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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cotton_manufacturing_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cotton_manufacturing_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cotton manufacturing processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cotton_manufacturing_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tools-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tools subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hand_carders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hand_carders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hand carders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hand_carders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drum_carders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drum_carders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Drum carders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drum_carders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cottage_carders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cottage_carders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cottage carders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cottage_carders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carding</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%81" title="نداف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نداف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardau_d%27a_lana" title="Cardau d'a lana – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cardau d'a lana" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="তুলো ধোনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুলো ধোনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardat" title="Cardat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cardat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myk%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Mykání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mykání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartning" title="Kartning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kartning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardieren" title="Kardieren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kardieren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraasimine" title="Kraasimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kraasimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Λανάρισμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λανάρισμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherdad%C3%B9ra" title="Cherdadùra – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Cherdadùra" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardado_textil" title="Cardado textil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cardado textil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardage" title="Cardage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cardage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card%C3%A1il" title="Cardáil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cardáil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A9%B4_(%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%81)" title="소면 (방적) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소면 (방적)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ullarkambur" title="Ullarkambur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ullarkambur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardatura" title="Cardatura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cardatura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A5" title="ניפוץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניפוץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="पिंजारी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पिंजारी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A2%B3%E7%B6%BF" title="梳綿 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="梳綿" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karding" title="Karding – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karding" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="پینجا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پینجا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgrzeblenie" title="Zgrzeblenie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zgrzeblenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carda" title="Carda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card%C4%83" title="Cardă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cardă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Чесание волокнистых материалов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чесание волокнистых материалов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karstaus" title="Karstaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karstaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardning" title="Kardning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kardning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பஞ்சுவெட்டல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஞ்சுவெட்டல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Чесання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чесання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1411858#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Carding_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Carding (disambiguation)">Carding (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamieson_wool_Shetland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jamieson_wool_Shetland.jpg/300px-Jamieson_wool_Shetland.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jamieson_wool_Shetland.jpg/450px-Jamieson_wool_Shetland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Jamieson_wool_Shetland.jpg/600px-Jamieson_wool_Shetland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4107" data-file-height="2437" /></a><figcaption>Dyed wool being carded with a 1949 Tatham carding machine at Jamieson Mill, <a href="/wiki/Sandness" title="Sandness">Sandness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Ainul_-_Howrah_2011-12-11_00914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Muhammad_Ainul_-_Howrah_2011-12-11_00914.jpg/220px-Muhammad_Ainul_-_Howrah_2011-12-11_00914.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Muhammad_Ainul_-_Howrah_2011-12-11_00914.jpg/330px-Muhammad_Ainul_-_Howrah_2011-12-11_00914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Muhammad_Ainul_-_Howrah_2011-12-11_00914.jpg/440px-Muhammad_Ainul_-_Howrah_2011-12-11_00914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Cotton carder (known as dhunuri or lep <a href="/wiki/Wallah" title="Wallah">wallah</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Howrah" title="Howrah">Howrah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Tatham_Breaker_Carding_engine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/William_Tatham_Breaker_Carding_engine.jpg/220px-William_Tatham_Breaker_Carding_engine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/William_Tatham_Breaker_Carding_engine.jpg/330px-William_Tatham_Breaker_Carding_engine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/William_Tatham_Breaker_Carding_engine.jpg/440px-William_Tatham_Breaker_Carding_engine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>William Tatham Breaker carder.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> production, <b>carding</b> is a mechanical process that disentangles, cleans and intermixes fibres to produce a continuous web or <a href="/wiki/Sliver_(textiles)" title="Sliver (textiles)">sliver</a> suitable for subsequent processing.<sup id="cite_ref-Yilmaz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yilmaz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is achieved by passing the fibres between differentially moving surfaces covered with "card clothing", a firm flexible material embedded with metal pins. It breaks up locks and unorganised clumps of fibre and then aligns the individual fibres to be parallel with each other. In preparing wool fibre for <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spinning</a>, carding is the step that comes after teasing.<sup id="cite_ref-PWH_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PWH-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word is derived from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Carduus</i></span> meaning thistle or <a href="/wiki/Dipsacus" title="Dipsacus">teasel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as dried vegetable teasels were first used to comb the raw wool before technological advances led to the use of machines. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These ordered fibres can then be passed on to other processes that are specific to the desired end use of the fibre: <a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">Cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batting_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Batting (material)">batting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woollen" class="mw-redirect" title="Woollen">woollen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Worsted" title="Worsted">worsted</a> yarn, etc. Carding can also be used to create blends of different fibres or different <a href="/wiki/Colour" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour">colours</a>. When blending, the carding process combines the different fibres into a homogeneous mix. Commercial cards also have rollers and systems designed to remove some vegetable matter contaminants from the wool.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Common to all carders is card clothing. Card clothing is made from a sturdy flexible backing in which closely spaced wire pins are embedded. The shape, length, diameter, and spacing of these wire pins are dictated by the card designer and the particular requirements of the application where the card cloth will be used. A later version of the card clothing product developed during the latter half of the 19th century and was found only on commercial carding machines, whereby a single piece of <a href="/wiki/Serration" title="Serration">serrated</a> wire was wrapped around a roller, became known as metallic card clothing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Carding machines are known as cards. Fibre may be carded by hand for hand spinning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Science historian <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Joseph Needham</a> ascribes the invention of bow-instruments used in textile technology to India.<sup id="cite_ref-Baber1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baber1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from India (2nd century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Baber1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baber1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These carding devices, called <i>kaman</i> (bow) and <i>dhunaki</i>, would loosen the texture of the fibre by the means of a vibrating string.<sup id="cite_ref-Baber1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baber1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the turn of the eighteenth century, wool in England was being carded using pairs of hand cards, in a two-stage process: 'working' with the cards opposed and 'stripping' where they are in parallel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197273_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards197273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1748 <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Paul" title="Lewis Paul">Lewis Paul</a> of <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, invented two hand driven carding machines. The first used a coat of wires on a flat table moved by foot pedals. This failed. On the second, a coat of wire slips was placed around a card which was then wrapped around a cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197273_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards197273-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bourn" title="Daniel Bourn">Daniel Bourn</a> obtained a similar patent in the same year, and probably used it in his spinning mill at <a href="/wiki/Leominster" title="Leominster">Leominster</a>, but this burnt down in 1754.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The invention was later developed and improved by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Arkwright" title="Richard Arkwright">Richard Arkwright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Crompton" title="Samuel Crompton">Samuel Crompton</a>. Arkwright's second patent (of 1775) for his carding machine was subsequently declared invalid (1785) because it lacked originality.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhunuri_Cotton-Carder_India_1774-1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dhunuri_Cotton-Carder_India_1774-1781.jpg/220px-Dhunuri_Cotton-Carder_India_1774-1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Dhunuri_Cotton-Carder_India_1774-1781.jpg/330px-Dhunuri_Cotton-Carder_India_1774-1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Dhunuri_Cotton-Carder_India_1774-1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A "Cotton carder": an old engraving copied from artist <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sonnerat" title="Pierre Sonnerat">Pierre Sonnerat</a>'s 1782 illustration</figcaption></figure> <p>From the 1780s, the carding machines were set up in mills in the north of England and mid-Wales. Priority was given to cotton but woollen fibres were being carded in Yorkshire in 1780. With woollen, two carding machines were used: the first or the scribbler opened and mixed the fibres, the second or the condenser mixed and formed the web.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197274_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards197274-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first in Wales was in a factory at <a href="/wiki/Dolobran" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolobran">Dolobran</a> near <a href="/wiki/Meifod" title="Meifod">Meifod</a> in 1789. These carding mills produced yarn particularly for the <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Welsh</a> <a href="/wiki/Flannel" title="Flannel">flannel</a> industry.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1834 <a href="/wiki/James_Walton_(inventor)" title="James Walton (inventor)">James Walton</a> invented the first practical machines to use a wire card. He patented this machine and also a new form of card with layers of cloth and rubber. The combination of these two inventions became the standard for the carding industry, using machines first built by Parr, Curtis and Walton in <a href="/wiki/Ancoats" title="Ancoats">Ancoats</a>, and from 1857 by Jams Walton & Sons at <a href="/wiki/Haughton_Green" title="Haughton Green">Haughton Dale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1838, the <a href="/wiki/River_Spen" title="River Spen">Spen Valley</a>, centred on <a href="/wiki/Cleckheaton" title="Cleckheaton">Cleckheaton</a>, had at least 11 card clothing factories and by 1893, it was generally accepted as the card cloth capital of the world, though by 2008 only two manufacturers of metallic and flexible card clothing remained in England: Garnett Wire Ltd., dating from 1851, and Joseph Sellers & Son Ltd., established in 1840.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Baird from Scotland took carding to <a href="/wiki/Leicester,_Massachusetts" title="Leicester, Massachusetts">Leicester, Massachusetts</a>, in the 1780s. In the 1890s, the town produced one-third of all hand and machine cards in North America.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> John and Arthur Slater, from Saddleworth went over to work with Slater in 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197274_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards197274-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 1780s scribbling mill would be driven by a water wheel. There were 170 scribbling mills around Leeds at that time. Each scribbler would require 15–45 horsepower (11–34 kW) to operate. Modern machines are driven by belting from an electric motor or an overhead shaft via two pulleys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197274_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards197274-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cotton_manufacturing_processes">Cotton manufacturing processes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cotton manufacturing processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="-2" style="font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.5em"> <caption style="font-weight: bold">Cotton manufacturing processes </caption> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_odo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/FCIcon_odo.svg/180px-FCIcon_odo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/FCIcon_odo.svg/270px-FCIcon_odo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/FCIcon_odo.svg/360px-FCIcon_odo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="20"></td> <td width="175" style="border:2px solid red">Bale breaker</td> <td width="20"></td> <td width="175"></td> <td width="20"></td> <td width="175"><b>Blowing room</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_orh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/180px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/270px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/360px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/20px-FCIcon_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/30px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/40px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h1o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FCIcon_h1o.svg/180px-FCIcon_h1o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FCIcon_h1o.svg/270px-FCIcon_h1o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FCIcon_h1o.svg/360px-FCIcon_h1o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red"><a href="/wiki/Willowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Willowing">Willowing</a></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Breaker <a href="/wiki/Scutching" title="Scutching">scutcher</a></td> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Batting </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Finishing scutcher</td> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Lapping</td> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Teasing </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ozh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCIcon_ozh.svg/180px-FCIcon_ozh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCIcon_ozh.svg/270px-FCIcon_ozh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCIcon_ozh.svg/360px-FCIcon_ozh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_A.svg/20px-FCIcon_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_A.svg/30px-FCIcon_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_A.svg/40px-FCIcon_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h2o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FCIcon_h2o.svg/180px-FCIcon_h2o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FCIcon_h2o.svg/270px-FCIcon_h2o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FCIcon_h2o.svg/360px-FCIcon_h2o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carding</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>Carding room</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_orh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/180px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/270px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/360px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/20px-FCIcon_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/30px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/40px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h1o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FCIcon_h1o.svg/180px-FCIcon_h1o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FCIcon_h1o.svg/270px-FCIcon_h1o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FCIcon_h1o.svg/360px-FCIcon_h1o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Sliver lap</td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red"><a href="/wiki/Combing" title="Combing">Combing</a></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ozh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCIcon_ozh.svg/180px-FCIcon_ozh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCIcon_ozh.svg/270px-FCIcon_ozh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCIcon_ozh.svg/360px-FCIcon_ozh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_A.svg/20px-FCIcon_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_A.svg/30px-FCIcon_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_A.svg/40px-FCIcon_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h2o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FCIcon_h2o.svg/180px-FCIcon_h2o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FCIcon_h2o.svg/270px-FCIcon_h2o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FCIcon_h2o.svg/360px-FCIcon_h2o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Drawing </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Slubbing </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Intermediate </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red"><a href="/wiki/Roving" title="Roving">Roving</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/20px-FCIcon_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/30px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/40px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Fine roving </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_orh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/180px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/270px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/360px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/20px-FCIcon_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/30px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/40px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_hzo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/FCIcon_hzo.svg/180px-FCIcon_hzo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/FCIcon_hzo.svg/270px-FCIcon_hzo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/FCIcon_hzo.svg/360px-FCIcon_hzo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red"><a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">Mule spinning</a></td> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red"><a href="/wiki/Ring_spinning" title="Ring spinning">Ring spinning</a></td> <td></td> <td><b>Spinning</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ozh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCIcon_ozh.svg/180px-FCIcon_ozh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCIcon_ozh.svg/270px-FCIcon_ozh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/FCIcon_ozh.svg/360px-FCIcon_ozh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_A.svg/20px-FCIcon_A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_A.svg/30px-FCIcon_A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_A.svg/40px-FCIcon_A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h2o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FCIcon_h2o.svg/180px-FCIcon_h2o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FCIcon_h2o.svg/270px-FCIcon_h2o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/FCIcon_h2o.svg/360px-FCIcon_h2o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_orh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/180px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/270px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/360px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/20px-FCIcon_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/30px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/40px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_hrh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_hrh.svg/180px-FCIcon_hrh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_hrh.svg/270px-FCIcon_hrh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/FCIcon_hrh.svg/360px-FCIcon_hrh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/20px-FCIcon_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/30px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/40px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h1o.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FCIcon_h1o.svg/180px-FCIcon_h1o.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FCIcon_h1o.svg/270px-FCIcon_h1o.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/FCIcon_h1o.svg/360px-FCIcon_h1o.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Reeling</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_a.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/FCIcon_a.svg/20px-FCIcon_a.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/FCIcon_a.svg/30px-FCIcon_a.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/FCIcon_a.svg/40px-FCIcon_a.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td style="border:2px solid red"><a href="/wiki/Doubling_(textiles)" title="Doubling (textiles)">Doubling</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Winding</td> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Bundling</td> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Bleaching</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_orh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/180px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/270px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/FCIcon_orh.svg/360px-FCIcon_orh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_h.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/20px-FCIcon_h.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/30px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/FCIcon_h.svg/40px-FCIcon_h.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_1vo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FCIcon_1vo.svg/180px-FCIcon_1vo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FCIcon_1vo.svg/270px-FCIcon_1vo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/FCIcon_1vo.svg/360px-FCIcon_1vo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Weaving shed</b></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_vvo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/180px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/270px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/360px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Winding</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_vvo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/180px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/270px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/360px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Beaming</td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_vvo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/180px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/270px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/360px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Cabling</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_vvo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/180px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/270px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/360px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Warping</td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_vvo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/180px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/270px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/360px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Gassing</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_vvo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/180px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/270px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/360px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Sizing/slashing/dressing</td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_vvo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/180px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/270px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/360px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red">Spooling</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_vvo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/180px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/270px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/360px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="border:2px solid red"><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_vvo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/180px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/270px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/FCIcon_vvo.svg/360px-FCIcon_vvo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ovo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/FCIcon_ovo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ovo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_odo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/FCIcon_odo.svg/180px-FCIcon_odo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/FCIcon_odo.svg/270px-FCIcon_odo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/FCIcon_odo.svg/360px-FCIcon_odo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_ddo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/FCIcon_ddo.svg/180px-FCIcon_ddo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/FCIcon_ddo.svg/270px-FCIcon_ddo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/FCIcon_ddo.svg/360px-FCIcon_ddo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FCIcon_odo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/FCIcon_odo.svg/180px-FCIcon_odo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/FCIcon_odo.svg/270px-FCIcon_odo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/FCIcon_odo.svg/360px-FCIcon_odo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Cloth</b></td> <td colspan="2"><b>Yarn (cheese)</b> <b> Bundle</b></td> <td></td> <td style="text-align:center;"><b>Sewing thread</b> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_CardaObridora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_CardaObridora.jpg/170px-Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_CardaObridora.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_CardaObridora.jpg/255px-Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_CardaObridora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_CardaObridora.jpg/340px-Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_CardaObridora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Carding machine</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Carding</b>: the fibres are separated and then assembled into a loose strand (<a href="/wiki/Sliver_(textiles)" title="Sliver (textiles)">sliver</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tow_(fibre)" title="Tow (fibre)">tow</a>) at the conclusion of this stage. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The cotton comes off of the picking machine in laps, and is then taken to carding machines. The carders line up the fibres nicely to make them easier to spin. The carding machine consists mainly of one big roller with smaller ones surrounding it. All of the rollers are covered with small teeth, and as the cotton progresses further on the teeth get finer (i.e. closer together). The cotton leaves the carding machine in the form of a sliver; a large rope of fibres.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a wider sense carding can refer to the four processes of willowing, lapping, carding and drawing. In <b>willowing</b> the fibres are loosened. In <b>lapping</b> the dust is removed to create a flat sheet or lap of fibres; <b>Carding</b> itself is the combing of the tangled lap into a thick rope or sliver of 1/2 inch in diameter, it can then be optionally combed, is used to remove the shorter fibres, creating a stronger yarn. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_Pentinadora.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_Pentinadora.jpg/170px-Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_Pentinadora.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_Pentinadora.jpg/255px-Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_Pentinadora.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_Pentinadora.jpg/340px-Catalonia_Terrassa_mNATEC_Pentinadora.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A combing machine</figcaption></figure> <p>In <b>drawing</b> a <b>drawing frame</b> combines 4 slivers into one. Repeated drawing increases the quality of the sliver allowing for finer counts to be spun.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each sliver will have thin and thick spots, and by combining several slivers together a more consistent size can be reached. Since combining several slivers produces a very thick rope of cotton fibres, directly after being combined the slivers are separated into rovings. These rovings (or slubbings) are then what are used in the spinning process.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For machine processing, a roving is about the width of a pencil. The rovings are collected in a drum and proceed to the <b>slubbing frame</b> which adds twist, and winds onto bobbins. <b>Intermediate Frames</b> are used to repeat the slubbing process to produce a finer yarn, and then the <b>roving frames</b> reduces it to a finer thread, gives more twist, makes more regular and even in thickness, and winds onto a smaller tube.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The carders used currently in woollen mills differ very little from machines used 20 to 50 years ago, and in some cases, the machines are from that era. </p><p>Machine carders vary in size from the one that easily fits on the kitchen table, to the carder that takes up a full room <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://frysingerreunion.org/1/new_england/sturbridge47.jpg">[1]</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. </p><p>A carder that takes up a full room works very similarly, the main difference being that the fibre goes through many more drums often with intervening cross laying to even out the load on the subsequent cards, which normally get finer as the fibre progresses through the system. </p><p>When the fibre comes off the drum, it is in the form of a bat – a flat, orderly mass of fibres. If a small drum carder is being used, the bat is the length of the circumference of the big drum and is often the finished product. A big drum carder, though, will then take that bat and turn it into roving, by stretching it thinner and thinner, until it is the desired thickness (often rovings are the thickness of a wrist). (A rolag differs from a roving because it is not a continuous strand, and because the fibres end up going across instead of along the strand.) Cotton fibres are fed into the machine, picked up and brushed onto flats when carded. </p><p>Some hand-spinners have a small drum carder at home especially for the purpose of mixing together the different coloured fibre that are bought already carded. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Historical Carding Machines</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Restored_carding_machine_at_Quarry_Bank_Mill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A restored carding machine at Quarry Bank Mill in the UK"><img alt="A restored carding machine at Quarry Bank Mill in the UK" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Restored_carding_machine_at_Quarry_Bank_Mill.jpg/300px-Restored_carding_machine_at_Quarry_Bank_Mill.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Restored_carding_machine_at_Quarry_Bank_Mill.jpg/451px-Restored_carding_machine_at_Quarry_Bank_Mill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Restored_carding_machine_at_Quarry_Bank_Mill.jpg/600px-Restored_carding_machine_at_Quarry_Bank_Mill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A restored carding machine at <a href="/wiki/Quarry_Bank_Mill" title="Quarry Bank Mill">Quarry Bank Mill</a> in the UK</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 268.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 266.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv/400px--Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="267" height="150" data-durationhint="133" data-mwtitle="Carding_machine_1913_–_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1024" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv/Carding_machine_1913_%E2%80%93_Mueller_Woollen_Cloth_Mill.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wool carder from 1913 at the Mueller Tuchfabrik, Euskirchen</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 227.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 225.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Double_carder.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="19th-century ox-powered double carding machine"><img alt="19th-century ox-powered double carding machine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Double_carder.JPG/338px-Double_carder.JPG" decoding="async" width="226" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Double_carder.JPG/507px-Double_carder.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Double_carder.JPG/675px-Double_carder.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th-century ox-powered double carding machine</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tools">Tools</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Predating mechanised weaving, <a href="/wiki/Weaving#History" title="Weaving">hand loom weaving</a> was a cottage industry that used the same processes but on a smaller scale. These skills have survived as an artisan craft or as a <a href="/wiki/Weaving#Craft_weavers" title="Weaving">art form and hobby</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grove_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grove-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hand_carders">Hand carders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hand carders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rolag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rolag.jpg/220px-Rolag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rolag.jpg/330px-Rolag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rolag.jpg/440px-Rolag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Creating a <a href="/wiki/Rolag" title="Rolag">rolag</a> using hand cards</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogv/220px--Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="169" data-durationhint="50" data-mwtitle="Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogv/Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="416" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="416" data-height="320" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogv/Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="188" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6e/Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogv/Rhof-kardierenSpinnenStricken.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="312" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Irreler Bauerntradition shows carding, spinning and knitting in the <a href="/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum">Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hand cards are typically square or rectangular paddles manufactured in a variety of sizes from 2 by 2 inches (5.1 cm × 5.1 cm) to 4 by 8 inches (10 cm × 20 cm). The working face of each paddle can be flat or cylindrically curved and wears the card cloth. Small cards, called flick cards, are used to flick the ends of a lock of fibre, or to tease out some strands for spinning off.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pair of cards is used to brush the wool between them until the fibres are more or less aligned in the same direction. The aligned fibre is then peeled from the card as a <a href="/wiki/Rolag" title="Rolag">rolag</a>. Carding is an activity normally done outside or over a drop cloth, depending on the wool's cleanliness. Rolag is peeled from the card.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quilt_making_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Quilt_making_04.JPG/220px-Quilt_making_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Quilt_making_04.JPG/330px-Quilt_making_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Quilt_making_04.JPG/440px-Quilt_making_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3748" data-file-height="2533" /></a><figcaption>A carding machine in <a href="/wiki/Haikou" title="Haikou">Haikou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Province">Hainan Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This product (rovings, rolags, and batts) can be used for <a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">spinning</a>. </p><p>Carding of wool can either be done "in the grease" or not, depending on the type of machine and on the spinner's preference. "In the grease" means that the <a href="/wiki/Lanolin" title="Lanolin">lanolin</a> that naturally comes with the wool has not been washed out, leaving the wool with a slightly greasy feel. The large drum carders do not tend to get along well with lanolin, so most commercial worsted and woollen mills wash the wool before carding. Hand carders (and small drum carders too, though the directions may not recommend it) can be used to card lanolin-rich wool. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drum_carders">Drum carders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Drum carders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carding_llama_hair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Carding_llama_hair.jpg/220px-Carding_llama_hair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Carding_llama_hair.jpg/330px-Carding_llama_hair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Carding_llama_hair.jpg/440px-Carding_llama_hair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Carding <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llama</a> hair with a hand-cranked drum carder</figcaption></figure> <p>The simplest machine carder is the drum carder. Most drum carders are hand-cranked but some are powered by an electric motor. These machines generally have two rollers, or drums, covered with card clothing. The licker-in, or smaller roller meters fibre from the infeed tray onto the larger storage drum. The two rollers are connected to each other by a belt- or chain-drive so that their relative speeds cause the storage drum to gently pull fibres from the licker-in. This pulling straightens the fibres and lays them between the wire pins of the storage drum's card cloth. Fibre is added until the storage drum's card cloth is full. A gap in the card cloth facilitates removal of the batt when the card cloth is full. </p><p>Some drum carders have a soft-bristled brush attachment that presses the fibre into the storage drum. This attachment serves to condense the fibres already in the card cloth and adds a small amount of additional straightening to the condensed fibre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cottage_carders">Cottage carders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cottage carders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Workings of a cottage carder</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 311px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Using a cottage carder to card white alpaca"><img alt="Cottage carder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder.jpg/200px-Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder.jpg/300px-Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder.jpg/400px-Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Using a cottage carder to card white <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpaca</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 311px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 306px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder_Schematic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram showing name, location, and rotation of rollers used on a cottage carder"><img alt="Cottage carder schematic drawing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder_Schematic.jpg/276px-Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder_Schematic.jpg" decoding="async" width="276" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder_Schematic.jpg/414px-Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder_Schematic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder_Schematic.jpg/552px-Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder_Schematic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1147" data-file-height="624" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram showing name, location, and rotation of rollers used on a cottage carder</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <p>Cottage carding machines differ significantly from the simple drum card. These carders do not store fibre in the card cloth as the drum carder does; rather, fibre passes through the workings of the carder for storage or for additional processing by other machines. </p><p>A typical cottage carder has a single large drum (the swift) accompanied by a pair of in-feed rollers (nippers), one or more pairs of worker and stripper rollers, a fancy, and a <a href="/wiki/Doffing_cylinder" title="Doffing cylinder">doffer</a>. In-feed to the carder is usually accomplished by hand or by conveyor belt and often the output of the cottage carder is stored as a batt or further processed into <a href="/wiki/Roving" title="Roving">roving</a> and wound into bumps with an accessory bump winder. The cottage carder in the <a href="/wiki/File:Pat_Green_Jumbo_Exotic_Carder.jpg" title="File:Pat Green Jumbo Exotic Carder.jpg">image below</a> supports both outputs. </p><p>Raw fibre, placed on the in-feed table or conveyor is moved to the nippers which restrain and meter the fiber onto the swift. As they are transferred to the swift, many of the fibres are straightened and laid into the swift's card cloth. These fibres will be carried past the worker or stripper rollers to the fancy. </p><p>As the swift carries the fibres forward, from the nippers, those fibres that are not yet straightened are picked up by a worker and carried over the top to its paired stripper. Relative to the surface speed of the swift, the worker turns quite slowly. This has the effect of reversing the fibre. The stripper, which turns at a higher speed than the worker, pulls fibres from the worker and passes them to the swift. The stripper's relative surface speed is slower than the swift's so the swift pulls the fibres from the stripper for additional straightening. </p><p>Straightened fibres are carried by the swift to the fancy. The fancy's card cloth is designed to engage with the swift's card cloth so that the fibres are lifted to the tips of the swift's card cloth and carried by the swift to the doffer. The fancy and the swift are the only rollers in the carding process that actually touch. </p><p>The slowly turning doffer removes the fibres from the swift and carries them to the fly comb where they are stripped from the doffer. A fine web of more or less parallel fibre, a few fibres thick and as wide as the carder's rollers, exits the carder at the fly comb by gravity or other mechanical means for storage or further processing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_mill" title="Cotton mill">Cotton mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton-spinning_machinery" title="Cotton-spinning machinery">Cotton-spinning machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubling_(textiles)" title="Doubling (textiles)">Doubling (textiles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DREF_friction_spinning" title="DREF friction spinning">DREF friction spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig-mill" title="Gig-mill">Gig-mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_end_spinning" class="mw-redirect" title="Open end spinning">Open end spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">Spinning wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacture_during_the_Industrial_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution">Textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_manufacturing" title="Textile manufacturing">Textile manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">Timeline of clothing and textiles technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarn_realisation" title="Yarn realisation">Yarn realisation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Yilmaz-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yilmaz_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYilmazPowell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yilmaz, Nasire Deniz; Powell (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tx.ncsu.edu/jtatm/volume4issue4/Articles/Yilmaz/Yilmaz_full.pdf">"The Technology of Terry Towel production"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management</i>. <b>4</b> (4). North Carolina Stare University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Textile+and+Apparel%2C+Technology+and+Management&rft.atitle=The+Technology+of+Terry+Towel+production&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Yilmaz&rft.aufirst=Nasire+Deniz&rft.au=Powell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tx.ncsu.edu%2Fjtatm%2Fvolume4issue4%2FArticles%2FYilmaz%2FYilmaz_full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PWH-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PWH_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822232441/http://www.lahottee.info/E_FiberPreparation.php">"Preparing Wool for Handspinning"</a>. <i>La Hottée</i>. 27 July 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lahottee.info/E_FiberPreparation.php">the original</a> on 2014-08-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-09-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Hott%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Preparing+Wool+for+Handspinning&rft.date=2007-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lahottee.info%2FE_FiberPreparation.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Carding"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Carding">"Carding" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carding&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baber1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baber1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baber1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baber1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaber1996" class="citation book cs1">Baber, Zaheer (1996). <i>The Science of Empire: Scientific Knowledge, Civilisation, and Colonial Rule in India</i>. the State University of New York Press. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2919-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2919-9"><bdi>0-7914-2919-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+Empire%3A+Scientific+Knowledge%2C+Civilisation%2C+and+Colonial+Rule+in+India&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=the+State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7914-2919-9&rft.aulast=Baber&rft.aufirst=Zaheer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards197273-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197273_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197273_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1972">Richards 1972</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadsworthMann1931" class="citation book cs1">Wadsworth, A. P.; Mann, J. de L. (1931). <i>The Cotton Industry and Industrial Lancashire</i>. Manchester University Press. pp. 419–448.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cotton+Industry+and+Industrial+Lancashire&rft.pages=419-448&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Wadsworth&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rft.au=Mann%2C+J.+de+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFittonWadsworth1958" class="citation book cs1">Fitton, R. S.; Wadsworth, A. P. (1958). <i>The Strutts and the Arkwrights 1758-1830: a Study in the Early Factory System</i>. Manchester University Press. pp. 65–80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strutts+and+the+Arkwrights+1758-1830%3A+a+Study+in+the+Early+Factory+System&rft.pages=65-80&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Fitton&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft.au=Wadsworth%2C+A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERichards197274-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197274_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197274_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERichards197274_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRichards1972">Richards 1972</a>, p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1969" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, J. Geraint (1969). <i>The Welsh Woollen Industry</i>. Cardiff. pp. 33–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Woollen+Industry&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pages=33-4&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=J.+Geraint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1894" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Richard (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b1ZSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA308"><i>Montgomeryshire worthies</i></a>. Newtown: Phillips & Son. p. 308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montgomeryshire+worthies&rft.place=Newtown&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Phillips+%26+Son&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db1ZSAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, pp. 66, 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, p. 69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollier1970">Collier 1970</a>, pp. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHills1993">Hills 1993</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grove-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grove_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2006" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Gordon (2006). <i>The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts, Volume 1</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518948-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518948-3"><bdi>978-0-19-518948-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Decorative+Arts%2C+Volume+1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518948-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatherne" class="citation web cs1">Matherne, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fromsheeptoshawl.com/2012/fiber/what-is-carding/">"What is Carding"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Carding&rft.aulast=Matherne&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fromsheeptoshawl.com%2F2012%2Ffiber%2Fwhat-is-carding%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollier1970" class="citation cs2">Collier, Ann M (1970), <i>A Handbook of Textiles</i>, Pergamon Press, p. 258, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-018057-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-018057-4"><bdi>0-08-018057-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Textiles&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-08-018057-4&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Ann+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHills1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Hills" title="Richard L. Hills">Hills, Richard Leslie</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t6TLOQBhd0YC"><i>Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam Engine</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, p. 244, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45834-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45834-4"><bdi>978-0-521-45834-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+from+Steam%3A+A+History+of+the+Stationary+Steam+Engine&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45834-4&rft.aulast=Hills&rft.aufirst=Richard+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt6TLOQBhd0YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasmith1896" class="citation book cs2">Nasmith, Joseph (1896), <i>The Students Cotton Spinning</i> (Third ed.), Deansgate, Manchester: John Heywood Ltd, p. 637</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Students+Cotton+Spinning&rft.place=Deansgate%2C+Manchester&rft.pages=637&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=John+Heywood+Ltd&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Nasmith&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1972" class="citation book cs2">Richards, R.T.D. (1972), "The development of the modern woollen carding machine", in Jenkins, J. Geraint (ed.), <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wooltextileindus0000unse"><i>The wool textile industry in Great Britain</i></a></span> (1 ed.), London [u.a.]: Routledge & Kegan, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710069790" title="Special:BookSources/0710069790"><bdi>0710069790</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+development+of+the+modern+woollen+carding+machine&rft.btitle=The+wool+textile+industry+in+Great+Britain&rft.place=London+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0710069790&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=R.T.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwooltextileindus0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarding" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carding&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carding" class="extiw" 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spinning" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spinning" title="Template:Spinning"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spinning" title="Template talk:Spinning"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spinning" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spinning"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spinning" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noil" title="Noil">Noil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolag" title="Rolag">Rolag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roving" title="Roving">Roving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliver_(textiles)" title="Sliver (textiles)">Sliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_(wool)" title="Staple (wool)">Staple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool_top" title="Wool top">Top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tow_(fibre)" title="Tow (fibre)">Tow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolen" title="Woolen">Woolen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worsted" title="Worsted">Worsted</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/90px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/135px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg/180px-Hermann_Sondermann_Familie_mit_Frau_am_Spinnrad_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combing" title="Combing">Combing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckling_(flax)" title="Heckling (flax)">Heckling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_draw" title="Long draw">Long draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutching" title="Scutching">Scutching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_draw" title="Short draw">Short draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twist_per_inch" title="Twist per inch">Twist per inch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hand spinning tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand_spinning" title="Hand spinning">Hand spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distaff" title="Distaff">Distaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddy_noddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Niddy noddy">Niddy noddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostepinne" title="Nostepinne">Nostepinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_(textiles)" title="Spindle (textiles)">Spindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">Spinning wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinner%27s_weasel" title="Spinner's weasel">Spinner's weasel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial spinning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotton-spinning_machinery" title="Cotton-spinning machinery">Cotton-spinning machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_spinning" title="Ring spinning">Ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-end_spinning" title="Open-end spinning">Open-end spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DREF_friction_spinning" title="DREF friction spinning">DREF friction spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ring_spinning" title="Magnetic ring spinning">Magnetic ring spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mule_spinners%27_cancer" title="Mule spinners' cancer">Mule spinners' cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piece-rate_list" title="Piece-rate list">Piece-rate list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_frame" title="Spinning frame">Spinning frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_jenny" title="Spinning jenny">Spinning jenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_mule" title="Spinning mule">Spinning mule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throstle_frame" title="Throstle frame">Throstle frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_frame" title="Water frame">Water frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool_combing_machine" title="Wool combing machine">Wool combing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411858#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411858#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16165565k">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000324613&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007283477705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/22d3aa5b-9fb8-460f-ba73-2495d32eb2a6">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" 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