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href="#Qin_and_Han_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Qin and Han dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qin_and_Han_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuan_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuan_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Cuan Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuan_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanzhao_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanzhao_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Nanzhao period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanzhao_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dali_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dali_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Dali Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dali_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_and_Qing_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_and_Qing_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Ming and Qing dynasties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_and_Qing_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Imperial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Imperial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Post-Imperial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Imperial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturalists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturalists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Naturalists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturalists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Geology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleontology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleontology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Paleontology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleontology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Topography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Borders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Lakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Rivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Designation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Designation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Designation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scenic_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scenic_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scenic areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scenic_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scenic areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scenic_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>National parks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>UNESCO World Heritage Sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Urban areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Literacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Image gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Economic and Technological Development Zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Health-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Health subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HIV-AIDS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HIV-AIDS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>HIV-AIDS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HIV-AIDS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Railways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma_Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma_Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Burma Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma_Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Highways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expressways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expressways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3.1</span> <span>Expressways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expressways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Waterways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Waterways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.4</span> <span>Waterways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waterways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.5</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.6</span> <span>Bridges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.7</span> <span>Metro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eighteen_Oddities_of_Yunnan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eighteen_Oddities_of_Yunnan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eighteen_Oddities_of_Yunnan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Tea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Chinese medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.6</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.7</span> <span>Places of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.8</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Yunnan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">113 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%86)" title="يونان (الصين) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يونان (الصين)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="য়ুন্নান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="য়ুন্নান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইউন্নান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউন্নান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BBn-l%C3%A2m-s%C3%A9ng" title="Hûn-lâm-séng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hûn-lâm-séng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Юньнань – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Юньнань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Юньнань – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Юньнань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Юннан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Юннан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9E%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡུན་ནན་ཞིང་ཆེན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡུན་ནན་ཞིང་ཆེན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_Sheng" title="Yunnan Sheng – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Yunnan Sheng" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCn-nan" title="Jün-nan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jün-nan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Γιουνάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιουνάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junano" title="Junano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Junano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یون‌نان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یون‌نان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97" title="雲南 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雲南" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%B9n-n%C3%A0m" title="Yùn-nàm – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yùn-nàm" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%88%EB%82%9C%EC%84%B1" title="윈난성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윈난성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Յուննան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յուննան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="युन्नान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युन्नान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinco_Yunnan" title="Provinco Yunnan – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Provinco Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Юньнань – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Юньнань" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9F" title="יונאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יונאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="იუნანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იუნანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A2%E0%BA%B9%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ຢູນນານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຢູນນານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iunnania" title="Iunnania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iunnania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%86na%C5%86a" title="Juņnaņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Juņnaņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junanas" title="Junanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Junanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCnnan" title="Jünnan – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jünnan" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јунан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јунан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="യുന്നാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യുന്നാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="युन्नान – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युन्नान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="იუნანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იუნანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یون‌نان – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="یون‌نان" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯌꯨꯟꯅꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯨꯟꯅꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B9ng-n%C3%A0ng" title="Hùng-nàng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hùng-nàng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B6" title="Юньнань муж – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Юньнань муж" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%94%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ယူနန်ပြည်နယ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူနန်ပြည်နယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="युन्नान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युन्नान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="雲南省 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雲南省" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Юньнань – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Юньнань" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ینعان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ینعان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%81%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93" title="ខេត្តយូណាន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ខេត្តយូណាន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junnan" title="Junnan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Junnan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iun%C3%A3" title="Iunã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Iunã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_pruwinsya" title="Yunnan pruwinsya – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yunnan pruwinsya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Юньнань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юньнань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Юннань – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Юннань" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱭᱩᱱᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88" title="ينان صوبو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ينان صوبو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCn-nan" title="Jün-nan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jün-nan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junan" title="Junan – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Junan" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%B2%DA%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="پارێزگای یونان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارێزگای یونان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Јунан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јунан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propinsi_Yunnan" title="Propinsi Yunnan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Propinsi Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="யுன்னான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="யுன்னான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ယူႇၼၢၼ်ႇ၊ မိူင်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ယူႇၼၢၼ်ႇ၊ မိူင်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="มณฑลยูนนาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มณฑลยูนนาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Йуннон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Йуннон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%BCnnan" title="Yünnan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yünnan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Юньнань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Юньнань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="یوننان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوننان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%88%D9%86%D9%86%DB%95%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%84%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="يۈننەن ئۆلكىسى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يۈننەن ئۆلكىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yinznanz" title="Yinznanz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yinznanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A2n_Nam" title="Vân Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vân Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Younnan" title="Younnan – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Younnan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="雲南省 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="雲南省" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="云南省 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="云南省" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97" title="雲南 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雲南" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81" title="云南省 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="云南省" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Yunnan" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43194#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43194" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yunnan&params=25_02_58_N_102_42_32_E_type:adm1st_region:CN-53"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°02′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">102°42′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.04944°N 102.70889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.04944; 102.70889</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in Southwest China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Yunan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Yunan (disambiguation)">Yunan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province in China</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Yunnan</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">云南</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Name transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Chinese</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">云南省</span></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yúnnán Shěng</i></span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Nuosu</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yi-language text"><span lang="ii">ꒊꆈ</span></span> or <span title="Yi-language text"><span lang="ii">ꒊꆈꌜ</span></span> (<span title="Yi-language romanization"><i lang="ii-Latn">Yypnuo</i></span> or <span title="Yi-language romanization"><i lang="ii-Latn">Yypnuose</i></span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Standard Zhuang</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Zhuang-language text"><i lang="za">Yinznanz</i></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">Abbreviation</span></th><td class="infobox-data">YN / <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%BB%87#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:滇">滇</a></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Diān</i></span>) or <span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BA%91#Simplified_Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:云">云</a></span> (<span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">Yún</i></span>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:282px;max-width:282px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:280px;max-width:280px"><div style="border:1;height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lijiang_Yunnan_China_Jade-Dragon-Snow-Mountain-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lijiang_Yunnan_China_Jade-Dragon-Snow-Mountain-01.jpg/278px-Lijiang_Yunnan_China_Jade-Dragon-Snow-Mountain-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="278" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lijiang_Yunnan_China_Jade-Dragon-Snow-Mountain-01.jpg/417px-Lijiang_Yunnan_China_Jade-Dragon-Snow-Mountain-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lijiang_Yunnan_China_Jade-Dragon-Snow-Mountain-01.jpg/556px-Lijiang_Yunnan_China_Jade-Dragon-Snow-Mountain-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="1923" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Meili_Snow_Mountains" title="Meili Snow Mountains">Meili Snow Mountains</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style="border:1;height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:55936-Lijiang_(27941831943).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/55936-Lijiang_%2827941831943%29.jpg/138px-55936-Lijiang_%2827941831943%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/55936-Lijiang_%2827941831943%29.jpg/207px-55936-Lijiang_%2827941831943%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/55936-Lijiang_%2827941831943%29.jpg/276px-55936-Lijiang_%2827941831943%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1987" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_of_Lijiang" title="Old Town of Lijiang">Old Town of Lijiang</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div style="border:1;height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shilin,_Yunnan_24740.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shilin%2C_Yunnan_24740.jpg/136px-Shilin%2C_Yunnan_24740.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shilin%2C_Yunnan_24740.jpg/204px-Shilin%2C_Yunnan_24740.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shilin%2C_Yunnan_24740.jpg/272px-Shilin%2C_Yunnan_24740.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3745" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Stone_Forest" title="Stone Forest">Stone Forest</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="border:1;height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dali_2007_171.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dali_2007_171.jpg/137px-Dali_2007_171.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dali_2007_171.jpg/206px-Dali_2007_171.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Dali_2007_171.jpg/274px-Dali_2007_171.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div>The <a href="/wiki/Three_Pagodas" title="Three Pagodas">Three Pagodas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali City</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div style="border:1;height:102px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%A4%9A%E4%BE%9D%E6%A8%B9%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA20191224221513_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%E5%A4%9A%E4%BE%9D%E6%A8%B9%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA20191224221513_01.jpg/137px-%E5%A4%9A%E4%BE%9D%E6%A8%B9%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA20191224221513_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%E5%A4%9A%E4%BE%9D%E6%A8%B9%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA20191224221513_01.jpg/206px-%E5%A4%9A%E4%BE%9D%E6%A8%B9%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA20191224221513_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%E5%A4%9A%E4%BE%9D%E6%A8%B9%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA20191224221513_01.jpg/274px-%E5%A4%9A%E4%BE%9D%E6%A8%B9%E6%97%A5%E5%87%BA20191224221513_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_Rice_Terraces" title="Honghe Hani Rice Terraces">Honghe Hani Rice Terraces</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yunnan_in_China_(%2Ball_claims_hatched).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Yunnan in China"><img alt="Location of Yunnan in China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yunnan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/265px-Yunnan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yunnan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/398px-Yunnan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Yunnan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg/530px-Yunnan_in_China_%28%2Ball_claims_hatched%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="940" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Location of Yunnan in China</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yunnan&params=25_02_58_N_102_42_32_E_type:adm1st_region:CN-53"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°02′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">102°42′32″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.04944°N 102.70889°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.04944; 102.70889</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">China</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nanzhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nanzhao">Kingdom of Nanzhao</a></th><td class="infobox-data">738</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dachanghe" title="Dachanghe">Dachanghe</a></th><td class="infobox-data">902</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">Ming conquest of Yunnan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1381–1382</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_clique" title="Yunnan clique">Yunnan clique</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1915–1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Takeover by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1951</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(and largest city)</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Divisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><b></b>16 <a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_China" title="Prefectures of China">prefectures</a>, 129 <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_China" title="Counties of China">counties</a>, 1565 <a href="/wiki/Townships_of_China" title="Townships of China">townships</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan_Provincial_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunnan Provincial People's Congress (page does not exist)">Yunnan Provincial People's Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">CCP Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ning_(politician,_born_1961)" title="Wang Ning (politician, born 1961)">Wang Ning</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan_Provincial_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunnan Provincial People's Congress (page does not exist)">Congress</a> chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Wang Ning</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_(China)" title="Governor (China)">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yubo" title="Wang Yubo">Wang Yubo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">CPPCC</a> chairman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaokai" title="Liu Xiaokai">Liu Xiaokai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> Representation</th><td class="infobox-data">90 deputies</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-mofcom_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mofcom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">394,000 km<sup>2</sup> (152,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_area" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by area">8th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/Kawagarbo" title="Kawagarbo">Kawagarbo</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">6,740 m (22,110 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">47,209,277</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_population" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by population">12th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">120/km<sup>2</sup> (310/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China#List_of_provincial_level_divisions" title="Provinces of China">24th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>: 67%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a>: 11%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a>: 3.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a>: 3.4%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a>: 2.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a>: 2.7%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a>: 2.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>: 1.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a>: 0.3%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaung_people" title="Palaung people">De'ang</a>: 0.19%</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Languages and dialects</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern Mandarin</a></li><li>25 <a href="#Languages">minority languages</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2023)</span><sup id="cite_ref-GDPdata_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDPdata-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/CN%C2%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="CN¥">CN¥</a>3,002 billion <span class="nowrap">(US$426 billion;</span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP">18th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">CN¥64,107 <span class="nowrap">(US$9,097;</span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_GDP_per_capita" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by GDP per capita">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">CN-YN</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2022)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.729<sup id="cite_ref-SHDI_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHDI-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by HDI">27th</a>) – <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#090">high</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yn.gov.cn">www<wbr />.yn<wbr />.gov<wbr />.cn</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Yunnan</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Yunnan_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Yunnan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/110px-Yunnan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Yunnan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/165px-Yunnan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Yunnan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/220px-Yunnan_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="463" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Yunnan" in simplified (top) and traditional (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">云南</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">雲南</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">"South of the colorful clouds"（彩雲之南 / 彩云之南）<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yúnnán</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span lang="zh-Bopo">ㄩㄣˊ<span style="padding-left:0.5ic;"> </span>ㄋㄢˊ</span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Yunnan</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>Yün<sup>2</sup>-nan<sup>2</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[y̌n.nǎn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/80\/Zh-Yunnan.ogg\/Zh-Yunnan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Zh-Yunnan.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/80/Zh-Yunnan.ogg/Zh-Yunnan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Zh-Yunnan.ogg" title="File:Zh-Yunnan.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">Yiuin<sup>平</sup>-noe<sup>平</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Hakka-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="hak-Latn">Yùn-nàm</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Wàhn-nàahm</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Wan4-naam4</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[wɐn˩.nam˩]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Hûn-lâm</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Yi</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Nuosu_language" title="Nuosu language">Yi</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ꒊꆈ<br /><i>yyp nuo</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_Lue_language" title="Tai Lue language">Tai Lue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ᦍᦲᧃᧉᦓᦱᧃᧉ<br /><i>jin naan</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ꓬꓱ-ꓠ <br /><i>ye na</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ཡུན་ནན་ <br /><i>yun nan</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Thai_language" title="Northern Thai language">Northern Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ᩅᩥᩮᨵᩉᩁᩣ᩠ᨩ <br /><i>Witheharat</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ยูนนาน <br /><i>Yunnan</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vân Nam <br />雲南</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ຢຸນນານ <br /><i>yun nān</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_language" title="Burmese language">Burmese</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ယူနန်ပြည်နယ် <br /><i>yunanpranynai</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;"><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a> name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shan_language" title="Shan language">Shan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ယူႇၼၢၼ်ႇ၊ မိူင်း <br /><i>yū⸒nān⸒, möṅː</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Yunnan</b><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an inland <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern China</a>. The province spans approximately 394,000 km<sup>2</sup> (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 47.2 million (as of 2020). The capital of the province is <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>. The province borders the Chinese provinces of <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">autonomous regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a>, as well as Southeast Asian countries <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (Burma), <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>. Yunnan is China's fourth least developed province based on disposable income per capita in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yunnan is situated in a mountainous area, with high elevations in the Northwest and low elevations in the Southeast. Most of the population lives in the eastern part of the province. In the west, the altitude can vary from the mountain peaks to river valleys as much as 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Yunnan is rich in natural resources and has the largest diversity of plant life in China. Of the approximately 30,000 species of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">higher plants</a> in China, Yunnan has perhaps 17,000 or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yunnan's reserves of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> are the largest in China, and there are also major reserves of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>. Historically, the southwestern Silk Road to <a href="/wiki/Bhitargarh" title="Bhitargarh">Bhitargarh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> passed through modern Yunnan. </p><p>Parts of Yunnan formed the <a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian Kingdom</a> during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. The <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Dian" title="Han conquest of Dian">conquered the Dian Kingdom</a> in the late 2nd century BC, establishing the Yizhou Commandery in its place. During the chaos of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms period</a>, imperial Chinese authority in Yunnan weakened, and much of the region came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Cuanman" title="Cuanman">Cuanman</a>. The area was later ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a>-speaking kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a> from (738–937), followed by the <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a>-ruled <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a> (937–1253). After the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Mongol</a> conquest of the region in the 13th century, Yunnan was <a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">conquered</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_under_Ming_rule" title="Yunnan under Ming rule">ruled</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. </p><p>From the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> onward, the area was part of a central-government sponsored population movement towards the southwestern frontier, with two major waves of migrants arriving from <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>-majority areas in northern and southeast China.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with other parts of China's southwest, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> occupation in the north during <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">World War II</a> forced another migration of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han people</a> into the region. These two waves of migration contributed to Yunnan being one of the most ethnically diverse provinces of China, with ethnic minorities accounting for about 34 percent of its total population.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major ethnic groups include <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yunnan has also been identified as the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the region of origin of the plant genus <i><a href="/wiki/Cannabis" title="Cannabis">Cannabis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "Yunnan" first referred to a place when the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> created Yunnan County near modern <a href="/wiki/Xiangyun_County" title="Xiangyun County">Xiangyun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Xuanzong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Xuanzong of Tang">Emperor Xuanzong</a> gave <a href="/wiki/Piluoge" title="Piluoge">Piluoge</a>, the chief of <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a>, the title of "King of Yunnan",<sup id="cite_ref-尤中_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-尤中-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because Nanzhao originated from Yunnan county.<sup id="cite_ref-吴光泛_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-吴光泛-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gradually the king of Yunnan controlled more and more territory, and "Yunnan" became the common name of this area.<sup id="cite_ref-谭其骧_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-谭其骧-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> created the Yunnan Province after it occupied the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-尤中_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-尤中-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Han dynasty literature did not record the etymology of "Yunnan", and there are many theories about its origin. One common theory states that the name means "south of colorful clouds" (<span lang="zh-Hans">彩云之南</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">cǎiyún zhī nán</span></i>). Some annals in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, for example <i>Dian Lüe</i> (<span lang="zh">滇略</span>) and <i>Yunnan General Annals</i> (<span lang="zh-Hans">云南通志</span>), support this.<sup id="cite_ref-吴光泛_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-吴光泛-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, modern historian <a href="/wiki/Tan_Qixiang" title="Tan Qixiang">Tan Qixiang</a> states that this theory is a superficial explanation of the literal meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-谭其骧_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-谭其骧-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another common theory is that the name means "south of <a href="/wiki/Yun_Range" title="Yun Range">Yun Range</a>" (<span lang="zh-Hans">云岭之南</span>) However, this has been disproven because the name "Yunling Mountains" first appeared in Tang dynasty (618–907) literature, but the name "Yunnan" first appeared during the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD).<sup id="cite_ref-吴光泛_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-吴光泛-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern research gives more conjectures. You Zhong said "Yunnan" means "south of the mountain (referring to the <a href="/wiki/Cang_Mountain" title="Cang Mountain">Cang Mountain</a>) with clouds".<sup id="cite_ref-尤中_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-尤中-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wu Guangfan said "Yunnan" might be a <a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a> name.<sup id="cite_ref-吴光泛_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-吴光泛-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yunnan" title="History of Yunnan">History of Yunnan</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Yunnan" title="Special:EditPage/Yunnan">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_Man" title="Yuanmou Man">Yuanmou Man</a>, a <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a></i> fossil unearthed by railway engineers in the 1960s, has been determined to be the oldest-known hominid fossil in China. By the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, there were human settlements in the area of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dian">Lake Dian</a>. These people used stone tools and constructed simple wooden structures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dian_Kingdom">Dian Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dian Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DianScuplture1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DianScuplture1.jpg/220px-DianScuplture1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DianScuplture1.jpg/330px-DianScuplture1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/DianScuplture1.jpg/440px-DianScuplture1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="1166" /></a><figcaption>Bronze sculpture of the <a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian Kingdom</a>, 3rd century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the 3rd century BC, the central area of Yunnan around present day <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> was known as <a href="/wiki/Dian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian Kingdom">Dian</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuang_Qiao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuang Qiao (page does not exist)">Zhuang Qiao</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%84%E8%B9%BB" class="extiw" title="zh:庄蹻">zh</a>]</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">庄蹻</span></span>) entered the region from the upper <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and set himself up as "King of Dian".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He and his followers brought into Yunnan an influx of Chinese influence,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the start of a long history of migration and cultural expansion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qin_and_Han_dynasties">Qin and Han dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Qin and Han dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 221 BC, <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a> unified China and extended his authority south. Commanderies and counties were established in Yunnan. An existing road in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> – the "Five Foot Way" – was extended south to around present day <a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a>, in eastern Yunnan. In 109 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Dian" title="Han conquest of Dian">conquered Dian</a> during its <a href="/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">southern expeditions</a>. Under orders from <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu</a>, General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Chang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guo Chang (page does not exist)">Guo Chang</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%AD%E6%98%8C" class="extiw" title="zh:郭昌">zh</a>]</span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">郭昌</span></span>) was sent south to Yunnan, eventually establishing the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yizhou_commandery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yizhou commandery (page does not exist)">Yizhou commandery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this time, agricultural technology in Yunnan had improved markedly. The local people used bronze tools, plows and kept a variety of livestock, including cattle, horses, sheep, goats, pigs and dogs. Anthropologists have determined that these people were related to the people now known as the <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a>. They lived in tribal congregations, sometimes led by exiled Chinese.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a>, the territory of present-day Yunnan, western <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> and southern Sichuan was collectively called <a href="/wiki/Nanzhong" title="Nanzhong">Nanzhong</a>. The dissolution of Chinese central authority led to increased autonomy for Yunnan and more power for the local tribal structures. In AD 225, the famed statesman <a href="/wiki/Zhuge_Liang" title="Zhuge Liang">Zhuge Liang</a> led three columns into Yunnan to pacify the tribes. His seven captures of <a href="/wiki/Meng_Huo" title="Meng Huo">Meng Huo</a>, a local magnate, is mythologized in the <a href="/wiki/Romance_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Romance of the Three Kingdoms">Romance of the Three Kingdoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuan_Kingdom">Cuan Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cuan Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuanman" title="Cuanman">Cuanman</a></div> <p>In the 4th century, northern China was largely overrun by nomadic tribes from the north. In the 320s, the Cuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爨</span></span>) clan migrated into Yunnan. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cuan_Chen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cuan Chen (page does not exist)">Cuan Chen</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">爨琛</span></span>) named himself king and held authority from <a href="/wiki/Lake_Dian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Dian">Lake Dian</a>, then known as <a href="/wiki/Kunchuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunchuan">Kunchuan</a>. Henceforth the Cuan clan ruled eastern Yunnan for over four hundred years. </p><p>International trade flowed through Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ancient overland pre-<a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> trade route from Yunnan Province passed through <a href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady_Region" title="Ayeyarwady Region">Irrawaddy</a> in Burma to reach <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. Yunnan was inhabited by so-called barbarians not fully under the control of the Tang government and the route, though ancient, was not used much in pre-Tang times, and Chinese attempts to control the route were disrupted by the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanzhao_period">Nanzhao period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nanzhao period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao" title="Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a></div> <p>Yunnan was settled by several local tribes, clans, and cultures before the 8th century. Around <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erhai" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Erhai">Lake Erhai</a>, namely, the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali</a> area, there emerged six <i>zhao</i>: Mengzi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蒙巂</span></span>), Yuexi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">越析</span></span>), Langqiong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">浪穹</span></span>), Dengdan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">邆赕</span></span>), Shilling (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">施浪</span></span>), and Mengshe (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蒙舍</span></span>). <i>Zhao</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">诏</span></span>) was an indigenous non-Chinese language term meaning "king" or "kingdom." Among the six regimes Mengshe was located south of the other five; therefore given the new, larger context, it was called Nanzhao (Southern Kingdom).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 730s Nanzhao had succeeded in bringing the Erhai Lake–area under its authority. In 738, the western Yunnan was united by <a href="/wiki/Piluoge" title="Piluoge">Piluoge</a>, the fourth king of Nanzhao, who was confirmed by the imperial court of the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">king</a> of Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruling from <a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a>, the thirteen kings of Nanzhao ruled over more than two centuries and played a vital role in the dynamic relationship between the Tang dynasty and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the 750s, Nanzhao had conquered Yunnan and became a potential rival to Tang China. The following period saw several conflicts between Tang China and Nanzhao. In 750, Nanzhao attacked and captured Yaozhou, the largest Tang settlement in Yunnan. In 751, Xianyu Zhongtong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鮮于仲通</span></span>), the regional commander of Jiannan (present-day <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>), led a Tang campaign against Nanzhao. The king of Nanzhao, Geluofeng, regarded the previous incident as a personal affair and wrote to Xianyu to seek peace. However, Xianyu Zhongtong detained the Nanzhao envoys and turned down the appeal. Confronted with Tang armies, Nanzhao immediately turned its allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tubo and Nanzhao agreed to be "fraternal states"; Geluofeng was given the titles zanpuzhong ("younger brother"). The Nanzhao-Tubo alliance ensured a disastrous defeat for Xianyu's expedition, with the Tang general's army of 80,000 men being reduced to a quarter of its original size.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tang China did not give up after one failure. In 753, another expedition was prepared, but this was also defeated by Nanzhao. In 754, the Tang organized an army of more than 100,000 troops that advanced to the Dali plain, resulting in only another slaughter. By the end of the eighth century, Tang was no longer a major threat to Nanzhao. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_Oct_2007_007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kunming_Oct_2007_007.jpg/250px-Kunming_Oct_2007_007.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kunming_Oct_2007_007.jpg/375px-Kunming_Oct_2007_007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kunming_Oct_2007_007.jpg/500px-Kunming_Oct_2007_007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption>A gilt statue of <a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a>, recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Three_Pagodas" title="Three Pagodas">Qianxun Pagoda</a>, c. 800 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Nanzhao's expansion lasted for several decades. In 829, Nanzhao suddenly plundered <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and entered <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>. When it retreated, hundreds of Sichuan people, including skilled artisans, were taken to Yunnan. In 832, the Nanzhao army captured the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Pyu_city-states" title="Pyu city-states">Pyu kingdom</a> in modern upper <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>. Nanzhao also attacked the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chenla" title="Chenla">Zhenla</a>. Generally speaking, Nanzhao was then the most powerful kingdom in mainland Southeast Asia, and played an extremely active role in multistate interactions. In 859, Nanzhao captured <a href="/wiki/Zunyi" title="Zunyi">Bozhou</a>, and this event exacerbated the Nanzhao-Tang clashes. When the Tang governor of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Annam</a> took Bozhou back in the following year, Nanzhao, with the help of native peoples, occupied Hanoi as the Tang army moved to Bozhou. When the Tang forces returned, Nanzhao troops retreated from <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> but attacked and plundered <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Yongzhou</a>. In the winter of 862, Nanzhao, allying with local groups, led an army of over 50,000 men to invade Annam again. It is reported that the Tang forces lost over 150,000 soldiers (either killed or captured by Nanzhao) in the two Annam battles. The autumn of 866 saw Tang victory in Hanoi and soon all of the Nanzhao forces were driven away. But Tang China had lost its ability to attack Nanzhao. </p><p>While Nanzhao was being defeated in Annam, it still occasionally attacked Sichuan. In 869, Shilong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">世隆</span></span>), the eighth king and the first empire of Nanzhao, invaded Sichuan. In 874, Nanzhao attacked Sichuan again. </p><p>In 902, Zheng Maisi, the <i>Qingpingguan</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">清平官</span></span>,"Prime Minister") of Nanzhao, murdered the infant king of Nanzhao, and established a new kingdom called <a href="/wiki/Dachanghe" title="Dachanghe">Dachanghe</a>. Nanzhao, a once-powerful empire, disappeared. In 928, Yang Ganzhen (楊干貞) usurped the Dachanghe king and established Zhao Shanzheng, a <i>qingpingguan</i> as emperor of Datianxing (大天興). In 929, Yang Qianzhen abolished Zhao Shanzheng and established himself as Emperor of Dayining (大義寧). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dali_Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dali Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dalisanta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dalisanta.jpg/220px-Dalisanta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dalisanta.jpg/330px-Dalisanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Dalisanta.jpg/440px-Dalisanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1560" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Three_Pagodas" title="Three Pagodas">Three Pagodas</a> of Dali</figcaption></figure> <p>In 937, <a href="/wiki/Duan_Siping" title="Duan Siping">Duan Siping</a> overthrew the Dayining Kingdom and established the <a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali Kingdom</a>. The kingdom was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> in 1253 after Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols. The Duans incorporated into the Mongol dominion as <a href="/wiki/Maharaja" title="Maharaja">Maharajas</a> of the new province. The Mongolian prince sent to administer the region with them was killed. In 1273, <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> reformed the province and appointed the <a href="/wiki/Semu" title="Semu">semu</a> <a href="/wiki/Ajall_Shams_al-Din_Omar" title="Ajall Shams al-Din Omar">Ajall Shams al-Din Omar</a> as its governor.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yunnan Province during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> included significant portions of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Burma">Upper Burma</a> after the <a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Burma" title="First Mongol invasion of Burma">First Mongol invasion of Burma</a> in the 1270s and 1280s. With the fall of the Yuan dynasty in 1368, the Ming dynasty destroyed the Yuan loyalists led by <a href="/wiki/Basalawarmi" title="Basalawarmi">Basalawarmi</a> and the remnants of the House of Duan in the <a href="/wiki/Ming_conquest_of_Yunnan" title="Ming conquest of Yunnan">Ming conquest of Yunnan</a> by the early 1380s.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dardess2012_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dardess2012-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_and_Qing_dynasties">Ming and Qing dynasties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ming and Qing dynasties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ming installed <a href="/wiki/Mu_Ying" title="Mu Ying">Mu Ying</a> and his family as hereditary aristocrats in Yunnan. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attack_on_the_rebel_nest_Beiqing_and_Balin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Attack_on_the_rebel_nest_Beiqing_and_Balin.jpg/220px-Attack_on_the_rebel_nest_Beiqing_and_Balin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Attack_on_the_rebel_nest_Beiqing_and_Balin.jpg/330px-Attack_on_the_rebel_nest_Beiqing_and_Balin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Attack_on_the_rebel_nest_Beiqing_and_Balin.jpg/440px-Attack_on_the_rebel_nest_Beiqing_and_Balin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A scene of the Qing campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao people</a> in 1795.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> dynasties, large areas of Yunnan were administered under the <a href="/wiki/Native_chieftain_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Native chieftain system">native chieftain system</a>. Under the Qing dynasty a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War_(1765%E2%80%931769)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Burmese War (1765–1769)">war with Burma</a> also occurred in the 1760s due to the attempted consolidation of borderlands under local chiefs by both China and Burma.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yunnan was a destination for Han Chinese during Yuan rule.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Migrants moved into the area during Ming and Qing rule.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Ming dynasty, 3 million Han Chinese mostly from <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> (the original Nanjing population was later largely replaced by Wu-speakers), and some from Shanxi and Hebei, settled in Yunnan. </p><p>Although largely forgotten, the bloody <a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a> and other local minorities against the <a href="/wiki/Manchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchus">Manchu</a> rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> caused the deaths of up to a million people in Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-chineseciv_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chineseciv-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Manchu official Shuxing'a started an anti-Muslim massacre, which led to the rebellion. Shuxing'a developed a deep hatred of Muslims after an incident in which he was stripped naked and nearly lynched by a mob of Muslims. He ordered several Muslim rebels to be <a href="/wiki/Lingchi" title="Lingchi">slowly sliced to death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Tariq Ali</a> wrote about the real incident in one of his novels and claimed the Muslims who had nearly lynched Shuxing'a were not Hui but belonged to another ethnicity. Nevertheless, the Manchu official blamed all Muslims for the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A British officer testified that the Muslims did not rebel for religious reasons and that the Chinese were tolerant of different religions and were unlikely to have caused the revolt by interfering with the practice of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-fytche_301_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fytche_301-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loyalist Muslim forces helped Qing forces crush the rebel Muslims. The Qing armies massacred only Muslims who had rebelled or supported the rebels and spared Muslims who took no part in the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-dillon_77_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dillon_77-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1894, <a href="/wiki/George_Ernest_Morrison" title="George Ernest Morrison">George Ernest Morrison</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> correspondent for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, traveled from <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> to British-occupied <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> via Yunnan. His book, <i>An Australian in China</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> details his experiences. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_Street_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kunming_Street_4.jpg/220px-Kunming_Street_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kunming_Street_4.jpg/330px-Kunming_Street_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Kunming_Street_4.jpg/440px-Kunming_Street_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Kunming Street</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1905_Tibetan_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 Tibetan Rebellion">1905 Tibetan Rebellion</a> in which Tibetan Buddhist Lamas attacked and killed French Catholic missionaries spread to Yunnan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Imperial">Post-Imperial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Post-Imperial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yunnan was transformed by the events of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, which caused many east coast refugees and industrial establishments to relocate to the province. It assumed strategic significance, particularly as the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Road" title="Burma Road">Burma Road</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lashio" title="Lashio">Lashio</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> was a fought over supply line of vital importance to China's war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>University faculty and students in the east had originally decamped to <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, capital of <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>. But as Japanese forces were gaining more territory they eventually bombed Changsha in February 1938. The 800 faculty and students who were left had to flee and made the 1,000 mile journey to <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>, capital of Yunnan in China's mountainous southwest. It was here that the <a href="/wiki/National_Southwest_Associated_University" class="mw-redirect" title="National Southwest Associated University">National Southwest Associated University</a> (commonly known as Lianda University) was established. For eight years, staff, professors and students had to survive and operate in makeshift quarters that were subject to sporadic bombing campaigns by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were dire shortages of food, equipment, books, clothing and other essential needs, but they managed to conduct the running of a modern <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a>. Over those eight years of war (1937–1945), Lianda became famous nationwide for having and producing many, if not most, of China's most prominent academics, scholars, scientists and intellectuals. Both of China's only <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates_in_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates in physics">Nobel laureates in physics</a> <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang Chen-Ning</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> studied at Lianda in Kunming. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naturalists">Naturalists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Naturalists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lijiang-noria-l01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lijiang-noria-l01.jpg/220px-Lijiang-noria-l01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lijiang-noria-l01.jpg/330px-Lijiang-noria-l01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Lijiang-noria-l01.jpg/440px-Lijiang-noria-l01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Lijiang</figcaption></figure> <p>Thousands of plant, insect and mammal species were described in the 19th century by scientists of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History (France)">French National Museum of Natural History</a>, Paris, in connection with permanent settlements of missionaries of the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Foreign_Missions_Society" title="Paris Foreign Missions Society">Missions étrangères de Paris</a></i></span> in north-west Yunnan, among them noticeably <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andr%C3%A9_Souli%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-André Soulié">Jean-André Soulié</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felix_Biet" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Biet">Felix Biet</a>. From 1916 to 1917, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Chapman_Andrews" title="Roy Chapman Andrews">Roy Chapman Andrews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Borup_Andrews" title="Yvette Borup Andrews">Yvette Borup Andrews</a> led the Asiatic Zoological Expedition of the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> through much of western and southern Yunnan, as well as other provinces of China. The book, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Camps_and_Trails_in_China&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Camps and Trails in China (page does not exist)">Camps and Trails in China</a></i>, records their experiences. Other notable explorers include <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Handel-Mazzetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti">Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_Forrest_(botanist)" title="George Forrest (botanist)">George Forrest</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Francis_Charles_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Francis Charles Rock">Joseph Francis Charles Rock</a>, who from 1922 to 1949 spent most of his time studying the flora, peoples and languages of southwest China, mainly in Yunnan; and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Goullart" title="Peter Goullart">Peter Goullart</a>, a <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White Russian</a> who studied <a href="/wiki/Nakhi_people" title="Nakhi people">Naxi</a> culture and lived in <a href="/wiki/Lijiang,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang, Yunnan">Lijiang</a> from 1940 to 1949. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrace_field_yunnan_china.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Terrace_field_yunnan_china.jpg/240px-Terrace_field_yunnan_china.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Terrace_field_yunnan_china.jpg/360px-Terrace_field_yunnan_china.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Terrace_field_yunnan_china.jpg/480px-Terrace_field_yunnan_china.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_Rice_Terraces" title="Honghe Hani Rice Terraces">Honghe Hani Rice Terraces</a> in Yunnan</figcaption></figure> <p>Yunnan is the most southwestern province in China, with the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">Tropic of Cancer</a> running through its southern part. The province has an area of 394,100 km<sup>2</sup> (152,200 sq mi), 4.1% of the nation's total. The northern part of the province forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau</a>. The province borders <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> in the east, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> in the north, and the <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a> in the northwest. It shares a border of 4,060 km (2,520 mi) with <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan States</a>) in the west, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luang_Namtha_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Luang Namtha Province">Luang Namtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oudomxay_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudomxay Province">Oudomxay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phongsaly_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phongsaly Province">Phongsaly Provinces</a>) in the south and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Giang Province">Hà Giang</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lào Cai Province">Lào Cai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lai_Ch%C3%A2u_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lai Châu Province">Lai Châu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Điện Biên Province">Điện Biên Provinces</a>) in the southeast. For practical purposes, all of Yunnan province falls within the <a href="/wiki/Zomia_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zomia (region)">Zomia</a> region of Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diqing,_Yunnan,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Diqing%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg/220px-Diqing%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Diqing%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg/330px-Diqing%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Diqing%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg/440px-Diqing%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Snowy mountains in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Dêqên</a>, northwestern Yunnan</figcaption></figure> <p>Yunnan is at the far eastern edge of the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Geology of the Himalaya">Himalayan uplift</a>, and was pushed up in the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a>, although the uplift continues into the present. The eastern part of the province is a <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> with <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> topography and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges. The main surface formations of the plateau are the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Permian">Lower Permian</a> Maokou Formation, characterized by thick limestone deposits, the Lower Permian Qixia Formation, characterised by dolomitic limestones and <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomites</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Permian" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Permian">Upper Permian</a> <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalts</a> of the Ermeishan Formation (formerly Omeishan plateau basalts), and the red <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">mudstones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">siltstones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>–<a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene</a>, including the Lufeng Formation and the Lunan Group (Lumeiyi, Xiaotun, and Caijiacong formations). In this area is the noted <a href="/wiki/Stone_Forest" title="Stone Forest">Stone Forest</a> or Shilin, eroded vertical pinnacles of limestone (Maokou Formation). In the eastern part the rivers generally run eastwards. The western half is characterized by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Paleontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maotianshan_Shales" title="Maotianshan Shales">Maotianshan Shales</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yunnanozoon" title="Yunnanozoon">Yunnanozoon</a> – <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Lower Cambrian</a> possible <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">chordate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingshanosaurus" title="Jingshanosaurus">Jingshanosaurus</a> – <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a> long-neck <a href="/wiki/Prosauropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Prosauropod">prosauropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Yunnan_1991%E2%80%932020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Köppen–Geiger climate classification map for Yunnan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Yunnan_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Yunnan_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Yunnan_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/495px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Yunnan_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Yunnan_1991%E2%80%932020.svg/660px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_v2_CHN_Yunnan_1991%E2%80%932020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1449" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Yunnan has a generally mild climate with pleasant and fair weather because of the province's location on south-facing mountain slopes, receiving the influence of both the Pacific and Indian oceans, and although the growing period is long, the rugged terrain provides little <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable land</a>. See <i><a href="#Agriculture">Agriculture in Yunnan</a></i>. Under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a>, much of the province lies within the <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_highland" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical highland">subtropical highland</a> (Köppen <i>Cwb</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">humid subtropical</a> zone (<i>Cwa</i>), with cool to warm winters, and temperate summers, except in the truly tropical south, where temperatures regularly exceed 30 °C (86 °F) in the warmer half of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>In general</i>, January average temperatures range from 8 to 17 °C (46 to 63 °F); July averages vary from 21 to 27 °C (70 to 81 °F). Average annual rainfall ranges from 600 to 2,300 mm (24 to 91 in), with over half the rain occurring between June and August. The <a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">plateau region</a> has moderate temperatures. The western canyon region is hot at the valley bottoms, but there are freezing winds at the mountaintops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography">Topography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Topography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1.jpg/220px-%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1.jpg/330px-%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1.jpg/440px-%E6%A2%85%E9%87%8C%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Meili Snow Mountains</figcaption></figure> <p>The terrain is largely mountainous, especially in the north and west. A series of high mountain chains spreads across the province. There is a distinct <a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">canyon</a> region to the west and a <a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guizhou_Plateau" title="Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau">plateau</a> region to the east. Yunnan's major rivers flow through the deep valleys between the mountains. </p><p>The average elevation is 1,980 m (6,500 ft). The mountains are highest in the north where they reach more than 5,000 m (16,000 ft); in the south they rise no higher than 3,000 m (9,800 ft). The highest point in the north is the <a href="/wiki/Kawagebo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kawagebo">Kawagebo Peak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Deqin_County" title="Deqin County">Deqin County</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Diqing_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Diqing Plateau">Diqing Plateau</a>, which is about 6,740 m (22,110 ft); and the lowest is in the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red River</a> Valley in <a href="/wiki/Hekou_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekou County">Hekou County</a>, near the Vietnamese border, with an elevation of 76.4 m (251 ft). </p><p>The eastern half of the province is a limestone plateau with karst scenery and unnavigable rivers flowing through deep mountain gorges; the western half is characterised by mountain ranges and rivers running north and south. These include the Nu Jiang (<a href="/wiki/Salween" class="mw-redirect" title="Salween">Salween</a>), the Lancang (<a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a>), and the Jinsha (<a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a>), which flow in close proximity in the <a href="/wiki/Three_Parallel_Rivers" title="Three Parallel Rivers">Three Parallel Rivers</a> protected area. The rugged, vertical terrain produces a wide range of flora and fauna, and the province has been called a natural zoological and botanical garden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borders">Borders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Borders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bordering Chinese provincial-level divisions are <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>. Starting from the east and working clockwise, bordering countries are <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Giang Province">Hà Giang</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lào Cai Province">Lào Cai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lai_Ch%C3%A2u_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lai Châu Province">Lai Châu</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Điện Biên Province">Điện Biên</a> provinces), <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phongsaly_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phongsaly Province">Phongsaly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oudomxay_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudomxay Province">Oudomxay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luang_Namtha_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Luang Namtha Province">Luang Namtha</a> provinces), <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> (states of <a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin</a>). The main border crossings are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekou_Yao_Autonomous_County" title="Hekou Yao Autonomous County">Hekou</a>–<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai" title="Lào Cai">Lào Cai</a>, by road and rail, is the only Sino-Vietnamese land border crossing open to non-Chinese/non-Vietnamese.</li> <li>Sino-Laotian at <a href="/wiki/Boten" title="Boten">Boten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a>–<a href="/wiki/Muse,_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse, Burma">Muse</a> is the only Sino-Burmese border crossing open to non-Chinese/non-Burmese.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakes">Lakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Lakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LuguLake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LuguLake.jpg/220px-LuguLake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LuguLake.jpg/330px-LuguLake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LuguLake.jpg/440px-LuguLake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1763" data-file-height="1201" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lugu_Lake" title="Lugu Lake">Lugu Lake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are several major lakes in Yunnan. The province has nine lakes with areas of over 30 km<sup>2</sup> (12 sq mi). They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianchi_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Dianchi Lake">Dianchi Lake</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxian_Lake" title="Fuxian Lake">Fuxian Lake</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a>, the second deepest lake in China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingyun_Lake" title="Xingyun Lake">Xingyun Lake</a>, directly south of Fuxian Lake and connected with it by a short river</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qilu_Lake" title="Qilu Lake">Qilu Lake</a>, south of Fuxian and Xingyun Lakes, separated from them by mountains, in <a href="/wiki/Tonghai_County" title="Tonghai County">Tonghai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhai_Lake" title="Erhai Lake">Erhai Lake</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugu_Lake" title="Lugu Lake">Lugu Lake</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ninglang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninglang">Ninglang</a> near the border with Sichuan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzong_Lake" title="Yangzong Lake">Yangzong Lake</a>, in Yiliang County</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilong_Lake" title="Yilong Lake">Yilong Lake</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erhai_lake,_Yunnan,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Erhai_lake%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg/220px-Erhai_lake%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Erhai_lake%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg/330px-Erhai_lake%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Erhai_lake%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg/440px-Erhai_lake%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Erhai_Lake" title="Erhai Lake">Erhai Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a>, Yunnan</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Rivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg/203px-Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg/305px-Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg/406px-Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Leaping_Gorge" title="Tiger Leaping Gorge">Tiger Leaping Gorge</a></figcaption></figure><p>Yunnan is the source of two rivers, the <a href="/wiki/Xi_River" title="Xi River">Xi River</a> (there known as the <a href="/wiki/Nanpan_River" title="Nanpan River">Nanpan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hongshui_River" title="Hongshui River">Hongshui</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Yuan River</a>. The Hongshui is a principal source stream of the Xi River. Rising as the Nanpan in eastern Yunnan province, it flows south and east to form part of the boundary between <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> province and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> autonomous region. Flowing for 345 km (214 mi), it unites with the <a href="/wiki/Yu_River_(Guangxi)" title="Yu River (Guangxi)">Yu River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Guiping" title="Guiping">Guiping</a> to form what eventually becomes the <a href="/wiki/Xi_River" title="Xi River">Xi River</a>. </p><p>The province is drained by six major river systems: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a>, here known as the <a href="/wiki/Jinsha_Jiang" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinsha Jiang">Jinsha Jiang</a> (River of Golden Sands), drains the province's north.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a>, with its source near <a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a>, collects the waters from the east.</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> (Lancang), which flows from <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a> into the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> forming the boundaries between <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, between Laos and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and through Laos, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red River</a> (Yuan or Honghe) has its source in the mountains south of <a href="/wiki/Dali,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali, Yunnan">Dali</a> and enters the South China Sea through <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Salween" class="mw-redirect" title="Salween">Salween</a> (Nujiang), which flows into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Martaban" title="Gulf of Martaban">Gulf of Martaban</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a> through Burma</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River">Irrawaddy</a>, which arises from the confluence of two rivers in <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, has a few small tributaries in Yunnan's far west, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dulongjiang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dulongjiang (page does not exist)">Dulongjiang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taping_River" title="Taping River">Taping River</a>, and rivers in the prefecture of Dehong.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincang-mountains.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lincang-mountains.jpg/220px-Lincang-mountains.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lincang-mountains.jpg/330px-Lincang-mountains.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lincang-mountains.jpg/440px-Lincang-mountains.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>Lincang mountains</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_On_Yak_In_Yunnan_Province_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Smiling young woman dressed in colourful clothes riding a yak, with coloured tassels on its horns, across a ford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Girl_On_Yak_In_Yunnan_Province_China.jpg/220px-Girl_On_Yak_In_Yunnan_Province_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Girl_On_Yak_In_Yunnan_Province_China.jpg/330px-Girl_On_Yak_In_Yunnan_Province_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Girl_On_Yak_In_Yunnan_Province_China.jpg/440px-Girl_On_Yak_In_Yunnan_Province_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>Girl riding a yak in Yunnan</figcaption></figure> <p>Yunnan is China's most diverse province, biologically as well as culturally.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province contains snow-capped mountains and true tropical environments, thus supporting an unusually full spectrum of species and vegetation types. The Yunnan camellia (<i><a href="/wiki/Camellia_reticulata" title="Camellia reticulata">Camellia reticulata</a></i>) is the provincial emblem.<sup id="cite_ref-Camelia_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Camelia-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During summer, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plateau_of_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Plateau of Tibet">Great Plateau of Tibet</a> acts as a barrier to monsoon winds, trapping moisture in the province. This gives the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_plant" title="Alpine plant">alpine flora</a> in particular what one source has called a "lushness found nowhere else". </p><p>This topographic range combined with a <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> moisture sustains extremely high <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and high degrees of <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemism</a>, probably the richest botanically in the world's temperate regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bio_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bio-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perhaps 17,000 <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of higher plants, of which an estimated 2,500 are endemic, can be found in the province. The province is said to have "as much flowering plant diversity as the rest of the Northern Hemisphere put together".<sup id="cite_ref-Paterson_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paterson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (January 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Yunnan has less than 4% of the land of China, yet the province harbors around 42.6% of all protected plant species and 72.5% of all protected wild animals in the country, of which 15% are strictly endemic to Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yunnan is home to, most notably, the southeast Asian <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, a giant forest-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">bovine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_tiger" title="Indochinese tiger">Indochinese tiger</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith2008_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2008-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other extremely rare species are the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_box_turtle" title="Yunnan box turtle">Yunnan box turtle</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_snub-nosed_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan snub-nosed monkey">Yunnan snub-nosed monkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is feared that the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_lar_gibbon" title="Yunnan lar gibbon">Yunnan lar gibbon</a>, another moribund species, has already gone extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yunnan province has 11 national and regional nature reserves. In total, the covered protected area in China is about 510,000 hectares.<sup id="cite_ref-ECNS_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECNS-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The freshwater fish fauna is highly diverse with about 620 species, including more than 580 natives (the remaining are <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2013_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2013-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This equals almost 40% of the freshwater fish species in China. Of the Yunnan natives, more than 250 are endemic to the province and many of these are threatened.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2013_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2013-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several species that are restricted to single lakes (notably <a href="/wiki/Dian_Lake" title="Dian Lake">Dian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erhai_Lake" title="Erhai Lake">Erhai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuxian_Lake" title="Fuxian Lake">Fuxian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yilong_Lake" title="Yilong Lake">Yilong</a>) are likely already are extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By far, the most diverse order in Yunnan are <a href="/wiki/Cypriniformes" title="Cypriniformes">Cypriniformes</a>, both in total species number and number of endemics.<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2013_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2013-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The unique <i><a href="/wiki/Sinopyrophorus" title="Sinopyrophorus">Sinopyrophorus</a></i> bioluminescent beetles were described from Yunnan in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Bi_He_Chen_Kundrata_pp._79–97_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bi_He_Chen_Kundrata_pp._79–97-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Designation">Designation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Designation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yunnan has been designated: </p> <ul><li>"Center of Plant Diversity" (IUCN/WWF: Davis et al. 1995)</li> <li>"Global 200 List Priority Ecoregion" for biodiversity conservation (WWF: Olsen and Dinerstein 1998)</li> <li>"Endemic Bird Area" (Birdlife International: Bibby, C. et al. 1992) and</li> <li>"Global Biodiversity Hotspot", as a part of the Hengduan Mountain Ecosystem (Conservation International: Mittermeier and Mittermeier 1997)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A main source of wealth lies in its vast <a href="/wiki/Mineral_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral resources">mineral resources</a>; indeed, mining is the leading industry in Yunnan. Yunnan has proven deposits of 86 kinds of minerals in 2,700 places. Some 13% of the proved deposits of minerals are the largest of their kind in China, and two-thirds of the deposits are among the largest of their kind in the Yangtze River valley and in south China. Yunnan ranks first in the country in deposits of <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crocidolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocidolite">crocidolite</a>. Other deposits include <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>. More than 150 kinds of minerals have been discovered in the province. The potential value of the proven deposits in Yunnan is 3 trillion <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">yuan</a>, 40% of which come from fuel minerals, 7.3% from metallic minerals and 52.7% from nonmetallic minerals. </p><p>Yunnan has sufficient rainfall and many rivers and lakes. The annual water flow originating in the province is 200 cubic kilometres, three times that of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River" title="Yellow River">Yellow River</a>. The rivers flowing into the province from outside add 160 cubic kilometres, which means there are more than ten thousand cubic metres of water for each person in the province. This is four times the average in the country. The rich water resources offer abundant hydro-energy. China is constructing a series of dams on the Mekong to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at <a href="/wiki/Manwan_Dam" title="Manwan Dam">Manwan</a> in 1993. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scenic_areas">Scenic areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Scenic areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_parks">National parks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: National parks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks in China">List of national parks in China</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudacuo_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudacuo National Park">Pudacuo National Park</a>, opened in 2007, in <a href="/wiki/Shangri-La_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangri-La County">Shangri-La County</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laojunshan_National_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laojunshan National Park (page does not exist)">Laojunshan National Park</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">老君山国家公园</span></span>), in <a href="/wiki/Lijiang,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang, Yunnan">Lijiang</a>, <i>pending approval</i><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: UNESCO World Heritage Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_of_Lijiang" title="Old Town of Lijiang">Old Town of Lijiang</a>, accepted in 1997 as a cultural site</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Parallel_Rivers_of_Yunnan_Protected_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas">Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas</a>, accepted in 2003 as a natural site</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Karst" title="South China Karst">South China Karst</a>, accepted in 2007 as a natural site<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maotianshan_Shales" title="Maotianshan Shales">Maotianshan Shales</a>, accepted in 2012 as a natural site</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanyang_County,_Yunnan" title="Yuanyang County, Yunnan">Cultural Landscape of Honghe Hani Rice Terraces</a>, accepted in 2013 as a cultural site</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Yunnan" title="List of administrative divisions of Yunnan">List of administrative divisions of Yunnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_township-level_divisions_of_Yunnan" title="List of township-level divisions of Yunnan">List of township-level divisions of Yunnan</a></div> <p>Yunnan consists of sixteen <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China#Prefectural_level" title="Administrative divisions of China">prefecture-level divisions</a>: eight <a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">prefecture-level cities</a> and eight <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">autonomous prefectures</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center"> <caption>Administrative divisions of Yunnan </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="9" style="font-size:larger"><div style="position: relative" class="center"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 600px; font-size: 85%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Administrative_Division_Yunnan.svg/600px-Administrative_Division_Yunnan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="619" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Administrative_Division_Yunnan.svg/900px-Administrative_Division_Yunnan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Administrative_Division_Yunnan.svg/1200px-Administrative_Division_Yunnan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="1032" /></span></span> <div style="position:absolute; left:342px; top:292px"><b><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:420px; top:268px"><b><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:312px; top:379px"><b><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:93px; top:325px"><b><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:426px; top:112px"><b><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:192px; top:175px"><b><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:448px"><b><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:400px"><b><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:246px; top:292px"><b><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong<br />Yi AP</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:336px; top:430px"><b><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe<br />Hani and Yi AP</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:456px; top:412px"><b><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan<br />Zhuang and Miao AP</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:186px; top:535px"><b><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna<br />Dai AP</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:138px; top:262px"><b><a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali<br />Bai AP</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:-3px; top:352px"><b><a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong<br />Dai and Jingpo AP</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:96px; top:184px"><b><a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture">Nujiang<br />Lisu AP</a></b></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:96px; top:97px"><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Dêqên (Diqing)<br />Tibetan AP</a></b></div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division_codes_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Administrative division codes of the People's Republic of China">Division code</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Division </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Area in km<sup>2</sup><sup id="cite_ref-nj2013_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nj2013-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Population 2020<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Seat </th> <th scope="col" colspan="4">Divisions<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/District_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="District (China)">Districts</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of the People's Republic of China">Counties</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China">Aut. counties</a> </th> <th scope="col" width="45"><a href="/wiki/County-level_city" title="County-level city">CL cities</a> </th></tr> <tr style="font-weight: bold"> <th>530000</th> <th>Yunnan Province </th> <td>394,000.00</td> <td>47,209,277</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> city</td> <td>17</td> <td>65</td> <td>29</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <th>530100</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> city </th> <td>21,001.28</td> <td>8,460,088</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chenggong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenggong District">Chenggong District</a></td> <td>7</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>530300</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a> city </th> <td>28,939.41</td> <td>5,765,775</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qilin_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qilin District">Qilin District</a></td> <td>3</td> <td>5</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>530400</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a> city </th> <td>14,941.53</td> <td>2,249,502</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hongta_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hongta District">Hongta District</a></td> <td>2</td> <td>4</td> <td>3</td> <td bgcolor="grey"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>530500</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a> city </th> <td>19,064.60</td> <td>2,431,211</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Longyang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyang District">Longyang District</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>530600</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a> city </th> <td>22,439.76</td> <td>5,092,611</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhaoyang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhaoyang District">Zhaoyang District</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>9</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>530700</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a> city </th> <td>20,557.25</td> <td>1,253,878</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gucheng_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Gucheng District">Gucheng District</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td bgcolor="grey"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>530800</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a> city </th> <td>44,264.79</td> <td>2,404,954</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simao_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Simao District">Simao District</a></td> <td>1</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>9</td> <td bgcolor="grey"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>530900</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a> city </th> <td>23,620.72</td> <td>2,257,991</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linxiang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Linxiang District">Linxiang District</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>4</td> <td>3</td> <td bgcolor="grey"> </td></tr> <tr> <th>532300</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>28,436.87</td> <td>2,416,747</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_City" title="Chuxiong City">Chuxiong</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>8</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>532500</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>32,167.67</td> <td>4,478,422</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mengzi_City" title="Mengzi City">Mengzi</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>6</td> <td>3</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <th>532600</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>31,409.12</td> <td>3,503,218</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_City" title="Wenshan City">Wenshan</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>7</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>532800</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>19,107.05</td> <td>1,301,407</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>2</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>532900</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>28,299.43</td> <td>3,337,559</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>8</td> <td>3</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>533100</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>11,171.41</td> <td>1,315,709</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangshi" title="Mangshi">Mang</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>3</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <th>533300</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture">Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>14,588.92</td> <td>552,694</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lushui" title="Lushui">Lushui</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <th>533400</th> <th><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture</a> </th> <td>23,185.59</td> <td>387,511</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La,_Yunnan" title="Shangri-La, Yunnan">Shangri-La</a> city</td> <td bgcolor="grey"></td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed" style="text-font:90%; width:auto; text-align:center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <caption>Administrative divisions in Chinese and varieties of romanizations </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th>Chinese</th> <th>Pinyin </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>Yunnan Province</b></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">云南省</span></span></td> <td><b>Yúnnán Shěng</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昆明市</span></span></td> <td>Kūnmíng Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">曲靖市</span></span></td> <td>Qǔjìng Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">玉溪市</span></span></td> <td>Yùxī Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">保山市</span></span></td> <td>Bǎoshān Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">昭通市</span></span></td> <td>Zhāotōng Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">丽江市</span></span></td> <td>Lìjiāng Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">普洱市</span></span></td> <td>Pǔ'ěr Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a> city</td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">临沧市</span></span></td> <td>Líncāng Shì </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">楚雄彝族自治州</span></span></td> <td>Chǔxióng Yízú Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">红河哈尼族彝族自治州</span></span></td> <td>Hónghé Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">文山壮族苗族自治州</span></span></td> <td>Wénshān Zhuàngzú Miáozú Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">西双版纳傣族自治州</span></span></td> <td>Xīshuāngbǎnnà Dǎizú Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大理白族自治州</span></span></td> <td>Dàlǐ Báizú Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">德宏傣族景颇族自治州</span></span></td> <td>Déhóng Dǎizú Jǐngpōzú Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture">Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">怒江傈僳族自治州</span></span></td> <td>Nùjiāng Lìsùzú Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture</a></td> <td><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">迪庆藏族自治州</span></span></td> <td>Díqìng Zàngzú Zìzhìzhōu </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These 16 prefecture-level divisions are in turn subdivided into 129 <a href="/wiki/County-level_division" class="mw-redirect" title="County-level division">county-level divisions</a> (17 <a href="/wiki/District_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="District of China">districts</a>, 18 <a href="/wiki/County-level_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="County-level cities">county-level cities</a>, 65 <a href="/wiki/County_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (People's Republic of China)">counties</a>, and 29 <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_counties_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous counties of the People's Republic of China">autonomous counties</a>). At the end of the year 2021, the total population is 48.01 million.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2018/indexch.htm">[1]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Urban_areas">Urban areas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Urban areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Population by urban areas of prefecture & county cities </th></tr> <tr> <th>#</th> <th>Cities</th> <th style="background-color: #aaaaff;">2020 Urban area<sup id="cite_ref-2020PRCcensus_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020PRCcensus-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="background-color: #aaaaff;">2010 Urban area<sup id="cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010PRCcensus-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th style="background-color: #ffaaaa;">2020 City proper </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Dongchuan_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dongchuan-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>5,273,144</td> <td>3,140,777<sup id="cite_ref-Kunming_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunming-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>8,460,088 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></td> <td>1,043,665</td> <td>468,437<sup id="cite_ref-Qujing_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qujing-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>5,765,775 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xuanwei" title="Xuanwei">Xuanwei</a></td> <td>691,922</td> <td>584,076</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Qujing</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></td> <td>589,260</td> <td>255,861</td> <td>5,092,611 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></td> <td>549,610</td> <td>306,879<sup id="cite_ref-Yuxi_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yuxi-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2,249,502 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a></td> <td>549,189</td> <td>367,122</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mengzi_City" title="Mengzi City">Mengzi</a></td> <td>430,355</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><sup id="cite_ref-Mengzi_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mengzi-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_City" title="Chuxiong City">Chuxiong</a></td> <td>426,823</td> <td>331,991</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_City" title="Wenshan City">Wenshan</a></td> <td>424,760</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><sup id="cite_ref-Wenshan_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wenshan-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anning,_Yunnan" title="Anning, Yunnan">Anning</a></td> <td>399,779</td> <td>242,151</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Kunming</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></td> <td>378,240</td> <td>263,380</td> <td>2,431,211 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a></td> <td>358,517</td> <td>205,523</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></td> <td>327,733</td> <td>185,473</td> <td>2,404,954 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gejiu" title="Gejiu">Gejiu</a></td> <td>310,521</td> <td>163,528</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mile_City" title="Mile City">Mile</a></td> <td>287,637</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><sup id="cite_ref-Mile_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mile-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tengchong" title="Tengchong">Tengchong</a></td> <td>238,974</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><sup id="cite_ref-Tengchong_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tengchong-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Baoshan</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></td> <td>238,828</td> <td>151,744</td> <td>1,253,878 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Yunnan" title="Kaiyuan, Yunnan">Kaiyuan</a></td> <td>227,231</td> <td>210,801</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mangshi" title="Mangshi">Mangshi</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mangshi_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mangshi-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>216426</td> <td>131,425</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></td> <td>211,878</td> <td>142,095</td> <td>2,257,991 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a></td> <td>208,658</td> <td>99,148</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dongchuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongchuan District">Dongchuan</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dongchuan_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dongchuan-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>160,192</td> <td>113,632</td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Kunming</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lushui" title="Lushui">Lushui</a></td> <td>148,759</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><sup id="cite_ref-Lushui_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lushui-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>k<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture">Nujiang Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chengjiang" title="Chengjiang">Chengjiang</a></td> <td>81,492</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><sup id="cite_ref-Chengjiang_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chengjiang-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>l<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Yuxi</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La,_Yunnan" title="Shangri-La, Yunnan">Shangri-La</a></td> <td>75,300</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><sup id="cite_ref-Shangri-La_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shangri-La-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>m<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>part of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Dêqên Prefecture</a></i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shuifu" title="Shuifu">Shuifu</a></td> <td>68,389</td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey"><sup id="cite_ref-Shuifu_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shuifu-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><span style="font-size:85%;"><i>see Zhaotong</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">云南</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Yúnnán</span></i>; <span style="font-size:85%;">Mandarin pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[y̌nnǎn]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b7\/Yunnan.ogg\/Yunnan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Yunnan.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Yunnan.ogg/Yunnan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Yunnan.ogg" title="File:Yunnan.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dongchuan-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dongchuan_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dongchuan_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dongchuan is a satellite urban area separated from Kunming and it is not included in the urban area count.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kunming-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kunming_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New districts established after 2010 census: <a href="/wiki/Chenggong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenggong District">Chenggong (Chenggong County)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinning_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinning District">Jinning (Jinning County)</a>. These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qujing-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qujing_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New districts established after 2010 census: <a href="/wiki/Zhanyi_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhanyi District">Zhanyi (Zhanyi County)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Malong District">Malong (Malong County)</a>. These new districts not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yuxi-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yuxi_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New district established after 2010 census: <a href="/wiki/Jiangchuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangchuan District">Jiangchuan (Jiangchuan County)</a>. The new district not included in the urban area count of the pre-expanded city.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mengzi-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mengzi_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mengzi County is currently known as Mengzi CLC after 2010 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wenshan-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wenshan_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wenshan County is currently known as Wenshan CLC after 2010 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mile-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mile_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mile County is currently known as Mile CLC after 2010 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tengchong-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tengchong_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tengchong County is currently known as Tengchong CLC after 2010 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mangshi-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mangshi_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mangshi CLC formerly known as Luxi CLC until 20 July 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lushui-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lushui_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lushui County is currently known as Lushui CLC after 2010 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chengjiang-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chengjiang_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chengjiang County is currently known as Chengjiang CLC after 2010 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shangri-La-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shangri-La_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shangri-La County is currently known as Shangri-La CLC after 2010 census.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shuifu-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shuifu_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shuifu County is currently known as Shuifu CLC after 2010 census.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_provincial_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China">List of provincial leaders of the People's Republic of China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2002%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%BD%E6%B1%9F_%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/2002%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%BD%E6%B1%9F_%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-2002%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%BD%E6%B1%9F_%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/2002%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%BD%E6%B1%9F_%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-2002%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%BD%E6%B1%9F_%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/2002%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%BD%E6%B1%9F_%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-2002%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%BD%E6%B1%9F_%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E5%B9%BF%E5%9C%BA_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Secretaries of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) Yunnan Committee</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Secretary of the CCP</a> is the highest ranking and most important position in Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-xinhua_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Song_Renqiong" title="Song Renqiong">Song Renqiong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">宋任穷</span></span>): 1950–1952</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fuzhi" title="Xie Fuzhi">Xie Fuzhi</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">谢富治</span></span>): July 1952 – August 1959</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Hongyan" title="Yan Hongyan">Yan Hongyan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">阎红彦</span></span>): August 1959 – January 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xing_(PRC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou Xing (PRC)">Zhou Xing</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">周兴</span></span>): June 1971 – October 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qiyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jia Qiyun">Jia Qiyun</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">贾启允</span></span>): October 1975 – February 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Pingsheng" title="An Pingsheng">An Pingsheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">安平生</span></span>): February 1977 – July 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Chaozhu" title="Pu Chaozhu">Pu Chaozhu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">普朝柱</span></span>): July 1985 – June 1995</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Yan_(politician)" title="Gao Yan (politician)">Gao Yan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">高严</span></span>): June 1995 – August 1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linghu_An" title="Linghu An">Linghu An</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">令狐安</span></span>): August 1997 – October 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Enpei" title="Bai Enpei">Bai Enpei</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白恩培</span></span>): October 2001 – August 2011<sup id="cite_ref-xinhua_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Guangrong" title="Qin Guangrong">Qin Guangrong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">秦光荣</span></span>): August 2011 – October 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jiheng" title="Li Jiheng">Li Jiheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">李纪恒</span></span>): October 2014 – August 2016</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Hao_(politician)" title="Chen Hao (politician)">Chen Hao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">陈豪</span></span>): August 2016 – November 2020</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruan_Chengfa" title="Ruan Chengfa">Ruan Chengfa</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">阮成发</span></span>): November 2020 – October 2021</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ning_(politician,_born_1961)" title="Wang Ning (politician, born 1961)">Wang Ning</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">王宁</span></span>): October 2021 – present</li></ol> <p><b>Governors of Yunnan</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Governor_(China)" title="Governor (China)">Governor</a> is the second highest office in Yunnan, after the Secretary of the CCP Yunnan Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-xinhua_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Governor, who is elected by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan_Provincial_People%27s_Congress&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yunnan Provincial People's Congress (page does not exist)">Yunnan Provincial People's Congress</a>, is responsible for all <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy" title="Environmental policy">environmental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Personnel">personnel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign affairs</a> issues concerning Yunnan.<sup id="cite_ref-xinhua_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Geng" title="Chen Geng">Chen Geng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">陈赓</span></span>): March 1950 – February 1955</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Yingqiu" title="Guo Yingqiu">Guo Yingqiu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">郭影秋</span></span>): February 1955 – November 1958</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ding_Yichuan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ding Yichuan (page does not exist)">Ding Yichuan</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">丁一川</span></span>): November 1958 – January 1965</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Xing_(PRC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhou Xing (PRC)">Zhou Xing</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">周兴</span></span>): January 1965 – 1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Furen" title="Tan Furen">Tan Furen</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">谭甫仁</span></span>): August 1968 – October 1970</li> <li>Zhou Xing: October 1970 – October 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qiyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Jia Qiyun">Jia Qiyun</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">贾启允</span></span>): October 1975 – February 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Pingsheng" title="An Pingsheng">An Pingsheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">安平生</span></span>): February 1977 – December 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Minghui" title="Liu Minghui">Liu Minghui</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">刘明辉</span></span>): December 1979 – April 1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Chaozhu" title="Pu Chaozhu">Pu Chaozhu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">普朝柱</span></span>): April 1983 – August 1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Zhiqiang" title="He Zhiqiang">He Zhiqiang</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">和志强</span></span>): August 1985 – January 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jiating" title="Li Jiating">Li Jiating</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">李嘉廷</span></span>): January 1998 – June 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Rongkai" title="Xu Rongkai">Xu Rongkai</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">徐荣凯</span></span>): June 2001 – November 2006</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Guangrong" title="Qin Guangrong">Qin Guangrong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">秦光荣</span></span>): January 2007 – August 2011<sup id="cite_ref-xinhua_80-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xinhua-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jiheng" title="Li Jiheng">Li Jiheng</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">李纪恒</span></span>): August 2011 – October 2014</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Hao_(politician)" title="Chen Hao (politician)">Chen Hao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">陈豪</span></span>): October 2014 – December 2016</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruan_Chengfa" title="Ruan Chengfa">Ruan Chengfa</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">阮成发</span></span>): December 2016 – November 2020</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yubo" title="Wang Yubo">Wang Yubo</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans">王予波</span></span>): November 2020 – present</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1912<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,468,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1928<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,821,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+46.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1936–37<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,042,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−12.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1947<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,066,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−24.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1954<sup id="cite_ref-census1954_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1954-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">17,472,737</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+92.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1964<sup id="cite_ref-census1964_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1964-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">20,509,525</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+17.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1982<sup id="cite_ref-census1982_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1982-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">32,553,817</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+58.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990<sup id="cite_ref-census1990_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census1990-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">36,972,610</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+13.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000<sup id="cite_ref-census2000_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2000-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">42,360,089</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2010<sup id="cite_ref-census2010_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2010-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">45,966,239</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+8.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">47,209,277</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.7%</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to Yunnan government statistics, there are approximately 2.5 million overseas Chinese whose ancestral homeland is Yunnan province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Yunnan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Yunnan.png/220px-Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Yunnan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Yunnan.png/330px-Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Yunnan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Yunnan.png/440px-Ethnic_minorities_areas_in_Yunnan.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>Major autonomous areas within Yunnan (excluding <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Yunnan is noted for a very high level of ethnic diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has the highest number of ethnic groups among the provinces and autonomous regions in China. Among the country's <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_China" title="Ethnic minorities in China">56 recognised ethnic groups</a>, twenty-five are found in Yunnan. Some 38% of the province population are members of ethnic minorities, including the <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nakhi_people" title="Nakhi people">Nakhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumi_people" title="Pumi people">Pumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nu_people" title="Nu people">Nu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achang_people" title="Achang people">Achang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jino_people" title="Jino people">Jinuo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Mongols" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derung" class="mw-redirect" title="Derung">Derung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sui_people" title="Sui people">Sui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_people" title="Bouyei people">Buyei</a>. Several other groups are represented, but they live neither in compact settlements nor do they reach the required threshold of five thousand to be awarded the official status of being present in the province. Some groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a>, who are officially recognised as part of the <a href="/wiki/Naxi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxi people">Naxi</a>, have in the past claimed official status as a national minority, and are now recognised with the status of Mosuo people. </p><p>Ethnic groups are widely distributed in the province. Some twenty-five minorities live in compact communities, each of which has a population of more than five thousand. Ten ethnic minorities living in border areas and river valleys include the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxi people">Naxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achang" class="mw-redirect" title="Achang">Achang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buyei" class="mw-redirect" title="Buyei">Buyei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shui_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shui people">Shui</a>, with a combined population of 4.5 million; those in low mountainous areas are the <a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahu_people" title="Lahu people">Lahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Va_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Va people">Va</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Blang people">Blang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jino" class="mw-redirect" title="Jino">Jino</a>, with a combined population of 5 million; and those in high mountainous areas are <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumi_people" title="Pumi people">Pumi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derung" class="mw-redirect" title="Derung">Drung</a>, with a total population of four million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnolinguistic_groups_in_Yunnan_Province_(1971).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnolinguistic_groups_in_Yunnan_Province_%281971%29.jpg/220px-Ethnolinguistic_groups_in_Yunnan_Province_%281971%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnolinguistic_groups_in_Yunnan_Province_%281971%29.jpg/330px-Ethnolinguistic_groups_in_Yunnan_Province_%281971%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Ethnolinguistic_groups_in_Yunnan_Province_%281971%29.jpg/440px-Ethnolinguistic_groups_in_Yunnan_Province_%281971%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3141" data-file-height="4188" /></a><figcaption>CIA map showing the territory of the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnolinguistic">ethnolinguistic groups</a> in Yunnan (1971).</figcaption></figure> <p>Most <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> spoken in Yunnan belong to the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">southwestern</a> subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> group, and are therefore very similar to the dialects of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a> provinces. Notable features found in many Yunnan dialects include the partial or complete loss of distinction between finals <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span>, as well as the lack of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span>. In addition to the local dialects, most people also speak Standard Chinese (<i><a href="/wiki/Putonghua" class="mw-redirect" title="Putonghua">Putonghua</a></i>, commonly called "Mandarin"), which is used in the media, by the government, and as the language of instruction in education. </p><p>Yunnan's ethnic diversity is reflected in its linguistic diversity. Languages spoken in Yunnan include <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yi language">Yi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Tibetan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hani_language" title="Hani language">Hani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_language" title="Jingpo language">Jingpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahu_language" title="Lahu language">Lahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai languages</a> like <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_languages" title="Zhuang languages">Zhuang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bouyei_language" title="Bouyei language">Bouyei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dong_language_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dong language (China)">Dong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Shui language">Shui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tai_L%C3%BC_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Lü language">Tai Lü</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tai_N%C3%BCa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai Nüa language">Tai Nüa</a>; as well as <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien languages</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Naxi_language" title="Naxi language">Naxi</a>, in particular, use the <a href="/wiki/Dongba_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongba script">Dongba script</a>, which is the only pictographic writing system in use in the world today. The Dongba script was mainly used to provide the Dongba priests with instructions on how to carry out their rituals: today the Dongba script features more as a tourist attraction. Perhaps the best known Western Dongba scholar was <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rock" title="Joseph Rock">Joseph Rock</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literacy">Literacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Literacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of 1998, among the province's population, 419,800 had received college education or above, 2.11 million senior middle school education, 8.3 million junior middle school education, 18.25 million primary school education, and 8.25 million aged 15 or above were illiterate or semi-literate. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Blue; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Green; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 135.83513899568px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:81.995210932545px 57.243212559459px 0 0; border-top-color:White"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:White"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in Yunnan (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-religion2005_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2005-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:White; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">Atheist</a> (65.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Gold; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (24.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (10.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (0.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> <p>According to a demographic analysis of religions in Yunnan, almost 90% of the population belonged to ethnic minorities;<sup id="cite_ref-religion2005_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2005-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, as of 2005 the province had around 4 million believers of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">five government-sanctioned organised religious doctrines of China</a>. Of these: </p> <ul><li>2.6 million or about 6% of the total population are <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>;</li> <li>620,000 or 1.4% are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a>;</li> <li>530,000 or 1.2% are <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>;</li> <li>240,000 or 0.5% are <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoists</a> ("Taoist" traditionally only includes <a href="/wiki/Taoist_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist priest">priests</a>);</li> <li>66,000 or 0.1% are <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholics</a>.</li></ul> <p>According to surveys conducted in 2004 and 2007, in those years approximately 32.22% of the province's population was involved in <a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestral_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestral religion">worship of ancestors</a> and 2.75% declared a Christian identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang2015_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang2015-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the population of the province practices traditional <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religions</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi peoples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a> among the <a href="/wiki/Bai_people" title="Bai people">Bai people</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai people</a> are one of the few ethnic minorities of China that traditionally follow the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> branch of Buddhism, making Yunnan the only province in China where all three major Buddhist schools are widely practiced. Most of the <a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui people</a> of the region are <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>. Christianity is dominant among the <a href="/wiki/Lisu_people" title="Lisu people">Lisu</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jingpo_people" title="Jingpo people">Jingpo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Derung_people" title="Derung people">Derung</a> ethnic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-religion2005_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-religion2005-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Image_gallery">Image gallery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Image gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:88%; line-height:130%"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yunnan_xingjiao_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Xinjiao Temple in Shaxi."><img alt="Xinjiao Temple in Shaxi." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Yunnan_xingjiao_temple.jpg/270px-Yunnan_xingjiao_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Yunnan_xingjiao_temple.jpg/405px-Yunnan_xingjiao_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Yunnan_xingjiao_temple.jpg/540px-Yunnan_xingjiao_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Xinjiao Temple in <a href="/wiki/Shaxi,_Yunnan" title="Shaxi, Yunnan">Shaxi</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Huating_Temple_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Huating Buddhist Temple in the Western Mountains (Xishan) of Kunming."><img alt="Huating Buddhist Temple in the Western Mountains (Xishan) of Kunming." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Huating_Temple_04.JPG/320px-Huating_Temple_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Huating_Temple_04.JPG/480px-Huating_Temple_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Huating_Temple_04.JPG/640px-Huating_Temple_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Huating Buddhist Temple in the Western Mountains (Xishan) of Kunming.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guishan_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Guishan Buddhist Temple of the Tibetan tradition."><img alt="Guishan Buddhist Temple of the Tibetan tradition." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Guishan_Temple.jpg/269px-Guishan_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Guishan_Temple.jpg/404px-Guishan_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Guishan_Temple.jpg/538px-Guishan_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guishan Buddhist Temple of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan tradition</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%AB%E9%87%91%E6%AE%BF.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Hall of the Golden Taoist Temple in Kunming."><img alt="Hall of the Golden Taoist Temple in Kunming." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%AB%E9%87%91%E6%AE%BF.JPG/240px-%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%AB%E9%87%91%E6%AE%BF.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%AB%E9%87%91%E6%AE%BF.JPG/360px-%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%AB%E9%87%91%E6%AE%BF.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%AB%E9%87%91%E6%AE%BF.JPG/480px-%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E5%A4%AA%E5%92%8C%E5%AE%AB%E9%87%91%E6%AE%BF.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hall of the Golden Taoist Temple in Kunming.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%8B%96%E5%A7%91%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA_-_panoramio_-_hilloo_(50).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tuogu Mosque in Ludian County."><img alt="Tuogu Mosque in Ludian County." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%E6%8B%96%E5%A7%91%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA_-_panoramio_-_hilloo_%2850%29.jpg/240px-%E6%8B%96%E5%A7%91%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA_-_panoramio_-_hilloo_%2850%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%E6%8B%96%E5%A7%91%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA_-_panoramio_-_hilloo_%2850%29.jpg/360px-%E6%8B%96%E5%A7%91%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA_-_panoramio_-_hilloo_%2850%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%E6%8B%96%E5%A7%91%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA_-_panoramio_-_hilloo_%2850%29.jpg/480px-%E6%8B%96%E5%A7%91%E6%B8%85%E7%9C%9F%E5%AF%BA_-_panoramio_-_hilloo_%2850%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tuogu_Mosque" title="Tuogu Mosque">Tuogu Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ludian_County" title="Ludian County">Ludian County</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Weihan_Manduan_Temple_Menghai.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dai Theravada Buddhist temple in Menghai County, Xishuangbanna."><img alt="Dai Theravada Buddhist temple in Menghai County, Xishuangbanna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Weihan_Manduan_Temple_Menghai.jpg/270px-Weihan_Manduan_Temple_Menghai.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Weihan_Manduan_Temple_Menghai.jpg/405px-Weihan_Manduan_Temple_Menghai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Weihan_Manduan_Temple_Menghai.jpg/540px-Weihan_Manduan_Temple_Menghai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a> <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhist temple in <a href="/wiki/Menghai_County" title="Menghai County">Menghai County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Anning_lianran_wenmiao.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Anning Confucian Memorial"><img alt="Anning Confucian Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anning_lianran_wenmiao.JPG/270px-Anning_lianran_wenmiao.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anning_lianran_wenmiao.JPG/405px-Anning_lianran_wenmiao.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Anning_lianran_wenmiao.JPG/540px-Anning_lianran_wenmiao.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anning Confucian Memorial</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhongdian-sumtseling-gompa-c05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhongdian Sumzênling goinba"><img alt="Zhongdian Sumzênling goinba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Zhongdian-sumtseling-gompa-c05.jpg/280px-Zhongdian-sumtseling-gompa-c05.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Zhongdian-sumtseling-gompa-c05.jpg/420px-Zhongdian-sumtseling-gompa-c05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Zhongdian-sumtseling-gompa-c05.jpg/561px-Zhongdian-sumtseling-gompa-c05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Zhongdian <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Sumtseling_Monastery" title="Ganden Sumtseling Monastery">Sumzênling goinba</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%99%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%81%E6%95%99%E5%A0%823.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhongding Catholic Church, Bingzhongluo, Gongshan County"><img alt="Zhongding Catholic Church, Bingzhongluo, Gongshan County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%99%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%81%E6%95%99%E5%A0%823.JPG/120px-%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%99%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%81%E6%95%99%E5%A0%823.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%99%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%81%E6%95%99%E5%A0%823.JPG/179px-%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%99%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%81%E6%95%99%E5%A0%823.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%99%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%81%E6%95%99%E5%A0%823.JPG/239px-%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%99%E4%B8%AD%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%81%E6%95%99%E5%A0%823.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="4256" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Zhongding_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhongding Catholic Church">Zhongding Catholic Church</a>, Bingzhongluo, Gongshan County</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_-_Beijing_Lu_-_Church_-_P1340598.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Kunming"><img alt="Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Kunming" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kunming_-_Beijing_Lu_-_Church_-_P1340598.JPG/240px-Kunming_-_Beijing_Lu_-_Church_-_P1340598.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kunming_-_Beijing_Lu_-_Church_-_P1340598.JPG/360px-Kunming_-_Beijing_Lu_-_Church_-_P1340598.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Kunming_-_Beijing_Lu_-_Church_-_P1340598.JPG/480px-Kunming_-_Beijing_Lu_-_Church_-_P1340598.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cathedral of the Sacred Heart of Kunming</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_duoyishu_sunrise_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_duoyishu_sunrise_2012.jpg/220px-1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_duoyishu_sunrise_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_duoyishu_sunrise_2012.jpg/330px-1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_duoyishu_sunrise_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_duoyishu_sunrise_2012.jpg/440px-1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_duoyishu_sunrise_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>View of Duoyishu sunrise in Yuanyang</figcaption></figure> <p>The region maintains a strong agricultural focus. Agriculture is restricted to the few upland plains, open valleys, and terraced hillsides. Level land for agriculture is extremely scarce and only about 5 percent of the province is under cultivation. <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">Rice</a> is the main crop; <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">rapeseed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a> (as a food crop), <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan tea">tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a> are also grown. On the steep slopes in the west <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> is raised and <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, a valuable resource, is cut (<a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a> in the southwest). </p><p>Yunnan produces most of <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> grown in China (although there are also much smaller plantations in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>). Large-scale <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> cultivation started in Yunnan in 1988. The most commonly grown <a href="/wiki/List_of_coffee_varieties" title="List of coffee varieties">variety</a> in the province is catimor.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yunnan province is famous for its quality teas. Most notably Yunnan tea. Yunnan black tea, also known as ‘Dianhong’ (‘Dian’ is the short name for Yunnan province, ‘hong’ meaning red after the deep, red liquor of the brewed tea) is a fully oxidised tea grown high in the mountainous regions between approximately 1000 metres to 2000 metres above sea level. Its unique earthy flavour makes it a highly sought after tea. <sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">Tobacco</a> is the main (export) product and makes up a big part of the provincial GDP.<sup id="cite_ref-thechinaperspective.com_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thechinaperspective.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Yunnan has a strong competitive potential in the fruit and vegetable industries, especially in low value-added commodities such as fresh and dried vegetables and fresh apples. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hongta_District_-_Beicheng_-_strawberry_fields_-_P1350756.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hongta_District_-_Beicheng_-_strawberry_fields_-_P1350756.JPG/220px-Hongta_District_-_Beicheng_-_strawberry_fields_-_P1350756.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hongta_District_-_Beicheng_-_strawberry_fields_-_P1350756.JPG/330px-Hongta_District_-_Beicheng_-_strawberry_fields_-_P1350756.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Hongta_District_-_Beicheng_-_strawberry_fields_-_P1350756.JPG/440px-Hongta_District_-_Beicheng_-_strawberry_fields_-_P1350756.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a> fields near <a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Yunnan is one of the regions in the world with the most abundant resources of wild edible <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a>. In China, there are 938 kinds of edible mushrooms, and over 800 varieties can be found in Yunnan. In 2004, around 7,744 tons of wild edible mushrooms were exported, making up for 70% of the total export of this product in China. The so-called 'pine mushroom' is the main product in Yunnan and is exported to <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in large quantities. </p><p>Due to China's growing consumption of dairy products, Yunnan's dairy industry is also developing very rapidly and is also aiming to export to its <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> neighbors. </p><p>The flower industry in Yunnan province started to develop towards the end of the 1980s. Yunnan province accounts for 50% of China's total cut flower production. The size of the planting area for cut flowers in Yunnan province amounts to 4000 hectares. In 2003, the output totaled 2.3 billion stems. In 2002 the flower industry in Yunnan had a total output of RMB 3.4 billion. Export amounted to US$18 million. Apart from sales on the domestic market, Yunnan also exports to a number of foreign countries and regions such as Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Thailand and Singapore. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of the mid-19th century, Yunnan exported birds, brass, tin, gemstones, musk, nuts, and <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peacock</a> feathers mainly to stores in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>. They imported silk, wool, and cotton cloth, tobacco and books.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts1_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts1-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was a major recipient of China's investment in industrial capacity during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Front_(China)" title="Third Front (China)">Third Front</a> campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 298">: 298 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lijiang,_Yunnan,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lijiang%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg/220px-Lijiang%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lijiang%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg/330px-Lijiang%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lijiang%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg/440px-Lijiang%2C_Yunnan%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Local traders in <a href="/wiki/Lijiang_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang City">Lijiang City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Downtown_Kunming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Aerial_view_of_Downtown_Kunming.jpg/220px-Aerial_view_of_Downtown_Kunming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Aerial_view_of_Downtown_Kunming.jpg/330px-Aerial_view_of_Downtown_Kunming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Aerial_view_of_Downtown_Kunming.jpg/440px-Aerial_view_of_Downtown_Kunming.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Downtown Kunming</figcaption></figure> <p>Yunnan is one of China's relatively <a href="/wiki/Undeveloped" class="mw-redirect" title="Undeveloped">undeveloped</a> provinces with more <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>-stricken <a href="/wiki/County_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (People's Republic of China)">counties</a> than the other provinces. In 1994, about 7 million people lived below the poverty line of less than an annual average <a href="/wiki/Income" title="Income">income</a> of 300 <a href="/wiki/Chinese_yuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese yuan">yuan</a> <a href="/wiki/Per_capita" title="Per capita">per capita</a>. They were distributed in the province's 73 counties mainly and financially supported by the <a href="/wiki/Central_government" title="Central government">central government</a>. With an input of 3.15 billion yuan in 2002, the absolutely poor rural population in the province has been reduced from 4.05 million in 2000 to 2.86 million. The <a href="/wiki/Poverty_alleviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty alleviation">poverty alleviation</a> plan includes five large projects aimed at improving infrastructure facilities. They involve planned attempts at <a href="/wiki/Soil_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Soil improvement">soil improvement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">water conservation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a>, roads, and "<a href="/wiki/Green_belt" title="Green belt">green belt</a>" building. Upon the completion of the projects, the province hopes this will alleviate the shortages of <a href="/wiki/Grain" title="Grain">grain</a>, water, electric power and roads. </p><p>Yunnan lags behind the east coast of China in relation to <a href="/wiki/Socio-economic_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Socio-economic development">socio-economic development</a>. However, because of its geographic location the province has <a href="/wiki/Comparative_advantage" title="Comparative advantage">comparative advantages</a> in regional and border trade with <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian">Southeast Asian</a> countries. The <a href="/wiki/Lancang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancang River">Lancang River</a> (upper reaches of Mekong River) is the waterway to southeast Asia. In recent years land transportation has been improved to strengthen economic and trade co-operation among countries in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion" title="Greater Mekong Subregion">Greater Mekong Subregion</a>. Yunnan's abundance in resources determines that the province's pillar <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industries</a> are: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, hydro-<a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric power industry in China">electric power</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. In general, the province still depends on the <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources">natural resources</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sector">secondary sector</a> is currently the largest industrial tier in Yunnan, contributing more than 45 percent of GDP. The <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary sector">tertiary sector</a> contributes 40 percent and agriculture 15 percent. <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">Investment</a> is the key driver of Yunnan's <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>. </p><p>The main challenge that Yunnan faces is its lack of major <a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">development</a>. Its low <a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">productivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Competition_(companies)" class="mw-redirect" title="Competition (companies)">competitiveness</a> restrict the rapid development of the province. The province also faces great challenges in <a href="/wiki/Social_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Social issues">social issues</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty_elimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty elimination">poverty elimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal migration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drug_trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug trafficking">drug trafficking</a> and <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">HIV/AIDS</a>. </p><p>Yunnan's four pillar industries include <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. The main <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> industries are iron and steel production and copper-smelting, commercial vehicles, chemicals, fertilizers, textiles, and optical instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-thechinaperspective.com_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thechinaperspective.com-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yunnan has trade contacts with more than seventy countries and regions in the world. Yunnan established the <a href="/wiki/Muse_(Shan_State)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse (Shan State)">Muse border trade zone</a> (located in <a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a>) along its border with Burma.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yunnan mainly exports <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a> and electrical equipment, chemical and agricultural products, and non-ferrous metals. In 2008, its total two-way trade (imports and exports) reached US$9.6 billion. The province signed <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> contracts involving US$1.69 billion, of which US$777 million were actually utilized during the year. </p><p>Yunnan's employment rate remain stable. The total number of newly entered-employee were 49.35 thousand people. The <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment rate</a> at the end of 2020 was 3.92%. Yunnan's nominal GDP in 2020 was 24521.9 billion Yuan( US$3850.92 billion), an annual growth rate of 4.0%. Its per capita GDP was 50,299 Yuan ( US$7,898.96). The share of GDP of Yunnan's <a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">primary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">secondary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary</a> industries were 3598.91 billion Yuan, 8287.54 billion Yuan, and 12635.45 billion Yuan respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yunnan is one of the major production bases of copper, lead, zinc, tin and aluminum in China. <a href="/wiki/Gejiu" title="Gejiu">Gejiu</a> is well known as "the Kingdom of Zinc" with the reserves ranked first in the country. The Yunxi brand refined tin is one of the main products in Gejiu, which is registered on the <a href="/wiki/London_Metal_Exchange" title="London Metal Exchange">London Metal Exchange</a> (LME). Besides, reserves of germanium, indium, zirconium, platinum, rock salt, sylvite, nickel, phosphate, mirabilite, arsenic and blue asbestos are also high. Significant copper deposits are found at <a href="/wiki/Dongchuan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongchuan District">Dongchuan</a>, iron ore at <a href="/wiki/Wuding_County" title="Wuding County">Wuding</a>, and coal at <a href="/wiki/Xuanwei" title="Xuanwei">Xuanwei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_City,_Honghe,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiyuan City, Honghe, Yunnan">Kaiyuan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">Economic policy</a> to locate new industry in interior areas with substantial mineral wealth, led to major industrial development in Yunnan, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming area</a>. </p><p>The electricity industry is another important economic pillar of Yunnan, which plays a key role in the "West-East Electricity Transmission Project". The electricity produced in Yunnan is mainly transported to <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zones">Economic and Technological Development Zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Economic and Technological Development Zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunming Economic and Technological Development Zone">Kunming Economic and Technological Development Zone</a></li></ul> <p>First established in 1992, Kunming Economic & Technology Development Zone is a national-level zone approved by the State Council. Kunming is located in east-central Yunnan province with preferential location. After several years' development, the zone has formed its pillar industries, which include tobacco processing, machinery manufacturing, electronic information, and biotechnology.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> <p>The Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone (KMHNZ), is a state-level high-tech industrial zone established in 1992 in Northwest Kunming. It is administratively under Kunming Prefecture. It has covers an area of 9 km<sup>2</sup> (3.5 sq mi). KMHNZ is located in the northwest part of Kunming city, 4 kilometers from Kunming Railway Station, 5 kilometers from Kunming International Airport.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> Dianchi Tourism & Vacation Zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunming Airport">Kunming Airport</a> Economic Zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruili_Border_Economic_Cooperation_Zone" title="Ruili Border Economic Cooperation Zone">Border Trade Economic Cooperation Zone</a></li></ul> <p>Ruili Border Economic Cooperation Zone (RLBECZ) is a Chinese State Council-approved Industrial Park based in Ruili, Dehong Prefecture, founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma. The area's import and export trade include the processing industry, local agriculture and biological resources are very promising. Sino-Burmese business is growing fast. Burma is now one of Yunnan's biggest foreign trade partners. In 1999, Sino-Burmese trade accounted for 77.4% of Yunnan's foreign trade. In the same year, exports for electromechanical equipments came up to US$55.28 million. Main exports here include fiber cloth, cotton yarn, <a href="/wiki/Ceresin" title="Ceresin">ceresin</a> wax, mechanical equipments, fruits, rice seeds, fiber yarn and tobacco.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanding_Border_Economic_Cooperation_Zone" title="Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone">Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone</a></li></ul> <p>Wanding Border Economic Cooperation Zone (WTBECZ) is a Chinese State Council-approved Industrial Park based in Wanding Town, Ruili, Dehong, founded in 1992 and was established to promote trade between China and Burma. The zone spans 6 km<sup>2</sup> (2.3 sq mi) and is focused on developing trading, processing, agriculture resources and tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a> Economic and Technological Development Zone</li></ul> <p>Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone (QETDZ) is a provincial development zone approved by Yunnan Provincial Government in August 1992. It is located in the east of urban Qujing, the second largest city in Yunnan in terms of economic strengths. The location of the development zone is the economic, political and cultural center of Qujing. As an agency under Qujing municipal Party committee and municipal government, the administrative commission of QETDZ functions as an economy supervising body at the prefecture level and an administration body at the county level. It has 106 km<sup>2</sup> (41 sq mi) under its jurisdiction. It shoulders the task of building a new 40-square-kilometer city area and providing service for a population of 400,000 in the upcoming 10 years.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a> Economic and Technological Development Zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_City,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali City, Yunnan">Dali</a> Economic and Technological Development Zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong</a> Economic and Technological Development Zone</li></ul> <p>Chuxiong Economic Development Zone is an important zone in Yunnan. Now the zone has attracted a number of investment projects. It is an important industry for the development of new-type industry platform. The zone covers an area of 12 km<sup>2</sup> (4.6 sq mi), composed of four parks.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Songming" class="mw-redirect" title="Songming">Songming</a> Yanglin Experimental Zone for County & Township Industries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekou_Yao_Autonomous_County" title="Hekou Yao Autonomous County">Hekou</a> Border Economic Cooperation Zone</li></ul> <p>First established in 1992, Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone is a border zone approved by State Council to promote Sino-Vietnamese trade. It has a planned area of 4.02 km<sup>2</sup> (1.55 sq mi). The zone implemented several policies to serve its clients in China from various industries and sectors including investment, trade, finance, taxation, immigration, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429003658/http://www.yunnaninfo.com/en/city/dehong/attraction/jiegao.htm">Jiegao</a> Border Trade Economic Zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_of_Lijiang" title="Old Town of Lijiang">Lijiang</a> <a href="/wiki/Yulong_Snow_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Yulong Snow Mountain">Yulong Snow Mountain</a> Tourism Zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cang_Mountain" title="Cang Mountain">Cang Mountain</a> & <a href="/wiki/Erhai_Lake" title="Erhai Lake">Erhai Lake</a> Tourism and Vacation Zone at Dali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a> Tourism and Vacation Zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengchong" title="Tengchong">Tengchong</a> Tourism and Vacation Zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzonghai_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangzonghai Lake">Yangzonghai Lake</a> Tourism and Vacation Zone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxian_Lake" title="Fuxian Lake">Fuxian Lake</a> Tourism and Vacation Zone</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Yunnan" title="List of universities and colleges in Yunnan">List of universities and colleges in Yunnan</a></div> <p>Since the 1960s, improvements have been achieved in the overall educational level, which can be seen in the increase in average years of regular education received. The development of part-time <a href="/wiki/School_education" class="mw-redirect" title="School education">schools</a> have brought <a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">adult</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">continuing education</a> to farms, factories, offices, and other places. Evening, time off work / study leave classes allow people to receive education without leaving their jobs. Policies to upgrade adult education have begun to complement the campaign against <a href="/wiki/Illiteracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Illiteracy">illiteracy</a>. A basic Chinese vocabulary in <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified</a> <a href="/wiki/Stroke_order" title="Stroke order">strokes</a> is taught to millions of illiterate people in short, intensive courses. Despite progress made, Yunnan's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_illiteracy_rate" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by illiteracy rate">illiteracy rate</a> remains one of the highest in China mainly due to insufficient education among minority peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_China" title="Higher education in China">higher education</a>, Yunnan has one "<a href="/wiki/National_Key_University" class="mw-redirect" title="National Key University">National Key University</a>"—<a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University" title="Yunnan University">Yunnan University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>. There is also a growing number of technical schools, among which the most prominent are the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Normal_University" title="Yunnan Normal University">Yunnan Normal University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Forestry_University" title="Southwest Forestry University">Southwest Forestry University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Agricultural_University" title="Yunnan Agricultural University">Yunnan Agricultural University</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yaas.org.cn/">Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210612205238/http://yaas.org.cn/">Archived</a> 2021-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Medical_University" title="Kunming Medical University">Kunming Medical University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University_of_Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine">Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kunming_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Kunming University of Science and Technology">Kunming University of Science and Technology</a>. Other notable establishments of learning are the <a href="/wiki/Template:CAS_Kunming" title="Template:CAS Kunming">Kunming branch of the Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Astronomical_Observatory" title="Yunnan Astronomical Observatory">Yunnan Astronomical Observatory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Provincial_Library" title="Yunnan Provincial Library">Yunnan Provincial Library</a>. As of 2000, there were 24 <a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_higher_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutions of higher learning">institutions of higher learning</a> in Yunnan, with an enrollment of over 90,400 students and a faculty of 9,237; 2,562 secondary schools with an enrollment of more than 2,137,400 students and 120,461 teachers; and 22,151 primary schools with an enrollment of 4,720,600 pupils and a faculty of 210,507. The <a href="/wiki/Gross_enrollment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross enrollment rate">gross enrollment rate</a> of school-age children was 99.02%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health">Health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Yunnan Province is responsible for about 50% of officially reported <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> cases in China.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is presently considered to be the main source of <a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">plague</a> in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2009_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2009-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HIV-AIDS">HIV-AIDS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: HIV-AIDS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan" title="HIV/AIDS in Yunnan">HIV/AIDS in Yunnan</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIV/AIDS_in_Yunnan&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>'s first reported <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> case was identified in 1985 in a dying tourist.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, the first indigenous cases were reported as an outbreak in 146 infected <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a> users in Yunnan province, near <a href="/wiki/Southwest_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest China">China's southwest</a> border.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Yunnan is the area most affected by <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV/AIDS in the People's Republic of China">HIV/AIDS in China</a>. In 1989 first infections appeared among needle sharing drug users near the <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burmese</a> border. Up until 1993, the disease had remained a problem in the border areas before mobile people (truck drivers, construction and migrant workers and travelers) brought the virus further into the country. In 1995, the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> reported their first HIV cases, and by 1998, the virus had spread all over China.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport<span class="anchor" id="Transportation"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Yunnan" title="Transport in Yunnan">Transport in Yunnan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dali_Lijiang_Railway_in_Dali.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dali_Lijiang_Railway_in_Dali.jpg/300px-Dali_Lijiang_Railway_in_Dali.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dali_Lijiang_Railway_in_Dali.jpg/450px-Dali_Lijiang_Railway_in_Dali.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Dali_Lijiang_Railway_in_Dali.jpg/600px-Dali_Lijiang_Railway_in_Dali.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2892" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Viaduct of the <a href="/wiki/Dali%E2%80%93Lijiang_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali–Lijiang Railway">Dali–Lijiang Railway</a> near <a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first railway in Yunnan was the <a href="/wiki/Narrow_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Narrow gauge">narrow gauge</a> <a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Vietnam_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan–Vietnam Railway">Yunnan–Vietnam Railway</a> built by France from 1904 to 1910 to connect <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> with <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, then a French colony. In Yunnan, the Chinese section of this railway is known as the Yunnan-Hekou Railway and the line gave Yunnan access to the seaport at <a href="/wiki/Haiphong" title="Haiphong">Haiphong</a>. During the Second World War, Britain and the United States began building a <a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Burma_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan–Burma Railway">railway from Yunnan to Burma</a> but abandoned the effort due to Japanese advance. </p><p>Due in part to difficult terrain both locally and in surrounding provinces and the shortage of capital for rail construction, Yunnan remained outside of China's domestic rail network until 1966 when the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai%E2%80%93Kunming_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai–Kunming Railway">Guiyang–Kunming Railway</a> was completed. The line would not enter into operation until 1970, the same year that the <a href="/wiki/Chengdu%E2%80%93Kunming_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengdu–Kunming Railway">Chengdu-Kunming</a> was completed. The <a href="/wiki/Nanning%E2%80%93Kunming_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanning–Kunming Railway">Nanning–Kunming Railway</a> to <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> was completed in 1997, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Neijiang%E2%80%93Kunming_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Neijiang–Kunming Railway">Neijiang–Kunming Railway</a> in 2001. The <a href="/wiki/Pan_County_West_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan County West Railway">Panxi Railway</a>, originally built in 1975 to draw coal from neighboring Guizhou, was electrified in 2001 and adds to eastern Yunnan's outbound rail transport capacity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kunming_-_Haikou_Town_-_Kunyu_Railway_-_P1350369.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kunming_-_Haikou_Town_-_Kunyu_Railway_-_P1350369.JPG/220px-Kunming_-_Haikou_Town_-_Kunyu_Railway_-_P1350369.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kunming_-_Haikou_Town_-_Kunyu_Railway_-_P1350369.JPG/330px-Kunming_-_Haikou_Town_-_Kunyu_Railway_-_P1350369.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kunming_-_Haikou_Town_-_Kunyu_Railway_-_P1350369.JPG/440px-Kunming_-_Haikou_Town_-_Kunyu_Railway_-_P1350369.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Kunming–Yuxi railway in Haikou Town, Kunming</figcaption></figure> <p>Within the province, the <a href="/wiki/Kunming%E2%80%93Yuxi_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunming–Yuxi Railway">Kunming–Yuxi</a>, opened in 1993, and the <a href="/wiki/Guangtong%E2%80%93Dali_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Guangtong–Dali Railway">Guangtong–Dali</a>, opened in 1998, expanded the rail network to southern and western Yunnan, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Dali%E2%80%93Lijiang_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali–Lijiang Railway">Dali–Lijiang Railway</a>, opened in 2010, brought rail service to northwestern Yunnan. That line is planned to be <a href="/wiki/Lijiang%E2%80%93Xamgyi%27nyilha_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang–Xamgyi'nyilha Railway">extended further north to Xamgyi'nyilha County</a>. </p><p>The province is extending the railway network to neighboring countries in Southeast Asia. From <a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yuxi%E2%80%93Mengzi_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuxi–Mengzi Railway">Yuxi–Mengzi Railway</a>, built from 2005 to 2013, and the <a href="/wiki/Mengzi%E2%80%93Hekou_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Mengzi–Hekou Railway">Mengzi–Hekou Railway</a>, under construction since 2008, will form a <a href="/wiki/Standard_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard gauge">standard gauge</a> railway connection with <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Dali%E2%80%93Ruili_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali–Ruili Railway">Dali–Ruili Railway</a>, under construction since May 2011, will bring rail service to the border with <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. Also under planning is a rail line from Yuxi to Mohan, in Xishuangbana Prefecture, on the border with Laos. This line could be extended further south to <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burma_Road">Burma Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Burma Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Burma_Road" title="Burma Road">Burma Road</a> was a highway extending about 1,100 km (680 mi) through mountainous terrain from <a href="/wiki/Lashio" title="Lashio">Lashio</a>, northeast Burma northeastward to Kunming, China. Undertaken by the Chinese after the start of the Sino-Japanese War in 1937 and completed in 1938, it was a vital transportation route for wartime supplies to the Chinese government from Rangoon and shipped by railroad to Lashio from 1938 to 1946. An extension runs east through China from Kunming, then north to Chongqing. This traffic increased in importance to China after the Japanese took effective control of the Chinese coast and of Indochina. It was seized by the Japanese in 1942 and reopened when it was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Stilwell_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilwell Road">Stilwell Road</a> from India. The <a href="/wiki/Ledo_Road" title="Ledo Road">Ledo Road</a> (later called the Stilwell Road) from <a href="/wiki/Ledo,_Assam" title="Ledo, Assam">Ledo</a>, India, into Burma was begun in December 1942. In 1944 the Ledo Road reached <a href="/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a> and was joined to the Burma Road. Both roads have lost their former importance and are in a state of disrepair. The Burma Road's importance diminished after World War II, but it has remained a link in a 3,400-km road system from <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highways">Highways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Highways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Road construction in Yunnan continues unabated: over the last years the province has added more new roads than any other province.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today expressways link Kunming through Dali to Baoshan, Kunming to Mojiang (on the way to Jinghong), Kunming to Qujing, Kunming to Shilin (Stone Forest). The official plan is to connect all major towns and neighbouring capitals with expressways by 2010, and to complete a high-speed road network by 2020. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yulong_Xueshan_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yulong_Xueshan_04.JPG/250px-Yulong_Xueshan_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yulong_Xueshan_04.JPG/375px-Yulong_Xueshan_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Yulong_Xueshan_04.JPG/500px-Yulong_Xueshan_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Roadway in Lijiang with the <a href="/wiki/Jade_Dragon_Snow_Mountain" title="Jade Dragon Snow Mountain">Jade Dragon Snow Mountain</a> in the distance.</figcaption></figure> <p>All county towns are now accessible by paved, all-weather roads from Kunming, all townships have a road connection (the last to be connected was Yangla, in the far north, but Dulongjiang remains cut off for about six months every year), and about half of all villages have road access. </p><p>Second-level national highways stretch 958 km (595 mi), third-level highways, 7,571 km (4,704 mi) and fourth-level highways, 52,248 km (32,465 mi). The province has formed a network of communication lines radiating from Kunming to Sichuan and Guizhou provinces and Guangxi and Tibet autonomous regions, and further on to Burma, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%95%87%E5%AE%89%E9%95%87%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%95%87%E5%AE%89%E9%95%87%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF02.jpg/220px-%E9%95%87%E5%AE%89%E9%95%87%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%95%87%E5%AE%89%E9%95%87%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF02.jpg/330px-%E9%95%87%E5%AE%89%E9%95%87%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/%E9%95%87%E5%AE%89%E9%95%87%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF02.jpg/440px-%E9%95%87%E5%AE%89%E9%95%87%E9%81%93%E8%B7%AF02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>China National Highway 320 in <a href="/wiki/Longling_County" title="Longling County">Longling County</a></figcaption></figure> <p>National highways running through Yunnan province are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_108" title="China National Highway 108">China National Highway 108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_213" title="China National Highway 213">China National Highway 213</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_214" title="China National Highway 214">China National Highway 214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_320" title="China National Highway 320">China National Highway 320</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_323" title="China National Highway 323">China National Highway 323</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_324" title="China National Highway 324">China National Highway 324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_326" title="China National Highway 326">China National Highway 326</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expressways">Expressways</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Expressways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the opening of the Suolongsi to Pingyuanjie section, Luofu expressway, the first between Yunnan and <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> Province, opened in October 2007. It has made material and passenger transportation between the two provinces much more convenient. Moreover, Luofu Expressway has also become the main road from Yunnan to Guangxi and the coastal ports. Luofu Expressway begins from the crossroads of Luo Village between Yunnan and Guangxi Provinces and ends at <a href="/wiki/Funing_County,_Yunnan" title="Funing County, Yunnan">Funing County</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wenshan_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenshan State">Wenshan State</a>. The total length of the expressway is 79.3 kilometers which has shortened the <a href="/wiki/Commuting" title="Commuting">commute</a> between Yunnan and Guangxi from the previous 3 and half hours to just 50 minutes. </p><p>Expressways running through Yunnan province are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunming%E2%80%93Bangkok_Expressway" title="Kunming–Bangkok Expressway">Kunming–Bangkok Expressway</a> (<a href="/wiki/G8511_Kunming%E2%80%93Mohan_Expressway" title="G8511 Kunming–Mohan Expressway">G8511 Kunmo Expressway</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G5611_Dali%E2%80%93Lijiang_Expressway" title="G5611 Dali–Lijiang Expressway">G5611 Dali Expressway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dali,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali, Yunnan">Dali</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lijiang,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang, Yunnan">Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G78_Shantou%E2%80%93Kunming_Expressway" title="G78 Shantou–Kunming Expressway">G78 Shankun Expressway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Shantou" title="Shantou">Shantou</a> to Kunming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G80_Guangzhou%E2%80%93Kunming_Expressway" title="G80 Guangzhou–Kunming Expressway">G80 Guangkun Expressway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> to Kunming</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8011_Kaiyuan%E2%80%93Hekou_Expressway" title="G8011 Kaiyuan–Hekou Expressway">G8011 Kaihe Expressway</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_City,_Honghe,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiyuan City, Honghe, Yunnan">Kaiyuan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hekou_Yao_Autonomous_County" title="Hekou Yao Autonomous County">Hekou</a> on the Vietnamese border</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waterways">Waterways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Waterways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg/200px-Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg/300px-Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg/400px-Yangzi_River_-_by_Peter_Morgan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yangzi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangzi River">Yangzi River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, rivers are obstacles to transport in Yunnan. Only very small parts of Yunnan's river systems are navigable. However, China is constructing a series of dams on the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> to develop it as a waterway and source of power; the first was completed at <a href="/wiki/Manwan_Dam" title="Manwan Dam">Manwan</a> in 1993. </p><p>In 1995, the province put an investment of 171 million yuan to add another 807 km (501 mi) of navigation lines. It built two wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 300,000 to 400,000 tons each and four wharfs with an annual handling capacity of 100,000 tons each. The annual volume of goods transported was two million tons and that of passengers transported, two million. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dali_Airport_07.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dali_Airport_07.JPG/250px-Dali_Airport_07.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dali_Airport_07.JPG/375px-Dali_Airport_07.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Dali_Airport_07.JPG/500px-Dali_Airport_07.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="1872" /></a><figcaption>Dali Airport</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%AF%A7%E8%92%97%E7%80%98%E6%B2%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_20190928190809.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%E5%AF%A7%E8%92%97%E7%80%98%E6%B2%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_20190928190809.jpg/150px-%E5%AF%A7%E8%92%97%E7%80%98%E6%B2%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_20190928190809.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%E5%AF%A7%E8%92%97%E7%80%98%E6%B2%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_20190928190809.jpg/225px-%E5%AF%A7%E8%92%97%E7%80%98%E6%B2%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_20190928190809.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/%E5%AF%A7%E8%92%97%E7%80%98%E6%B2%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_20190928190809.jpg/300px-%E5%AF%A7%E8%92%97%E7%80%98%E6%B2%BD%E6%B9%96%E6%A9%9F%E5%A0%B4_20190928190809.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Ninglang Luguhu Airport</figcaption></figure> <p>The province has twenty domestic air routes from <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> to <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi'an">Xi'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanzhou" title="Lanzhou">Lanzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hangzhou" title="Hangzhou">Hangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guiyang" title="Guiyang">Guiyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>; eleven provincial air routes from <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a>, Mangshi, Lincang, Tengchong, <a href="/wiki/Lijiang_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang City">Lijiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dali,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali, Yunnan">Dali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shangri-la" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangri-la">Xamgyi'nyilha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Simao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ninglang_Luguhu_Airport" title="Ninglang Luguhu Airport">Ninglang Luguhu</a>; and ten international air routes from <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_mai" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang mai">Chiang Mai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>. </p><p>Replacing <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Wujiaba_International_Airport" title="Kunming Wujiaba International Airport">Kunming Wujiaba International Airport</a> is <a href="/wiki/Kunming_Changshui_International_Airport" title="Kunming Changshui International Airport">Kunming Changshui International Airport</a>, which opened June 28, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bridges">Bridges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Bridges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bridge-building in Yunnan date back at least 1,300 years when the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a> built an iron chain bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Nanzhao_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanzhao Kingdom">Nanzhao Kingdom</a> at what is today <a href="/wiki/Weixi_Lisu_Autonomous_County" title="Weixi Lisu Autonomous County">Weixi Lisu Autonomous County</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>. Iron chain bridges are still found across high river valleys of Yunnan. The Jinlong Bridge on the <a href="/wiki/Jinsha_River" title="Jinsha River">Jinsha River</a> in Lijiang remains the oldest bridge over the Yangtze. With the expansion of the highway and railway network in Yunnan, numerous large-scale bridges have been built across the region's myriad of rivers, including the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_bridges_and_tunnels" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River bridges and tunnels">Yangtze which has dozens of crossings</a> in Yunnan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metro">Metro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Metro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kunming_Rail_Transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunming Rail Transit">Kunming</a> is the only city in Yunnan that has a metro system. As of August 2021, it has 5 lines in operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bashu_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashu culture">Bashu culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Major_national_historical_and_cultural_sites_(Yunnan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Major national historical and cultural sites (Yunnan)">Major national historical and cultural sites (Yunnan)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_New_Year%27s_poetry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chinese_New_Year%27s_poetry.jpg/220px-Chinese_New_Year%27s_poetry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chinese_New_Year%27s_poetry.jpg/330px-Chinese_New_Year%27s_poetry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Chinese_New_Year%27s_poetry.jpg/440px-Chinese_New_Year%27s_poetry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1167" /></a><figcaption>Hand-painted Chinese New Year's poetry pasted on the sides of doors leading to people's homes, Old Town, <a href="/wiki/Lijiang_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang City">Lijiang</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Yunnan's cultural life is one of remarkable diversity. Archaeological findings have unearthed sacred burial structures holding elegant bronzes in <a href="/wiki/Jinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinning">Jinning</a>, south of <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>. In northeastern Yunnan, frescoes of the <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin dynasty (266–420)</a> have been discovered in the city of <a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhatong</a>. Many Chinese cultural relics have been discovered in later periods. The lineage of tribal way of life of the indigenous peoples persisted uninfluenced by modernity until the mid-20th century. Tribal traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slaveholding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wa_people" title="Wa people">Wa</a> <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a>, have since been abolished. After the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–76), in which several minority cultural and religious practices were suppressed, Yunnan has come to celebrate its cultural diversity and subsequently many local customs and festivals have flourished.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eighteen_Oddities_of_Yunnan">Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Oddities_of_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan">Eighteen Oddities of Yunnan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_cuisine" title="Yunnan cuisine">Yunnan cuisine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tea">Tea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Tea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puer_tea,_Chinese_tea,_Rostov-on-Don,_Russia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Puer_tea%2C_Chinese_tea%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/220px-Puer_tea%2C_Chinese_tea%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Puer_tea%2C_Chinese_tea%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/330px-Puer_tea%2C_Chinese_tea%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Puer_tea%2C_Chinese_tea%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg/440px-Puer_tea%2C_Chinese_tea%2C_Rostov-on-Don%2C_Russia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4912" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Pu'er tea from Yunnan</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a> from this region, see <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan tea">Yunnan tea</a>.</div> <p>Yunnan has several different tea growing regions.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Yunnan's best known products is <a href="/wiki/Pu-erh_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-erh tea">Pu-erh tea</a> (or Puer), named after the old tea trading town of <a href="/wiki/Pu-erh_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-erh Yunnan">Pu-erh</a> (Puer). The province is also known for its <a href="/wiki/Golden_Needle_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Needle tea">Yunnan Gold</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Dian_hong_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Dian hong tea">Dianhong</a> teas, developed in the 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yunnan" title="Music of Yunnan">Music of Yunnan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_medicine">Chinese medicine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Chinese medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yunnan is host to more than 19,000 species of plants, including 60 percent of the plants used in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Baiyao" title="Yunnan Baiyao">Yunnan Baiyao</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_laohuzhui_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_laohuzhui_2012.jpg/220px-1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_laohuzhui_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_laohuzhui_2012.jpg/330px-1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_laohuzhui_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_laohuzhui_2012.jpg/440px-1_yuanyang_rice_terrace_laohuzhui_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6978" data-file-height="4685" /></a><figcaption>Rice-terraced mountains of Yuanyang county</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_songzanlin_2018a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1_songzanlin_2018a.jpg/220px-1_songzanlin_2018a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1_songzanlin_2018a.jpg/330px-1_songzanlin_2018a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/1_songzanlin_2018a.jpg/440px-1_songzanlin_2018a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8256" data-file-height="5504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Sumtseling_Monastery" title="Ganden Sumtseling Monastery">Ganden Sumtseling Monastery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shangri-La,_Yunnan" title="Shangri-La, Yunnan">Shangri-La City</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%B0%8F%E6%A1%A5%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%B0%8F%E6%A1%A5%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%B0%8F%E6%A1%A5%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%B0%8F%E6%A1%A5%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%B0%8F%E6%A1%A5%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%B0%8F%E6%A1%A5%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E%E5%B0%8F%E6%A1%A5%E6%B5%81%E6%B0%B4_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_of_Lijiang" title="Old Town of Lijiang">Old Town of Lijiang</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_yulong_xueshan_yak_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1_yulong_xueshan_yak_2012.jpg/170px-1_yulong_xueshan_yak_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1_yulong_xueshan_yak_2012.jpg/255px-1_yulong_xueshan_yak_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/1_yulong_xueshan_yak_2012.jpg/340px-1_yulong_xueshan_yak_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3124" data-file-height="4719" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baishui_River" title="Baishui River">Baishui River</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jade_Dragon_Snow_Mountain" title="Jade Dragon Snow Mountain">Jade Dragon Snow Mountain</a> in background</figcaption></figure> <p>Yunnan Province, due to its landscapes, mild climate and cultural diversity, is one of China's major tourist destinations. Most visitors are Chinese tourists, although trips to Yunnan are organized by an increasing number of foreign travel agencies as well. Mainland tourists travel by the masses; 2.75 million Chinese visited Yunnan last October during National Holiday. Also a different trend is slowly developing; small scale and environmentally friendly <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>. At the moment projects in this field are often being set up with help of NGO's. </p><p>In 2004, tourism revenues amounted to 37 billion RMB, and thus accounting for 12.6% of the provincial GDP. Another fact indicating the importance of tourism in Yunnan Province is capital Kunming hosting the China International Travel Mart every two years. This tourism trade fair is the largest of its kind in Asia and serves as an important platform for professionals in the sector. More than 80 countries and regions were present during the 2005 edition. </p><p>Tourism is expected to grow further. In 2010, the province welcomed over 2.3 million overseas tourists and the Yunnan Provincial Tourism Bureau aims to draw 4.3 million overseas arrivals under the 12th Five-Year Tourism Development Plan. Kunming city is expected to add 11 new mid- to high-end hotels with an inventory of under 4,000 rooms between 2012 and 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a> and the Chinese government came together to form a partnership and explore the possibility of bringing <a href="/wiki/Adventure_tourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventure tourism">adventure tourism</a> onto the rivers of Southwest China. A <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/the_yunnan_great_rivers_expedition">two-month white-water expedition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190702053425/https://www.snagfilms.com/films/title/the_yunnan_great_rivers_expedition">Archived</a> 2019-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> explored from the Mekong River's Moon Gorge to Yangze River's Great Bend. The expedition provided valuable information to the partnership, encouraging them to take into account the safety, culture, economics, and conservation of the Yunnan Province. Creating an adventure tourism sector would bring valuable economic resources to the economically struggling population, who had once relied on logging as income prior to it being banned due to deforestation. </p><p>Tourist centres in Yunnan include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dali,_Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali, Yunnan">Dali</a>, the historic center of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nanzhao" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nanzhao">Nanzhao</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dali" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Dali">Dali</a> kingdoms.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong</a>, the first stop on the way to Dali and Lijiang. Home of the Yi ethnic minority and their respective ancient town.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a>, the center and prefectural capital of the <a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a> <a href="/wiki/Dai_people" title="Dai people">Dai</a> minority autonomous prefecture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lijiang_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijiang City">Lijiang</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Naxi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Naxi people">Naxi</a> minority city. It has been a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> since 1997.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangri-La County">Xamgyi'nyilha County</a> (also known as Shangri-La and formerly Zhongdian), an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan</a> township and county set high in Yunnan's northwestern mountains.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilin_(Stone_Forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shilin (Stone Forest)">Shilin (Stone Forest)</a>, a series of <a href="/wiki/Karst" title="Karst">karst</a> outcrops east of <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanyang_County,_Yunnan" title="Yuanyang County, Yunnan">Yuanyang</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hani_people" title="Hani people">Hani</a> minority settlement with vast rice-terraced mountains.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Xishuangbanna">Xishuangbanna</a>, a national scenic resort, noted for its natural and cultural attractions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places_of_interest">Places of interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Places of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gucheng.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gucheng.JPG/220px-Gucheng.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gucheng.JPG/330px-Gucheng.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Gucheng.JPG/440px-Gucheng.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Gucheng Mosque of Yunnan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Pool" title="Black Dragon Pool">Black Dragon Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baishuitai" title="Baishuitai">Baishuitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cang_Mountain" title="Cang Mountain">Cangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhai_Lake" title="Erhai Lake">Erhai Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganlan_Basin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganlan Basin (page does not exist)">Ganlan Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Lake_(Kunming)" title="Green Lake (Kunming)">Green Lake Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Dragon_Snow_Mountain" title="Jade Dragon Snow Mountain">Jade Dragon Snow Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Lancang River">Lancang River</a> (Mekong River)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manting_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manting Park (page does not exist)">Manting Park</a> (Chunhuan Park) in <a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili_Snow_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Meili Snow Mountain">Meili Snow Mountain</a> in Deqin</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pujian_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pujian Temple (page does not exist)">Pujian Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanchahe_Nature_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanchahe Nature Reserve (page does not exist)">Sanchahe Nature Reserve</a> in Jinghong</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaping_Market&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shaping Market (page does not exist)">Shaping Market</a>, Dali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaxi,_Yunnan" title="Shaxi, Yunnan">Shaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilin_(Stone_Forest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shilin (Stone Forest)">Stone Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pagodas" title="Three Pagodas">Three Pagodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengchong" title="Tengchong">Tengchong</a> (hot springs)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Leaping_Gorge" title="Tiger Leaping Gorge">Tiger Leaping Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visitor_Center_for_Nature_and_Culture_in_Northwest_Yunnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visitor Center for Nature and Culture in Northwest Yunnan (page does not exist)">Visitor Center for Nature and Culture in Northwest Yunnan</a></li> <li>Wase markets, near Dali</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.xtbg.ac.cn/">Xishuangbanna Tropical Flower & Plant Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuantong_Temple" title="Yuantong Temple">Yuantong Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Provincial_Museum" title="Yunnan Provincial Museum">Yunnan Provincial Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Professional sporting teams in Yunnan have included the now defunct <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Bulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Bulls">Yunnan Bulls</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Basketball_Association" title="Chinese Basketball Association">Chinese Basketball Association</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Hongta_F.C." title="Yunnan Hongta F.C.">Yunnan Hongta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Jia-A_League" title="Chinese Jia-A League">Chinese Jia-A League</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Yukun" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Yukun">Yunnan Yukun</a> football team currently competes in <a href="/wiki/China_League_One" title="China League One">China League One</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is a common interpretation of "Yunnan", but the original etymology is uncertain.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mofcom-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mofcom_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aroundchina/yunnan.shtml">"Doing Business in Yunnan Province of China"</a>. Ministry of Commerce, People's Republic Of China. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107084214/http://english.mofcom.gov.cn/aroundchina/yunnan.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doing+Business+in+Yunnan+Province+of+China&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Commerce%2C+People%27s+Republic+Of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.mofcom.gov.cn%2Faroundchina%2Fyunnan.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html">"Communiqué of the Seventh National Population Census (No. 3)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. 11 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511104847/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817188.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communiqu%C3%A9+of+the+Seventh+National+Population+Census+%28No.+3%29&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2FPressRelease%2F202105%2Ft20210510_1817188.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDPdata-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GDPdata_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=E0103">"National Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">China NBS</a>. March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Data&rft.pub=China+NBS&rft.date=2024-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Feasyquery.htm%3Fcn%3DE0103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span> see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yn.gov.cn/sjfb/tjgb/202403/t20240329_297393.html"><bdi lang="zh">2023年云南省国民经济和社会发展统计公报</bdi></a> (in Chinese). yunnan.gov.cn. March 29, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2023%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=yunnan.gov.cn&rft.date=2024-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yn.gov.cn%2Fsjfb%2Ftjgb%2F202403%2Ft20240329_297393.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SHDI-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SHDI_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/CHN/?levels=1+4&years=2022&interpolation=0&extrapolation=0">"Human Development Indices (8.0)- China"</a>. <i>Global Data Lab</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Data+Lab&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Indices+%288.0%29-+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobaldatalab.org%2Fshdi%2Ftable%2Fshdi%2FCHN%2F%3Flevels%3D1%2B4%26years%3D2022%26interpolation%3D0%26extrapolation%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518052810/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Yunnan">"Yunnan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Yunnan">the original</a> on May 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yunnan&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FYunnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Yunnan">"Yunnan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Yunnan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FYunnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43609.htm">"Yunnan"</a>. <i>Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions</i>. PRC Central Government Official Website. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140618065844/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43609.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Illuminating+China%27s+Provinces%2C+Municipalities+and+Autonomous+Regions&rft.atitle=Yunnan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.org.cn%2Fenglish%2Ffeatures%2F43609.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paterson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paterson_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David Paterson, Kunming Institute of Botany's honorary senior horticulturalist and former director of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh" title="Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh">Royal Botanic Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1982" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, James (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/adh_0066-2062_1982_num_1982_1_1543">"The Legacy of Immigration in Southwest China, 1250–1850"</a>. <i>Annals de Démographie Historique</i>. <b>1982</b>: 279–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fadh.1982.1543">10.3406/adh.1982.1543</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231119144027/https://www.persee.fr/doc/adh_0066-2062_1982_num_1982_1_1543">Archived</a> from the original on Nov 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+de+D%C3%A9mographie+Historique&rft.atitle=The+Legacy+of+Immigration+in+Southwest+China%2C+1250%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=1982&rft.pages=279-304&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fadh.1982.1543&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fadh_0066-2062_1982_num_1982_1_1543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWang2016" class="citation book cs1">Wang, Ge (2016-04-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0EGDAAAQBAJ&q=yunnan+demographic&pg=PA11"><i>Pains and Gains of Ethnic Multilingual Learners in China: An Ethnographic Case Study</i></a>. Springer. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789811006616" title="Special:BookSources/9789811006616"><bdi>9789811006616</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420033149/https://books.google.com/books?id=z0EGDAAAQBAJ&q=yunnan+demographic&pg=PA11">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pains+and+Gains+of+Ethnic+Multilingual+Learners+in+China%3A+An+Ethnographic+Case+Study&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft.isbn=9789811006616&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Ge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz0EGDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dyunnan%2Bdemographic%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin_LiMark_SeielstadXiao_Chunjie2001" class="citation book cs1">Jin Li; Mark Seielstad; Xiao Chunjie (2001). <i>Genetic, linguistic and archaeological perspectives on human diversity in Southeast Asia</i>. World Scientific. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810247843" title="Special:BookSources/9789810247843"><bdi>9789810247843</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/897003738">897003738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genetic%2C+linguistic+and+archaeological+perspectives+on+human+diversity+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F897003738&rft.isbn=9789810247843&rft.au=Jin+Li&rft.au=Mark+Seielstad&rft.au=Xiao+Chunjie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2008" class="citation news cs1">Fuller, Thomas (2008-04-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/21/world/asia/21tea.html">"A Tea From the Jungle Enriches a Placid Village"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. New York. p. A8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214133259/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/21/world/asia/21tea.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-02-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Tea+From+the+Jungle+Enriches+a+Placid+Village&rft.pages=A8&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F21%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F21tea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsterbergerLohwasserJovanovicRuzicka2022" class="citation journal cs1">Osterberger, Elisabeth; Lohwasser, Ulrike; Jovanovic, Dijana; Ruzicka, Joana; Novak, Johannes (2022-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10722-021-01309-y">"The origin of the genus Cannabis"</a>. <i>Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution</i>. <b>69</b> (4): 1439–1449. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10722-021-01309-y">10.1007/s10722-021-01309-y</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1573-5109">1573-5109</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245589100">245589100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetic+Resources+and+Crop+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+the+genus+Cannabis&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1439-1449&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245589100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1573-5109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10722-021-01309-y&rft.aulast=Osterberger&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft.au=Lohwasser%2C+Ulrike&rft.au=Jovanovic%2C+Dijana&rft.au=Ruzicka%2C+Joana&rft.au=Novak%2C+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10722-021-01309-y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF杨跃生云南省祥云县志编纂委员会1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">杨跃生; 云南省祥云县志编纂委员会 (1996). <bdi lang="zh">祥云县志</bdi>. 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(May 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1998" class="citation book cs1">Watson, William (1998). <i>Studies in Chinese archaeology and art</i>. Vol. 2. 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Munich: Lincom Europa. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/702443006">702443006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yunnanese+and+Kunming+Chinese+%3A+a+study+of+the+language+communities%2C+the+phonological+systems%2C+and+the+phonological+developments&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F702443006&rft.au=Gui+Mingchao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKong_Zhiguo2016" class="citation book cs1">Kong Zhiguo (2016-10-25). <i>The Making of a Maritime Power : China's Challenges and Policy Responses</i>. 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Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/threekingdomschi00besi/page/n82">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429498142" title="Special:BookSources/9781429498142"><bdi>9781429498142</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/172980809">172980809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+kingdoms+and+Chinese+culture&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F172980809&rft.isbn=9781429498142&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthreekingdomschi00besi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2008" class="citation book cs1">Yang Bin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/yang/pdf/yang-chapter2.pdf">"Chapter 2 The Southwest Silk Road: Yunnan in a Global Context"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Between Winds and Clouds The Making of Yunnan Second Century BCE to Twentieth Century CE</i>. 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National Geographic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933339788" title="Special:BookSources/9781933339788"><bdi>9781933339788</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/907173612">907173612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Study+and+teaching+guide+for+the+history+of+the+medieval+world&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Books&rft.date=2016-01-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F907173612&rft.isbn=9781933339788&rft.aulast=Kaziewicz&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2009" class="citation book cs1">West, Barbara A. 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Facts On File. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438119137" title="Special:BookSources/9781438119137"><bdi>9781438119137</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/370717954">370717954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+peoples+of+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Facts+On+File&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F370717954&rft.isbn=9781438119137&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Barbara+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamek2011" class="citation book cs1">Adamek, Wendi L. (2011). <i>The Teachings of Master Wuzhu : Zen and religion of no-religion</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231150224" title="Special:BookSources/9780231150224"><bdi>9780231150224</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/756338604">756338604</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Teachings+of+Master+Wuzhu+%3A+Zen+and+religion+of+no-religion&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F756338604&rft.isbn=9780231150224&rft.aulast=Adamek&rft.aufirst=Wendi+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraff2007" class="citation book cs1">Graff, David Andrew (2007). <i>Medieval Chinese warfare, 300–900</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415239554" title="Special:BookSources/9780415239554"><bdi>9780415239554</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/978432516">978432516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Chinese+warfare%2C+300%E2%80%93900&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F978432516&rft.isbn=9780415239554&rft.aulast=Graff&rft.aufirst=David+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Man, <i>Kublai Khan</i>, p.80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson" class="citation cs2">Robinson, David M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629181742/http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/Robinson_Delimiting%20the%20Realm%20under%20the%20Ming%20Dynasty.pdf"><i>Delimiting the Realm under the Ming Dynasty</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, p. 15, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mongol.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/Robinson_Delimiting%20the%20Realm%20under%20the%20Ming%20Dynasty.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-06-29</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delimiting+the+Realm+under+the+Ming+Dynasty&rft.pages=15&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmongol.huji.ac.il%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FRobinson_Delimiting%2520the%2520Realm%2520under%2520the%2520Ming%2520Dynasty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dardess2012-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dardess2012_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDardess2012" class="citation book cs1">Dardess, John W. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA18"><i>Ming China, 1368–1644: A Concise History of a Resilient Empire</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0490-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0490-4"><bdi>978-1-4422-0490-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220827084205/https://books.google.com/books?id=0vLn_IZZVMUC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ming+China%2C+1368%E2%80%931644%3A+A+Concise+History+of+a+Resilient+Empire&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0490-4&rft.aulast=Dardess&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0vLn_IZZVMUC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDardess2003" class="citation book cs1">Dardess, John W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/13656/Dardess%20Mongols.pdf?sequence=1">"Chapter 3: Did the Mongols Matter? Territory, Power, and the Intelligentsia in China from the Northern Song to the Early Ming"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Smith, Paul Jakov; von Glahn, Richard (eds.). <i>The Song –Yuan-Ming Transition in Chinese History</i>. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674010963" title="Special:BookSources/9780674010963"><bdi>9780674010963</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160816183525/https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/13656/Dardess%20Mongols.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Did+the+Mongols+Matter%3F+Territory%2C+Power%2C+and+the+Intelligentsia+in+China+from+the+Northern+Song+to+the+Early+Ming&rft.btitle=The+Song+%E2%80%93Yuan-Ming+Transition+in+Chinese+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Asia+Center&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780674010963&rft.aulast=Dardess&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuscholarworks.ku.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1808%2F13656%2FDardess%2520Mongols.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1982" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, James (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/adh_0066-2062_1982_num_1982_1_1543">"The legacy of immigration in Southwest China, 1250–1850"</a>. <i>Annales de démographie historique</i>. <b>1982</b> (1): 279–304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fadh.1982.1543">10.3406/adh.1982.1543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+de+d%C3%A9mographie+historique&rft.atitle=The+legacy+of+immigration+in+Southwest+China%2C+1250%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=1982&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=279-304&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fadh.1982.1543&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fadh_0066-2062_1982_num_1982_1_1543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chineseciv-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chineseciv_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernet1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gernet" title="Jacques Gernet">Gernet, Jacques</a> (1996). <i>A History of Chinese Civilization</i>. Vol. 2. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-49712-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-49712-4"><bdi>0-521-49712-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-49712-4&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwill2005" class="citation book cs1">Atwill, David G. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Da2M_viEclEC&pg=PA89"><i>The Chinese Sultanate: Islam, Ethnicity, and the Panthay Rebellion in Southwest China, 1856–1873</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Stanford University Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804751595" title="Special:BookSources/0804751595"><bdi>0804751595</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191224132210/https://books.google.com/books?id=Da2M_viEclEC&pg=PA89">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Sultanate%3A+Islam%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+the+Panthay+Rebellion+in+Southwest+China%2C+1856%E2%80%931873&rft.pages=89&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0804751595&rft.aulast=Atwill&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDa2M_viEclEC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWellman2007" class="citation book cs1">Wellman, James K. Jr., ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CfweAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121"><i>Belief and Bloodshed: Religion and Violence across Time and Tradition</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742571341" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742571341"><bdi>978-0742571341</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228011704/https://books.google.com/books?id=CfweAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belief+and+Bloodshed%3A+Religion+and+Violence+across+Time+and+Tradition&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0742571341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCfweAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali, Tariq</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iS8XAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1637"><i>The Islam Quintet: Shadows of the Pomegranate Tree, The Book of Saladin, The Stone Woman, A Sultan in Palermo, and Night of the Golden Butterfly</i></a>. Open Road Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1480448582" title="Special:BookSources/978-1480448582"><bdi>978-1480448582</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200809102205/https://books.google.com/books?id=iS8XAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1637">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-08-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islam+Quintet%3A+Shadows+of+the+Pomegranate+Tree%2C+The+Book+of+Saladin%2C+The+Stone+Woman%2C+A+Sultan+in+Palermo%2C+and+Night+of+the+Golden+Butterfly&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1480448582&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiS8XAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2010" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Tariq (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2NUmoF9KvjQC&pg=PA90"><i>Night of the Golden Butterfly (Vol. 5) (The Islam Quintet)</i></a>. Verso Books. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844676118" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844676118"><bdi>978-1844676118</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200613052253/https://books.google.com/books?id=2NUmoF9KvjQC&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Night+of+the+Golden+Butterfly+%28Vol.+5%29+%28The+Islam+Quintet%29&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1844676118&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2NUmoF9KvjQC%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fytche_301-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fytche_301_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFytche1878">Fytche 1878</a>, p. 301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dillon_77-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dillon_77_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDillon1999">Dillon 1999</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. 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Morrison, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0500681h.html"><i>An Australian in China</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230224023/http://gutenberg.net.au/ebooks05/0500681h.html">Archived</a> 2016-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1895</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/burma-road-is-reopened">"Burma Road is reopened"</a>. <i>History Channel</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190604194343/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/burma-road-is-reopened">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-06-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Channel&rft.atitle=Burma+Road+is+reopened&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fburma-road-is-reopened&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1998" class="citation book cs1">Israel, John (1998). <i>Lianda: a Chinese university in war and revolution</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+in+China%27s+Yunnan+province&rft.pub=United+Nations+University&rft.date=2011-04-26&rft.au=Liang%2C+Louhui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funu.edu%2Fpublications%2Farticles%2Fbiodiversity-in-chinas-yunnan-province.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Camelia-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Camelia_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowall,_Carolyn2014" class="citation web cs1">McDowall, Carolyn (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecultureconcept.com/the-camellia-is-a-star-in-a-garden-or-grove-in-australia">"Camellia – Star on Star in a Garden or Grove in Australia"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Camellia+%E2%80%93+Star+on+Star+in+a+Garden+or+Grove+in+Australia&rft.pub=The+Cultural+Concept&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.au=McDowall%2C+Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecultureconcept.com%2Fthe-camellia-is-a-star-in-a-garden-or-grove-in-australia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangTianHaoPei2004" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Yuming; Tian, Kun; Hao, Jiming; Pei, Shengji; Yang, Yongxing (2004-04-01). 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Pensoft Publishers: 79–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019ZooK..864...79B">2019ZooK..864...79B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3897%2Fzookeys.864.26689">10.3897/zookeys.864.26689</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1313-2970">1313-2970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6656784">6656784</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31363346">31363346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZooKeys&rft.atitle=Sinopyrophorinae%2C+a+new+subfamily+of+Elateridae+%28Coleoptera%2C+Elateroidea%29+with+the+first+record+of+a+luminous+click+beetle+in+Asia+and+evidence+for+multiple+origins+of+bioluminescence+in+Elateridae&rft.issue=864&rft.pages=79-97&rft.date=2019-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6656784%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019ZooK..864...79B&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31363346&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3897%2Fzookeys.864.26689&rft.issn=1313-2970&rft.aulast=Bi&rft.aufirst=Wen-Xuan&rft.au=He%2C+Jin-Wu&rft.au=Chen%2C+Chang-Chin&rft.au=Kundrata%2C+Robin&rft.au=Li%2C+Xue-Yan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6656784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kunming.org.cn/index/content/2009-01/09/content_1700783.htm">"Lijiang is to build Laojunshan National Park"</a>. Kunming. 2009-01-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302090240/http://www.kunming.org.cn/index/content/2009-01/09/content_1700783.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lijiang+is+to+build+Laojunshan+National+Park&rft.pub=Kunming&rft.date=2009-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kunming.org.cn%2Findex%2Fcontent%2F2009-01%2F09%2Fcontent_1700783.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="citation web cs1">UNESCO World Heritage Centre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1248">"South China Karst – UNESCO World Heritage Centre"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B42014%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Print&rft.au=Shenzhen+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sztj.gov.cn%2Fnj2014%2Findexce.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_Office_of_the_State_Council_of_the_People's_Republic_of_ChinaPopulation_and_Employment_Statistics_Division_of_the_National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). <bdi lang="zh">中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料</bdi> (1 ed.). Beijing: <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:中国统计出版社">China Statistics Print</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6660-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6660-2"><bdi>978-7-5037-6660-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD2010%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%86%E4%B9%A1%E3%80%81%E9%95%87%E3%80%81%E8%A1%97%E9%81%93%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Print&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-7-5037-6660-2&rft.au=Census+Office+of+the+State+Council+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.au=Population+and+Employment+Statistics+Division+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Civil_Affairs2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Civil_Affairs" title="Ministry of Civil Affairs">Ministry of Civil Affairs</a> (August 2014). <bdi lang="zh">《中国民政统计年鉴2014》</bdi> (in Simplified Chinese). <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:中国统计出版社">China Statistics Print</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-7130-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-7130-9"><bdi>978-7-5037-7130-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B9%B4%E9%89%B42014%E3%80%8B&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Print&rft.date=2014-08&rft.isbn=978-7-5037-7130-9&rft.au=Ministry+of+Civil+Affairs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020PRCcensus-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2020PRCcensus_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2022). <bdi lang="zh">中国2020年人口普查分县资料</bdi>. Beijing: <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:中国统计出版社">China Statistics Print</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-9772-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-9772-9"><bdi>978-7-5037-9772-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD2020%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%86%E5%8E%BF%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Print&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-7-5037-9772-9&rft.au=%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4%E3%80%81%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8F%B8%E7%BC%96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010PRCcensus-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010PRCcensus_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">国务院人口普查办公室、国家统计局人口和社会科技统计司编 (2012). <bdi lang="zh">中国2010年人口普查分县资料</bdi>. Beijing: <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" class="extiw" title="zh:中国统计出版社">China Statistics Print</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6659-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-5037-6659-6"><bdi>978-7-5037-6659-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD2010%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%88%86%E5%8E%BF%E8%B5%84%E6%96%99&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=China+Statistics+Print&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-7-5037-6659-6&rft.au=%E5%9B%BD%E5%8A%A1%E9%99%A2%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%8A%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%AE%A4%E3%80%81%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%92%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%8F%B8%E7%BC%96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xinhua-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-xinhua_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xinhua_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xinhua_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xinhua_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-xinhua_80-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314082352/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-01/24/content_7490786.htm">"Qin Guangrong re-elected governor of Yunnan Province"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Xinhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua">Xinhua</a></i>. 2008-01-24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2008-01/24/content_7490786.htm">the original</a> on March 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.atitle=Qin+Guangrong+re-elected+governor+of+Yunnan+Province&rft.date=2008-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2008-01%2F24%2Fcontent_7490786.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html"><bdi lang="ja">1912年中国人口</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032922/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1912%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm"><bdi lang="ja">1928年中国人口</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032924/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1928%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm"><bdi lang="ja">1936–37年中国人口</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924032925/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1936%E2%80%9337%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm"><bdi lang="ja">1947年全国人口</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130913053600/http://www.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/COE/Japanese/discussionpapers/DP97.9/fhyo5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1947%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ier.hit-u.ac.jp%2FCOE%2FJapanese%2Fdiscussionpapers%2FDP97.9%2Ffhyo5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1954-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census1954_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805174810/http://www.stats.gov.cn/TJGB/RKPCGB/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国家统计局关于第一次全国人口调查登记结果的公报</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16767.htm">the original</a> on August 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E7%99%BB%E8%AE%B0%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16767.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1964-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census1964_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914173158/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm"><bdi lang="zh">第二次全国人口普查结果的几项主要统计数字</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16768.htm">the original</a> on September 14, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E7%9A%84%E5%87%A0%E9%A1%B9%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16768.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1982-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census1982_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510075429/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九八二年人口普查主要数字的公报</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16769.htm">the original</a> on May 10, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E5%85%AB%E4%BA%8C%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16769.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census1990-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census1990_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619002216/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中华人民共和国国家统计局关于一九九〇年人口普查主要数据的公报</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020404_16772.htm">the original</a> on June 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1%E5%B1%80%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E%E4%B8%80%E4%B9%9D%E4%B9%9D%E3%80%87%E5%B9%B4%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E8%A6%81%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020404_16772.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2000-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2000_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120829052024/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm"><bdi lang="zh">现将2000年第五次全国人口普查快速汇总的人口地区分布数据公布如下</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjgb/rkpcgb/qgrkpcgb/t20020331_15435.htm">the original</a> on August 29, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%8E%B0%E5%B0%862000%E5%B9%B4%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%94%E6%AC%A1%E5%85%A8%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E6%99%AE%E6%9F%A5%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%B1%87%E6%80%BB%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E5%85%AC%E5%B8%83%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%8B&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Ftjgb%2Frkpcgb%2Fqgrkpcgb%2Ft20020331_15435.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2010-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census2010_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130727021210/http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm">"Communiqué of the National Bureau of Statistics of People's Republic of China on Major Figures of the 2010 Population Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">National Bureau of Statistics of China</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/newsandcomingevents/t20110429_402722516.htm">the original</a> on July 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communiqu%C3%A9+of+the+National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+People%27s+Republic+of+China+on+Major+Figures+of+the+2010+Population+Census&rft.pub=National+Bureau+of+Statistics+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.gov.cn%2Fenglish%2Fnewsandcomingevents%2Ft20110429_402722516.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/china-society-census-takeaways-idUSL4N2MY2I6">"FACTBOX-Key takeaways from China's 2020 population census"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 11 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105133445/https://www.reuters.com/article/china-society-census-takeaways-idUSL4N2MY2I6">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=FACTBOX-Key+takeaways+from+China%27s+2020+population+census&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fchina-society-census-takeaways-idUSL4N2MY2I6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.windrug.com/pic/30/15/11/15/167.htm"><bdi lang="zh">中国云南省五个民族DYS287位点多态性的调查</bdi></a>. Windrug.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040602141127/http://www.windrug.com/pic/30/15/11/15/167.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2004-06-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%AA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8FDYS287%E4%BD%8D%E7%82%B9%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81%E6%80%A7%E7%9A%84%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5&rft.pub=Windrug.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.windrug.com%2Fpic%2F30%2F15%2F11%2F15%2F167.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-religion2005-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-religion2005_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion2005_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-religion2005_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yn.cppiae.com/"><bdi lang="zh">云南省宗教信教群众达400余万人</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727220707/http://yn.cppiae.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BF%A1%E6%95%99%E7%BE%A4%E4%BC%97%E8%BE%BE400%E4%BD%99%E4%B8%87%E4%BA%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyn.cppiae.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2015-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2015_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">China General Social Survey 2004, Chinese Spiritual Life Survey 2007. Report by: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1">Xiuhua Wang (2015, p. 15)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925123928/https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/9326/WANG-THESIS-2015.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> September 25, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urbandwellerscoffee.com/yunnan-coffee/">"Yunnan coffee"</a>. 12 May 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211117162109/https://urbandwellerscoffee.com/yunnan-coffee/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Chinese+Tea+in+World+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianstudies.org%2Fpublications%2Feaa%2Farchives%2Fchinese-tea-in-world-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110816121220/http://en.radio86.com/lifestyle-china/tea-and-chinese-way-life">"Tea and the Chinese Way of Life - All about China | Radio86.com"</a>. 2011-08-16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.radio86.com/lifestyle-china/tea-and-chinese-way-life">the original</a> on 2011-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Harper & Brothers. p. 123. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016074209/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/7317/view/1/123/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Translated by Topp, Gary. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-981-97-0080-6">10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-97-0079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-97-0079-0"><bdi>978-981-97-0079-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+China+Works%3A+An+Introduction+to+China%27s+State-led+Economic+Development&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-981-97-0080-6&rft.isbn=978-981-97-0079-0&rft.aulast=Lan&rft.aufirst=Xiaohuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/200602/13/eng20060213_242330.html">"Myanmar to open second largest border trade zone"</a>. People's Daily Online. February 13, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071018003925/http://english.people.com.cn/200602/13/eng20060213_242330.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-10-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wanding+Border+Economic+Cooperation+Zone+%26%23124%3B+China+Industrial+Space&rft.pub=Rightsite.asia&rft.au=Wednesday%2C+November+20%2C+2013+%E2%80%93+09%3A00&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fwanding-border-economic-cooperation-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWednesday,_November_20,_2013_–_09:00" class="citation web cs1">Wednesday, November 20, 2013 – 09:00. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/yunnan-qujing-economic-development-zone/">"Qujing Economic and Technological Development Zone"</a>. RightSite.asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109164302/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/yunnan-qujing-economic-development-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qujing+Economic+and+Technological+Development+Zone&rft.pub=RightSite.asia&rft.au=Wednesday%2C+November+20%2C+2013+%E2%80%93+09%3A00&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fyunnan-qujing-economic-development-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWednesday,_November_20,_2013_–_09:00" class="citation web cs1">Wednesday, November 20, 2013 – 09:00. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/yunnan-chuxiong-economic-development-zone/">"Chuxiong Economic Development Zone"</a>. RightSite.asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140109150019/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/yunnan-chuxiong-economic-development-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-01-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chuxiong+Economic+Development+Zone&rft.pub=RightSite.asia&rft.au=Wednesday%2C+November+20%2C+2013+%E2%80%93+09%3A00&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fyunnan-chuxiong-economic-development-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWednesday,_November_20,_2013_–_09:00" class="citation web cs1">Wednesday, November 20, 2013 – 09:00. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/hekou-border-economic-cooperation-zone/">"Hekou Border Economic Cooperation Zone"</a>. RightSite.asia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180921191233/http://rightsite.asia/en/industrial-zone/hekou-border-economic-cooperation-zone/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-09-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hekou+Border+Economic+Cooperation+Zone&rft.pub=RightSite.asia&rft.au=Wednesday%2C+November+20%2C+2013+%E2%80%93+09%3A00&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frightsite.asia%2Fen%2Findustrial-zone%2Fhekou-border-economic-cooperation-zone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Tian, J. Li, K. Zhang, P. Guest. "Women's status, institutional barriers and reproductive health care: A case study in Yunnan, China". <i>Health Policy</i>, Volume 84, Issue 2, Pages 284–297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D53698%26URL_DO%3DDO_PRINTPAGE%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">"Literacy Co-ordination Office of Yunnan Province"</a>. Portal.unesco.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090302084602/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D53698%26URL_DO%3DDO_PRINTPAGE%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literacy+Co-ordination+Office+of+Yunnan+Province&rft.pub=Portal.unesco.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Feducation%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%253D53698%2526URL_DO%253DDO_PRINTPAGE%2526URL_SECTION%253D201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usp.org/pdf/EN/dqi/yunnanTesting.pdf">Yunnan DQ Testing Turns Up Fake Artesunates, Health Officials Alerted</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080909224556/http://www.usp.org/pdf/EN/dqi/yunnanTesting.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-09-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> USP Drug Quality and Information Program</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang2009-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2009_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang Z, Hai R, Song Z, Xia L, Liang Y, Cai H, Liang Y, Shen X, Zhang E, Xu J, Yu D, Yu XJ. (2009) Spatial variation of <i>Yersinia pestis</i> from Yunnan Province of China. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 81(4):714–717</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Settle E. AIDS in China: an annotated chronology: 1985–2003. Montreal: China AIDS Survey, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ma Y, Li ZZ, Zhang KX. Identifi cation of HIV infection among drug users in China. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi 1990; 11:184–85 (in Chinese).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807105301/http://www.kmgairport.com/notice/690.jhtml"><bdi lang="zh">昆明长水国际机场2012年6月28日08:00正式启用</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kmgairport.com/notice/690.jhtml">the original</a> on 2013-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%98%86%E6%98%8E%E9%95%BF%E6%B0%B4%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%9C%BA%E5%9C%BA2012%E5%B9%B46%E6%9C%8828%E6%97%A508%3A00%E6%AD%A3%E5%BC%8F%E5%90%AF%E7%94%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kmgairport.com%2Fnotice%2F690.jhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/BKK83023.htm">"Headhunting days are over for Myanmar's "Wild Wa"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Alertnet.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122142857/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/BKK83023.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Headhunting+days+are+over+for+Myanmar%27s+%22Wild+Wa%22&rft.pub=Alertnet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alertnet.org%2Fthenews%2Fnewsdesk%2FBKK83023.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-leaf.org/The_26_Mts_of_Yunnan.html">"Article on the tea growing regions of Yunnan"</a>. The-leaf.org. 1985-06-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170506220733/http://www.the-leaf.org/The_26_Mts_of_Yunnan.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-05-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-11-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+on+the+tea+growing+regions+of+Yunnan&rft.pub=The-leaf.org&rft.date=1985-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-leaf.org%2FThe_26_Mts_of_Yunnan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQianChenDengSun2020" class="citation journal cs1">Qian, Li-Shen; Chen, Jia-Hui; Deng, Tao; Sun, Hang (2020-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7567762">"Plant diversity in Yunnan: Current status and future directions"</a>. <i>Plant Diversity</i>. Safeguarding Our Future by Protecting Biodiversity. <b>42</b> (4): 281–291. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020PlDiv..42..281Q">2020PlDiv..42..281Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pld.2020.07.006">10.1016/j.pld.2020.07.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2468-2659">2468-2659</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7567762">7567762</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33094199">33094199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Diversity&rft.atitle=Plant+diversity+in+Yunnan%3A+Current+status+and+future+directions&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=281-291&rft.date=2020-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7567762%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020PlDiv..42..281Q&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33094199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pld.2020.07.006&rft.issn=2468-2659&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Li-Shen&rft.au=Chen%2C+Jia-Hui&rft.au=Deng%2C+Tao&rft.au=Sun%2C+Hang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7567762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ttgmice.com/index.php/magazine/?term_id&issues&ID=5281">"Yunnan catches up"</a>. TTGmice<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yunnan+catches+up&rft.pub=TTGmice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ttgmice.com%2Findex.php%2Fmagazine%2F%3Fterm_id%26issues%26ID%3D5281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDillon1999" class="citation cs2">Dillon, Michael (26 July 1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hUEswLE4SWUC"><i>China's Muslim Hui Community: Migration, Settlement and Sects</i></a>, Richmond, UK: Routledge / Curzon Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1026-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1026-4"><bdi>0-7007-1026-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Muslim+Hui+Community%3A+Migration%2C+Settlement+and+Sects&rft.place=Richmond%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge+%2F+Curzon+Press&rft.date=1999-07-26&rft.isbn=0-7007-1026-4&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhUEswLE4SWUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). <i>Traders of the Golden Triangle</i>. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B006GMID5K</li> <li>Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2011). <i>China's Ancient Tea Horse Road</i>. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. ASIN: B005DQV7Q2</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFytche1878" class="citation cs2">Fytche, Albert (1878), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K28oAAAAYAAJ"><i>Burma past and present</i></a>, London: C. K. Paul & Co<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burma+past+and+present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+K.+Paul+%26+Co&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Fytche&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK28oAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYunnan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jim Goodman (2002). <i>The Exploration of Yunnan</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/7-222-03276-2" title="Special:BookSources/7-222-03276-2">7-222-03276-2</a>.</li> <li>Stephen Mansfield (2007). <i>China: Yunnan Province</i>. (Bradt Travel Guide China: Yunnan Province) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84162-169-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84162-169-2">1-84162-169-2</a>.</li> <li>Ann Helen Unger and Walter Unger. (2007) <i>Yunnan: China's Most Beautiful Province</i>. (Orchid Press) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7774-8390-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7774-8390-7">3-7774-8390-7</a>.</li> <li>Damien Harper (2007). <i>China's Southwest</i>. (Lonely Planet Country & Regional Guides) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74104-185-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-74104-185-6">1-74104-185-6</a>.</li> <li>Patrick R. Booz (1998). <i>Yunnan</i>. (Odyssey Passport: McGraw-Hill Contemporary) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8442-9664-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8442-9664-3">0-8442-9664-3</a>.</li> <li>Susan K. McCarthy (2009). <i>Communist Multiculturalism: Ethnic Revival in Southwest China</i> (University of Washington Press) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-295-98909-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-295-98909-2">0-295-98909-2</a>.</li> <li>Tim Summers (2013), "Yunnan – A Chinese Bridgehead to Asia: A case study of China's political and economic relations with its neighbours" (Chandos) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-444-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85709-444-5">978-0-85709-444-5</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Web</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208200425/http://www.unescap.org/esid/psis/population/database/chinadata/yunnan.htm">Population Profile of Yunnan</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_and_Social_Commission_for_Asia_and_the_Pacific" title="United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific">United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://info.hktdc.com/mktprof/china/yunnan.htm">Economic Profile of Yunnan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Trade_Development_Council" title="Hong Kong Trade Development Council">Hong Kong Trade Development Council</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225053418/http://team.univ-paris1.fr/teamperso/sponcet/Perso/ASEJ%20Poncet.pdf">Economic Integration of Yunnan with the Greater Mekong Subregion</a> <i>Asian Economic Journal</i> Volume 20 Issue 3, Pages 303–317</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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.sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Yunnan</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yunnan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Yunnan">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="c:云南">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yunnan" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Yunnan">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yunnan" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Yunnan">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yunnan" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Yunnan">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Yunnan" class="extiw" title="b:Pinyin/Yunnan">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yunnan" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Yunnan">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Yunnan" class="extiw" title="voy:Yunnan">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43194" class="extiw" title="d:Q43194">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chinayearbooks.com/tags/yunnan-statistical-yearbook">Yunnan Statistical Yearbook</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_Yunnan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to Yunnan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span><b style="display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:0.75em 1em">Yunnan</b><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Kachin_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kachin_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Kachin_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kachin_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Flag_of_Kachin_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kachin_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a> and <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Shan_State.svg/23px-Flag_of_Shan_State.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Shan_State.svg/35px-Flag_of_Shan_State.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Shan_State.svg/45px-Flag_of_Shan_State.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Shan_State" title="Shan State">Shan States</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luang_Namtha_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Luang Namtha Province">Luang Namtha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oudomxay_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudomxay Province">Oudomxay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phongsaly_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phongsaly Province">Phongsaly Provinces</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0_Giang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hà Giang Province">Hà Giang</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A0o_Cai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lào Cai Province">Lào Cai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lai_Ch%C3%A2u_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Lai Châu Province">Lai Châu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Điện Biên Province">Điện Biên</a> provinces, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yunnan_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yunnan_topics" title="Template:Yunnan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yunnan_topics" title="Template talk:Yunnan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yunnan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yunnan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yunnan_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yunnan</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Yunnan" title="Category:Yunnan">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Economy">Economy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Geography_of_Yunnan" title="Category:Geography of Yunnan">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China#Yunnan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in the People's Republic of China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan-Guizhou_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau">Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diqing_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Diqing Plateau">Diqing Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Honghe River">Honghe River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianchi_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Dianchi Lake">Dianchi Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuxian_Lake" title="Fuxian Lake">Fuxian Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhai_Lake" title="Erhai Lake">Erhai Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugu_Lake" title="Lugu Lake">Lugu Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzong_Lake" title="Yangzong Lake">Yangzong Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilong_Lake" title="Yilong Lake">Yilong Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_River" title="Xi River">Xi River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_River" title="Yuan River">Yuan River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl River (China)">Pearl River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_(Asia)" title="Red River (Asia)">Red River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pudacuo_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudacuo National Park">Pudacuo National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Yunnan" title="List of universities and colleges in Yunnan">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University" title="Yunnan University">Yunnan University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Agricultural_University" title="Yunnan Agricultural University">Yunnan Agricultural University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Yunnan" title="Music of Yunnan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Oddities" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighteen Oddities">Eighteen Oddities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_cuisine" title="Yunnan cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbeque" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeque">Barbeque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluo_fan" title="Boluo fan">Pineapple rice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erkuai" title="Erkuai">Erkuai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern#Uses" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing-the-bridge_noodles" title="Crossing-the-bridge noodles">Crossing-the-bridge noodles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_pot#Mainland_China" title="Hot pot">Hot pot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jidou_liangfen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jidou liangfen">Jidou liangfen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lufu_(food)" title="Lufu (food)">Lufu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Migan_(noodle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migan (noodle)">Mi gan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mixian_(noodle)" title="Mixian (noodle)">Mi xian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu-erh_tea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-erh tea">Pu'er tea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qiguo_ji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qiguo ji (page does not exist)">Steam pot chicken</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rubing" title="Rubing">Rubing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rushan_cheese" title="Rushan cheese">Rushan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiping_doufu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiping doufu (page does not exist)">Shiping tofu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuanwei_Ham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuanwei Ham (page does not exist)">Xuanwei ham</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhe%27ergen" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhe'ergen">Zhe'ergen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Visitor attractions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:#F4F0EC"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Town_of_Lijiang" title="Old Town of Lijiang">Old Town of Lijiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Dali Town">Dali Old Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Parallel_Rivers_of_Yunnan_Protected_Areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas">Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Karst" title="South China Karst">South China Karst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Yunnan" title="Category:Yunnan">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yunnan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Yunnan">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County-level_divisions_of_Yunnan_Province" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yunnan" title="Template:Yunnan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yunnan" title="Template talk:Yunnan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yunnan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yunnan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County-level_divisions_of_Yunnan_Province" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Yunnan" title="List of administrative divisions of Yunnan">County-level divisions</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yunnan</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Province</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_and_former_capitals_of_subnational_entities_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current and former capitals of subnational entities of China">capital</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture-level_city" title="Prefecture-level city">Prefecture-level cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panlong,_Kunming" title="Panlong, Kunming">Panlong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua,_Kunming" title="Wuhua, Kunming">Wuhua District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guandu,_Kunming" title="Guandu, Kunming">Guandu District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishan,_Kunming" title="Xishan, Kunming">Xishan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenggong,_Kunming" title="Chenggong, Kunming">Chenggong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongchuan,_Kunming" title="Dongchuan, Kunming">Dongchuan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinning,_Kunming" title="Jinning, Kunming">Jinning District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anning,_Yunnan" title="Anning, Yunnan">Anning</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumin_County" title="Fumin County">Fumin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiliang_County,_Kunming" title="Yiliang County, Kunming">Yiliang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songming_County" title="Songming County">Songming County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilin_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Shilin Yi Autonomous County">Shilin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luquan_Yi_and_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County">Luquan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xundian_Hui_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County">Xundian County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Qujing" title="Qujing">Qujing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qilin,_Qujing" title="Qilin, Qujing">Qilin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhanyi,_Qujing" title="Zhanyi, Qujing">Zhanyi District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malong,_Qujing" title="Malong, Qujing">Malong District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanwei" title="Xuanwei">Xuanwei</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyuan_County,_Yunnan" title="Fuyuan County, Yunnan">Fuyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoping_County" title="Luoping County">Luoping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizong_County" title="Shizong County">Shizong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luliang_County" title="Luliang County">Luliang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huize_County" title="Huize County">Huize County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Yuxi" title="Yuxi">Yuxi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongta,_Yuxi" title="Hongta, Yuxi">Hongta District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangchuan,_Yuxi" title="Jiangchuan, Yuxi">Jiangchuan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chengjiang,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengjiang, China">Chengjiang</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonghai_County" title="Tonghai County">Tonghai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaning_County" title="Huaning County">Huaning County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yimen_County" title="Yimen County">Yimen County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshan_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Eshan Yi Autonomous County">Eshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinping_Yi_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Xinping Yi and Dai Autonomous County">Xinping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanjiang_Hani,_Yi_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Yuanjiang Hani, Yi and Dai Autonomous County">Yuanjiang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Baoshan,_Yunnan" title="Baoshan, Yunnan">Baoshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longyang,_Baoshan" title="Longyang, Baoshan">Longyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengchong" title="Tengchong">Tengchong</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidian_County" title="Shidian County">Shidian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longling_County" title="Longling County">Longling County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changning_County,_Yunnan" title="Changning County, Yunnan">Changning County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Zhaotong" title="Zhaotong">Zhaotong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhaoyang,_Zhaotong" title="Zhaoyang, Zhaotong">Zhaoyang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuifu" title="Shuifu">Shuifu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludian_County" title="Ludian County">Ludian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiaojia_County" title="Qiaojia County">Qiaojia County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanjin_County,_Yunnan" title="Yanjin County, Yunnan">Yanjin County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daguan_County" title="Daguan County">Daguan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongshan_County" title="Yongshan County">Yongshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suijiang_County" title="Suijiang County">Suijiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenxiong_County" title="Zhenxiong County">Zhenxiong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiliang_County,_Zhaotong" title="Yiliang County, Zhaotong">Yiliang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixin_County" title="Weixin County">Weixin County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Lijiang" title="Lijiang">Lijiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gucheng,_Lijiang" title="Gucheng, Lijiang">Gucheng District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongsheng_County" title="Yongsheng County">Yongsheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huaping_County" title="Huaping County">Huaping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulong_Naxi_Autonomous_County" title="Yulong Naxi Autonomous County">Yulong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninglang_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Ninglang Yi Autonomous County">Ninglang County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_City" title="Pu'er City">Pu'er</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simao,_Pu%27er" title="Simao, Pu'er">Simao District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ning%27er_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Ning'er Hani and Yi Autonomous County">Ning'er County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojiang_Hani_Autonomous_County" title="Mojiang Hani Autonomous County">Mojiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingdong_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Jingdong Yi Autonomous County">Jingdong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinggu_Dai_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Jinggu Dai and Yi Autonomous County">Jinggu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenyuan_Yi,_Hani_and_Lahu_Autonomous_County" title="Zhenyuan Yi, Hani and Lahu Autonomous County">Zhenyuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangcheng_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County">Jiangcheng County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menglian_Dai,_Lahu_and_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Menglian Dai, Lahu and Va Autonomous County">Menglian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancang_Lahu_Autonomous_County" title="Lancang Lahu Autonomous County">Lancang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ximeng_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Ximeng Va Autonomous County">Ximeng County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Lincang" title="Lincang">Lincang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linxiang,_Lincang" title="Linxiang, Lincang">Linxiang District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fengqing_County" title="Fengqing County">Fengqing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yun_County,_Yunnan" title="Yun County, Yunnan">Yun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongde_County" title="Yongde County">Yongde County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenkang_County" title="Zhenkang County">Zhenkang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangjiang_Lahu,_Va,_Blang_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Shuangjiang Lahu, Va, Blang and Dai Autonomous County">Shuangjiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gengma_Dai_and_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Gengma Dai and Va Autonomous County">Gengma County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangyuan_Va_Autonomous_County" title="Cangyuan Va Autonomous County">Cangyuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefectures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Chuxiong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuxiong_City" title="Chuxiong City">Chuxiong</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufeng,_Yunnan" title="Lufeng, Yunnan">Lufeng</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuangbai_County" title="Shuangbai County">Shuangbai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouding_County" title="Mouding County">Mouding County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanhua_County" title="Nanhua County">Nanhua County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao%27an_County" title="Yao'an County">Yao'an County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayao_County" title="Dayao County">Dayao County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongren_County" title="Yongren County">Yongren County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanmou_County" title="Yuanmou County">Yuanmou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuding_County" title="Wuding County">Wuding County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Honghe_Hani_and_Yi_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture">Honghe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mengzi_City" title="Mengzi City">Mengzi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gejiu" title="Gejiu">Gejiu</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan,_Yunnan" title="Kaiyuan, Yunnan">Kaiyuan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_City" title="Mile City">Mile</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCchun_County" title="Lüchun County">Lüchun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianshui_County" title="Jianshui County">Jianshui County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiping_County" title="Shiping County">Shiping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxi_County,_Yunnan" title="Luxi County, Yunnan">Luxi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanyang_County,_Yunnan" title="Yuanyang County, Yunnan">Yuanyang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honghe_County" title="Honghe County">Honghe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinping_Miao,_Yao,_and_Dai_Autonomous_County" title="Jinping Miao, Yao, and Dai Autonomous County">Jinping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekou_Yao_Autonomous_County" title="Hekou Yao Autonomous County">Hekou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingbian_Miao_Autonomous_County" title="Pingbian Miao Autonomous County">Pingbian County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_Zhuang_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Wenshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenshan_City" title="Wenshan City">Wenshan</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanshan_County,_Yunnan" title="Yanshan County, Yunnan">Yanshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xichou_County" title="Xichou County">Xichou County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malipo_County" title="Malipo County">Malipo County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguan_County" title="Maguan County">Maguan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiubei_County" title="Qiubei County">Qiubei County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangnan_County" title="Guangnan County">Guangnan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funing_County,_Yunnan" title="Funing County, Yunnan">Funing County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Xishuangbanna_Dai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture">Xishuangbanna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinghong" title="Jinghong">Jinghong</a> City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menghai_County" title="Menghai County">Menghai County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengla_County" title="Mengla County">Mengla County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dali_Bai_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture">Dali</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dali_City" title="Dali City">Dali</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangyun_County" title="Xiangyun County">Xiangyun County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binchuan_County" title="Binchuan County">Binchuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midu_County" title="Midu County">Midu County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongping_County" title="Yongping County">Yongping County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunlong_County" title="Yunlong County">Yunlong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryuan_County" title="Eryuan County">Eryuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianchuan_County" title="Jianchuan County">Jianchuan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heqing_County" title="Heqing County">Heqing County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangbi_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Yangbi Yi Autonomous County">Yangbi County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjian_Yi_Autonomous_County" title="Nanjian Yi Autonomous County">Nanjian County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weishan_Yi_and_Hui_Autonomous_County" title="Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County">Weishan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Dehong_Dai_and_Jingpo_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture">Dehong</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mangshi" title="Mangshi">Mangshi</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruili" title="Ruili">Ruili</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianghe_County" title="Lianghe County">Lianghe County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingjiang_County" title="Yingjiang County">Yingjiang County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchuan_County,_Yunnan" title="Longchuan County, Yunnan">Longchuan County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Nujiang_Lisu_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture">Nujiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lushui" title="Lushui">Lushui</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugong_County" title="Fugong County">Fugong County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_Derung_and_Nu_Autonomous_County" title="Gongshan Derung and Nu Autonomous County">Gongshan County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanping_Bai_and_Pumi_Autonomous_County" title="Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County">Lanping County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Dêqên</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangri-La,_Yunnan" title="Shangri-La, Yunnan">Shangri-La</a> city</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Dêqên County">Dêqên County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixi_Lisu_Autonomous_County" title="Weixi Lisu Autonomous County">Weixi County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provincial-level_divisions_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Template:Province-level divisions of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Template talk:Province-level divisions of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Province-level divisions of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provincial-level_divisions_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Province-level_divisions_of_China" title="Province-level divisions of China">Provincial-level divisions of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_China" title="Provinces of China">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gansu" title="Gansu">Gansu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guizhou" title="Guizhou">Guizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang" title="Heilongjiang">Heilongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_blank_province_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/150px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/225px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/China_blank_province_map.svg/300px-China_blank_province_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_China" title="Autonomous regions of China">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningxia" title="Ningxia">Ningxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Direct-administered_municipality" title="Direct-administered municipality">Direct-administered municipalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Disputed province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-size:80%;"><div><sup>1</sup> <a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a> is <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">claimed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> but administered by the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">political status of Taiwan</a>).</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43194#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43194#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43194#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/263847173">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213585/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4067233-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81059860">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120991284">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120991284">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00630360">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36732274">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Yunnan (Čína : provincie)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge230573&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4804617">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007564562205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/4d3ecf48-07f2-4c80-ad6b-6ad97a0bd0fe">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&oldid=1256814484">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yunnan&oldid=1256814484</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Yunnan" 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[\"Full citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-cmn\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-yue\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 8,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Image label\"] = 16,\n [\"Image label begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Image label end\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox Chinese\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 70,\n [\"Linktext\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 5,\n [\"Normal\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 2,\n [\"Nwr\"] = 3,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Province-level divisions of the People's Republic of China\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 19,\n [\"Tonesup\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 5,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Yunnan\"] = 1,\n [\"Yunnan topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Zh\"] = 6,\n [\"\\\\\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","17.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","16.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","180","10.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","160","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","4.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","3.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","3.5"],["\u003Cmw.title.lua:50\u003E","40","2.3"],["citation0 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