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aria-controls="toc-Construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Universal_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universal_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Universal components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universal_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bellows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bellows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Bellows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bellows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pallet_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pallet_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Pallet mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pallet_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variable_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variable_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Variable components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variable_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Right-hand_keyboard_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right-hand_keyboard_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Right-hand keyboard systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right-hand_keyboard_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Left-hand_keyboard_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left-hand_keyboard_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Left-hand keyboard systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left-hand_keyboard_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reed_ranks_and_switches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reed_ranks_and_switches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Reed ranks and switches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reed_ranks_and_switches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_of_chromatic_and_piano_type_accordions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_of_chromatic_and_piano_type_accordions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Classification of chromatic and piano type accordions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification_of_chromatic_and_piano_type_accordions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Straps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Straps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Straps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Straps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_and_digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_and_digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>Electronic and digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_and_digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unusual_accordions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unusual_accordions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Unusual accordions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unusual_accordions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manufacturing_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Manufacturing process</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_various_music_genres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_various_music_genres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Use in various music genres</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_in_various_music_genres-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use in various music genres subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_in_various_music_genres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_traditional_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_traditional_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Use in traditional music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_traditional_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_jazz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_jazz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Use in jazz</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_jazz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_jazz_accordionists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_jazz_accordionists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Notable jazz accordionists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_jazz_accordionists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Left_hand_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left_hand_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Left hand techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left_hand_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Use in popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_classical_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_classical_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Use in classical music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_classical_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colombia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colombia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Colombia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colombia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>North Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_audio_samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_audio_samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other audio samples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_audio_samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Accordion</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 95 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-95" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">95 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekklavier" title="Trekklavier – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Trekklavier" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkordeon" title="Akkordeon – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Akkordeon" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="أكورديون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أكورديون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cordi%C3%B3n" title="Cordión – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cordión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acordi%C3%B3n" title="Acordión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Acordión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkordeon" title="Akkordeon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akkordeon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Акардэон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акардэон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Акардэон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Акардэон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Акордеон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Акордеон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwetschn" title="Gwetschn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gwetschn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A6%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ལག་སྦྲེང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལག་སྦྲེང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonika" title="Harmonika – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Harmonika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordeo%C3%B1s" title="Akordeoñs – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Akordeoñs" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acordi%C3%B3" title="Acordió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Acordió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordeon" title="Akordeon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akordeon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acordion" title="Acordion – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Acordion" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonika" title="Harmonika – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Harmonika" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkordeon" title="Akkordeon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akkordeon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordion" title="Akordion – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Akordion" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Ακορντεόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακορντεόν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorde%C3%B3n" title="Acordeón – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Acordeón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordiono" title="Akordiono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Akordiono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordeoi" title="Akordeoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akordeoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="آکوردئون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آکوردئون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accord%C3%A9on" title="Accordéon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accordéon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armoniche" title="Armoniche – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Armoniche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caird%C3%ADn" title="Cairdín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cairdín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogsa-ci%C3%B9il" title="Bogsa-ciùil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bogsa-ciùil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorde%C3%B3n" title="Acordeón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Acordeón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Каьхата пандар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Каьхата пандар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%BD%94%EB%94%94%EC%96%B8" title="아코디언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아코디언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ակորդեոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ակորդեոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonika" title="Harmonika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Harmonika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordeono" title="Akordeono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Akordeono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordeon" title="Akordeon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akordeon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Accordion" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acordeon" title="Acordeon – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Acordeon" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisarmonica" title="Fisarmonica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fisarmonica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אקורדיון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אקורדיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აკორდეონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აკორდეონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%C3%B2rde%C3%B3n" title="Akòrdeón – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Akòrdeón" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Аккордеон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аккордеон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordiyon" title="Akordiyon – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Akordiyon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Аккордеон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аккордеон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonium" title="Harmonium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Harmonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordeons" title="Akordeons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Akordeons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordeonas" title="Akordeonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akordeonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lind%C3%A1nda" title="Lindánda – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lindánda" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisarmonega" title="Fisarmonega – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Fisarmonega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonika" title="Harmonika – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harmonika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Хармоника – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хармоника" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angorodao" title="Angorodao – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Angorodao" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="അക്കോർഡിയൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അക്കോർഡിയൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="აკორდეონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აკორდეონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="اكورديون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اكورديون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordion" title="Akordion – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Akordion" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D1%83%D1%80" title="Баян хуур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баян хуур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordeon" title="Accordeon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Accordeon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="アコーディオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アコーディオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekkspill" title="Trekkspill – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trekkspill" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trekkspel" title="Trekkspel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trekkspel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acordeon" title="Acordeon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acordeon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkordeon" title="Akkordeon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Akkordeon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkordeon" title="Akkordeon – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Akkordeon" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quetschkommood" title="Quetschkommood – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Quetschkommood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akordeon" title="Akordeon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akordeon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorde%C3%A3o" title="Acordeão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acordeão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acordeon" title="Acordeon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Acordeon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yatana_takiy_phukulli" title="Yatana takiy phukulli – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yatana takiy phukulli" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Аккордеоны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аккордеоны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organitu" title="Organitu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Organitu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizarmonika" title="Fizarmonika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fizarmonika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisarm%C3%B2nica" title="Fisarmònica – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Fisarmònica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="එකෝඩියන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එකෝඩියන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Accordion" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="اڪارڊين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اڪارڊين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akorde%C3%B3n" title="Akordeón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akordeón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonika" title="Harmonika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Harmonika" 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bellows-driven free-reed aerophone musical instrument</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Accordion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Accordion (disambiguation)">Accordion (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Accordion</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_converter_free-bass_piano-accordion_and_a_Russian_bayan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_converter_free-bass_piano-accordion_and_a_Russian_bayan.jpg/184px-A_converter_free-bass_piano-accordion_and_a_Russian_bayan.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_converter_free-bass_piano-accordion_and_a_Russian_bayan.jpg/276px-A_converter_free-bass_piano-accordion_and_a_Russian_bayan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/A_converter_free-bass_piano-accordion_and_a_Russian_bayan.jpg/368px-A_converter_free-bass_piano-accordion_and_a_Russian_bayan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1268" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">piano accordion</a> (top) and a <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_button_accordion" title="Chromatic button accordion">button accordion</a> (bottom)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c"><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">Keyboard instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">412.132<br />(<a href="/wiki/Free_reed_aerophone" title="Free reed aerophone">Free-reed</a> <a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">aerophone</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">Early 19th century</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c"><a href="/wiki/Range_(music)" title="Range (music)">Playing range</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <p>Depends on configuration: <b>Right-hand keyboard</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_button_accordion" title="Chromatic button accordion">Chromatic button accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">Diatonic button accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a></li></ul> <p><b>Left-hand keyboard</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stradella_bass_system" title="Stradella bass system">Stradella bass system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-bass_system" title="Free-bass system">Free-bass system</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c"><a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">Related instruments</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> <p><b>Hand-pumped:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bandoneon" title="Bandoneon">Bandoneon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flutina" title="Flutina">flutina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garmon" title="Garmon">garmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trikitixa" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikitixa">trikitixa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ#Harmonium" title="Pump organ">Indian harmonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmoneon" title="Harmoneon">harmoneon</a> </p><p><b>Foot-pumped:</b> <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">Harmonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">reed organ</a> </p><p><b>Mouth-blown:</b> <a href="/wiki/Claviola" title="Claviola">Claviola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melodica" title="Melodica">melodica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a>, Laotian <a href="/wiki/Khene" title="Khene">khene</a>, Chinese <a href="/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)" title="Sheng (instrument)">shēng</a>, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_(instrument)" title="Shō (instrument)">shō</a> </p><p><b>Electronic reedless instruments:</b> </p> <a href="/wiki/Digital_accordion" title="Digital accordion">Digital accordion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronium" title="Electronium">Electronium</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c">Musicians</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> Accordionists (<a href="/wiki/List_of_accordionists" title="List of accordionists">list of accordionists</a>).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #f0e68c">More articles or information</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span></span> Accordion, <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_button_accordion" title="Chromatic button accordion">Chromatic button accordion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayan_(accordion)" title="Bayan (accordion)">Bayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">Diatonic button accordion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stradella_bass_system" title="Stradella bass system">Stradella bass system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free-bass_system" title="Free-bass system">Free-bass system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accordion_reed_ranks_and_switches" title="Accordion reed ranks and switches">Accordion reed ranks and switches</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accordionist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Accordionist.jpg/260px-Accordionist.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Accordionist.jpg/390px-Accordionist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Accordionist.jpg/520px-Accordionist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5236" data-file-height="3491" /></a><figcaption>An accordionist</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Accordions</b> (from 19th-century <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Akkordeon</i></span></i>, from <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Akkord</i></span></i>—"musical chord, concord of sounds")<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a family of box-shaped <a href="/wiki/Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">musical instruments</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a>-driven <a href="/wiki/Free_reed_aerophone" title="Free reed aerophone">free reed aerophone</a> type (producing sound as air flows past a <a href="/wiki/Reed_(mouthpiece)" title="Reed (mouthpiece)">reed</a> in a frame). The essential characteristic of the accordion is to combine in one instrument a melody section, also called the <a href="/wiki/Descant" title="Descant">diskant</a>, usually on the right-hand keyboard, with an accompaniment or <a href="/wiki/Basso_continuo" title="Basso continuo">Basso continuo</a> functionality on the left-hand. The musician normally plays the <a href="/wiki/Melody" title="Melody">melody</a> on buttons or keys on the right-hand side (referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keyboard</a> or sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)"><i>manual</i></a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Accompaniment" title="Accompaniment">accompaniment</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">bass</a> or pre-set <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chord</a> buttons on the left-hand side. A person who plays the accordion is called an <b>accordionist</b>. </p><p>The accordion belongs to the free-reed aerophone family. Other instruments in this family include the <a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bandoneon" title="Bandoneon">bandoneon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concertina and bandoneon do not have the melody–accompaniment duality. The <a href="/wiki/Harmoneon" title="Harmoneon">harmoneon</a> is also related and, while having the descant vs. melody dualism, tries to make it less pronounced. The <a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">harmonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="American reed organ">American reed organ</a> are in the same family, but are typically larger than an accordion and sit on a surface or the floor. </p><p>The accordion is played by compressing or expanding the bellows while pressing buttons or <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">keys</a>, causing <i>pallets</i> to open, which allow air to flow across strips of brass or steel, called <i>reeds</i>. These vibrate to produce sound inside the body. Valves on opposing reeds of each note are used to make the instrument's reeds sound louder without air leaking from each reed block.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accordion is widely spread across the world because of the waves of migration from Europe to the Americas and other regions. In some countries (for example: Argentina, Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Panama) it is used in popular music (for example: <a href="/wiki/Chamam%C3%A9" title="Chamamé">Chamamé</a> in Argentina; gaucho, <a href="/wiki/Forr%C3%B3" title="Forró">forró</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_sertaneja" class="mw-redirect" title="Música sertaneja">sertanejo</a> in Brazil; <a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">vallenato</a> in Colombia; <a href="/wiki/Merengue_music" title="Merengue music">merengue</a> in the Dominican Republic; and <a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">norteño</a> in Mexico), whereas in other regions (such as Europe, North America, and other countries in South America) it tends to be more used for <a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">dance-pop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>. </p><p>In Europe and North America, <a href="#Use_in_popular_music">some popular music acts</a> also make use of the instrument. Additionally, the accordion is used in <a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">cajun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz music">jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a> music, and in both solo and orchestral performances of <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>. Many conservatories in Europe have classical accordion departments. The oldest name for this group of instruments is <i>harmonika</i>, from the Greek <i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">harmonikos</i></span></i>, meaning "harmonic, musical". Today, native versions of the name <i>accordion</i> are more common. These names refer to the type of accordion <a href="#History">patented by Cyrill Demian</a>, which concerned "automatically coupled chords on the bass side".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Free_reed_aerophone#History" title="Free reed aerophone">History of free reed aerophones</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8_key_accordion.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/8_key_accordion.JPG/220px-8_key_accordion.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/8_key_accordion.JPG/330px-8_key_accordion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/8_key_accordion.JPG/440px-8_key_accordion.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption>Eight-key bisonoric diatonic accordion (c. 1830)</figcaption></figure> <p>The accordion's basic form is believed to have been invented in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, in 1822, by <a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Ludwig_Buschmann" title="Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann">Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although one instrument was discovered in 2006 that appears to have been built earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest history of the accordion in Russia is poorly documented. Nevertheless, according to Russian researchers, the earliest known simple accordions were made in <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula, Russia</a>, by <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Сизов, Иван Евстратьевич">Ivan Sizov</a> and <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Воронцов, Тимофей Пименович">Timofey Vorontsov</a> around 1830, after they received an early accordion from Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 1840s, the instrument was already very widespread;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> together the factories of the two masters were producing 10,000 instruments a year. By 1866, over 50,000 instruments were being produced yearly by Tula and neighbouring villages, and by 1874 the yearly production was over 700,000.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1860s, <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Governorate" title="Novgorod Governorate">Novgorod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyatka_Governorate" title="Vyatka Governorate">Vyatka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saratov_Governorate" title="Saratov Governorate">Saratov</a> governorates also had significant accordion production. By the 1880s, the list included <a href="/wiki/Oryol_Governorate" title="Oryol Governorate">Oryol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryazan_Governorate" title="Ryazan Governorate">Ryazan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Governorate" title="Moscow Governorate">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tver_Governorate" title="Tver Governorate">Tver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vologda_Governorate" title="Vologda Governorate">Vologda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kostroma_Governorate" title="Kostroma Governorate">Kostroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Governorate" title="Nizhny Novgorod Governorate">Nizhny Novgorod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simbirsk_Governorate" title="Simbirsk Governorate">Simbirsk</a>, and many of these places created their own varieties of the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accordion is one of several European inventions of the early 19th century that use free reeds driven by a bellows. An instrument called <i>accordion</i> was first patented in 1829 by <a href="/wiki/Cyrill_Demian" title="Cyrill Demian">Cyrill Demian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demian's instrument bore little resemblance to modern instruments. It only had a left hand buttonboard, with the right hand simply operating the bellows. One key feature for which Demian sought the patent was the sounding of an entire chord by depressing one key. His instrument also could sound two different chords with the same key, one for each bellows direction (a <i>bisonoric</i> action). At that time in Vienna, mouth <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonicas</a> with <i>Kanzellen</i> (chambers) had already been available for many years, along with bigger instruments driven by hand bellows. The <a href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</a> key arrangement was also already in use on mouth-blown instruments. Demian's patent thus covered an accompanying instrument: an accordion played with the left hand, opposite to the way that contemporary chromatic hand harmonicas were played, small and light enough for travelers to take with them and used to accompany singing. The patent also described instruments with both <a href="/wiki/Bass_(sound)" title="Bass (sound)">bass</a> and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/treble" class="extiw" title="wikt:treble">treble</a> sections, although Demian preferred the bass-only instrument owing to its cost and weight advantages.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accordion was introduced from Germany into Britain in about the year 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument was noted in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> in 1831 as one new to British audiences<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was not favourably reviewed, but nevertheless it soon became popular.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had also become popular with New Yorkers by the mid-1840s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Demian's invention, other accordions appeared, some featuring only the right-handed keyboard for playing melodies. It took English inventor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> to bring both chords and keyboard together in one squeezebox. His 1844 patent for what he called a <i><a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a></i> also featured the ability to easily tune the reeds from the outside with a simple tool.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accordionschule1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Accordionschule1.JPG/220px-Accordionschule1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Accordionschule1.JPG/330px-Accordionschule1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Accordionschule1.JPG/440px-Accordionschule1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1857" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption>The first pages in Adolf Müller's accordion book</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrian</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Adolf_M%C3%BCller_Sr." title="Adolf Müller Sr.">Adolf Müller</a> described a great variety of instruments in his 1854 book <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schule für Accordion</i></span></i>. At the time, Vienna and London had a close musical relationship, with musicians often performing in both cities in the same year, so it is possible that Wheatstone was aware of this type of instrument and may have used them to put his key-arrangement ideas into practice. </p><p>Jeune's <i><a href="/wiki/Flutina" title="Flutina">flutina</a></i> resembles Wheatstone's concertina in internal construction and <a href="/wiki/Tone_colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone colour">tone colour</a>, but it appears to complement Demian's accordion functionally. The flutina is a one-sided bisonoric melody-only instrument whose keys are operated with the right hand while the bellows is operated with the left. When the two instruments are combined, the result is quite similar to diatonic button accordions still manufactured today. </p><p>Further innovations followed and continue to the present. Various buttonboard and keyboard systems have been developed, as well as voicings (the combination of multiple tones at different octaves), with mechanisms to switch between different voices during performance, and different methods of internal construction to improve tone, stability and durability. Modern accordions may incorporate electronics such as condenser microphones and tone and volume controls, so that the accordion can be plugged into a <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">keyboard amplifier</a> for live shows. Some 2010s-era accordions may incorporate <a href="/wiki/Digital_accordion" title="Digital accordion">MIDI sensors and circuitry</a>, enabling the accordion to be plugged into a <a href="/wiki/Synth_module" class="mw-redirect" title="Synth module">synth module</a> and produce accordion sounds or other synthesized instrument sounds, such as piano or organ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Construction">Construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Spirk.ogv/220px--Spirk.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="42" data-mwtitle="Spirk.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Spirk.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Spirk.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Spirk.ogv/Spirk.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Spirk.ogv/Spirk.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">diatonic button accordion</a> being played</figcaption></figure> <p>Accordions have many configurations and types. What may be easy to do with one type of accordion could be technically challenging or impossible with another, and proficiency with one layout may not translate to another. </p><p>The most obvious difference between accordions is their right-hand sides. <a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordions</a> use a piano-style <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">musical keyboard</a>; button accordions use a buttonboard. Button accordions are furthermore differentiated by their usage of a <a href="/wiki/Chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic">chromatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diatonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic">diatonic</a> buttonboard for the right-hand side.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordions may be either bisonoric, producing different <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitches</a> depending on the direction of bellows movement, or unisonoric, producing the same pitch in both directions. Piano accordions are unisonoric. <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_button_accordion" title="Chromatic button accordion">Chromatic button accordions</a> also tend to be unisonoric, while <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">diatonic button accordions</a> tend to be bisonoric,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though notable exceptions exist.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordion size is not standardized, and may vary significantly from model to model. Accordions vary not only in their dimensions and weight, but also in number of buttons or keys present in the right- and left-hand keyboards. For example, piano accordions may have as few as 8 bass buttons (two rows of four), or up to 140 (seven rows of twenty) or beyond. Accordions also vary by their <a href="/wiki/Accordion_reed_ranks_and_switches" title="Accordion reed ranks and switches">available registers</a> and by their specific tuning and voicing. </p><p>Despite these differences, all accordions share a number of common components. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universal_components">Universal components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Universal components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bellows">Bellows</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bellows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:AccordionBellowsSounds.ogg" title="File:AccordionBellowsSounds.ogg">Accordion bellows controlled sounds</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="37" data-mwtitle="AccordionBellowsSounds.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/AccordionBellowsSounds.ogg/AccordionBellowsSounds.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/AccordionBellowsSounds.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A sample of effects that can be achieved with the bellows—949 KB</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squeeze_boxes_accordion_bandoneon_concertina_diatonic_chromatic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Squeeze_boxes_accordion_bandoneon_concertina_diatonic_chromatic.jpg/265px-Squeeze_boxes_accordion_bandoneon_concertina_diatonic_chromatic.jpg" decoding="async" width="265" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Squeeze_boxes_accordion_bandoneon_concertina_diatonic_chromatic.jpg/398px-Squeeze_boxes_accordion_bandoneon_concertina_diatonic_chromatic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Squeeze_boxes_accordion_bandoneon_concertina_diatonic_chromatic.jpg/530px-Squeeze_boxes_accordion_bandoneon_concertina_diatonic_chromatic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><b>Bellows-driven instruments</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em">Piano accordions: 1, 2, 13</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em">Diatonic button accordion: 3</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em">Chromatic button accordions: 11, 12, 14</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em">Digital accordions (V-Accordions, <a href="/wiki/Roland_Corporation" title="Roland Corporation">Roland Corporation</a>): 11, 12, 13, 14</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Bandoneon" title="Bandoneon">Bandoneon</a>: 4</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em"><a href="/wiki/English_concertina" title="English concertina">English concertina</a>: 5</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.5em"><a href="/wiki/Anglo_concertina" title="Anglo concertina">Anglo-German concertinas</a> (Anglo concertinas): 6, 7, 8, 9, 10</li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bellows" title="Bellows">bellows</a> is the most recognizable part of the instrument, and the primary means of <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">articulation</a>. The production of sound in an accordion is in direct proportion to the motion of the bellows by the player. In a sense, the role of the bellows can be compared to the role of moving a <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>'s bow on bowed strings. For a more direct analogy, the bellows can be compared to the role of breathing for a singer. The bellows is located between the right- and left-hand keyboards, and is made from <a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">pleated</a> layers of cloth and cardboard, with added leather and metal.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used to create pressure and vacuum, driving air across the internal <a href="/wiki/Reed_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed (instrument)">reeds</a> and producing sound by their vibrations, applied pressure increases the volume. </p><p>The keyboard touch is not <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_expression" title="Keyboard expression">expressive</a> and does not affect <a href="/wiki/Dynamics_(music)" title="Dynamics (music)">dynamics</a>: all expression is effected through the bellows. Bellows effects include: </p> <ul><li>Volume control, including swells and fades</li> <li>Repeated short, rapid changes of direction ("bellows shake"), which has been popularized<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2020)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Accordion#Dubious" title="Talk:Accordion">discuss</a></i>]</sup> by musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Renato_Borghetti" title="Renato Borghetti">Renato Borghetti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gaucho</a> music) and <a href="/wiki/Luiz_Gonzaga" title="Luiz Gonzaga">Luiz Gonzaga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and extensively used in <a href="/wiki/Forr%C3%B3" title="Forró">Forró</a>, called <i>resfulego</i> in Brazil</li> <li>Constant bellows motion while applying pressure at intervals</li> <li>Constant bellows motion to produce clear tones with no resonance</li> <li>Subtly changing the intonation to mimic the expressiveness of a singer</li> <li>Using the bellows with the silent air button gives the sound of air moving ("whooshing"), which is sometimes used in contemporary compositions for this instrument</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Body">Body</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Body"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petosa_-_showroom_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Petosa_-_showroom_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Petosa_-_showroom_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Petosa_-_showroom_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Petosa_-_showroom_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Petosa_-_showroom_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Petosa_-_showroom_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2230" data-file-height="1483" /></a><figcaption>Showroom of accordions (Petosa Accordions, Seattle, Washington)</figcaption></figure> <p>The accordion's body consists of two boxes, commonly made of wood, joined by the bellows. These boxes house reed chambers for the right- and left-hand keyboards. Each side has <a href="/wiki/Grille_(architecture)" title="Grille (architecture)">grilles</a> in order to facilitate the transmission of air in and out of the instrument, and to allow the sound to project. The grille at the right-hand side is usually larger and is often shaped for decorative purposes. The right-hand keyboard is normally used for playing the melody and the left-hand one for playing the accompaniment; however, skilled players can reverse these roles and play melodies with the left hand.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The size and weight of an accordion varies depending on its type, layout and playing range, which can be as small as to have only one or two rows of basses and a single <a href="/wiki/Octave" title="Octave">octave</a> on the right-hand keyboard, to the most common 120-bass accordion and through to large and heavy 160-bass free-bass converter models. </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pallet_mechanism">Pallet mechanism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pallet mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accordion is an <a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">aerophone</a>. The keyboard mechanisms of the instrument either enable the air flow, or disable it:<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>notes 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accordion_button_mechanism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Accordion; cross-sectional view" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Accordion_button_mechanism.svg/750px-Accordion_button_mechanism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="750" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Accordion_button_mechanism.svg/1125px-Accordion_button_mechanism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Accordion_button_mechanism.svg/1500px-Accordion_button_mechanism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="905" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>A side view of the pallet mechanism in a piano accordion. As the key is pressed down the pallet is lifted, allowing for air to enter the tone chamber in either direction and excite the reeds; air flow direction depends on the direction of bellows movement. A similar mechanical pallet movement is used in button accordions, as well as for bass mechanisms such as the Stradella <i>bass machine</i> that translates a single button press into multiple pallet openings for the notes of a chord.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variable_components">Variable components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variable components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>accordion</i> covers a wide range of instruments, with varying components. All instruments have reed ranks of some format, apart from reedless <a href="/wiki/Digital_accordion" title="Digital accordion">digital accordions</a>. Not all have switches to change registers or ranks, as some have only one treble register and one bass register. The most typical accordion is the piano accordion, which is used for many musical genres. Another type of accordion is the button accordion, which is used in musical traditions including Cajun, Conjunto and <a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano music</a>, Swiss and Slovenian-Austro-German Alpine music, and Argentinian tango music. The <a href="/wiki/Steirische_Harmonika" title="Steirische Harmonika">Helikon-style</a> accordion has multiple flared horns projecting out of the left side to strengthen the bass tone. The word "<a href="/wiki/Helicon_(instrument)" title="Helicon (instrument)">Helikon</a>" refers to a deep-pitched tuba. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right-hand_keyboard_systems">Right-hand keyboard systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Right-hand keyboard systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different systems exist for the right-hand keyboard of an accordion, which is normally used for playing the melody (while it can also play chords). Some use a <a href="/wiki/Button_(control)" class="mw-redirect" title="Button (control)">button</a> layout arranged in one way or another, while others use a <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>-style keyboard. Each system has different claimed benefits<sup id="cite_ref-pianovschromatic_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pianovschromatic-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by those who prefer it. They are also used to define one accordion or another as a different "type": </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_button_accordion" title="Chromatic button accordion">Chromatic button accordions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bayan_(accordion)" title="Bayan (accordion)">bayan</a>, a Russian variant, use a buttonboard where notes are arranged <a href="/wiki/Chromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic">chromatically</a>. Two major systems exist, referred to as the B-system and the C-system (there are also regional variants). Rarely, some chromatic button accordions have a decorative right-hand keyboard in addition to the rows of buttons, an approach used by the virtuoso accordionist <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Frosini" title="Pietro Frosini">Pietro Frosini</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">Diatonic button accordions</a> use a buttonboard designed around the notes of <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_scales" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic scales">diatonic scales</a> in a small number of keys. The keys are often arranged in one row for each key available. Chromatic scales may be available by combining notes from different rows. The adjective "diatonic" is also commonly used to describe bisonic or bisonoric accordions—that is, instruments whose right-hand (and in some instances even bass) keys each sound two different notes depending on the direction of the bellows (for instance, producing major triad sequences while closing the bellows and dominant seventh or 7–9 while opening). Such is the case, for instance, with the Argentinian <a href="/wiki/Bandoneon" title="Bandoneon">bandoneon</a>, the Slovenian-Austro-German <a href="/wiki/Steirische_Harmonika" title="Steirische Harmonika">Steirische Harmonika</a>, the Czech Heligonka Harmonika, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Organetto" title="Organetto">organetto</a>, the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Schwyzer%C3%B6rgeli" title="Schwyzerörgeli">Schwyzerörgeli</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo_concertina" title="Anglo concertina">Anglo concertina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordions</a> use a <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">musical keyboard</a> similar to a piano, at right angles to the cabinet, the tops of the keys inward toward the bellows. <ul><li>The rarely used bass accordion has only a right-hand keyboard, with ranks of 8', 16', and 32' reeds, with the lowest note being the deepest pitch on a pipe organ <a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">pedal keyboard</a> (pedal C). It is intended for performing <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a> in accordion orchestras.</li> <li>The rarely used piccolo accordion also has only a right-hand keyboard.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">6-plus-6</a> accordions use a buttonboard with three rows of buttons in a "uniform" or "whole-tone" arrangement, generally known as a <a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a>. The chromatic scale consists of two rows. The third row is a repetition of the first row, so there is the same fingering in all twelve scales. These accordions are produced only in special editions e.g. the <i>logicordion</i> produced by <a href="/wiki/VEB_Klingenthaler_Harmonikawerke" title="VEB Klingenthaler Harmonikawerke">Harmona</a>.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_Button_Accordion_QM_r.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A button key accordion made by the company Marrazza in Italy. It was brought by Italian immigrants to Australia as a reminder of their homeland."><img alt="A button key accordion made by the company Marrazza in Italy. It was brought by Italian immigrants to Australia as a reminder of their homeland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Italian_Button_Accordion_QM_r.jpg/120px-Italian_Button_Accordion_QM_r.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Italian_Button_Accordion_QM_r.jpg/180px-Italian_Button_Accordion_QM_r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Italian_Button_Accordion_QM_r.jpg/240px-Italian_Button_Accordion_QM_r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A button key accordion made by the company Marrazza in Italy. It was brought by Italian immigrants to Australia as a reminder of their homeland.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PianoAccordeon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Weltmeister piano accordion by VEB Klingenthaler Harmonikawerke"><img alt="A Weltmeister piano accordion by VEB Klingenthaler Harmonikawerke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PianoAccordeon.jpg/120px-PianoAccordeon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PianoAccordeon.jpg/180px-PianoAccordeon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/PianoAccordeon.jpg/240px-PianoAccordeon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1577" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <i>Weltmeister</i> piano accordion by <a href="/wiki/VEB_Klingenthaler_Harmonikawerke" title="VEB Klingenthaler Harmonikawerke">VEB Klingenthaler Harmonikawerke</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Left-hand_keyboard_systems">Left-hand keyboard systems</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Left-hand keyboard systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:120-button_Stradella_chart.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/120-button_Stradella_chart.svg/300px-120-button_Stradella_chart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/120-button_Stradella_chart.svg/450px-120-button_Stradella_chart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/120-button_Stradella_chart.svg/600px-120-button_Stradella_chart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Typical 120-button Stradella bass system. This is the left-hand keyboard system found on most unisonoric accordions today.</figcaption></figure> <p>Different systems are also in use for the left-hand keyboard, which is normally used for playing the accompaniment. These usually use distinct bass buttons and often have buttons with concavities or studs to help the player navigate the layout despite not being able to see the buttons while playing. There are three general categories: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bassmechanics.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bassmechanics.jpg/200px-Bassmechanics.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bassmechanics.jpg/300px-Bassmechanics.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Bassmechanics.jpg/400px-Bassmechanics.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2025" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>The bass buttons trigger a complex mechanism of wires, rods, and levers, which is normally hidden inside the instrument.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Stradella_bass_system" title="Stradella bass system">Stradella bass system</a>, also called <i>standard bass</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is arranged in a <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_fifths" title="Circle of fifths">circle of fifths</a> and uses single buttons for bass notes and additional rows of single buttons for preset major, minor, dominant seventh, and diminished <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a>. The dominant seventh and diminished chords are three-note chord voicings that omit the fifths of the chords.</li> <li>The Belgian bass system is a variation used in Belgian chromatic accordions. It is also arranged in a circle of fifths but in reverse order. This system has three rows of basses, three rows of chord buttons allowing easier fingering for playing melodies, combined chords, better use of fingers one and five, and more space between the buttons. This system was rarely used outside of its native Belgium.</li> <li>Various <a href="/wiki/Free-bass_system" title="Free-bass system">free-bass systems</a> for greater access to playing melodies and complex <a href="/wiki/Bassline" title="Bassline">basslines</a> on the left-hand keyboard and to forming one's own chords note-by-note. These are often chosen for playing <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a>. Some models can convert between free-bass and Stradella bass; this is called <i>converter bass</i>. The free-bass left hand notes are arranged chromatically in three rows with one additional duplicate row of buttons.</li> <li>Luttbeg double-keyboard piano accordions have a piano keyboard layout on both the treble and bass sides. This allows <a href="/wiki/Pianists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pianists">pianists</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, to double up on the accordion without difficulty. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bercandeon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bercandeon (page does not exist)">Bercandeon</a> is an improved version of that instrument, also making it a "keyboard bandoneon".</li> <li>In 2021, a patent was published by Valerio Chiovarelli for a new bass system called the "Chiovarelli Jazz System".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system is a variation of the Stradella bass system where, instead of triads, the chordal buttons of this system produce bichords (chords with only 2 pitches instead of 3).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Chiovarellia Jazz System" (or "CJS" for short) prioritizes the effectiveness of left hand accordion in jazz music, hence the name of the system, but according to the inventor, these chords can be useful when playing many varieties of music.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reed_ranks_and_switches">Reed ranks and switches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reed ranks and switches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accordion_reed_ranks_and_switches" title="Accordion reed ranks and switches">Accordion reed ranks and switches</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reedsinset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Reedsinset.jpg/170px-Reedsinset.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Reedsinset.jpg/255px-Reedsinset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Reedsinset.jpg/340px-Reedsinset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption>Accordion <a href="/wiki/Accordion_reed_ranks_and_switches" title="Accordion reed ranks and switches">reed ranks</a> with closeup of reeds</figcaption></figure> <p>Inside the accordion are the reeds that generate the instrument tones. These are organized in different sounding <i>banks</i>, which can be further combined into <i>registers</i> producing differing <i><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbres</a></i>. All but the smaller accordions are equipped with switches that control which combination of reed banks operate, organized from high to low <a href="/wiki/Register_(music)" title="Register (music)">registers</a>. Each register stop produces a separate sound timbre, many of which also differ in octaves or in how different octaves are combined. See the <a href="/wiki/Accordion_reed_ranks_and_switches" title="Accordion reed ranks and switches">accordion reed ranks and switches</a> article for further explanation and audio samples. All but the smaller accordions usually have treble switches. The larger and more expensive accordions often also have bass switches to give options for the reed bank on the bass side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Classification_of_chromatic_and_piano_type_accordions">Classification of chromatic and piano type accordions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classification of chromatic and piano type accordions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In describing or pricing an accordion, the first factor is size, expressed in number of keys on either side. For a piano type, this could for one example be 37/96, meaning 37 treble keys (three octaves plus one note) on the treble side and 96 bass keys. A second aspect of size is the width of the white keys, which means that even accordions with the same number of keys have keyboards of different lengths, ranging from 14 inches (36 cm) for a child's accordion to 19 inches (48 cm) for an adult-sized instrument. After size, the price and weight of an accordion is largely dependent on the number of reed ranks on either side, either on a <a href="/wiki/Accordion_reed_ranks_and_switches#Cassotto" title="Accordion reed ranks and switches">cassotto</a> or not, and to a lesser degree on the number of combinations available through register switches. The next, but important, factor is the quality of the reeds, the highest grade called "a mano" (meaning "hand-made"), the next "tipo a mano" ("like hand-made"), lower grades including "export" and several more. </p><p>Price is also affected by the use of costly woods, luxury decorations, and features such as a palm switch, grille mute, and so on. Some accordion makers sell a range of different models, from a less-expensive base model to a more costly luxury model. Typically, the register switches are described as <i>Reeds: 5 + 3</i>, meaning five reeds on the treble side and three on the bass, and <i>Registers: 13 + M, 7</i>, meaning 13 register buttons on the treble side plus a special "master" that activates all ranks, like the "tutti" or "full organ" switch on an organ, and seven register switches on the bass side. Another factor affecting the price is the presence of electronics, such as condenser microphones, volume and tone controls, or MIDI sensors and connections. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quito_Accordion_player.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Quito_Accordion_player.jpg/220px-Quito_Accordion_player.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Quito_Accordion_player.jpg/330px-Quito_Accordion_player.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Quito_Accordion_player.jpg/440px-Quito_Accordion_player.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2581" data-file-height="3231" /></a><figcaption>Accordion player on a street in the historic centre of <a href="/wiki/Quito" title="Quito">Quito</a>, Ecuador</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Straps">Straps</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Straps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The larger piano and chromatic button accordions are usually heavier than other smaller <a href="/wiki/Squeezebox" title="Squeezebox">squeezeboxes</a>, and are equipped with two shoulder straps to make it easier to balance the weight and increase bellows control while sitting, and avoid dropping the instrument while standing. Other accordions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">diatonic button accordion</a>, have only a single shoulder strap and a right hand thumb strap. All accordions have a (mostly adjustable) leather strap on the left-hand side to keep the player's hand in position while drawing the bellows. There are also straps above and below the bellows to keep it securely closed when the instrument is not being played. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electronic_and_digital">Electronic and digital</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Electronic and digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_accordion" title="Digital accordion">Digital accordion</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainer_von_Vielen-Heimatsound-2015_(12).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rainer_von_Vielen-Heimatsound-2015_%2812%29.jpg/200px-Rainer_von_Vielen-Heimatsound-2015_%2812%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rainer_von_Vielen-Heimatsound-2015_%2812%29.jpg/300px-Rainer_von_Vielen-Heimatsound-2015_%2812%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Rainer_von_Vielen-Heimatsound-2015_%2812%29.jpg/400px-Rainer_von_Vielen-Heimatsound-2015_%2812%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2767" data-file-height="3689" /></a><figcaption>Rainer von Vielen playing a Roland digital V-Accordion. The bank of electronic switches can change the accordion's sound, tone and volume.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2010s, a range of electronic and digital accordions were introduced. They have an electronic <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound module</a> which creates the accordion sound, and most use <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> systems to encode the keypresses and transmit them to the sound module. A digital accordion can have hundreds of sounds, which can include different types of accordions and even non-accordion sounds, such as pipe organ, piano, or guitar. Sensors are used on the buttons and keys, such as magnetic reed switches. Sensors are also used on the bellows to transmit the pushing and pulling of the bellows to the sound module. Digital accordions may have features not found in acoustic instruments, such as a piano-style <a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">sustain pedal</a>, a modulation control for changing keys, and a <a href="/wiki/Portamento" title="Portamento">portamento</a> effect. </p><p>As an electronic instrument, these types of accordions are plugged into a <a href="/wiki/PA_system" class="mw-redirect" title="PA system">PA system</a> or <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">keyboard amplifier</a> to produce sound. Some digital accordions have a small internal speaker and amplifier, so they can be used without a PA system or keyboard amplifier, at least for practicing and small venues like <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">coffeehouses</a>. One benefit of electronic accordions is that they can be practiced with headphones, making them inaudible to other people nearby. On a digital accordion, the volume of the right-hand keyboard and the left-hand buttons can be independently adjusted. </p><p>Acoustic-digital hybrid accordions also exist. They are acoustic accordions (with reeds, bellows, and so on), but they also contain sensors, electronics, and MIDI connections, which provides a wider range of sound options. An acoustic-digital hybrid may be manufactured in this form, or it may be an acoustic accordion which has had aftermarket electronics sensors and connections added. Several companies sell aftermarket electronics kits, but they are typically installed by professional accordion technicians, because of the complex and delicate nature of the internal parts of an accordion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unusual_accordions">Unusual accordions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unusual accordions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various hybrid accordions have been created between instruments of different buttonboards and actions. Many remain curiosities – only a few have remained in use: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Schrammel_accordion" title="Schrammel accordion">Schrammel accordion</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Viennese</a> <a href="/wiki/Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a>, which has the treble buttonboard of a chromatic button accordion and a bisonoric bass buttonboard, similar to an expanded diatonic button accordion</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Steirische_Harmonika" title="Steirische Harmonika">Steirische Harmonika</a>, a type of bisonoric diatonic button accordion particular to the Alpine folk music of Slovenia, Austria, the Czech Republic, the German state of Bavaria, and the Italian South Tyrol</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Schwyzer%C3%B6rgeli" title="Schwyzerörgeli">schwyzerörgeli</a> or Swiss organ, which usually has a three-row diatonic treble and 18 unisonoric bass buttons in a bass/chord arrangement – a subset of the Stradella system in reverse order like the Belgian bass – that travel parallel to the bellows motion</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Trikitixa" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikitixa">trikitixa</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque people</a>, which has a two-row diatonic, bisonoric treble and a 12-button diatonic unisonoric bass</li> <li>The British chromatic accordion, the favoured diatonic accordion in Scotland. While the right hand is bisonoric, the left hand follows the Stradella system. The elite form of this instrument is generally considered the German manufactured Shand Morino, produced by <a href="/wiki/Hohner" title="Hohner">Hohner</a> with the input of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Shand" title="Jimmy Shand">Sir Jimmy Shand</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Pedal harmony</i>, a type of accordion used sometimes in Polish folk music, which has a pair of <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">pump organ</a>-like bellows attached.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> composer and accordionist Veli Kujala developed a <i><a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">quarter tone</a> accordion</i> together with the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> accordion manufacturer Pigini in <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>, and has written works for it. It deploys the same system as the concert accordion, with a scale of five octaves, each divided into 24 quarter tones.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other notable composers who have written <a href="/wiki/Concerto" title="Concerto">concertos</a> for the quarter tone accordion include <a href="/wiki/Jukka_Tiensuu" title="Jukka Tiensuu">Jukka Tiensuu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sampo_Haapam%C3%A4ki" title="Sampo Haapamäki">Sampo Haapamäki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manufacturing_process">Manufacturing process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Manufacturing process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Accordion" title="Special:EditPage/Accordion">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The most expensive<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (June 2017)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> accordions are typically fully hand-made, particularly the reeds; completely hand-made reeds have a better tonal quality than even the best automatically manufactured ones. Some accordions have been modified by individuals striving to bring a more pure<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> sound out of low-end instruments, such as the ones improved by Yutaka Usui,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="adds nothing to the article, except a gratuitous link to an external website, possibly for promotional purposes (June 2017)">irrelevant citation</span></a></i>]</sup> a Japanese craftsman. </p><p>The manufacture of an accordion is only a partly automated process. In a sense,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> all accordions are handmade, since there is always some hand assembly of the small parts required. The general process involves making the individual parts, assembling the subsections, assembling the entire instrument, and final decorating and packaging.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable centres of production are the Italian cities of <a href="/wiki/Stradella,_Lombardy" title="Stradella, Lombardy">Stradella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castelfidardo" title="Castelfidardo">Castelfidardo</a>, with many small and medium size manufacturers especially at the latter. Castelfidardo honours<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the memory of Paolo Soprani who was one of the first large-scale producers. <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maugein" class="extiw" title="fr:Maugein">Maugein Freres</a> has built accordions in the French town of <a href="/wiki/Tulle" title="Tulle">Tulle</a> since 1919, and the company is now the last complete-process<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> manufacturer of accordions in France. German companies such as <a href="/wiki/Hohner" title="Hohner">Hohner</a> and <a href="/wiki/VEB_Klingenthaler_Harmonikawerke" title="VEB Klingenthaler Harmonikawerke">Weltmeister</a> made large numbers of accordions, but production diminished by the end of the 20th century. Hohner still manufactures its top-end models<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in Germany, and <i>Weltmeister</i> instruments are still handmade by <a href="/wiki/VEB_Klingenthaler_Harmonikawerke" title="VEB Klingenthaler Harmonikawerke">HARMONA Akkordeon GmbH</a> in <a href="/wiki/Klingenthal" title="Klingenthal">Klingenthal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_various_music_genres">Use in various music genres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Use in various music genres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accordion_music_genres" class="mw-redirect" title="Accordion music genres">Accordion music genres</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_sexy_street_performer_accordionist_Accor_de_Nonnon_or_Norie_ANZAI_2013-10-12_Nakano_City_Tokyo_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/A_sexy_street_performer_accordionist_Accor_de_Nonnon_or_Norie_ANZAI_2013-10-12_Nakano_City_Tokyo_Japan.jpg/220px-A_sexy_street_performer_accordionist_Accor_de_Nonnon_or_Norie_ANZAI_2013-10-12_Nakano_City_Tokyo_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/A_sexy_street_performer_accordionist_Accor_de_Nonnon_or_Norie_ANZAI_2013-10-12_Nakano_City_Tokyo_Japan.jpg/330px-A_sexy_street_performer_accordionist_Accor_de_Nonnon_or_Norie_ANZAI_2013-10-12_Nakano_City_Tokyo_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/A_sexy_street_performer_accordionist_Accor_de_Nonnon_or_Norie_ANZAI_2013-10-12_Nakano_City_Tokyo_Japan.jpg/440px-A_sexy_street_performer_accordionist_Accor_de_Nonnon_or_Norie_ANZAI_2013-10-12_Nakano_City_Tokyo_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption>A street performer playing the accordion</figcaption></figure> <p>The accordion has traditionally been used to perform folk or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic music">ethnic music</a>, popular music, and transcriptions from the operatic and light-classical music repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used by the <a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_people" title="Kikuyu people">Kikuyu</a> tribe in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> and is the main instrument in the traditional Mwomboko <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the instrument is sometimes heard in contemporary pop styles, such as rock and pop-rock,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occasionally even in serious classical music concerts, as well as advertisements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_traditional_music">Use in traditional music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Use in traditional music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accordion_music_genres#Use_in_traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Accordion music genres">Accordion in traditional music</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonia_Begonia_accordion_MACRoCk_2009_Little_Grill_Collective_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antonia_Begonia_accordion_MACRoCk_2009_Little_Grill_Collective_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2009.jpg/220px-Antonia_Begonia_accordion_MACRoCk_2009_Little_Grill_Collective_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antonia_Begonia_accordion_MACRoCk_2009_Little_Grill_Collective_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2009.jpg/330px-Antonia_Begonia_accordion_MACRoCk_2009_Little_Grill_Collective_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Antonia_Begonia_accordion_MACRoCk_2009_Little_Grill_Collective_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2009.jpg/440px-Antonia_Begonia_accordion_MACRoCk_2009_Little_Grill_Collective_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="1834" /></a><figcaption>A folk accordionist, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>The accordion's popularity spread rapidly: it has mostly been associated with the common people, and was propagated by Europeans who emigrated around the world. The accordion in both button and piano forms became a favorite of folk musicians<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been integrated into <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a> styles all over the world: see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_music_styles_that_incorporate_the_accordion" title="List of music styles that incorporate the accordion">list of music styles that incorporate the accordion</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_jazz">Use in jazz</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Use in jazz"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_jazz_accordionists">Notable jazz accordionists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notable jazz accordionists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early jazz accordionists include Charles Melrose, who recorded <i>Wailing Blues/Barrel House Stomp</i> (1930, Voc. 1503) with the Cellar Boys; Buster Moten, who played second piano and accordion in the Bennie Moten orchestra; and Jack Cornell, who did recordings with Irving Mills. Later jazz accordionists from the United States include <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bach_(musician)" title="Steve Bach (musician)">Steve Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_DeLugg" class="mw-redirect" title="Milton DeLugg">Milton DeLugg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_DiGirolamo" title="Orlando DiGirolamo">Orlando DiGirolamo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Di_Pippo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelo Di Pippo (page does not exist)">Angelo Di Pippo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Frontiere" title="Dominic Frontiere">Dominic Frontiere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guy_Klucevsek" title="Guy Klucevsek">Guy Klucevsek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Lemeshev" title="Yuri Lemeshev">Yuri Lemeshev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Marocco" title="Frank Marocco">Frank Marocco</a>, Dr. William Schimmel, <a href="/wiki/John_Serry_Sr." title="John Serry Sr.">John Serry Sr.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lee_Tomboulian" title="Lee Tomboulian">Lee Tomboulian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art_Van_Damme" title="Art Van Damme">Art Van Damme</a>. French jazz accordionists include <a href="/wiki/Richard_Galliano" title="Richard Galliano">Richard Galliano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lubat" title="Bernard Lubat">Bernard Lubat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Peirani" title="Vincent Peirani">Vincent Peirani</a>. Norwegian jazz accordionists include <a href="/wiki/Asmund_Bj%C3%B8rken" title="Asmund Bjørken">Asmund Bjørken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stian_Carstensen" title="Stian Carstensen">Stian Carstensen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Fliflet" title="Gabriel Fliflet">Gabriel Fliflet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frode_Haltli" title="Frode Haltli">Frode Haltli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eivin_One_Pedersen" title="Eivin One Pedersen">Eivin One Pedersen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Left_hand_techniques">Left hand techniques</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Left hand techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constraints of the <a href="/wiki/Stradella_bass_system" title="Stradella bass system">Stradella bass system</a>, limiting the left hand to preset chord buttons, is a barrier to some jazz chord conventions. Jazz accordionists expand the range of chord possibilities by using more than one chord button simultaneously, or by using combinations of a chord button and a bass note other than the typical root of the chord. An example of the former technique is used to play a <a href="/wiki/Minor_seventh_chord" title="Minor seventh chord">minor seventh chord</a>. To play an Am<sup>7(add9)</sup> chord, the Am and Em preset buttons are pressed simultaneously, along with an A bassnote. An example of the latter technique is used to play the <a href="/wiki/Half-diminished_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-diminished chord">half-diminished chord</a>. To play an E<sup>ø7</sup>, a Gm preset button is pressed along with an E bassnote. </p><p>For the left hand, the <a href="/wiki/Free-bass_system" title="Free-bass system">free-bass system</a> is used in jazz as a means of creating complex chord voicings. Jazz harmony that would otherwise be difficult to replicate with the Stradella bass system, such as <a href="/wiki/Tritone_substitution" title="Tritone substitution">tritone substitutions</a>, become more accessible using a free-bass accordion.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_popular_music">Use in popular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Use in popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accordion_music_genres#Use_in_popular_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Accordion music genres">Accordion music genres § Use in popular music</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_popular_music_acts_that_incorporate_the_accordion" title="List of popular music acts that incorporate the accordion">List of popular music acts that incorporate the accordion</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Pietro_Frosini_-_New_York_Blues_(1916)_-_hiss_reduced.ogg" title="File:Pietro Frosini - New York Blues (1916) - hiss reduced.ogg">New York Blues</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_2" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="200" data-mwtitle="Pietro_Frosini_-_New_York_Blues_(1916)_-_hiss_reduced.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Pietro_Frosini_-_New_York_Blues_%281916%29_-_hiss_reduced.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Pietro_Frosini_-_New_York_Blues_%281916%29_-_hiss_reduced.ogg/Pietro_Frosini_-_New_York_Blues_%281916%29_-_hiss_reduced.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A 1916 recording of "New York Blues" composed and performed by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Frosini" title="Pietro Frosini">Pietro Frosini</a>, one of the first major stars of the accordion</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Linnell_2011-11-10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John_Linnell_2011-11-10.jpg/220px-John_Linnell_2011-11-10.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John_Linnell_2011-11-10.jpg/330px-John_Linnell_2011-11-10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/John_Linnell_2011-11-10.jpg/440px-John_Linnell_2011-11-10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>John Linnell of <a href="/wiki/They_Might_Be_Giants" title="They Might Be Giants">They Might Be Giants</a> playing a Main Squeeze 911</figcaption></figure> <p>The accordion appeared in <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> from the 1900s to the 1960s. This half-century is often called the "golden age of the accordion".<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobson_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five players, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Frosini" title="Pietro Frosini">Pietro Frosini</a>, the two brothers Count <a href="/wiki/Guido_Deiro" title="Guido Deiro">Guido Deiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Deiro" title="Pietro Deiro">Pietro Deiro</a> and Slovenian brothers Vilko Ovsenik and <a href="/wiki/Slavko_Avsenik" title="Slavko Avsenik">Slavko Avsenik</a>, Charles Magnante were major influences at this time.<sup id="cite_ref-SloveniaGrieving_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SloveniaGrieving-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> theaters closed during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, but accordionists during the 1930s–1950s taught and performed for radio. Included among this group was the concert virtuoso <a href="/wiki/John_Serry,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Serry, Sr.">John Serry, Sr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1950s through the 1980s the accordion received significant exposure on television with performances by <a href="/wiki/Myron_Floren" title="Myron Floren">Myron Floren</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lawrence_Welk_Show" title="The Lawrence Welk Show">The Lawrence Welk Show</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the accordion declined in popularity because of the rise of rock and roll.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first accordionist to appear and perform at the Newport Jazz Festival was Angelo DiPippo. He can be seen playing his accordion in the motion picture <i>The Godfather</i>. He also composed and performed with his accordion on part of the soundtrack of Woody Allen's movie <i>To Rome With Love</i>. He was featured twice on <i>The Tonight Show</i> with Johnny Carson. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Galliano" title="Richard Galliano">Richard Galliano</a> is an internationally known accordionist whose repertoire covers jazz, tango nuevo, Latin, and classical. Some popular bands use the instrument to create distinctive sounds. A notable example is <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy Award">Grammy Award–winning</a> <a href="/wiki/Parody_music" title="Parody music">parodist</a> <a href="/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic" title=""Weird Al" Yankovic">"Weird Al" Yankovic</a>, who plays the accordion on many of his musical tracks, particularly his <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polkas</a>. Yankovic was trained in the accordion as a child.<sup id="cite_ref-GraffDurchholz2012_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GraffDurchholz2012-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The accordion has also been used in the rock genre, most notably by <a href="/wiki/John_Linnell" title="John Linnell">John Linnell</a> of <a href="/wiki/They_Might_Be_Giants" title="They Might Be Giants">They Might Be Giants</a>, featuring more prominently in the band's earlier works.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument is still frequently used during live performances, and continues to make appearances in their studio albums. Accordion is also used in the music of the <a href="/wiki/Dropkick_Murphys" title="Dropkick Murphys">Dropkick Murphys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gogol_Bordello" title="Gogol Bordello">Gogol Bordello</a>. Tom Waits used the Accordion extensively (Dr.William Schimmel) in "Raindogs" and "Frank's Wild Years", <a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">folk metal</a> subgenre, and are otherwise generally rare. Full-time accordionists in folk metal seem even rarer, but they are still utilized for studio work, as flexible keyboardists are usually more accessible for live performances. The Finnish symphonic folk-metal band <a href="/wiki/Turisas" title="Turisas">Turisas</a> used to have a full-time accordionist, employing classical and polka sensibilities alongside a violinist. One of their accordionists, Netta Skog, is now a member of <a href="/wiki/Ensiferum" title="Ensiferum">Ensiferum</a>, another folk-metal band. Another Finnish metal band, <a href="/wiki/Korpiklaani" title="Korpiklaani">Korpiklaani</a>, invokes a type of Finnish polka called <a href="/wiki/Humppa" title="Humppa">humppa</a>, and also has a full-time accordionist. Sarah Kiener, the former <a href="/wiki/Hurdy-gurdy" title="Hurdy-gurdy">hurdy-gurdy</a> player for the Swiss melodic-death-folk metal band <a href="/wiki/Eluveitie" title="Eluveitie">Eluveitie</a>, played a <a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Republic" title="Helvetic Republic">Helvetic</a> accordion known as a <i>zugerörgeli</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_classical_music">Use in classical music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Use in classical music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Accordion_music_genres#Use_in_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Accordion music genres">Accordion in classical music</a></div> <p>Although best known as a folk instrument, it has grown in popularity among classical composers. The earliest surviving concert piece is <i><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Thême varié très brillant pour accordéon methode Reisner</i></span></i>, written in 1836 by Louise Reisner of Paris. Other composers, including the Russian <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky</a>, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Giordano" title="Umberto Giordano">Umberto Giordano</a>, and the American <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>, wrote works for the diatonic button accordion. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD.png/220px-%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD.png/330px-%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/%D0%AD%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="349" /></a><figcaption>Finnish accordionist <a href="/wiki/Esa_Pakarinen" title="Esa Pakarinen">Esa Pakarinen</a> (Feeliks Esaias Pakarinen (1911–1989)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first composer to write specifically for the <a href="/wiki/Chromatic_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromatic music">chromatic</a> accordion was <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922, the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a> included an accordion in <i><a href="/wiki/Wozzeck" title="Wozzeck">Wozzeck</a></i>, Op. 7. In 1937, the first <a href="/wiki/Accordion_concerto" title="Accordion concerto">accordion concerto</a> was composed in Russia. Other notable composers have written for the accordion during the first half of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Included among this group was the Italian-American <a href="/wiki/John_Serry_Sr." title="John Serry Sr.">John Serry Sr.</a>, whose <i><a href="/wiki/Concerto_for_Free_Bass_Accordion" title="Concerto for Free Bass Accordion">Concerto for Free Bass Accordion</a></i> was completed in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the American accordionist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davine" title="Robert Davine">Robert Davine</a> composed his <i>Divertimento for Flute, Clarinet, Bassoon and Accordion</i> as a work for chamber orchestra.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American composer <a href="/wiki/William_P._Perry" title="William P. Perry">William P. Perry</a> featured the accordion in his orchestral suite <i>Six Title Themes in Search of a Movie</i> (2008). The experimental composer <a href="/wiki/Howard_Skempton" title="Howard Skempton">Howard Skempton</a> began his musical career as an accordionist, and has written numerous solo works for it. In his work <i>Drang</i> (1999), British composer John Palmer pushed the expressive possibilities of the accordion/bayan. <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Luciano Berio</a> wrote <i>Sequenza XIII</i> (1995) for accordionist Teodoro Anzellotti.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordionists like <a href="/wiki/Mogens_Ellegaard" title="Mogens Ellegaard">Mogens Ellegaard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Macerollo" title="Joseph Macerollo">Joseph Macerollo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Ariondo" title="Nick Ariondo">Nick Ariondo</a>, Friedrich Lips, Hugo Noth, Dr. William Schimmel (also a composer), <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hussong" title="Stefan Hussong">Stefan Hussong</a>, Teodoro Anzellotti, and Geir Draugsvoll, encouraged composers to write new music for the accordion (solo and chamber music) and also started playing baroque music on the free bass accordion. </p><p>French composer <a href="/wiki/Henri_Dutilleux" title="Henri Dutilleux">Henri Dutilleux</a> used an accordion in both his late song cycles <i>Correspondences</i> (2003) and <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Temps_L%27Horloge" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Temps L'Horloge">Le Temps L'Horloge</a></i> (2009). Russian-born composer <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Gubaidulina" title="Sofia Gubaidulina">Sofia Gubaidulina</a> has composed solos, concertos, and chamber works for accordion. Astor Piazzolla's concert tangos are performed widely. Piazzolla performed on the bandoneon, but his works are also performed on or accordion. Dr. William schimmel and "The Tango Project" recorded a number of hit recordings and appeared in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Scent_of_a_Woman_(1992_film)" title="Scent of a Woman (1992 film)">Scent of a Woman</a></i> with Al Pacino which earned Pacino an Oscar. Their recordings were used in many films. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest mention of the novel accordion instrument in <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Australian music</a> occurs in the 1830s.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accordion initially competed against cheaper and more convenient reed instruments such as mouth organ, concertina and melodeon. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Fracchia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Fracchia (page does not exist)">Frank Fracchia</a> was an Australian accordion composer<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and copies of his works "My dear, can you come out tonight"<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Dancing with you"<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are preserved in Australian libraries. Other Australian composers who arranged music for accordion include <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Stoneham" title="Reginald Stoneham">Reginald Stoneham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popularity of the accordion peaked in the late 1930s<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued until the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accordion was particularly favoured by buskers.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accordion is a traditional instrument in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. It is the dominant instrument used in <a href="/wiki/Sevdalinka" title="Sevdalinka">sevdalinka</a>, a traditional genre of folk music from Bosnia and Herzegovina.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominguinhos_de_Morais.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dominguinhos_de_Morais.jpg/150px-Dominguinhos_de_Morais.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dominguinhos_de_Morais.jpg/225px-Dominguinhos_de_Morais.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Dominguinhos_de_Morais.jpg/300px-Dominguinhos_de_Morais.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1801" /></a><figcaption>Brazilian accordionist <a href="/wiki/Dominguinhos" title="Dominguinhos">Dominguinhos</a> (José Domingos de Morais (1941–2013)</figcaption></figure> <p>The accordion was brought to Brazil by settlers and immigrants from Europe, especially from Italy and Germany, who mainly settled in the south (Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina and Paraná). The first instrument brought was a "Concertina" (a 120 button chromatic accordion).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instrument was popular in the 1950s, and it was common to find several accordions in the same house. There are many different configurations and tunes which were adapted from the cultures that came from Europe. </p><p>Accordion is the official symbol instrument of the Rio Grande do Sul state, where was voted by unanimity in the deputy chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the boom of accordions there were around 65 factories in Brazil, where most of them (52) in the south, in Rio Grande do Sul state, with only 7 outside the south. One of the most famous and genuinely Brazilian brands was Accordeões Todeschini from Bento Gonçalves-RS, closed in 1973. The Todeschini accordion is very appreciated today and survives with very few maintainers.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable musicians of button accordions are <a href="/wiki/Renato_Borghetti" title="Renato Borghetti">Renato Borghetti</a>, Adelar Bertussi, Albino Manique and Edson Dutra.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to many other countries, the instrument is very popular in mainstream pop music. In some parts of the country, such as the northeast it is the most popular melodic instrument. As opposed to most European folk accordions, a very dry tuning is usually used in Brazil. Outside the south, the accordion (predominantly the piano accordion) is used in almost all styles of <a href="/wiki/Forr%C3%B3" title="Forró">Forró</a> (in particular in the subgenres of <a href="/wiki/Xote" title="Xote">Xote</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bai%C3%A3o_(music)" title="Baião (music)">Baião</a>) as the principal instrument, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_Gonzaga" title="Luiz Gonzaga">Luiz Gonzaga</a> (the "King of the Baião") and <a href="/wiki/Dominguinhos" title="Dominguinhos">Dominguinhos</a> being among the notable musicians in this style from the northeast. In this musical style the typical combination is a trio of accordion, <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zabumba" title="Zabumba">zabumba</a> (a type of drum). </p><p>This style has gained popularity recently, in particular among the student population of the southeast of the country (in the Forró Universitário genre, with important exponents today being Falamansa, and trios such as Trio Dona Zefa, Trio Virgulino and Trio Alvorada). Moreover, the accordion is the principal instrument in Junina music (music of the São João Festival), with Mario Zan having been a very important exponent of this music. It is an important instrument in <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_sertaneja" class="mw-redirect" title="Música sertaneja">Sertanejo</a> (and Caipira) music, which originated in the midwest and southeast of Brazil, and subsequently has gained popularity throughout the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of accordionists in China exceeds every other country in the world, and possibly every country combined. Introduced in 1926, the accordion has risen to popularity in China throughout the years, thanks to Russian teachers and its being a popular instrument in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>, and remains popular.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 20th century, the development of high performance standards for the accordion within China's halls of academe was also influenced by several American virtuosos including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Davine" title="Robert Davine">Robert Davine</a>, who was invited by the Ministry of Culture of the People's Republic to present Master Classes and to broaden its national program of music for the accordion in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-accordions.com_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-accordions.com-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ksanti.net_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ksanti.net-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Colombia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accordion is also a traditional instrument in Colombia, commonly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">vallenato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">cumbia</a> genres. The accordion has been used by <a href="/wiki/Tropipop" title="Tropipop">tropipop</a> musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Vives" title="Carlos Vives">Carlos Vives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Cabas" title="Andrés Cabas">Andrés Cabas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fonseca_(singer)" title="Fonseca (singer)">Fonseca (singer)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacilos" title="Bacilos">Bacilos</a>, as well as rock musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Juanes" title="Juanes">Juanes</a> and pop musicians as <a href="/wiki/Shakira" title="Shakira">Shakira</a>. Vallenato, who emerged in the early twentieth century in <a href="/wiki/Valledupar" title="Valledupar">Valledupar</a>, and have come to symbolize the folk music of Colombia.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every year in April, Colombia holds one of the most important musical festivals in the country: the <a href="/wiki/Vallenato_Legend_Festival" title="Vallenato Legend Festival">Vallenato Legend Festival</a>. The festival holds contests for best accordion player. Once every decade, the "King of Kings" accordion competition takes place, where winners of the previous festivals compete for the highest possible award for a vallenato accordion player: the <i>Pilonera Mayor</i> prize.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the world's largest competitive accordion festival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg/220px--Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="277" data-mwtitle="Zlatá_Praha_(8).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_(8).ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6d/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg/Zlat%C3%A1_Praha_%288%29.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>At U Flekú, Prague</figcaption></figure> <p>Accordion is often played at traditional Czech pubs, such as U Flekú, Prague. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tijuana-performers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tijuana-performers.jpg/200px-Tijuana-performers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tijuana-performers.jpg/300px-Tijuana-performers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Tijuana-performers.jpg/400px-Tijuana-performers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>A Norteño band, including an accordion</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Norte%C3%B1o_(music)" title="Norteño (music)">Norteño</a> heavily relies on the accordion; it is a genre related to polka. <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Ayala" title="Ramón Ayala">Ramón Ayala</a>, known in Mexico as the "King of the Accordion", is a norteño musician. <a href="/wiki/Cumbia" title="Cumbia">Cumbia</a>, which features the accordion, is also popular with musicians such as <a href="/wiki/Celso_Pi%C3%B1a" title="Celso Piña">Celso Piña</a>, creating a more contemporary style. U.S.-born Mexican musician <a href="/wiki/Julieta_Venegas" title="Julieta Venegas">Julieta Venegas</a> incorporates the sound of the instrument into rock, pop and folk. She was influenced by her fellow Chicanos <a href="/wiki/Los_Lobos" title="Los Lobos">Los Lobos</a> who also use the music of the accordion.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: North Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Demick" title="Barbara Demick">Barbara Demick</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Nothing_to_Envy" title="Nothing to Envy">Nothing to Envy</a></i>, the accordion is known as "the people's instrument" and all North Korean teachers were expected to learn the accordion.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accordions are played in <a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creole_music" title="Creole music">Creole music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polka_in_the_United_States" title="Polka in the United States">polka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the post-World War II era from the 1940s to the 1960s, accordions were widely used in the United States for performances of traditional Western <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> within the configuration of large free-reed symphonic orchestras both in live performances on the concert hall stage and in phonograph recordings.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_audio_samples">Other audio samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Other audio samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="width:90%;"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td style="width:33%;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Accordion_chords-01.ogg" title="File:Accordion chords-01.ogg">Accordion chords</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="12" data-mwtitle="Accordion_chords-01.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Accordion_chords-01.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/Accordion_chords-01.ogg/Accordion_chords-01.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Chords being played on an accordion – 145 KB</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> </td> <td style="width:33%;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Accordion_registers.ogg" title="File:Accordion registers.ogg">Accordion tones</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_5" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="27" data-mwtitle="Accordion_registers.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Accordion_registers.ogg/Accordion_registers.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Accordion_registers.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Audio clip of the same octave cycled through five different timbres (Piano Accordion) – 676 KB</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> </td> <td style="width:33%;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accordionists" title="List of accordionists">List of accordionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steirische_Harmonika" title="Steirische Harmonika">Steirische Harmonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_internationale_des_accord%C3%A9onistes" title="Confédération internationale des accordéonistes">Confédération internationale des accordéonistes</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the accordion's place among the families of musical instruments, see Henry Doktorski's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksanti.net/free-reed/description/taxonomy.html"><i>Taxonomy of Musical Instruments</i> (<i>The Classical Free-Reed, Inc.</i>)</a> Also on this page is Diarmuid Pigott's <i>The Free-Reed Family of Aerophones</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There is not a single document to back up this belief. Christian Friedrich Ludwig Buschmann was 16 years old at that time; handwritten evidence of C.F. Buschschmann and his father exists, but without any related notice within. The first mention of an aeoline was in a text dated 1829.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the accordion owned by Fredrik Dillner of Sweden, which has the name F. Löhner <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrnberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nürnberg">Nürnberg</a> engraved (stamped) on it. The instrument was given to Johannes Dillner in 1830 or earlier</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A summary and pictures of this patent can be found at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619162610/http://www.ksanti.net/free-reed/history/demian.html">www.ksanti.net/free-reed/history/demian.html</a> (Version of 20 Okt 4 – 19 Jun 9 Using Way Back Machine to Display: The Classical Free-Reed, Inc.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German Text: "Mit den Dekel des Balges, läßt sich das ganze Instrument verdoppeln, so daß man dadurch die Accorde vermehrt, oder auch mit einzelne Töne spielen kann, in diesem Fall, muß ein zweyter Einsatz mit Federn, und auch eine 2te Claviatur dazu kommen, der Blasebalg bleibt in der Mitte, jede Hand dirigirt abwechselnd, entweder die Claves, oder den Balg. Durch eine obengenannte Verdoplung des Instruments oder durch Vermehrung der Accorde, würde niemand etwas verbessern, oder was neues liefern, weil nur die Bestandtheile dadurch vermehrt, das Instrument theurer und schwerer wird." Translation of this snip: With the Cover of the bellows the instrument can be duplicated, so the amount of Chords or single notes can be enlarged, or one can sound single notes, in this case, a second part with springs (free reeds) and also a second keyboard must be added, the bellows are in between these two parts, both hands push buttons and push and pull the bellows at the same time or alternatively. Through this doubling or increasing of chords within the instrument nothing new is invented or improved by someone else, because only the amount of similar parts is increased and the Instrument is heavier and more expensive.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akkordeon-online.de/instrum/demian.htm">German full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718195131/http://www.akkordeon-online.de/instrum/demian.htm">Archived</a> 18 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guido_Deiro" title="Guido Deiro">Guido Deiro</a> claimed he was the first accordionist to play a solo with the left hand: <i>Sharpshooter's March</i> (1908) Guido Deiro, <i>Guido Deiro's Own Story of Sharpshooters March</i>, <i>The Pietro Musicordion</i>, Volume 6, Number 2 (May–June 1948)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illustration made with reference from a similar illustration that can be found in both <i>Det levende bælgspil</i> (p. 9) by Jeanette & Lars Dyremose (2003), and <i>Harmonikaens historie</i> (p. 35a) by Bjarne Glenstrup (1972, The University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Music)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?allowed_in_frame=0&search=accordion&searchmode=none">accordion</a></b>, entry in <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarr2022" class="citation web cs1">Barr, C. (13 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525173417/https://sonicfunction.com/instrument-families-where-do-accordions-belong/">"Instrument families: Where do accordions belong"</a>. <i>Sonic Function</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sonicfunction.com/instrument-families-where-do-accordions-belong/">the original</a> on 25 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sonic+Function&rft.atitle=Instrument+families%3A+Where+do+accordions+belong&rft.date=2022-03-13&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsonicfunction.com%2Finstrument-families-where-do-accordions-belong%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blognejo.com.br/top-five-os-maiores-sanfoneiros-da-musica-sertaneja-atual/">"Top Five – Os Maiores Sanfoneiros Da Música Sertaneja Atual"</a>. <i>Blognejo.com</i>. 27 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132051/https://blognejo.com.br/top-five-os-maiores-sanfoneiros-da-musica-sertaneja-atual/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blognejo.com&rft.atitle=Top+Five+%E2%80%93+Os+Maiores+Sanfoneiros+Da+M%C3%BAsica+Sertaneja+Atual&rft.date=2008-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblognejo.com.br%2Ftop-five-os-maiores-sanfoneiros-da-musica-sertaneja-atual%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrant2013" class="citation web cs1">Brant, Ana Clara (22 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070240/http://divirta-se.uai.com.br/app/noticia/musica/2013/05/22/noticia_musica,142451/o-dono-da-festa.shtml">"Novo disco de Michel Teló junta sanfona, música sertaneja, eletrônica e ritmos dançantes"</a>. <i>Divirta-se</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://divirta-se.uai.com.br/app/noticia/musica/2013/05/22/noticia_musica,142451/o-dono-da-festa.shtml">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Divirta-se&rft.atitle=Novo+disco+de+Michel+Tel%C3%B3+junta+sanfona%2C+m%C3%BAsica+sertaneja%2C+eletr%C3%B4nica+e+ritmos+dan%C3%A7antes&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft.aulast=Brant&rft.aufirst=Ana+Clara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdivirta-se.uai.com.br%2Fapp%2Fnoticia%2Fmusica%2F2013%2F05%2F22%2Fnoticia_musica%2C142451%2Fo-dono-da-festa.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyremose, Jeanette & Lars, <i>Det levende bælgspil</i> (2003), p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampacci2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Campacci, Claudio (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_VtPBQAAQBAJ&q=Christian+Friedrich+Ludwig+Buschmann+1822&pg=PA14"><i>Século Xix</i></a> (in Portuguese). <a href="/wiki/Clube_de_Autores" title="Clube de Autores">Clube de Autores</a>. p. 14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%A9culo+Xix&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Clube+de+Autores&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Campacci&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_VtPBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DChristian%2BFriedrich%2BLudwig%2BBuschmann%2B1822%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ksanti.net/free-reed/essays/dillner_interview.html">"Interview with Fredrik Dillner – The Owner of What May Be the World's Oldest Accordion"</a>. <i>The Free-Reed Journal</i>, 22 June 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, Mette & Lisbet Torp (red.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkgoyMAdxT8C">Musikkens tjenere. Forsker, Instrument, Musiker</a> – Musikhistorisk Museums 100 års Jubilæumsskrift 1998, 297 s., indb rigt illustreret <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-466-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7289-466-9">978-87-7289-466-9</a> Serie: Meddelelser fra Musikhistorisk Museum og Carl Claudius Samling <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0900-2111">0900-2111</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirek, Alfred. <i>Garmonika. Proshloe i nastoiashchee. Nauchno-istoricheskaia entsyklopedicheskaia kniga.</i> Moscow, 1994. p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/__Raritetnye_knigi/IRGO_Etnograficheskij_sbornik_02_1854.pdf">Etnograficheskii sbornik Russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva.</a></i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/__Raritetnye_knigi/IRGO_Etnograficheskij_sbornik_02_1854.pdf"> Vol. 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810011715/http://publ.lib.ru/ARCHIVES/__Raritetnye_knigi/IRGO_Etnograficheskij_sbornik_02_1854.pdf">Archived</a> 10 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Saint Petersburg, 1854. pp. 26, 162.<i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mirek, Alfred. <i>Iz istorii akkordeona i baiana.</i> Moscow, 1967. pp. 43–45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanin1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Banin, A.A. (1997). <i>Russkaia instrumentalnaia muzyka folklornoi traditsii</i> (in Russian). Moscow. p. 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russkaia+instrumentalnaia+muzyka+folklornoi+traditsii&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=144&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Banin&rft.aufirst=A.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The National Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge, Vol I, A–Arcesilaus</i>, London, George Woodfall and Son, 1847, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, Thursday 9 June 1831; p. 5; Issue 14560; col A: (Review of a performance by a flautist, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sedlatzek" title="Johann Sedlatzek">Mr. Sedlatzek</a>) "At the close of the concert Mr. Sedlatzek performed on a new instrument called the Accordion or Aeolian, which, however, has little beside its novelty to recommend it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Times</i>, Wednesday, 26 April 1837; p. 5; Issue 16400; col C : "Great Concert-room – King's Theatre ...There was also a novelty in the shape of an instrument called "a concertina", an improvement on the accordion, which has been such a favourite musical toy for the last two or three years".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New York Times</i>, 19 May 1907: 'The Lay of the Last of the Old Minstrels: Interesting Reminiscences of Isaac Odell, Who Was A Burnt Cork Artist Sixty Years Ago': "While we were drawing big crowds to the Palmer House on Chambers Street Charley White was making a great hit playing an accordion in Thalia Hall on Grand Street. In those days" (i.e. mid-1840s) "accordions were the real attraction to the public".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Concertina"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Concertina">"Concertina" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 824.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concertina&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=824&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNijhof" class="citation web cs1">Nijhof, Jeroen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191023013146/http://accordionlinks.com/instrument.html">"Instruments"</a>. <i>Accordion Links</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accordionlinks.com/instrument.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Accordion+Links&rft.atitle=Instruments&rft.aulast=Nijhof&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faccordionlinks.com%2Finstrument.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170315050242/https://accordionlife.com/are-you-my-type/">"Are You My Type? Accordions: Similar but Different"</a>. <i>Accordion Life</i>. 14 March 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://accordionlife.com/are-you-my-type/">the original</a> on 15 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2020</span>. <q>...unisonoric like the Piano and Chromatic Accordions and others are bisonoric like the diatonic accordions...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Accordion+Life&rft.atitle=Are+You+My+Type%3F+Accordions%3A+Similar+but+Different&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faccordionlife.com%2Fare-you-my-type%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918144950/http://schrammelharmonika.nonfoodfactory.org/">"Die Schrammelharmonika"</a>. <i>Non food factory</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://schrammelharmonika.nonfoodfactory.org/">the original</a> on 18 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Non+food+factory&rft.atitle=Die+Schrammelharmonika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fschrammelharmonika.nonfoodfactory.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://1accordion.net/bellows.htm">How To Repair Bellows</a> Ike's Accordion</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougan" class="citation web cs1">Dougan, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allmusic.com/artist/luiz-gonzaga-mn0000316340">"Luiz Gonzaga:Biography by John Dougan"</a>. <i>All Music</i>. RhythmOne group. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130122258/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/luiz-gonzaga-mn0000316340/biography">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Music&rft.atitle=Luiz+Gonzaga%3ABiography+by+John+Dougan&rft.aulast=Dougan&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fluiz-gonzaga-mn0000316340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pianovschromatic-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pianovschromatic_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_Lindgren" class="citation web cs1">Dan Lindgren. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090318050921/http://home.swipnet.se/nydana/accordiontest.pdf">"Piano Accordion vs. Chromatic Button Accordion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.swipnet.se/nydana/accordiontest.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Piano+Accordion+vs.+Chromatic+Button+Accordion&rft.au=Dan+Lindgren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.swipnet.se%2Fnydana%2Faccordiontest.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://accordionlifeacademy.com/articles/push-those-buttons">"Push Those Buttons!"</a>. <i>Accordion Life Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Accordion+Life+Academy&rft.atitle=Push+Those+Buttons%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faccordionlifeacademy.com%2Farticles%2Fpush-those-buttons&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/IT202100003890A1/en?q=(Chiovarelli)&q=G10D11%2f00">"Sezione dei bassi di una fisarmonica e fisarmonica comprendente tale sezione dei bassi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sezione+dei+bassi+di+una+fisarmonica+e+fisarmonica+comprendente+tale+sezione+dei+bassi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FIT202100003890A1%2Fen%3Fq%3D%28Chiovarelli%29%26q%3DG10D11%252f00&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chiovarellijazzsystem.com/cjs/">"CJS | Chiovarelli Jazz System"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CJS+%26%23124%3B+Chiovarelli+Jazz+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chiovarellijazzsystem.com%2Fcjs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2003" class="citation book cs1">Howard, Rob (2003). <i>An A to Z of the Accordion and related instruments</i>. Stockport: Robaccord Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9546711-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9546711-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9546711-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+A+to+Z+of+the+Accordion+and+related+instruments&rft.place=Stockport&rft.pub=Robaccord+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-9546711-0-5&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fmq.fi/articles/notes-letters-column-a-wonderworld-of-quarter-tones">"Notes & Letters column: A wonderworld of quarter-tones"</a>. <i>Fmq.fi</i>. 21 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fmq.fi&rft.atitle=Notes+%26+Letters+column%3A+A+wonderworld+of+quarter-tones&rft.date=2017-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffmq.fi%2Farticles%2Fnotes-letters-column-a-wonderworld-of-quarter-tones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://velikujala.com/concertos/">"Concertos"</a>. <i>Velikujala.com</i>. 10 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Velikujala.com&rft.atitle=Concertos&rft.date=2017-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvelikujala.com%2Fconcertos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishdancemaster.com/">Yutaka Usuai</a>, Japanese-born accordion craftsman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081226093126/http://enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/accordion">"How Products are Made: Accordion"</a>. eNotes.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enotes.com/how-products-encyclopedia/accordion">the original</a> on 26 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Products+are+Made%3A+Accordion&rft.pub=eNotes.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenotes.com%2Fhow-products-encyclopedia%2Faccordion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Doktorski, CD booklet notes for "<a href="/wiki/Guido_Deiro" title="Guido Deiro">Guido Deiro</a>: Complete Recorded Works, Vol. 1", <a href="/wiki/Archeophone_Records" title="Archeophone Records">Archeophone Records</a> (2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128225444/https://whyilovekenya.com/portfolio-items/the-lord-of-the-dance/">"The Lord of the Dance"</a>. <i>WILK</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whyilovekenya.com/portfolio-items/the-lord-of-the-dance/">the original</a> on 28 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WILK&rft.atitle=The+Lord+of+the+Dance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhyilovekenya.com%2Fportfolio-items%2Fthe-lord-of-the-dance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sometimes in modern pop music the accordion is not actually played, but its sound is heard by use of a MIDI instrument and sampled sound module.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christoph Wagner, "A Brief History of How the Accordion Changed the World", CD booklet notes for Planet Squeezebox, performed by various artists, (Roslyn, New York: Ellipsis Arts, 1995), 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEHGs88c-aAC&dq=Angelo+Dipippo&pg=PT394">The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz. Feather, Leonard. Gitler, Ira Eds. Oxford University Press. 2007 ebook ISBN 9780195320008 Angelo Di Pippo Biography on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/angelo-di-pippo-mn0000049382">Angelo Di Pippo Biography on allmusic.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8318785/">Angelo Di Pippo Biography on imbd</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelodipippo.com/">Angelo Di Pippo Biography on angelodipippo.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/index.php/mastertalent/detail/343174/Serry_John">Discography of American Historical Recordings: University of California Santa Barbara – Audio recordings online of John Serry and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Jazz Orchestra 1937–1938</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobson, M. [Squeeze This – A Cultural History of the Accordion in America]. University of Illinois Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03675-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03675-0">978-0-252-03675-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobson-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobson_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2012" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Marion (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331151241/http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/47bqd8bm9780252036750.html"><i>Squeeze This: A Cultural History of the Accordion in America</i></a>. University of Illinois. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252093852" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252093852"><bdi>978-0252093852</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.press.uillinois.edu/books/catalog/47bqd8bm9780252036750.html">the original</a> on 31 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Squeeze+This%3A+A+Cultural+History+of+the+Accordion+in+America&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0252093852&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.press.uillinois.edu%2Fbooks%2Fcatalog%2F47bqd8bm9780252036750.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SloveniaGrieving-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SloveniaGrieving_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150921060458/http://www.slovenia.si/visit/news/n/slovenia-is-grieving-for-the-legendary-musician-slavko-avsenik/">"Slovenia is Grieving for the Legendary Musician Slavko Avsenik"</a>. <i>Slovenia.si</i>. 8 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slovenia.si/visit/news/n/slovenia-is-grieving-for-the-legendary-musician-slavko-avsenik/">the original</a> on 21 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slovenia.si&rft.atitle=Slovenia+is+Grieving+for+the+Legendary+Musician+Slavko+Avsenik&rft.date=2015-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slovenia.si%2Fvisit%2Fnews%2Fn%2Fslovenia-is-grieving-for-the-legendary-musician-slavko-avsenik%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Los Angeles Examiner</i> 9 October 1938, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobson, Marion (2012). <i>Squeeze This: A Cultural History of the Accordion in America</i>. University of Illinois Press, Chicago, p. 61. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03675-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03675-0">978-0-252-03675-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSettel1967" class="citation book cs1">Settel, Irving (1967) [1960]. <i>A Pictorial History of Radio</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grosset_%26_Dunlap" title="Grosset & Dunlap">Grosset & Dunlap</a>. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67-23789">67-23789</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1475068">1475068</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pictorial+History+of+Radio&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Grosset+%26+Dunlap&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1475068&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67-23789&rft.aulast=Settel&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Myron Floren and Randee Floren, <i>Accordion Man</i>, with a foreword by Lawrence Welk (The Stephen Greene Press, Brattleboro, Vermont: 1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafka2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kafka, Alexander (2012). "Accordion File". <i>The Chronicle of Higher Education</i> – via Proquest.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Accordion+File&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kafka&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GraffDurchholz2012-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GraffDurchholz2012_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraffDurchholz2012" class="citation book cs1">Graff, Gary; Durchholz, Daniel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWlSUYbiUXUC&pg=PT152"><i>Rock 'n' Roll Myths: The True Stories Behind the Most Infamous Legends</i></a>. MBI Publishing Company. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61058-571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61058-571-2"><bdi>978-1-61058-571-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Myths%3A+The+True+Stories+Behind+the+Most+Infamous+Legends&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61058-571-2&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.au=Durchholz%2C+Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWlSUYbiUXUC%26pg%3DPT152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tmbw.net/wiki/Accordion">"Accordion – TMBW: The They Might Be Giants Knowledge Base"</a>. <i>tmbw.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tmbw.net&rft.atitle=Accordion+%E2%80%93+TMBW%3A+The+They+Might+Be+Giants+Knowledge+Base&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftmbw.net%2Fwiki%2FAccordion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akkordeon-online.de/english.htm"><i>Accordion Composers in German</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107190534/http://www.akkordeon-online.de/english.htm">Archived</a> 7 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accordion Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Doktorski, "The Classical Squeezebox: A Short History of the Accordion and Other Free-Reed Instruments in Classical Music", The Classical Free-Reed, Inc. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Julieta+Venegas%3A+Life+and+songs+in+two+cultures&rft.date=2016-02-18&rft.aulast=Dorantes&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.houstonchronicle.com%2Flocal%2Fgray-matters%2Farticle%2FJulieta-Venegas-6839928.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/north-korea/galleries/what-you-didn-t-know-about-north-korea/accordians/">"20 incredible things you didn't know about North Korea"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/north-korea/galleries/what-you-didn-t-know-about-north-korea/accordians/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=20+incredible+things+you+didn%27t+know+about+North+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fasia%2Fnorth-korea%2Fgalleries%2Fwhat-you-didn-t-know-about-north-korea%2Faccordians%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimonett2012" class="citation book cs1">Simonett, Helena (2012). <i>The accordion in the Americas: klezmer, polka, tango, zydeco, and more!</i>. Music in American life. Urbana, Ill: University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-03720-7"><bdi>978-0-252-03720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+accordion+in+the+Americas%3A+klezmer%2C+polka%2C+tango%2C+zydeco%2C+and+more%21&rft.place=Urbana%2C+Ill&rft.series=Music+in+American+life&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-252-03720-7&rft.aulast=Simonett&rft.aufirst=Helena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPhXe_qNy5QC&dq=Accordeon+Orchestra+joe+Biviano&pg=PA78">Squeese This! A Cultural History of the Accordion in America. Jacobson, Marion. University of Illinois Press. 2012. p. 78-80 ebook ISBN 9780252093852Accordion Orchestra Joe Biviano on Google Books on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiNtRleCw6wC&q=John+Serry">Music Trades: "Accordion Orchestra Featured on New Coral 12" Record" Vol. 109, 1961 p. 84 John Serry on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/master/1445202-Pietro-Deiro-Joe-Biviano-The-Accordion-Orchestra/image/SW1hZ2U6MzQyODM1NjE=">"Pietro Deiro Presents The Accordion Orchestra - Under Direction of Joe Biviano" Coral Records (CRL-57323, 1960) See album cover for performers credits including John Serry, Eugene Ettore, Carmen Carrozza and Angelo Di Pippo. Pietro Deiro on Discogs.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hR8EAAAAMBAJ&dq=Pietro+Deiro+Presents+the+Accordion+Orchestra&pg=PA33">Pietro The Billboard- Reviews and Ratings of New albums: "Pietro Deiro Presents The Accordion Orchestra" (Coral, CRL-57323), 27 June 1960 p. 33 Pietro Deiro Presents the Accordion Orchestra on Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bsnpubs.com/decca/coral/coral.html">The Coral Album Discography. Edwards, David. Callahan, Mike. Eyrles, Patrice. Watts, Randy. Neely, Timothy. April 27, 2014. CRL-57323 "Pietro Deiro Presents the Accordion Orchestra" (1960) on bsnpubs.com</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Accordion&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Accordions" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Accordions">accordions</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Accordion" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Accordion">Accordion</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Accordion"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Accordion">"Accordion" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Accordion&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAccordion" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Musical_keyboards" title="Template talk:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Musical_keyboards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Musical keyboards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Musical_and_keyboard_instruments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">Musical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_instrument" title="Keyboard instrument">keyboard instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowed_clavier" title="Bowed clavier">Bowed clavier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calliope_(music)" title="Calliope (music)">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celesta" title="Celesta">Celesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavichord" title="Clavichord">Clavichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavicytherium" title="Clavicytherium">Clavicytherium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claviharp" title="Claviharp">Claviharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_keyboard" title="Electronic keyboard">Electronic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortepiano" title="Fortepiano">Fortepiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonichord" title="Harmonichord">Harmonichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpsichord" title="Harpsichord">Harpsichord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keytar" title="Keytar">Keytar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodica" title="Melodica">Melodica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_(music)" title="Organ (music)">Organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammond_organ" title="Hammond organ">Hammond organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">Pipe organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_organ" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed organ">Reed organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_organ" title="Theatre organ">Theatre organ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphica" title="Orphica">Orphica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_piano" title="Digital piano">Digital piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinet" title="Spinet">Spinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginals" title="Virginals">Virginal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enharmonic_keyboard" title="Enharmonic keyboard">Enharmonic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_keyboard" title="Generalized keyboard">Generalized keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isomorphic_keyboard" title="Isomorphic keyboard">Isomorphic keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jank%C3%B3_keyboard" title="Jankó keyboard">Jankó keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_octave" title="Short octave">Short octave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Key_(instrument)" title="Key (instrument)">Keys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_key_frequencies" title="Piano key frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_(music)" title="Manual (music)">Manual keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sharp" title="Split sharp">Split sharp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_pedals" title="Piano pedals">Pedals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_pedal" title="Soft pedal">Soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">Sustain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Piano construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovations_in_the_piano" title="Innovations in the piano">Innovations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_wire" title="Piano wire">Wiring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliquot_stringing" title="Aliquot stringing">Aliquot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-stringing" title="Cross-stringing">Cross</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piano_maintenance" title="Piano maintenance">Maintenance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(piano)" title="Action (piano)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_Technicians_Guild" title="Piano Technicians Guild">Piano Technicians Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">Tuning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuning_wrench" title="Tuning wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Amplifiers, speakers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prepared_piano" title="Prepared piano">Prepared piano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Squeezeboxes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Squeezebox" title="Template:Squeezebox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Squeezebox" title="Template talk:Squeezebox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Squeezebox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Squeezebox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Squeezeboxes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Squeezebox" title="Squeezebox">Squeezeboxes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Accordions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Button_accordion" title="Button accordion">Button accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_accordion" title="Digital accordion">Digital accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_accordion" title="Georgian accordion">Georgian accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_accordion" title="Piano accordion">Piano accordion</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accordion_reed_ranks_and_switches" title="Accordion reed ranks and switches">Accordion reed ranks and switches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassotto" title="Cassotto">Cassotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-bass_system" title="Free-bass system">Free-bass system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stradella_bass_system" title="Stradella bass system">Stradella bass system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_button_accordion" title="Chromatic button accordion">Chromatic button accordions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_(accordion)" title="Bayan (accordion)">Bayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schrammel_accordion" title="Schrammel accordion">Schrammel accordion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion" title="Diatonic button accordion">Diatonic button accordions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_accordion" title="Cajun accordion">Cajun accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutina" title="Flutina">Flutina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmon" title="Garmon">Garmon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khromka" title="Khromka">Khromka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livenka_(music)" title="Livenka (music)">Livenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratovskaya_garmonika" title="Saratovskaya garmonika">Saratovka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heligonka" title="Heligonka">Heligonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonium">Harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organetto" title="Organetto">Organetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyzer%C3%B6rgeli" title="Schwyzerörgeli">Schwyzerörgeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steirische_Harmonika" title="Steirische Harmonika">Steirische Harmonika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trikiti" title="Trikiti">Trikitixa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">Concertinas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_concertina" title="Anglo concertina">Anglo concertina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandoneon" title="Bandoneon">Bandoneón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemnitzer_concertina" title="Chemnitzer concertina">Chemnitzer concertina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duet_concertina" title="Duet concertina">Duet concertina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_concertina" title="English concertina">English concertina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reed_aerophones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reed_aerophones" title="Template:Reed aerophones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reed_aerophones" title="Template talk:Reed aerophones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reed_aerophones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reed aerophones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reed_aerophones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reed_aerophone" title="Reed aerophone">Reed aerophones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Double_reed" title="Double reed">Double reed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">Cylindrical bore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balaban_(instrument)" title="Balaban (instrument)">Balaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirimia" title="Chirimia">Chirimia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duduk" title="Duduk">Duduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_(instrument)" title="Guan (instrument)">Guan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_(instrument)" title="Piri (instrument)">Piri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">Conical bore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassoon" title="Bassoon">Bassoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombard_(musical_instrument)" title="Bombard (musical instrument)">Bombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cor_anglais" title="Cor anglais">English horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gralla_(instrument)" title="Gralla (instrument)">Gralla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hne" title="Hne">Hne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A8n" title="Kèn">Kèn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe" title="Oboe">Oboe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_d%27amore" title="Oboe d'amore">Oboe d'amore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_(music)" title="Piston (music)">Piston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhaita" title="Rhaita">Rhaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawm" title="Shawm">Shawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopila" title="Sopila">Sopila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taepyeongso" title="Taepyeongso">Taepyeongso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Single-reed_instrument" title="Single-reed instrument">Single reed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cylindrical bore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboka" title="Alboka">Alboka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghul" title="Arghul">Arghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClban" title="Bülban">Bülban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalumeau" title="Chalumeau">Chalumeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarinet" title="Clarinet">Clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplica" title="Diplica">Diplica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launeddas" title="Launeddas">Launeddas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijwiz" title="Mijwiz">Mijwiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pibgorn_(instrument)" title="Pibgorn (instrument)">Pibgorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclam_de_xeremies" title="Reclam de xeremies">Reclam de xeremies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipsi" title="Sipsi">Sipsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaphoon" title="Xaphoon">Xaphoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaleika" title="Zhaleika">Zhaleika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conical bore</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aulochrome" title="Aulochrome">Aulochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckel-clarina" title="Heckel-clarina">Heckel-clarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckelphone-clarinet" title="Heckelphone-clarinet">Heckelphone-clarinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavin" title="Octavin">Octavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">Saxophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1rogat%C3%B3" title="Tárogató">Tárogató</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Free_reed_aerophone" title="Free reed aerophone">Free reed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Single</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawu" title="Bawu">Bawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullroarer" title="Bullroarer">Bullroarer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_horn" title="Party horn">Party horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_pipe" title="Pitch pipe">Pitch pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sneng" title="Sneng">Sneng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Accordion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claviola" title="Claviola">Claviola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">Concertina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Couesnophone" title="Couesnophone">Couesnophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmoneon" title="Harmoneon">Harmoneon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">Harmonica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromatic_harmonica" title="Chromatic harmonica">Chromatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatonic_harmonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatonic harmonica">Diatonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richter-tuned_harmonica" title="Richter-tuned harmonica">Richter-tuned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremolo_harmonica" title="Tremolo harmonica">Tremolo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gourd_mouth_organ" title="Gourd mouth organ">Gourd mouth organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornophone" title="Hornophone">Hornophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulusi" title="Hulusi">Hulusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khene" title="Khene">Khene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusheng" title="Lusheng">Lusheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangtong" title="Mangtong">Mangtong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinshorn" title="Martinshorn">Martinshorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodica" title="Melodica">Melodica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organetto" title="Organetto">Organetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physharmonica" title="Physharmonica">Physharmonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">Pump organ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guide-chant" title="Guide-chant">Guide-chant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_harmonium" title="Indian harmonium">Indian harmonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotonophonium" title="Orthotonophonium">Orthotonophonium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saenghwang" title="Saenghwang">Saenghwang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)" title="Sheng (instrument)">Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8D_(instrument)" title="Shō (instrument)">Shō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triola" title="Triola">Triola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_(wind_instrument)" title="Yu (wind instrument)">Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bore_(wind_instruments)" title="Bore (wind instruments)">Bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadruple_reed" title="Quadruple reed">Quadruple reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed (instrument)">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_hole" title="Tone hole">Tone hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79838#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79838#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79838#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4122772-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Accordion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85000385">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Accordéon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11987678s">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Accordéon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11987678s">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00560141">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="akordeon"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph118321&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007293690605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10646133">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/instrument/bdf08ac2-b9c2-4391-85e5-9a7716bdd690">MusicBrainz instrument</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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