in the South China Sea">disputes in the South China Sea</a> but later resigned on November 1 following President Duterte's state visit to Beijing on October 16, 2016.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> returned to film in November 2009, starring in <i><a href="/wiki/Ang_Tanging_Pamilya:_A_Marry_Go_Round" class="mw-redirect" title="Ang Tanging Pamilya: A Marry Go Round">Ang Tanging Pamilya: A Marry Go Round</a></i> as part of a promotional attempt to run for a second term as president in 2010 amid controversy on the legality of his intent (he was allowed to run anyway by the COMELEC since the Supreme Court never weighed in on the matter) with many questioning why such a constitutional violation was ever allowed. His release from prison in 2007 by his successor, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, restored his political privileges and allowed him to run again. Estrada eventually became a member of the National Security Council under Arroyo, Aquino III, Duterte and Marcos Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following his loss to Aquino III in 2010, he ran against <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Lim" title="Alfredo Lim">Alfredo Lim</a> for the office of Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> in 2013, and won. Estrada was mayor from 2013 to 2019, thus making him the third head of state to run for lower office following his presidency.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> ran for and won a seat in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives of the Philippines</a> as the Representative for the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_districts_of_Pampanga#2nd_District" title="Legislative districts of Pampanga">2nd District of Pampanga</a> in the 2010 elections and in the 2022 elections, making her the second head of state after Laurel to seek lower office following her presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arroyo would later serve in major positions in the House of Representatives such as <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">Deputy Speaker</a> within two consecutive terms (from 2016 to 2017, and another currently in 2022) and was later elected as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">House Speaker</a> on July 23, 2018, making her the first woman to hold that position.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> became a councilor of state under President Duterte.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> was a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Philippines)" title="National Security Council (Philippines)">National Security Council</a> under Marcos Jr.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_Philippines" title="First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines">First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_president_of_the_Philippines" title="Spouse of the president of the Philippines">Spouse of the president of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">Prime Minister of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_president_of_the_Philippines" title="Seal of the president of the Philippines">Seal of the president of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_spoken_by_presidents_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages spoken by presidents of the Philippines">Languages spoken by presidents of the 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pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the Philippines">List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the president of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_state_leaders_in_the_Philippines" title="List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines">List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recorded_datu_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of recorded datu in the Philippines">List of recorded datu in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">Governor-General of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal%C3%ADa" title="Principalía">Principalía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Say_Mabuhay" title="We Say Mabuhay">We Say Mabuhay</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The position was created by an independent revolutionary state, the "<a href="/wiki/Malolos_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos Republic">Malolos Republic</a>", but was not recognized internationally. The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine government">Philippine government</a> now recognizes the Malolos Republic as its predecessor state, which it also calls the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fn4_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fn4_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">From an international standpoint at that time, the <a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Philippine Republic</a> never existed but rather, <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Spain</a> ceded its <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Treaty of Paris</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>. Therefore, the international community only recognizes the first Philippine presidency under the US-associated <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth of the Philippines</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn5-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn5_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Budget_and_Management" title="Department of Budget and Management">Department of Budget and Management</a> (DBM) has indicated on their website that the president's salary grade is the 33rd. The 33rd salary grade on COMELEC's website states 395,858 pesos.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fn6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn6_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The four vice presidents who succeeded to the presidency upon their predecessor's death or resignation and finished-out that unexpired term are: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> (1944); <a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> (1948); <a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> (1957); and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> (2001).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/about/gov/exec/">Official Gazette: The Executive Branch</a><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aguinaldo_Presidency-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aguinaldo_Presidency_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2011/03/22/emilio-aguinaldo/">"Emilio Aguinaldo"</a>. <i>Official Gazette of the Philippine Government</i>. March 22, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Gazette+of+the+Philippine+Government&rft.atitle=Emilio+Aguinaldo&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F2011%2F03%2F22%2Femilio-aguinaldo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuevara2005" class="citation book cs1">Guevara, Sulpico, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=philamer;iel=1;view=toc;idno=aab1246.0001.001"><i>The laws of the first Philippine Republic (the laws of Malolos) 1898–1899</i></a>. Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Library (published 1972)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 10,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+laws+of+the+first+Philippine+Republic+%28the+laws+of+Malolos%29+1898%E2%80%931899.&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Library&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Ft%2Ftext%2Ftext-idx%3Fc%3Dphilamer%3Biel%3D1%3Bview%3Dtoc%3Bidno%3Daab1246.0001.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Const-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Const_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Const_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Const_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Const_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Const_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Const_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Const_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chanrobles.com/article7.htm">"1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines"</a>. Chan Robles Virtual Law Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1987+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines&rft.pub=Chan+Robles+Virtual+Law+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chanrobles.com%2Farticle7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salary_Grade-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salary_Grade_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2007/03/14/executive-order-no-611-s-2007/">"Salary Grade Table"</a>. <i>COMELEC</i>. Government of the Philippines. January 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=COMELEC&rft.atitle=Salary+Grade+Table&rft.date=2020-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2F2007%2F03%2F14%2Fexecutive-order-no-611-s-2007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dbm-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dbm_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Manual-on-PCC-Chapter-5.pdf">Salary Grades of Positions of Constitutional and Other Officials and Their Equivalents</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salary_2022-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salary_2022_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dbm.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/Issuances/2022/National-Budget-Circular/NATIONAL-BUDGET-CIRCULAR-NO-588.pdf">"NATIONAL-BUDGET-CIRCULAR-NO-588.pdf"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Budget Management</i>. Government of the Philippines. January 3, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Budget+Management&rft.atitle=NATIONAL-BUDGET-CIRCULAR-NO-588.pdf&rft.date=2022-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbm.gov.ph%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FIssuances%2F2022%2FNational-Budget-Circular%2FNATIONAL-BUDGET-CIRCULAR-NO-588.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-honorifics13-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-honorifics13_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalaverria2016" class="citation news cs1">Salaverria, Leila B. (July 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/798090/dont-call-me-your-excellency">"Don't call me 'Your Excellency'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Don%27t+call+me+%27Your+Excellency%27&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft.aulast=Salaverria&rft.aufirst=Leila+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F798090%2Fdont-call-me-your-excellency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-honorifics23-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-honorifics23_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rappler.com/nation/duterte-order-no-more-his-excellency">"Duterte order: Don't call me 'His Excellency'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a></i>. July 21, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rappler&rft.atitle=Duterte+order%3A+Don%27t+call+me+%27His+Excellency%27&rft.date=2016-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rappler.com%2Fnation%2Fduterte-order-no-more-his-excellency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-honorifics33-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-honorifics33_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://balita.net.ph/2016/07/22/out-na-ang-his-excellency/">"Out na ang 'His Excellency'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Balita - Tagalog Newspaper Tabloid</i> (in Tagalog). Balita. July 22, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balita+-+Tagalog+Newspaper+Tabloid&rft.atitle=Out+na+ang+%27His+Excellency%27&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalita.net.ph%2F2016%2F07%2F22%2Fout-na-ang-his-excellency%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225181716/http://thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/67-1943-constitution.html">"The 1943 Constitution"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/67-1943-constitution.html">the original</a> on February 25, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1943+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecorpusjuris.com%2Flaws%2Fconstitutions%2F8-philippineconstitutions%2F67-1943-constitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090522092815/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/66-1935-constitution.html">"The 1935 Constitution"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/66-1935-constitution.html">the original</a> on May 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1935+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecorpusjuris.com%2Flaws%2Fconstitutions%2F8-philippineconstitutions%2F66-1935-constitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080417201402/http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html">"The 1973 Constitution"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecorpusjuris.com/laws/constitutions/8-philippineconstitutions/68-1973-constitution.html">the original</a> on April 17, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1973+Constitution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecorpusjuris.com%2Flaws%2Fconstitutions%2F8-philippineconstitutions%2F68-1973-constitution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc_1081_1972.html">PROCLAMATION No. 1081 (September 21, 1972), PROCLAIMING A STATE OF MARTIAL LAW IN THE PHILIPPINES</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120804032402/http://www.lawphil.net/executive/proc/proc_1081_1972.html">Archived</a> August 4, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Lawphil.net.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPedrosa2018" class="citation web cs1">Pedrosa, Carmen N. (December 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2018/12/01/1873117/was-andres-bonifacio-first-philippine-president">"Was Andres Bonifacio the 1st Philippine president?"</a>. <i>Philstar.com</i>. The Philippine Star<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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November 29, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Manila+Times&rft.atitle=Recognition+sought+for+Bonifacio+as+first+Tagalog+Republic+president&rft.date=2013-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilatimes.net%2F2013%2F11%2F29%2Fnews%2Ftop-stories%2Frecognition-sought-for-bonifacio-as-1st-tagalog-republic-president%2F56790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/659502/bonifacios-claim-tagalog-republic">"Bonifacio's claim: Tagalog Republic"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a></i>. December 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Bonifacio%27s+claim%3A+Tagalog+Republic&rft.date=2014-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F659502%2Fbonifacios-claim-tagalog-republic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPo2013" class="citation news cs1">Po, Julie L. (May 12, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/52479/lessons-from-gat-andres-death">"Lessons from Gat Andres' death"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Lessons+from+Gat+Andres%27+death&rft.date=2013-05-12&rft.aulast=Po&rft.aufirst=Julie+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F52479%2Flessons-from-gat-andres-death&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbad2017" class="citation web cs1">Abad, Roderick (November 30, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businessmirror.com.ph/2017/11/30/bonifacio-descendant-wants-government-to-recognize-him-as-first-phl-president/">"Bonifacio descendant wants government to recognize him as first PHL president | Roderick Abad"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BusinessMirror" title="BusinessMirror">BusinessMirror</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BusinessMirror&rft.atitle=Bonifacio+descendant+wants+government+to+recognize+him+as+first+PHL+president+%7C+Roderick+Abad&rft.date=2017-11-30&rft.aulast=Abad&rft.aufirst=Roderick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbusinessmirror.com.ph%2F2017%2F11%2F30%2Fbonifacio-descendant-wants-government-to-recognize-him-as-first-phl-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opinion.inquirer.net/135738/the-supremos-supreme-love">"The Supremo's supreme love"</a>. <i>Philippine Daily Inquirer</i>. November 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Supremo%27s+supreme+love&rft.date=2020-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopinion.inquirer.net%2F135738%2Fthe-supremos-supreme-love&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusico2018" class="citation web cs1">Musico, Jelly (November 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1055414">"Filipinos honor 'Father of Philippine Revolution'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>www.pna.gov.ph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 8,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pna.gov.ph&rft.atitle=Filipinos+honor+%27Father+of+Philippine+Revolution%27&rft.date=2018-11-30&rft.aulast=Musico&rft.aufirst=Jelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pna.gov.ph%2Farticles%2F1055414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChua2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Chua" title="Xiao Chua">Chua, Xiao</a> (November 30, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/ancx/culture/spotlight/11/30/18/bonifacio-did-not-call-himself-supremo">"Bonifacio did not call himself Supremo"</a>. <i>ABS-CBN News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=Bonifacio+did+not+call+himself+Supremo&rft.date=2018-11-30&rft.aulast=Chua&rft.aufirst=Xiao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Fancx%2Fculture%2Fspotlight%2F11%2F30%2F18%2Fbonifacio-did-not-call-himself-supremo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorromeoBorromeo-Buehler1998">Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA25#PPA25,M1">25</a> (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA61#PPA61,M1">61</a>, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"This article underscores the existence of a de facto revolutionary government (with Bonifacio as its president) that antedated the revolutionary government in Cavite based upon the controversial Tejeros Convention. An attempt to change the official date of the <i>Cry</i> [see Cry of Pugad Lawin] from 23 to 24 August 1896 during a committee hearing on Senate Bill No. 336, held on 17 August 1993, apparently failed.". <i>Sulyap Kultura</i>. <b>1</b> (2). National Commission of Culture and the Arts, Philippines. 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sulyap+Kultura&rft.atitle=This+article+underscores+the+existence+of+a+de+facto+revolutionary+government+%28with+Bonifacio+as+its+president%29+that+antedated+the+revolutionary+government+in+Cavite+based+upon+the+controversial+Tejeros+Convention.+An+attempt+to+change+the+official+date+of+the+Cry+%5Bsee+Cry+of+Pugad+Lawin%5D+from+23+to+24+August+1896+during+a+committee+hearing+on+Senate+Bill+No.+336%2C+held+on+17+August+1993%2C+apparently+failed.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>);<br /> ^ <a href="#CITEREFBorromeoBorromeo-Buehler1998">Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA26">26</a>, "Formation of a revolutionary government";<br /> ^ <a href="#CITEREFBorromeoBorromeo-Buehler1998">Borromeo & Borromeo-Buehler 1998</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C&pg=PA135#PPA135,M1">135</a> (in "Document G", <i>Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos</i>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaliliHalili2004">Halili & Halili 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA138#PPA138">138–139</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeverino2007" class="citation news cs1">Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090903173515/http://blogs.gmanews.tv/sidetrip/blog/?%2Farchives%2F301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html">"Bonifacio for (first) president"</a>. GMA News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.gmanews.tv/sidetrip/blog/?/archives/301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html">the original</a> on September 3, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bonifacio+for+%28first%29+president&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.aulast=Severino&rft.aufirst=Howie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.gmanews.tv%2Fsidetrip%2Fblog%2F%3F%2Farchives%2F301-Bonifacio-for-first-president.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guerrero_2001-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guerrero_2001_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerreroSchumacher,_S.J.1998" class="citation book cs1">Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?as_isbn=9622582281"><i>Reform and Revolution</i></a>. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People. Vol. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1" title="Special:BookSources/962-258-228-1"><bdi>962-258-228-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+and+Revolution&rft.series=Kasaysayan%3A+The+History+of+the+Filipino+People&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=962-258-228-1&rft.aulast=Guerrero&rft.aufirst=Milagros&rft.au=Schumacher%2C+S.J.%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fas_isbn%3D9622582281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guerrero_1996-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guerrero_1996_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="guerrero1996a" class="citation journal cs1">Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnación, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramón (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143743/http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">"Andrés Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution"</a>. <i>Sulyap Kultura</i>. <b>1</b> (2). National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/articles-on-c-n-a/article.php?i=5&subcat=1">the original</a> on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Inquirer&rft.atitle=PH+Air+Force+commissions+brand+new+%27command+and+control%27+aircraft&rft.date=2020-09-21&rft.aulast=Mangosing&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1338091%2Fph-air-force-commissions-brand-new-command-and-control-aircraft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OG_Yachts-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OG_Yachts_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/presidential-yachts/">The Presidential Yachts</a>, Official Gazette, Office of the President.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uSeTH_5biys">President Aquino arrives at the Palace – YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wheninmanila.com/11-historic-philippine-presidential-cars/">"11 Historic Philippine Presidential Cars We Love"</a>. <i>When In Manila</i>. June 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 3,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=When+In+Manila&rft.atitle=11+Historic+Philippine+Presidential+Cars+We+Love&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wheninmanila.com%2F11-historic-philippine-presidential-cars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillones2016" class="citation news cs1">Billones, Trisha (July 12, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/07/12/16/a-look-at-presidential-cars-in-philippine-history">"A look at presidential cars in Philippine history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN News">ABS-CBN News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABS-CBN+News&rft.atitle=A+look+at+presidential+cars+in+Philippine+history&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.aulast=Billones&rft.aufirst=Trisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.abs-cbn.com%2Flife%2F07%2F12%2F16%2Fa-look-at-presidential-cars-in-philippine-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillones2016" class="citation web cs1">Billones, Trisha (July 13, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nhcp.gov.ph/look-presidential-cars-philippine-history/">"A look at presidential cars in Philippine history"</a>. <i>National Historical Commission of the Philippines</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_News" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN News">ABS-CBN News</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Historical+Commission+of+the+Philippines&rft.atitle=A+look+at+presidential+cars+in+Philippine+history&rft.date=2016-07-13&rft.aulast=Billones&rft.aufirst=Trisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnhcp.gov.ph%2Flook-presidential-cars-philippine-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ph.news.yahoo.com/palace-presidential-car-necessary-expense-142313621.html">Palace: Presidential Car Necessary Expense – Yahoo News Philippines</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurel2022" class="citation web cs1">Laurel, Drei (June 30, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/feature-articles/bbm-presidential-vehicle-a962-20220630">"It looks like BBM is ending the trend of using Japanese SUVs as the presidential vehicle"</a>. <i>Top Gear Philippines</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Top+Gear+Philippines&rft.atitle=It+looks+like+BBM+is+ending+the+trend+of+using+Japanese+SUVs+as+the+presidential+vehicle&rft.date=2022-06-30&rft.aulast=Laurel&rft.aufirst=Drei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.topgear.com.ph%2Ffeatures%2Ffeature-articles%2Fbbm-presidential-vehicle-a962-20220630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307012756/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/feb/26/yehey/top_stories/20070226top2.html">The Manila Times | TOP STORIES > Pullout of Erap security a 'mistake'</a> (archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/feb/26/yehey/top_stories/20070226top2.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pangulo.ph/prexy_jpl.php">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080325044038/http://pangulo.ph/prexy_jpl.php">Archived</a> March 25, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pangulo.ph-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pangulo.ph_147-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pangulo.ph_147-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pangulo.ph/">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421035657/http://pangulo.ph/">Archived</a> April 21, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pangulo.ph/prexy_sgo.php">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090223192944/http://pangulo.ph/prexy_sgo.php">Archived</a> February 23, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pangulo.ph/prexy_eq.php">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307035213/http://pangulo.ph/prexy_eq.php">Archived</a> March 7, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://pangulo.ph/prexy_cpg.php">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080418022404/http://pangulo.ph/prexy_cpg.php">Archived</a> April 18, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amita O. Legaspi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/story/181294/estrada-to-return-to-malacantildeang-tuesday">Estrada to return to Malacañang</a>, January 11, 2007, GMANews.TV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/story/181334/9-years-after-ouster-erap-back-in-malacantildeang">9 years after ouster, Erap back in Malacañang</a>, January 12, 2010, GMANews.TV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanews.tv/video/53691/qtv-erap-back-in-malacaang-for-nsc-meeting">QTV: Erap back in Malacañang for NSC meeting</a>, December 1, 2010, GMANews.TV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tonette Orejas, Charlene Cayabyab, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/regions/view/20100513-269697/Arroyo-proclaimed-congresswoman-of-Pampangas-2nd-district">Arroyo proclaimed congresswoman of Pampanga's 2nd district</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100516033738/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/regions/view/20100513-269697/Arroyo-proclaimed-congresswoman-of-Pampangas-2nd-district">Archived</a> May 16, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 13, 2010, Philippine Daily Inquirer</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/661471/gloria-takes-seat-at-house-rostrum-alvarez-welcomes-duterte/story/?just_in">"NEW SPEAKER? Gloria takes seat at House rostrum, Alvarez welcomes Duterte"</a>. <i>GMA News Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GMA+News+Online&rft.atitle=NEW+SPEAKER%3F+Gloria+takes+seat+at+House+rostrum%2C+Alvarez+welcomes+Duterte&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmanetwork.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F661471%2Fgloria-takes-seat-at-house-rostrum-alvarez-welcomes-duterte%2Fstory%2F%3Fjust_in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorromeoBorromeo-Buehler1998" class="citation book cs1">Borromeo, Soledad Masangkay; Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJnMSmXLvr4C"><i>The Cry of Balintawak: A contrived Controversy: A Textual Analysis with Appended Documents</i></a>. Ateneo de Manila University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-550-278-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-550-278-8"><bdi>978-971-550-278-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cry+of+Balintawak%3A+A+contrived+Controversy%3A+A+Textual+Analysis+with+Appended+Documents&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-971-550-278-8&rft.aulast=Borromeo&rft.aufirst=Soledad+Masangkay&rft.au=Borromeo-Buehler%2C+Soledad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJnMSmXLvr4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaliliHalili2004" class="citation book cs1">Halili, Christine N; Halili, Maria Christine (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC"><i>Philippine History</i></a>. Rex Bookstore, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-23-3934-9"><bdi>978-971-23-3934-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philippine+History&rft.pub=Rex+Bookstore%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-971-23-3934-9&rft.aulast=Halili&rft.aufirst=Christine+N&rft.au=Halili%2C+Maria+Christine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgUt5v8ET4QYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresident+of+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_of_the_Philippines&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Presidents of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Philippine_Republic" title="First Philippine Republic">First Republic</a> (1899–1901)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Aguinaldo" title="Emilio Aguinaldo">Emilio Aguinaldo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines" title="Commonwealth of the Philippines">Commonwealth</a> (1935–1946)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_L._Quezon" title="Manuel L. Quezon">Manuel L. Quezon</a> (1935–1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Osme%C3%B1a" title="Sergio Osmeña">Sergio Osmeña</a> (1944–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Republic</a> (1943–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a> (1946–1973)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Roxas" title="Manuel Roxas">Manuel Roxas</a> (1946–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elpidio_Quirino" title="Elpidio Quirino">Elpidio Quirino</a> (1948–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Magsaysay" title="Ramon Magsaysay">Ramon Magsaysay</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_P._Garcia" title="Carlos P. Garcia">Carlos P. Garcia</a> (1957–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Macapagal" title="Diosdado Macapagal">Diosdado Macapagal</a> (1961–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos#First_and_second_terms,_and_antecedent_events_(1965–1972_and_earlier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">1965–1973</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Martial law era</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos#Martial_law_period_(September_1972_–_January_1981)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">1973–1981</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Fourth Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos#"Fourth_Republic"_period_(January_1981_–_February_1986" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">1981–1986</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Ferdinand Marcos</a> (1981–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a> (1986–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Corazon_Aquino" title="Presidency of Corazon Aquino">1986–1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos">1992–1998</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joseph_Estrada" title="Presidency of Joseph Estrada">1998–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">2001–2010</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Presidency of Benigno Aquino III">2010–2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Presidency of Rodrigo Duterte">2016–2022</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bongbong_Marcos" title="Presidency of Bongbong Marcos">2022–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Presidents of the Philippines">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_related_to_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippine_presidents_and_vice_presidents_lists" title="Template:Philippine presidents and vice presidents lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippine_presidents_and_vice_presidents_lists" title="Template talk:Philippine presidents and vice presidents lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine_presidents_and_vice_presidents_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippine presidents and vice presidents lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_related_to_presidents_and_vice_presidents_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists related to presidents and vice presidents of the Philippines</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">List of presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of vice presidents of the Philippines">List of vice presidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_presidential_campaign_slogans" title="List of Philippine presidential campaign slogans">Campaign slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_presidents_of_the_Philippines_who_pursued_public_office" title="List of former presidents of the Philippines who pursued public office">Post-presidency campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_previous_executive_experience" title="List of presidents of the Philippines by previous executive experience">Previous executive experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_time_in_office" title="List of presidents of the Philippines by time in office">Time in office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_education" title="List of presidents of the Philippines by education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multilingual_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of multilingual presidents of the Philippines">Languages spoken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_province" title="List of presidents of the Philippines by province">Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouse_of_the_president_of_the_Philippines" title="Spouse of the president of the Philippines">Spouses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_on_currency" title="List of presidents of the Philippines on currency">Currency appearances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Presidential elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_ladies_and_gentlemen_of_the_Philippines" title="First ladies and gentlemen of the Philippines">First ladies and gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_actors_who_played_the_president_of_the_Philippines" title="List of actors who played the president of the Philippines">Portrayals in media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_tickets" title="List of presidents of the Philippines by tickets">Tickets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vice presidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_place_of_primary_affiliation" title="List of vice presidents of the Philippines by place of primary affiliation">Place of primary affiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Philippines_by_time_in_office" title="List of vice presidents of the Philippines by time in office">Time in office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Succession</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_inauguration#List_of_inaugural_ceremonies" title="Philippine presidential inauguration">Inaugurations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_presidential_line_of_succession" title="Philippine presidential line of succession">Line of succession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Office of the President of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Office of the President of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Office of the President of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Office of the President of the Philippines</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Bongbong_Marcos" title="Bongbong Marcos">Bongbong Marcos</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">list</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaca%C3%B1ang_Palace" title="Malacañang Palace">Malacañang Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Executive Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_(Philippines)" title="Executive Secretary (Philippines)">Office of the Executive Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_the_Chief_Presidential_Legal_Counsel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of the Chief Presidential Legal Counsel (page does not exist)">Office of the Chief Presidential Legal Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Communications_Group" title="Presidential Communications Group">Presidential Communications Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Legislative_Liaison_Office" title="Presidential Legislative Liaison Office">Presidential Legislative Liaison Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Management_Staff_(Philippines)" title="Presidential Management Staff (Philippines)">Presidential Management Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Security_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Security Group">Presidential Security Group</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/225px-Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2424" data-file-height="2424" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attached Agencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Red_Tape_Authority" title="Anti-Red Tape Authority">Anti-Red Tape Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority_of_the_Freeport_Area_of_Bataan" title="Authority of the Freeport Area of Bataan">Authority of the Freeport Area of Bataan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bases_Conversion_and_Development_Authority" title="Bases Conversion and Development Authority">Bases Conversion and Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Cagayan Special Economic Zone">Cagayan Special Economic Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Climate_Change_Commission_(Philippines)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Climate Change Commission (Philippines) (page does not exist)">Climate Change Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Filipinos_Overseas" title="Commission on Filipinos Overseas">Commission on Filipinos Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Higher_Education_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)">Commission on Higher Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_the_Filipino_Language" title="Commission on the Filipino Language">Commission on the Filipino Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Philippines" title="Cultural Center of the Philippines">Cultural Center of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Drugs_Board" title="Dangerous Drugs Board">Dangerous Drugs Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_Development_Council_of_the_Philippines" title="Film Development Council of the Philippines">Film Development Council of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Commission_of_the_Philippines" title="National Historical Commission of the Philippines">National Historical Commission of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_Urban_Development_Coordinating_Council" title="Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council">Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Manila_Development_Authority" title="Metropolitan Manila Development Authority">Metropolitan Manila Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_Development_Authority" title="Mindanao Development Authority">Mindanao Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movie_and_Television_Review_and_Classification_Board" title="Movie and Television Review and Classification Board">Movie and Television Review and Classification Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Anti-Poverty_Commission_(Philippines)" title="National Anti-Poverty Commission (Philippines)">National Anti-Poverty Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_of_the_Philippines" title="National Archives of the Philippines">National Archives of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Culture_and_the_Arts" title="National Commission for Culture and the Arts">National Commission for Culture and the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Commission_of_Senior_Citizens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Commission of Senior Citizens (page does not exist)">National Commission of Senior Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Economic_and_Development_Authority" title="National Economic and Development Authority">National Economic and Development Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Coordinating_Agency" title="National Intelligence Coordinating Agency">National Intelligence Coordinating Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Council_(Philippines)" title="National Security Council (Philippines)">National Security Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Solid_Waste_Management_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Solid Waste Management Commission (page does not exist)">National Solid Waste Management Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Presidential_Adviser_on_the_Peace_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process">Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_Media_Board" title="Optical Media Board">Optical Media Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Charity_Sweepstakes_Office" title="Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office">Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Competition_Commission" title="Philippine Competition Commission">Philippine Competition Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Drug_Enforcement_Agency" title="Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency">Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Postal_Corporation" title="Philippine Postal Corporation">Philippine Postal Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippine_Reclamation_Authority&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippine Reclamation Authority (page does not exist)">Philippine Reclamation Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">Philippine Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sports_Commission" title="Philippine Sports Commission">Philippine Sports Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentro_Rizal" title="Sentro Rizal">Sentro Rizal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subic_Bay_Metropolitan_Authority" title="Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority">Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_Southeast_Asian_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Southeast_Asian_leaders" title="Template:Southeast Asian leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Southeast_Asian_leaders" title="Template talk:Southeast Asian leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast_Asian_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Southeast Asian leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_Southeast_Asian_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of Southeast Asian countries</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Brunei" title="List of sultans of Brunei">Brunei (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Cambodia" title="List of heads of state of Cambodia">Cambodia (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_East_Timor" title="President of East Timor">East Timor (President)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">Laos (President)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Malaysia" title="King of Malaysia">Malaysia (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Myanmar" title="President of Myanmar">Myanmar (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Myanmar" title="List of presidents of Myanmar">list</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Singapore" title="President of Singapore">Singapore (President)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand (Monarch)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Thai_monarchs" title="List of Thai monarchs">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Vietnam" title="President of Vietnam">Vietnam (President)</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Vietnam" title="List of presidents of Vietnam">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Brunei" title="Prime Minister of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cambodia" title="Prime Minister of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Cambodia" title="List of prime ministers of Cambodia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_East_Timor" title="Prime Minister of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Indonesia" title="President of Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Indonesia" title="List of presidents of Indonesia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Myanmar" title="Prime Minister of Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Myanmar" title="List of prime ministers of Myanmar">list</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Philippines" title="List of presidents of the Philippines">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Singapore" title="Prime Minister of Singapore">Singapore</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Singapore" title="List of presidents of Singapore">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Thailand</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Thailand" title="List of prime ministers of Thailand">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Vietnam" title="Prime Minister of Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Vietnam" title="List of prime ministers of Vietnam">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Supreme_Leader" class="extiw" title="wikt:Supreme Leader">Supreme leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_State_Administration_Council" title="Chairman of the State Administration Council">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Vietnam" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">heads of state</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Burmese_monarchs" title="List of Burmese monarchs">Burma (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies (Governor-General)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indonesia" title="Prime Minister of Indonesia">Indonesia (Prime Minister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Laos" title="List of monarchs of Laos">Laos (Monarch)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Counsellor_of_Myanmar" title="State Counsellor of Myanmar">Myanmar (State Counsellor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_state_leaders_in_the_Philippines" title="List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines">Philippines</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_the_Philippines" title="Governor-General of the Philippines">(Governor-General)</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Philippines" title="Prime Minister of the Philippines">(Prime Minister)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaders of South Vietnam">South Vietnam (leaders)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:lavender;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Secretaries-General_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Secretaries-General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Philippines_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" 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