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stability</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: underground stability"> <meta name="keywords" content="underground stability"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="underground stability"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 3722</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: underground stability</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3722</span> Geomechanical Technologies for Assessing Three-Dimensional Stability of Underground Excavations Utilizing Remote-Sensing, Finite Element Analysis, and Scientific Visualization</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kwang%20Chun">Kwang Chun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=John%20Kemeny"> John Kemeny</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been a prevalent remote-sensing technology applied in the geological fields due to its high precision and ease of use. One of the major applications is to use the detailed geometrical information of underground structures as a basis for the generation of a three-dimensional numerical model that can be used in a geotechnical stability analysis such as FEM or DEM. To date, however, straightforward techniques in reconstructing the numerical model from the scanned data of the underground structures have not been well established or tested. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive approach integrating all the various processes, from LiDAR scanning to finite element numerical analysis. The study focuses on converting LiDAR 3D point clouds of geologic structures containing complex surface geometries into a finite element model. This methodology has been applied to Kartchner Caverns in Arizona, where detailed underground and surface point clouds can be used for the analysis of underground stability. Numerical simulations were performed using the finite element code Abaqus and presented by 3D computing visualization solution, ParaView. The results are useful in studying the stability of all types of underground excavations including underground mining and tunneling. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title="finite element analysis">finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LiDAR" title=" LiDAR"> LiDAR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remote-sensing" title=" remote-sensing"> remote-sensing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scientific%20visualization" title=" scientific visualization"> scientific visualization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20stability" title=" underground stability"> underground stability</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105946/geomechanical-technologies-for-assessing-three-dimensional-stability-of-underground-excavations-utilizing-remote-sensing-finite-element-analysis-and-scientific-visualization" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/105946.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">175</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3721</span> Parametric Study of Underground Opening Stability under Uncertainty Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aram%20Yakoby">Aram Yakoby</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yossef%20H.%20Hatzor"> Yossef H. Hatzor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shmulik%20Pinkert"> Shmulik Pinkert</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work presents an applied engineering method for evaluating the stability of underground openings under conditions of uncertainty. The developed method is demonstrated by a comprehensive parametric study on a case of large-diameter vertical borehole stability analysis, with uncertainties regarding the in-situ stress distribution. To this aim, a safety factor analysis is performed for the stability of both supported and unsupported boreholes. In the analysis, we used analytic geomechanical calculations and advanced numerical modeling to evaluate the estimated stress field. In addition, the work presents the development of a boundary condition for the numerical model that fits the nature of the problem and yields excellent accuracy. The borehole stability analysis is studied in terms of (1) the stress ratio in the vertical and horizontal directions, (2) the mechanical properties and geometry of the support system, and (3) the parametric sensitivity. The method's results are studied in light of a real case study of an underground waste disposal site. The conclusions of this study focus on the developed method for capturing the parametric uncertainty, the definition of critical geological depths, the criteria for implementing structural support, and the effectiveness of further in-situ investigations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=borehole%20stability" title="borehole stability">borehole stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in-situ%20stress" title=" in-situ stress"> in-situ stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parametric%20study" title=" parametric study"> parametric study</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=factor%20of%20safety" title=" factor of safety"> factor of safety</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182965/parametric-study-of-underground-opening-stability-under-uncertainty-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/182965.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">68</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3720</span> Investigating the Behavior of Underground Structures in the Event of an Earthquake</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Davoud%20Beheshtizadeh">Davoud Beheshtizadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farzin%20Malekpour"> Farzin Malekpour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The progress of technology and producing new machinery have made a big change in excavation operations and construction of underground structures. The limitations of space and some other economic, politic and military considerations gained the attention of most developed and developing countries towards the construction of these structures for mine, military, and development objectives. Underground highways, tunnels, subways, oil reservoir resources, fuels, nuclear wastes burying reservoir and underground stores are increasingly developing and being used in these countries. The existence and habitability of the cities depend on these underground installations or in other words these vital arteries. Stopping the flow of water, gas leakage and explosion, collapsing of sewage paths, etc., resulting from the earthquake are among the factors that can severely harm the environment and increase the casualty. Lack of sewage network and complete stoppage of the flow of water in Bam (Iran) is a good example of this kind. In this paper, we investigate the effect of wave orientation on structures and deformation of them and the effect of faulting on underground structures, and then, we study resistance of reinforced concrete against earthquake, simulate two different samples, analyze the result and point out the importance of paying attention to underground installations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20structures" title="underground structures">underground structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=earthquake" title=" earthquake"> earthquake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20installations" title=" underground installations"> underground installations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=axial%20deformations" title=" axial deformations"> axial deformations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86411/investigating-the-behavior-of-underground-structures-in-the-event-of-an-earthquake" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86411.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">194</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3719</span> Time Series Analysis of Radon Concentration at Different Depths in an Underground Goldmine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Theophilus%20Adjirackor">Theophilus Adjirackor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frederic%20Sam"> Frederic Sam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Irene%20Opoku-Ntim"> Irene Opoku-Ntim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Okoh%20Kpeglo"> David Okoh Kpeglo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prince%20K.%20Gyekye"> Prince K. Gyekye</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Frank%20K.%20Quashie"> Frank K. Quashie</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kofi%20Ofori"> Kofi Ofori</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Indoor radon concentrations were collected monthly over a period of one year in 10 different levels in an underground goldmine, and the data was analyzed using a four-moving average time series to determine the relationship between the depths of the underground mine and the indoor radon concentration. The detectors were installed in batches within four quarters. The measurements were carried out using LR115 solid-state nuclear track detectors. Statistical models are applied in the prediction and analysis of the radon concentration at various depths. The time series model predicted a positive relationship between the depth of the underground mine and the indoor radon concentration. Thus, elevated radon concentrations are expected at deeper levels of the underground mine, but the relationship was insignificant at the 5% level of significance with a negative adjusted R2 (R2 = – 0.021) due to an appropriate engineering and adequate ventilation rate in the underground mine. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LR115" title="LR115">LR115</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=radon%20concentration" title=" radon concentration"> radon concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rime%20series" title=" rime series"> rime series</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20goldmine" title=" underground goldmine"> underground goldmine</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186013/time-series-analysis-of-radon-concentration-at-different-depths-in-an-underground-goldmine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186013.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">46</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3718</span> Determine of Design Variables and Target Reliability Indexes of Underground Structure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yo-Seph%20Byun">Yo-Seph Byun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gyu-Phil%20Lee"> Gyu-Phil Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Young-Bin%20Park"> Young-Bin Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gye-Chun%20Cho"> Gye-Chun Cho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seong-Won%20Lee"> Seong-Won Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In Korea, a study on Limit State Design (LSD) for underground structures is being conducted in order to perform more effective design. In this study, as a result of MCS (Monte-Carlo Simulation) technique, failure probabilities of the structure during normal and earthquake are estimated in reliability analysis. Target reliability indexes are determined depending on load combinations for underground structure, and then, design variables such as load and material factors in LSD are decided. As a result, through the research in order to determine more reliable design variables, a specification of LSD for underground structures is able to be developed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20variable" title="design variable">design variable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=limit%20state%20design" title=" limit state design"> limit state design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=target%20reliability%20index" title=" target reliability index"> target reliability index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20structure" title=" underground structure"> underground structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90700/determine-of-design-variables-and-target-reliability-indexes-of-underground-structure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90700.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">284</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3717</span> Deep Excavations with Embedded Retaining Walls - Diaphragm Walls</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sowmiyaa%20V.%20S.">Sowmiyaa V. S.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tiruvengala%20Padma"> Tiruvengala Padma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dhanasekaran%20B."> Dhanasekaran B.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to urbanization, traffic congestion, air pollution and fuel consumption underground metros are constructed in urban cities nowadays. These metros reduce the commutation time and makes the daily transportation in urban cities hassle free. To construct the underground metros deep excavations are to be carried out. These excavations should be supported by an appropriate earth retaining structures to provide stability and to prevent deformation failures. The failure of deep excavations is catastrophic and hence appropriate caution need to be carried out during design and construction stages. This paper covers the construction aspects, equipment, quality control, design aspects of one of the earth retaining systems the Diaphragm Walls. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20metros" title="underground metros">underground metros</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diaphragm%20wall" title=" diaphragm wall"> diaphragm wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20control%20of%20diaphragm%20wall" title=" quality control of diaphragm wall"> quality control of diaphragm wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20aspects%20of%20diaphragm%20wall" title=" design aspects of diaphragm wall"> design aspects of diaphragm wall</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150972/deep-excavations-with-embedded-retaining-walls-diaphragm-walls" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/150972.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">101</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3716</span> Assessing the Impact of Underground Cavities on Buildings with Stepped Foundations on Sloping Lands</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masoud%20Mahdavi">Masoud Mahdavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The use of sloping lands is increasing due to the reduction of suitable lands for the construction of buildings. In the design and construction of buildings on sloping lands, the foundation has special loading conditions that require the designer and executor to use the slopped foundation. The creation of underground cavities, including urban and subway tunnels, sewers, urban facilities, etc., inside the ground, causes the behavior of the foundation to be unknown. In the present study, using Abacus software, a 45-degree stepped foundation on the ground is designed. The foundations are placed on the ground in a cohesive (no-hole) manner with circular cavities that show the effect of increasing the cross-sectional area of the underground cavities on the foundation's performance. The Kobe earthquake struck the foundation and ground for two seconds. The underground cavities have a circular cross-sectional area with a radius of 5 m, which is located at a depth of 22.54 m above the ground. The results showed that as the number of underground cavities increased, von Mises stress (in the vertical direction) increased. With the increase in the number of underground cavities, the plastic strain on the ground has increased. Also, with the increase in the number of underground cavities, the change in location and speed in the foundation has increased. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stepped%20foundation" title="stepped foundation">stepped foundation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sloping%20ground" title=" sloping ground"> sloping ground</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kobe%20earthquake" title=" Kobe earthquake"> Kobe earthquake</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abaqus%20software" title=" Abaqus software"> Abaqus software</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20excavations" title=" underground excavations"> underground excavations</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128472/assessing-the-impact-of-underground-cavities-on-buildings-with-stepped-foundations-on-sloping-lands" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128472.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3715</span> A Preliminary Study of Economic Dimension of Underground Rock Caverns for Water Storage at Singapore</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Junlong%20Shang">Junlong Shang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhengxian%20Chua"> Zhengxian Chua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hoongping%20Peh"> Hoongping Peh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhiye%20Zhao"> Zhiye Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to scarce land resources in Singapore, it is imperative to increase water storage capacities to meet the increasing demand of water to secure a sustainable development, which can be achieved in the underground by rock caverns. In this paper, a preliminary study on the effects of cavern span, height and radius on the cavern stability is presented to provide a guidance on the cavern construction in the context of Singapore. It is found that the radius of caverns should be around half of the span width (i.e., B/R=2) to reduce vertical displacement at the crown of cavern. The smaller the rock cover, the smaller displacement. The minimum rock thickness should be at least the same as the cavern span to eliminate excessive yielded element. Finally, rock support system is introduced to maintain the profile of caverns. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cavern%20dimension" title="cavern dimension">cavern dimension</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=numerical%20modelling" title=" numerical modelling"> numerical modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20rock%20cavern" title=" underground rock cavern"> underground rock cavern</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90863/a-preliminary-study-of-economic-dimension-of-underground-rock-caverns-for-water-storage-at-singapore" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90863.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">320</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3714</span> Stability Assessment of Underground Power House Encountering Shear Zone: Sunni Dam Hydroelectric Project (382 MW), India</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanjeev%20Gupta">Sanjeev Gupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ankit%20Prabhakar"> Ankit Prabhakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=K.%20Rajkumar%20Singh"> K. Rajkumar Singh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sunni Dam Hydroelectric Project (382 MW) is a run of river type development with an underground powerhouse, proposed to harness the hydel potential of river Satluj in Himachal Pradesh, India. The project is located in the inner lesser Himalaya between Dhauladhar Range in the south and the higher Himalaya in the north. The project comprises two large underground caverns, a Powerhouse cavern (171m long, 22.5m wide and 51.2m high) and another transformer hall cavern (175m long, 18.7m wide and 27m high) and the rock pillar between the two caverns is 50m. The highly jointed, fractured, anisotropic rock mass is a key challenge in Himalayan geology for an underground structure. The concern for the stability of rock mass increases when weak/shear zones are encountered in the underground structure. In the Sunni Dam project, 1.7m to 2m thick weak/shear zone comprising of deformed, weak material with gauge has been encountered in powerhouse cavern at 70m having dip direction 325 degree and dip amount 38 degree which also intersects transformer hall at initial reach. The rock encountered in the powerhouse area is moderate to highly jointed, pink quartz arenite belonging to the Khaira Formation, a transition zone comprising of alternate grey, pink & white quartz arenite and shale sequence and dolomite at higher reaches. The rock mass is intersected by mainly 3 joint sets excluding bedding joints and a few random joints. The rock class in powerhouse mainly varies from poor class (class IV) to lower order fair class (class III) and in some reaches, very poor rock mass has also been encountered. To study the stability of the underground structure in weak/shear rock mass, a 3D numerical model analysis has been carried out using RS3 software. Field studies have been interpreted and analysed to derive Bieniawski’s RMR, Barton’s “Q” class and Geological Strength Index (GSI). The various material parameters, in-situ characteristics have been determined based on tests conducted by Central Soil and Materials Research Station, New Delhi. The behaviour of the cavern has been studied by assessing the displacement contours, major and minor principal stresses and plastic zones for different stage excavation sequences. For optimisation of the support system, the stability of the powerhouse cavern with different powerhouse orientations has also been studied. The numerical modeling results indicate that cavern will not likely face stress governed by structural instability with the support system to be applied to the crown and side walls. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20analysis" title="3D analysis">3D analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Himalayan%20geology" title=" Himalayan geology"> Himalayan geology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20zone" title=" shear zone"> shear zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20power%20house" title=" underground power house"> underground power house</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156644/stability-assessment-of-underground-power-house-encountering-shear-zone-sunni-dam-hydroelectric-project-382-mw-india" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/156644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">88</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3713</span> Electromagnetic Simulation of Underground Cable Perforation by Nail </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Nour%20El%20Islam%20Ayad">Ahmed Nour El Islam Ayad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahar%20Rouibah"> Tahar Rouibah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wafa%20Krika"> Wafa Krika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Houari%20Boudjella"> Houari Boudjella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Larab%20Moulay"> Larab Moulay</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Benhamida"> Farid Benhamida</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selma%20Benmoussa"> Selma Benmoussa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to evaluate the electromagnetic field of an underground cable of very high voltage perforated by nail. The aim of this work shows a numerical simulation of the electromagnetic field of 400 kV line after perforation through a ferrous nail in four positions for the pinch pin at different distances. From results for a longitudinal section, we observe and evaluate the distribution and the variation of the electromagnetic field in the cable and the earth. When the nail approaches the underground power cable, the distribution of the magnetic field changes and takes several forms, the magnetic field increase and become very important when the nail breaks the metal screen and will produce a significant leak of the electric field, characterized by a large electric arc and or electric discharge to earth and then a fault in the electrical network. These electromagnetic analysis results help to detect defects in underground cables. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground" title="underground">underground</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electromagnetic" title=" electromagnetic"> electromagnetic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=nail" title=" nail"> nail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defect" title=" defect"> defect</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114023/electromagnetic-simulation-of-underground-cable-perforation-by-nail" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114023.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">231</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3712</span> Development of Risk Management System for Urban Railroad Underground Structures and Surrounding Ground</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20K.%20Park">Y. K. Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20K.%20Kim"> B. K. Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20W.%20Lee"> J. W. Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20J.%20Lee"> S. J. Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To assess the risk of the underground structures and surrounding ground, we collect basic data by the engineering method of measurement, exploration and surveys and, derive the risk through proper analysis and each assessment for urban railroad underground structures and surrounding ground including station inflow. Basic data are obtained by the fiber-optic sensors, MEMS sensors, water quantity/quality sensors, tunnel scanner, ground penetrating radar, light weight deflectometer, and are evaluated if they are more than the proper value or not. Based on these data, we analyze the risk level of urban railroad underground structures and surrounding ground. And we develop the risk management system to manage efficiently these data and to support a convenient interface environment at input/output of data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20railroad" title="urban railroad">urban railroad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20structures" title=" underground structures"> underground structures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ground%20subsidence" title=" ground subsidence"> ground subsidence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=station%20inflow" title=" station inflow"> station inflow</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=risk" title=" risk"> risk</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60713/development-of-risk-management-system-for-urban-railroad-underground-structures-and-surrounding-ground" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/60713.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3711</span> Development of a Geomechanical Risk Assessment Model for Underground Openings</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Mortazavi">Ali Mortazavi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main objective of this research project is to delve into a multitude of geomechanical risks associated with various mining methods employed within the underground mining industry. Controlling geotechnical design parameters and operational factors affecting the selection of suitable mining techniques for a given underground mining condition will be considered from a risk assessment point of view. Important geomechanical challenges will be investigated as appropriate and relevant to the commonly used underground mining methods. Given the complicated nature of rock mass in-situ and complicated boundary conditions and operational complexities associated with various underground mining methods, the selection of a safe and economic mining operation is of paramount significance. Rock failure at varying scales within the underground mining openings is always a threat to mining operations and causes human and capital losses worldwide. Geotechnical design is a major design component of all underground mines and basically dominates the safety of an underground mine. With regard to uncertainties that exist in rock characterization prior to mine development, there are always risks associated with inappropriate design as a function of mining conditions and the selected mining method. Uncertainty often results from the inherent variability of rock masse, which in turn is a function of both geological materials and rock mass in-situ conditions. The focus of this research is on developing a methodology which enables a geomechanical risk assessment of given underground mining conditions. The outcome of this research is a geotechnical risk analysis algorithm, which can be used as an aid in selecting the appropriate mining method as a function of mine design parameters (e.g., rock in-situ properties, design method, governing boundary conditions such as in-situ stress and groundwater, etc.). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geomechanical%20risk%20assessment" title="geomechanical risk assessment">geomechanical risk assessment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20mechanics" title=" rock mechanics"> rock mechanics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20mining" title=" underground mining"> underground mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock%20engineering" title=" rock engineering"> rock engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134743/development-of-a-geomechanical-risk-assessment-model-for-underground-openings" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/134743.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">145</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3710</span> Study for Establishing a Concept of Underground Mining in a Folded Deposit with Weathering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chandan%20Pramanik">Chandan Pramanik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bikramjit%20Chanda"> Bikramjit Chanda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Large metal mines operated with open-cast mining methods must transition to underground mining at the conclusion of the operation; however, this requires a period of a difficult time when production convergence due to interference between the two mining methods. A transition model with collaborative mining operations is presented and established in this work, based on the case of the South Kaliapani Underground Project, to address these technical issues of inadequate production security and other mining challenges during the transition phase and beyond. By integrating the technology of the small-scale Drift and Fill method and Highly productive Sub Level Open Stoping at deep section, this hybrid mining concept tries to eliminate major bottlenecks and offers an optimized production profile with the safe and sustainable operation. Considering every geo-mining aspect, this study offers a genuine and precise technical deliberation for the transition from open pit to underground mining. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drift%20and%20fill" title="drift and fill">drift and fill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=geo-mining%20aspect" title=" geo-mining aspect"> geo-mining aspect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sublevel%20open%20stoping" title=" sublevel open stoping"> sublevel open stoping</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20mining%20method" title=" underground mining method"> underground mining method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160119/study-for-establishing-a-concept-of-underground-mining-in-a-folded-deposit-with-weathering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/160119.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3709</span> Presentation of HVA Faults in SONELGAZ Underground Network and Methods of Faults Diagnostic and Faults Location</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I.%20Toua%D1%97bia">I. Touaїbia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=E.%20Azzag"> E. Azzag</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=O.%20Narjes"> O. Narjes</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Power supply networks are growing continuously and their reliability is getting more important than ever. The complexity of the whole network comprises numerous components that can fail and interrupt the power supply for the end user. Underground distribution systems are normally exposed to permanent faults, due to specific construction characteristics. In these systems, visual inspection cannot be performed. In order to enhance service restoration, accurate fault location techniques must be applied. This paper describes the different faults that affect the underground distribution system of SONELGAZ (National Society of Electricity and Gas of Algeria), and cable fault location procedure with impulse reflection method (TDR), based in the analyses of the cable response of the electromagnetic impulse, allows cable fault prelocation. The results are obtained from real test in the underground distribution feeder from electrical network of energy distribution company of Souk-Ahras, in order to know the influence of cable characteristics in the types and frequency of faults. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=distribution%20networks" title="distribution networks">distribution networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fault%20location" title=" fault location"> fault location</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=TDR" title=" TDR"> TDR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20cable" title=" underground cable"> underground cable</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13416/presentation-of-hva-faults-in-sonelgaz-underground-network-and-methods-of-faults-diagnostic-and-faults-location" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13416.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">533</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3708</span> Establishment of Precision System for Underground Facilities Based on 3D Absolute Positioning Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yonggu%20Jang">Yonggu Jang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jisong%20Ryu"> Jisong Ryu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Woosik%20Lee"> Woosik Lee</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study aims to address the limitations of existing underground facility exploration equipment in terms of exploration depth range, relative depth measurement, data processing time, and human-centered ground penetrating radar image interpretation. The study proposed the use of 3D absolute positioning technology to develop a precision underground facility exploration system. The aim of this study is to establish a precise exploration system for underground facilities based on 3D absolute positioning technology, which can accurately survey up to a depth of 5m and measure the 3D absolute location of precise underground facilities. The study developed software and hardware technologies to build the precision exploration system. The software technologies developed include absolute positioning technology, ground surface location synchronization technology of GPR exploration equipment, GPR exploration image AI interpretation technology, and integrated underground space map-based composite data processing technology. The hardware systems developed include a vehicle-type exploration system and a cart-type exploration system. The data was collected using the developed exploration system, which employs 3D absolute positioning technology. The GPR exploration images were analyzed using AI technology, and the three-dimensional location information of the explored precise underground facilities was compared to the integrated underground space map. The study successfully developed a precision underground facility exploration system based on 3D absolute positioning technology. The developed exploration system can accurately survey up to a depth of 5m and measure the 3D absolute location of precise underground facilities. The system comprises software technologies that build a 3D precise DEM, synchronize the GPR sensor's ground surface 3D location coordinates, automatically analyze and detect underground facility information in GPR exploration images and improve accuracy through comparative analysis of the three-dimensional location information, and hardware systems, including a vehicle-type exploration system and a cart-type exploration system. The study's findings and technological advancements are essential for underground safety management in Korea. The proposed precision exploration system significantly contributes to establishing precise location information of underground facility information, which is crucial for underground safety management and improves the accuracy and efficiency of exploration. The study addressed the limitations of existing equipment in exploring underground facilities, proposed 3D absolute positioning technology-based precision exploration system, developed software and hardware systems for the exploration system, and contributed to underground safety management by providing precise location information. The developed precision underground facility exploration system based on 3D absolute positioning technology has the potential to provide accurate and efficient exploration of underground facilities up to a depth of 5m. The system's technological advancements contribute to the establishment of precise location information of underground facility information, which is essential for underground safety management in Korea. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=3D%20absolute%20positioning" title="3D absolute positioning">3D absolute positioning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AI%20interpretation%20of%20GPR%20exploration%20images" title=" AI interpretation of GPR exploration images"> AI interpretation of GPR exploration images</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20data%20processing" title=" complex data processing"> complex data processing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integrated%20underground%20space%20maps" title=" integrated underground space maps"> integrated underground space maps</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=precision%20exploration%20system%20for%20underground%20facilities" title=" precision exploration system for underground facilities"> precision exploration system for underground facilities</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164279/establishment-of-precision-system-for-underground-facilities-based-on-3d-absolute-positioning-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164279.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">62</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3707</span> Technology of Gyro Orientation Measurement Unit (Gyro Omu) for Underground Utility Mapping Practice</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Ruzlin%20Mohd%20Mokhtar">Mohd Ruzlin Mohd Mokhtar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> At present, most operators who are working on projects for utilities such as power, water, oil, gas, telecommunication and sewerage are using technologies e.g. Total station, Global Positioning System (GPS), Electromagnetic Locator (EML) and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) to perform underground utility mapping. With the increase in popularity of Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) method among the local authorities and asset owners, most of newly installed underground utilities need to use the HDD method. HDD method is seen as simple and create not much disturbance to the public and traffic. Thus, it was the preferred utilities installation method in most of areas especially in urban areas. HDDs were installed much deeper than exiting utilities (some reports saying that HDD is averaging 5 meter in depth). However, this impacts the accuracy or ability of existing underground utility mapping technologies. In most of Malaysia underground soil condition, those technologies were limited to maximum of 3 meter depth. Thus, those utilities which were installed much deeper than 3 meter depth could not be detected by using existing detection tools. The accuracy and reliability of existing underground utility mapping technologies or work procedure were in doubt. Thus, a mitigation action plan is required. While installing new utility using Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) method, a more accurate underground utility mapping can be achieved by using Gyro OMU compared to existing practice using e.g. EML and GPR. Gyro OMU is a method to accurately identify the location of HDD thus this mapping can be used or referred to avoid those cost of breakdown due to future HDD works which can be caused by inaccurate underground utility mapping. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gyro%20Orientation%20Measurement%20Unit%20%28Gyro%20OMU%29" title="Gyro Orientation Measurement Unit (Gyro OMU)">Gyro Orientation Measurement Unit (Gyro OMU)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Horizontal%20Directional%20Drilling%20%28HDD%29" title=" Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)"> Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ground%20Penetrating%20Radar%20%28GPR%29" title=" Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)"> Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Electromagnetic%20Locator%20%28EML%29" title=" Electromagnetic Locator (EML)"> Electromagnetic Locator (EML)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128215/technology-of-gyro-orientation-measurement-unit-gyro-omu-for-underground-utility-mapping-practice" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/128215.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3706</span> Building Deep: Mystery And Sensuality In The Underground World</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rene%20Davids">Rene Davids</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Urban undergrounds spaces such as parking garages or metro stations are perceived as interludes before reaching desired destinations, as commodities devoid of aesthetic value. Within the encoded space of the city, commercial underground spaces are the closest expression to pure to structures of consumption and commodity. Even in the house, the cellar is associated with castoffs and waste or, as scholar Mircea Eliade has pointed out at best, with a place to store abandoned household and childhood objects, which lie forgotten and on rediscovery evoke a nostalgic and uncanny sense of the past. Despite a growing body of evidence presented by an increasing number of buildings situated entirely below or semi underground that feature exemplary spatial and sensuous qualities, critics and scholars see them largely as efforts to produce efforts in producing low consumption non-renewable energy. Buildings that also free space above ground. This critical approach neglects to mention and highlight other project drivers such as the notion that the ground and sky can be considered a building’s fundamental context, that underground spaces are conducive to the exploration of pure space, namely an architecture that doesn’t have to deal with facades and or external volumes and that digging into geology can inspire the textural and spatial richness. This paper will argue that while the assessment about the reduced energy consumption of underground construction is important, it does not do justice to the qualities underground buildings can contribute to a city’s expanded urban and or landscape experiences. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20non-renewable%20energy%20consumption" title="low non-renewable energy consumption">low non-renewable energy consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pure%20space" title=" pure space"> pure space</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20buildings" title=" underground buildings"> underground buildings</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=urban%20and%20landscape%20experience" title=" urban and landscape experience"> urban and landscape experience</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129802/building-deep-mystery-and-sensuality-in-the-underground-world" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129802.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">179</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3705</span> Top-Down Construction Method in Concrete Structures: Advantages and Disadvantages of This Construction Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hadi%20Rouhi%20Belvirdi">Hadi Rouhi Belvirdi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The construction of underground structures using the traditional method, which begins with excavation and the implementation of the foundation of the underground structure, continues with the construction of the main structure from the ground up, and concludes with the completion of the final ceiling, is known as the Bottom-Up Method. In contrast to this method, there is an advanced technique called the Top-Down Method, which has practically replaced the traditional construction method in large projects in industrialized countries in recent years. Unlike the traditional approach, this method starts with the construction of surrounding walls, columns, and the final ceiling and is completed with the excavation and construction of the foundation of the underground structure. Some of the most significant advantages of this method include the elimination or minimization of formwork surfaces, the removal of temporary bracing during excavation, the creation of some traffic facilities during the construction of the structure, and the possibility of using it in limited and high-traffic urban spaces. Despite these numerous advantages, unfortunately, there is still insufficient awareness of this method in our country, to the extent that it can be confidently stated that most stakeholders in the construction industry are unaware of the existence of such a construction method. However, it can be utilized as a very important execution option alongside other conventional methods in the construction of underground structures. Therefore, due to the extensive practical capabilities of this method, this article aims to present a methodology for constructing underground structures based on the aforementioned advanced method to the scientific community of the country, examine the advantages and limitations of this method and their impacts on time and costs, and discuss its application in urban spaces. Finally, some underground structures executed in the Ahvaz urban rail, which are being implemented using this advanced method to the best of our best knowledge, will be introduced. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=top-down%20method" title="top-down method">top-down method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bottom-up%20method" title=" bottom-up method"> bottom-up method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20structure" title=" underground structure"> underground structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20method" title=" construction method"> construction method</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191086/top-down-construction-method-in-concrete-structures-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-this-construction-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/191086.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">14</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3704</span> Strength of the Basement Wall Combined with a Temporary Retaining Wall for Excavation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soo-yeon%20Seo">Soo-yeon Seo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Su-jin%20Jung"> Su-jin Jung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In recent years, the need for remodeling of many apartments built 30 years ago is increasing. Therefore, researches on the structural reinforcement technology of existing apartments have been conducted. On the other hand, there is a growing need for research on the existing underground space expansion technology to expand the parking space required for remodeling. When expanding an existing underground space, for earthworks, an earth retaining wall must be installed between the existing apartment building and it. In order to maximize the possible underground space, it is necessary to minimize the thickness of the portion of earth retaining wall and underground basement wall. In this manner, the calculation procedure is studied for the evaluation of shear strength of the composite basement wall corresponding to shear span-to-depth ratio in this study. As a result, it was shown that the proposed calculation procedure can be used to evaluate the shear strength of the composite basement wall as safe. On the other hand, when shear span-to-depth ratio is small, shear strength is very underestimated. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20space%20expansion" title="underground space expansion">underground space expansion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=combined%20structure" title=" combined structure"> combined structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temporary%20retaining%20wall" title=" temporary retaining wall"> temporary retaining wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basement%20wall" title=" basement wall"> basement wall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=shear%20connectors" title=" shear connectors"> shear connectors</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86079/strength-of-the-basement-wall-combined-with-a-temporary-retaining-wall-for-excavation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/86079.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">143</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3703</span> The Evaluation of the Safety Coefficient of Soil Slope Stability by Group Pile</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seyed%20Abolhassan%20Naeini">Seyed Abolhassan Naeini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hamed%20Yekehdehghan"> Hamed Yekehdehghan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the factors that affect the constructions adjacent to a slope is stability. There are various methods for the stability of the slopes, one of which is the use of concrete group piles. This study, using FLAC3D software, has tried to investigate the changes in safety coefficient because of the use of concrete group piles. In this research, furthermore, the optimal position of the piles has been investigated and the results show that the group pile does not affect the toe of the slope. In addition, the effect of the piles' burial depth on the slope has been studied. Results show that by increasing the piles burial depth on a slope, the level of stability and as a result the safety coefficient increases. In the investigation of reducing the distance between the piles and increasing the depth of underground water, it was observed that the obtained safety coefficient increased. Finally, the effect of the resistance of the lower stabilizing layer of the slope on stabilization was investigated by the pile group. The results showed that due to the behavior of the pile as a deep foundation, the stronger the soil layers are in the stable part of a stronger slope (in terms of resistance parameters), the more influential the piles are in enhancing the coefficient of safety. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=safety%20coefficient" title="safety coefficient">safety coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=group%20pile" title=" group pile"> group pile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slope" title=" slope"> slope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stability" title=" stability"> stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FLAC3D%20software" title=" FLAC3D software"> FLAC3D software</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155667/the-evaluation-of-the-safety-coefficient-of-soil-slope-stability-by-group-pile" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/155667.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">94</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3702</span> Building Information Models Utilization for Design Improvement of Infrastructure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Keisuke%20Fujioka">Keisuke Fujioka</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yuta%20Itoh"> Yuta Itoh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masaru%20Minagawa"> Masaru Minagawa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shunji%20Kusayanagi"> Shunji Kusayanagi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, building information models of the underground temporary structures and adjacent embedded pipes were constructed to show the importance of the information on underground pipes adjacent to the structures to enhance the productivity of execution of construction. Next, the bar chart used in actual construction process were employed to make the Gantt chart, and the critical pass analysis was carried out to show that accurate information on the arrangement of underground existing pipes can be used for the enhancement of the productivity of the construction of underground structures. In the analyzed project, significant construction delay was not caused by unforeseeable existence of underground pipes by the management ability of the construction manager. However, in many cases of construction executions in the developing countries, the existence of unforeseeable embedded pipes often causes substantial delay of construction. Design change based on uncertainty on the position information of embedded pipe can be also important risk for contractors in domestic construction. So CPM analyses were performed by a project-management-software to the situation that influence of the tasks causing construction delay was assumed more significant. Through the analyses, the efficiency of information management on underground pipes and BIM analysis in the design stage for workability improvement was indirectly confirmed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=building-information%20modelling" title="building-information modelling">building-information modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20information%20modelling" title=" construction information modelling"> construction information modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=design%20improvement" title=" design improvement"> design improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title=" infrastructure"> infrastructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64066/building-information-models-utilization-for-design-improvement-of-infrastructure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64066.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">308</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3701</span> Particle Concentration Distribution under Idling Conditions in a Residential Underground Garage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu%20Zhao">Yu Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shinsuke%20Kato"> Shinsuke Kato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jianing%20Zhao"> Jianing Zhao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Particles exhausted from cars have an adverse impacts on human health. The study developed a three-dimensional particle dispersion numerical model including particle coagulation to simulate the particle concentration distribution under idling conditions in a residential underground garage. The simulation results demonstrate that particle disperses much faster in the vertical direction than that in horizontal direction. The enhancement of particle dispersion in the vertical direction due to the increase of cars with engine running is much stronger than that in the car exhaust direction. Particle dispersion from each pair of adjacent cars has little influence on each other in the study. Average particle concentration after 120 seconds exhaust is 1.8-4.5 times higher than the initial total particles at ambient environment. Particle pollution in the residential underground garage is severe. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dispersion" title="dispersion">dispersion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=idling%20conditions" title=" idling conditions"> idling conditions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=particle%20concentration" title=" particle concentration"> particle concentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=residential%20underground%20garage" title=" residential underground garage"> residential underground garage</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13929/particle-concentration-distribution-under-idling-conditions-in-a-residential-underground-garage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13929.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">551</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3700</span> Establishment of a Test Bed for Integrated Map of Underground Space and Verification of GPR Exploration Equipment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jisong%20Ryu">Jisong Ryu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Woosik%20Lee"> Woosik Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yonggu%20Jang"> Yonggu Jang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The paper discusses the process of establishing a reliable test bed for verifying the usability of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) exploration equipment based on an integrated underground spatial map in Korea. The aim of this study is to construct a test bed consisting of metal and non-metal pipelines to verify the performance of GPR equipment and improve the accuracy of the underground spatial integrated map. The study involved the design and construction of a test bed for metal and non-metal pipe detecting tests. The test bed was built in the SOC Demonstration Research Center (Yeoncheon) of the Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, burying metal and non-metal pipelines up to a depth of 5m. The test bed was designed in both vehicle-type and cart-type GPR-mounted equipment. The study collected data through the construction of the test bed and conducting metal and non-metal pipe detecting tests. The study analyzed the reliability of GPR detecting results by comparing them with the basic drawings, such as the underground space integrated map. The study contributes to the improvement of GPR equipment performance evaluation and the accuracy of the underground spatial integrated map, which is essential for urban planning and construction. The study addressed the question of how to verify the usability of GPR exploration equipment based on an integrated underground spatial map and improve its performance. The study found that the test bed is reliable for verifying the performance of GPR exploration equipment and accurately detecting metal and non-metal pipelines using an integrated underground spatial map. The study concludes that the establishment of a test bed for verifying the usability of GPR exploration equipment based on an integrated underground spatial map is essential. The proposed Korean-style test bed can be used for the evaluation of GPR equipment performance and support the construction of a national non-metal pipeline exploration equipment performance evaluation center in Korea. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Korea-style%20GPR%20testbed" title="Korea-style GPR testbed">Korea-style GPR testbed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GPR" title=" GPR"> GPR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=metal%20pipe%20detecting" title=" metal pipe detecting"> metal pipe detecting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-metal%20pipe%20detecting" title=" non-metal pipe detecting"> non-metal pipe detecting</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164644/establishment-of-a-test-bed-for-integrated-map-of-underground-space-and-verification-of-gpr-exploration-equipment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/164644.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">100</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3699</span> Analysis of The Effect about Different Automatic Sprinkler System Extinguishing The Scooter Fire in Underground Parking Space</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Hsiu%20%20Li">Yu-Hsiu Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chun-Hsun%20%20Chen"> Chun-Hsun Chen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Analysis of automatic sprinkler system protects the scooter in underground parking space, the current of general buildings is mainly equipped with foam fire-extinguishing equipment in Taiwan, the automatic sprinkling system has economic and environmental benefits, even high stability, China and the United States allow the parking space to set the automatic sprinkler system under certain conditions. The literature about scooter full-scale fire indicates that the average fire growth coefficient is 0.19 KW/sec2, it represents the scooter fire is classified as ultra-fast time square fire growth model, automatic sprinkler system can suppress the flame height and prevent extending burning. According to the computer simulation (FDS) literature, no matter computer simulation or full-scale experiments, the active order and trend about sprinkler heads are the same. This study uses the computer simulation program (FDS), the simulation scenario designed includes using a different system (enclosed wet type and open type), and different configurations. The simulation result demonstrates that the open type requires less time to extinguish the fire than the enclosed wet type if the horizontal distance between the sprinkler and the scooter ignition source is short, the sprinkler can act quickly, the heat release rate of fire can be suppressed in advance. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=automatic%20sprinkler%20system" title="automatic sprinkler system">automatic sprinkler system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20parking%20Spac" title=" underground parking Spac"> underground parking Spac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=FDS" title=" FDS"> FDS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=scooter%20fire%20extinguishing" title=" scooter fire extinguishing"> scooter fire extinguishing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120646/analysis-of-the-effect-about-different-automatic-sprinkler-system-extinguishing-the-scooter-fire-in-underground-parking-space" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/120646.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">142</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3698</span> Laboratory Scale Experimental Studies on CO₂ Based Underground Coal Gasification in Context of Clean Coal Technology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Geeta%20Kumari">Geeta Kumari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Prabu%20Vairakannu"> Prabu Vairakannu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Coal is the largest fossil fuel. In India, around 37 % of coal resources found at a depth of more than 300 meters. In India, more than 70% of electricity production depends on coal. Coal on combustion produces greenhouse and pollutant gases such as CO₂, SOₓ, NOₓ, and H₂S etc. Underground coal gasification (UCG) technology is an efficient and an economic in-situ clean coal technology, which converts these unmineable coals into valuable calorific gases. The UCG syngas (mainly H₂, CO, CH₄ and some lighter hydrocarbons) which can utilized for the production of electricity and manufacturing of various useful chemical feedstock. It is an inherent clean coal technology as it avoids ash disposal, mining, transportation and storage problems. Gasification of underground coal using steam as a gasifying medium is not an easy process because sending superheated steam to deep underground coal leads to major transportation difficulties and cost effective. Therefore, for reducing this problem, we have used CO₂ as a gasifying medium, which is a major greenhouse gas. This paper focus laboratory scale underground coal gasification experiment on a coal block by using CO₂ as a gasifying medium. In the present experiment, first, we inject oxygen for combustion for 1 hour and when the temperature of the zones reached to more than 1000 ºC, and then we started supplying of CO₂ as a gasifying medium. The gasification experiment was performed at an atmospheric pressure of CO₂, and it was found that the amount of CO produced due to Boudouard reaction (C+CO₂  2CO) is around 35%. The experiment conducted to almost 5 hours. The maximum gas composition observed, 35% CO, 22 % H₂, and 11% CH4 with LHV 248.1 kJ/mol at CO₂/O₂ ratio 0.4 by volume. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20coal%20gasification" title="underground coal gasification">underground coal gasification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=clean%20coal%20technology" title=" clean coal technology"> clean coal technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=calorific%20value" title=" calorific value"> calorific value</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=syngas" title=" syngas"> syngas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73112/laboratory-scale-experimental-studies-on-co2-based-underground-coal-gasification-in-context-of-clean-coal-technology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73112.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3697</span> Magnetic Simulation of the Underground Electric Cable in the Presence of a Short Circuit and Harmonics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20Nour%20El%20Islam%20Ayad">Ahmed Nour El Islam Ayad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Wafa%20Krika"> Wafa Krika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdelghani%20Ayad"> Abdelghani Ayad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Moulay%20Larab"> Moulay Larab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Houari%20Boudjella"> Houari Boudjella</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Benhamida"> Farid Benhamida</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this study is to evaluate the magnetic emission of underground electric cable of high voltage, because these power lines generate electromagnetic interaction with other objects near to it. The aim of this work shows a numerical simulation of the magnetic field of buried 400 kV line in three cases: permanent and transient states of short circuit and the last case with the presence of the harmonics at different positions as a function of time variation, with finite element resolution using Comsol Multiphysics software. The results obtained showed that the amplitude and distribution of the magnetic flux density change in the transient state and the presence of harmonics. The results of this work calculate the magnetic field generated by the underground lines in order to evaluate and know their impact on ecology and health. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground" title="underground">underground</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electric%20power%20cables" title=" electric power cables"> electric power cables</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cables%20crossing" title=" cables crossing"> cables crossing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=harmonic" title=" harmonic"> harmonic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=emission" title=" emission"> emission</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112134/magnetic-simulation-of-the-underground-electric-cable-in-the-presence-of-a-short-circuit-and-harmonics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/112134.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">229</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3696</span> Improvement of Overall Equipment Effectiveness of Load Haul Dump Machines in Underground Coal Mines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20BalaRaju">J. BalaRaju</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Govinda%20Raj"> M. Govinda Raj</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20S.%20N.%20Murthy"> C. S. N. Murthy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Every organization in the competitive world tends to improve its economy by increasing their production and productivity rates. Unequivocally, the production in Indian underground mines over the years is not satisfactory, due to a variety of reasons. There are manifold of avenues for the betterment of production, and one such approach is through enhanced utilization of mechanized equipment such as Load Haul Dumper (LHD). This is used as loading and hauling purpose in underground mines. In view of the aforementioned facts, this paper delves into identification of the key influencing factors such as LHDs maintenance effectiveness, vehicle condition, operator skill and utilization of the machines on performance of LHDs. An attempt has been made for improvement of performance of the equipment through evaluation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE). Two different approaches for evaluation of OEE have been adopted and compared under various operating conditions. The use of OEE calculation in terms of percentage availability, performance and quality and the hitherto existing situation of the underground mine production is evaluated. Necessary recommendations are suggested to mining industry on the basis of OEE. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=utilization" title="utilization">utilization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=maintenance" title=" maintenance"> maintenance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=availability" title=" availability"> availability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=performance%20and%20quality" title=" performance and quality"> performance and quality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79759/improvement-of-overall-equipment-effectiveness-of-load-haul-dump-machines-in-underground-coal-mines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">222</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3695</span> Modelling of Powered Roof Supports Work</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marcin%20Michalak">Marcin Michalak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Due to the increasing efforts on saving our natural environment a change in the structure of energy resources can be observed - an increasing fraction of a renewable energy sources. In many countries traditional underground coal mining loses its significance but there are still countries, like Poland or Germany, in which the coal based technologies have the greatest fraction in a total energy production. This necessitates to make an effort to limit the costs and negative effects of underground coal mining. The longwall complex is as essential part of the underground coal mining. The safety and the effectiveness of the work is strongly dependent of the diagnostic state of powered roof supports. The building of a useful and reliable diagnostic system requires a lot of data. As the acquisition of a data of any possible operating conditions it is important to have a possibility to generate a demanded artificial working characteristics. In this paper a new approach of modelling a leg pressure in the single unit of powered roof support. The model is a result of the analysis of a typical working cycles. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=machine%20modelling" title="machine modelling">machine modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20mining" title=" underground mining"> underground mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=coal%20mining" title=" coal mining"> coal mining</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure" title=" structure"> structure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29127/modelling-of-powered-roof-supports-work" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29127.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">368</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3694</span> Stability Analysis of Rock Tunnel Subjected to Internal Blast Loading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammad%20Zaid">Mohammad Zaid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Md.%20Rehan%20Sadique"> Md. Rehan Sadique</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Underground structures are an integral part of urban infrastructures. Tunnels are being used for the transportation of humans and goods from distance to distance. Terrorist attacks on underground structures such as tunnels have resulted in the improvement of design methodologies of tunnels. The design of underground tunnels must include anti-terror design parameters. The study has been carried out to analyse the rock tunnel when subjected to internal blast loading. The finite element analysis has been carried out for 30m by 30m of the cross-section of the tunnel and 35m length of extrusion of the rock tunnel model. The effect of tunnel diameter and overburden depth of tunnel has been studied under internal blast loading. Four different diameters of tunnel considered are 5m, 6m, 7m, and 8m, and four different overburden depth of tunnel considered are 5m, 7.5m, 10m, and 12.5m. The mohr-coulomb constitutive material model has been considered for the Quartzite rock. A concrete damage plasticity model has been adopted for concrete tunnel lining. For the trinitrotoluene (TNT) Jones-Wilkens-Lee (JWL) material model has been considered. Coupled-Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) approach for blast analysis has been considered in the present study. The present study concludes that a shallow tunnel having smaller diameter needs more attention in comparison to blast resistant design of deep tunnel having a larger diameter. Further, in the case of shallow tunnels, more bulging has been observed, and a more substantial zone of rock has been affected by internal blast loading. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20method" title="finite element method">finite element method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=blast" title=" blast"> blast</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rock" title=" rock"> rock</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tunnel" title=" tunnel"> tunnel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CEL" title=" CEL"> CEL</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=JWL" title=" JWL"> JWL</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115807/stability-analysis-of-rock-tunnel-subjected-to-internal-blast-loading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115807.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">147</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3693</span> A Study on Shavadoon Underground Living Space in Dezful and Shooshtar Cities, Southwest of Iran: As a Sample of Sustainable Vernacular Architecture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haniyeh%20Okhovat">Haniyeh Okhovat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mahmood%20Hosseini"> Mahmood Hosseini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Omid%20Kaveh%20Ahangari"> Omid Kaveh Ahangari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mona%20Zaryoun"> Mona Zaryoun</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Shavadoon is a type of underground living space, formerly used in urban residences of Dezful and Shooshtar cities in southwestern Iran. In spite of their high efficiency in creating cool spaces for hot summers of that area, Shavadoons were abandoned, like many other components of vernacular architecture, as a result of the modernism movement. However, Shavadoons were used by the local people as shelters during the 8-year Iran-Iraq war, and although several cases of bombardment happened during those years, no case of damage was reported in those two cities. On this basis, and regarding the high seismicity of Iran, the use of Shavadoons as post-disasters shelters can be considered as a good issue for research. This paper presents the results of a thorough study conducted on these spaces and their seismic behavior. First, the architectural aspects of Shavadoon and their construction technique are presented. Then, the results of seismic evaluation of a sample Shavadoon, conducted by a series of time history analyses, using Plaxis software and a set of selected earthquakes, are briefly explained. These results show that Shavadoons have good stability against seismic excitations. This stability is mainly because of the high strength of conglomerate materials inside which the Shavadoons have been excavated. On this basis, and considering other merits of this components of vernacular architecture in southwest of Iran, it is recommended that the revival of these components is seriously reconsidered by both architects and civil engineers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shavadoon" title="Shavadoon">Shavadoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iran%20high%20seismicity" title=" Iran high seismicity"> Iran high seismicity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Conglomerate" title=" Conglomerate"> Conglomerate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Modeling%20in%20Plaxis" title=" Modeling in Plaxis"> Modeling in Plaxis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vernacular%20sustainable%20architecture" title=" Vernacular sustainable architecture"> Vernacular sustainable architecture</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64894/a-study-on-shavadoon-underground-living-space-in-dezful-and-shooshtar-cities-southwest-of-iran-as-a-sample-of-sustainable-vernacular-architecture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/64894.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20stability&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underground%20stability&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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