CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nationalisation in Pakistan - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4b4b74a3-21ee-40ef-aee9-0bfebe235298","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nationalisation_in_Pakistan","wgTitle":"Nationalisation in Pakistan","wgCurRevisionId":1264487228,"wgRevisionId":1264487228,"wgArticleId":35988507,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1: unfit URL","CS1 errors: generic name","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use Pakistani English from December 2018","All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English","Use dmy dates from July 2016","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013", "Economic history of Pakistan","Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto","Pakistan People's Party","Government of Benazir Bhutto","Government of Yousaf Raza Gillani","Nationalisation in Pakistan","Reform in Pakistan"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nationalisation_in_Pakistan","wgRelevantArticleId":35988507,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true, "wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6979823","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready" };RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_%281950-1995%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="724"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_%281950-1995%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="483"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_%281950-1995%29.png/640px-Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_%281950-1995%29.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="386"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nationalisation in Pakistan - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nationalisation_in_Pakistan rootpage-Nationalisation_in_Pakistan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nationalisation+in+Pakistan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nationalisation+in+Pakistan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nationalisation+in+Pakistan" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nationalisation+in+Pakistan" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalization_phase_(1971–1977)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalization_phase_(1971–1977)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Nationalization phase (1971–1977)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nationalization_phase_(1971–1977)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nationalization phase (1971–1977) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nationalization_phase_(1971–1977)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Second phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_phase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_phase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Third phase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_phase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Compensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denationalization_phase_(1978–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denationalization_phase_(1978–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Denationalization phase (1978–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denationalization_phase_(1978–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_and_adversaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_and_adversaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Opposition and adversaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_and_adversaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responsive_reasoning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsive_reasoning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Responsive reasoning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsive_reasoning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Government reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nationalisation in Pakistan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 2 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-2" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">2 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ազգայնացում Պակիստանում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազգայնացում Պակիստանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%92_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84" title="پاکستان میں قومیائے جانے کا عمل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پاکستان میں قومیائے جانے کا عمل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6979823#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&oldid=1264487228" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&id=1264487228&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNationalisation_in_Pakistan"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNationalisation_in_Pakistan"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6979823" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pakistani economic policies</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_(1950-1995).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_%281950-1995%29.png/200px-Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_%281950-1995%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_%281950-1995%29.png/300px-Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_%281950-1995%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_%281950-1995%29.png/400px-Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_%281950-1995%29.png 2x" data-file-width="769" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>The total <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP per capita</a> stood between 8.4% (in the 1970s) and 8.3% (in 1993–96), periods of nationalisation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>nationalisation process in Pakistan</b><sup id="cite_ref-State_Bank_of_Pakistan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-State_Bank_of_Pakistan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or historically simply regarded as the "<b>Nationalisation in Pakistan</b>") was a policy measure programme in the <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Economic history of Pakistan">economic history</a> of Pakistan that negatively impacted the country's industrialization and undermined the trust of businessmen and investors. The process was first introduced, promulgated and implemented by <a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Peoples_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Peoples Party">Pakistan Peoples Party</a> to lay the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">socialist economics</a> reforms to improve the growth of the national economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the 1950s, the country had undergone a speedy <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syed_Rasul_Raza-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, as time progressed, the labour trade unions and labour-working class had increasingly strained relations with the industrial business oligarch class, having neglected to improve working conditions and failing to provide a healthy and safe environment for the workers in these industrial industries.<sup id="cite_ref-Abdul_Ghafoor_Bhurgri_and_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdul_Ghafoor_Bhurgri_and_Pakistan_Peoples_Party-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The nationalisation programme began on 2 January 1972, with a vision to promote <a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">economic democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberalisation</a>, and an initial mainstream goal to put Pakistan in line with state <a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">progressivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syed_Rasul_Raza-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ended effectively in 1977, the nationalisation programme was again put forward by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and most recently by then-current Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Yousaf Raza Gillani</a> in 2012 who activated the programme to bring three major <a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Government-owned companies of Pakistan">megacorporations</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Steel_Mills" title="Pakistan Steel Mills">Steel Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Railways" title="Pakistan Railways">Railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">International Airlines</a>) under government ownership in an attempt to improve its structure and to alleviate its profitable process.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Tribune_Express,_Iftikhar_Firdous_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Tribune_Express,_Iftikhar_Firdous-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its success in its formative years, such policy measure programmes met with an extreme<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> level of spontaneous demonstration and international and national opposition that left disastrous effects on Pakistan's national economy<sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_News_Group_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_News_Group-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and government takeover of private companies made Pakistan economy worst and investor's trust lost in Pakistan until it was replaced with the privatisation programme by later governments.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Pakistan,_Malcolm_Borthwick_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Pakistan,_Malcolm_Borthwick-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nationalization_phase_(1971–1977)"><span id="Nationalization_phase_.281971.E2.80.931977.29"></span>Nationalization phase (1971–1977)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nationalization phase (1971–1977)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg/150px-Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg/225px-Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg/300px-Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_phase">First phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a> (1928–1979) became <a href="/wiki/President_of_Pakistan" title="President of Pakistan">President</a> of Pakistan (1971–74) on 21 December 1971 after a <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Surrender_(1971)" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrument of Surrender (1971)">disastrous end</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">1971 war</a> with <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syed_Rasul_Raza-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nationalisation programme was implemented for the first time in the history of Pakistan and it was promulgated through three different stages. On 1 January 1972, on a televised speech to the nation, Bhutto and the peoples party's government promulgated the three-staged programme, under "Nationalization and Economic Reforms Order (NERO)", which nationalised all major metal industries, including iron and steel, heavy engineering, heavy electricals, petrochemicals, cement and public utilities except textiles industry and lands.<sup id="cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syed_Rasul_Raza-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first stage of the nationalisation programme integrated approximately 31 major industrial megacorporations, industrial units and enterprises, under direct management control of the government under 10 different categories of basic industries. The programme intended to assert public ownership over the industrial megacorporations, and to satisfied the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_Pakistan" title="Labour Party Pakistan">labour unions</a> to keep the industrialisation peace in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syed_Rasul_Raza-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: left; width: 33%;"><p>I had made a pledge to the <a href="/wiki/People_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Pakistan">people of Pakistan</a> to implement industrial reforms.... I am now beginning to redeem the pledge....!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, 1971, Cited source<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>A large number of Christian educational facilities were also nationalized in 1972. One example is Gordon College in Rawalpindi. In Peshawar nationalization of Christian schools happened under a later government. The provincial governor refused to implement Bhutto's policy. He did not want to disadvantage minorities in his province. </p><p>In September 1973, the Pakistani government nationalized the <a href="/wiki/Vanaspati" title="Vanaspati">vegetable ghee</a> industry, which at the time was a minor consumer goods sector with a total capital investment of Rs200 million.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil Industry Act, 1973 was enacted to the nationalize 26 private sector vegetable ghee enterprises with compensation to owners at breakup value or market value if listed on a <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially managed by provincial governments, these entities were consolidated into the Ghee Corporation of Pakistan after three years.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next three years, employment in the industry increased by one-third.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this expansion was accompanied by mismanagement, leading to substantial financial losses.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry reported losses of Rs24.3 million in 1974-75 and Rs29.4 million in 1975–76.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_phase">Second phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the success of the first stage, the nationalisation programme stepped into the second stage when it was launched on 1 January 1974, intending to nationalised the banking and financial industry and sector in Pakistan. Passed by the parliament, over 13 major banks, over a dozen insurance companies, two petroleum companies and 10 shipping companies were forcefully nationalised. The second programme was presided by <a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of Pakistan">Finance Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Mubashir_Hassan" title="Mubashir Hassan">Mubashir Hassan</a> who strongly maintained that: "wealth of the nation must be used for the benefit of the nation and can not be allowed to be concentrated in the banks of a few individuals."<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Banks ...which till (Monday) were the private property of a group are now public property.... All our big industries in the private sector were set up largely on the basis of financial accommodation provided by the banks and the financial institutions..... Because of the previous governments obsessions with <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross national product">GNP growth</a>, (...)... industrial power was concentrated in the hands of few robbers barons</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dr. Mubashir Hassan, source<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>On 1 April 1973, Bhutto held a meeting with members of <a href="/wiki/Lahore_Chamber_of_Commerence_%26_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Chamber of Commerence & Industry">Lahore Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a> and maintained: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Activity of <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> prevents the concentration of economic power in few hands and protects the small and medium entrepreneurs from the clutches of giant enterprises and vested interests</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, source<sup id="cite_ref-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_phase">Third phase</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Third phase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third phase soon launched on 1 July 1976, small agro-based industries were privatized to facilitate the simple processing of agricultural products in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Syed_Rasul_Raza-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1976, the government nationalized major industries, including <a href="/wiki/Cotton_ginning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotton ginning">cotton ginning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice_hull" title="Rice hull">rice husking</a>, and large <a href="/wiki/Flour_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Flour mill">flour mills</a> across Pakistan, excluding those with <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the nationalization of 2,815 units, comprising 578 cotton ginning, 2,113 rice husking, and 124 flour milling units.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Properties under construction, <a href="/wiki/Housing_unit" title="Housing unit">residential houses</a> with machinery, and even <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> facilities within industrial premises were also nationalized, adding to the uncertainty and administrative challenges.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a reversal in May 1977, the government returned 1,523 small rice husking units to their original owners.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To manage these nationalized industries, the Cotton Trading Corporation, Rice Milling Corporation, and Flour Milling Corporation were established, alongside the new Ministry of Agrarian Management.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Operational challenges were evident as the Rice Milling Corporation, in the fiscal year 1976-77, could only manage two-thirds of the nationalized rice husking units, failing to meet major operational goals and incurring a loss of Rs200 million.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the Cotton Trading Corporation managed fewer than half of the nationalized ginning units and was criticized for doubling its workforce within a year, contributing to its inefficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compensation">Compensation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Compensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Initially, the Bhutto administration's directive was simply to "take over the management" of certain business units, leaving ownership with the original owners.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this approach shifted in August 1973 when regulations were amended to allow for the acquisition of a majority share ownership in these units, offering <a href="/wiki/Financial_compensation" title="Financial compensation">financial compensation</a> to the former owners.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 1973, the government had issued orders to acquire majority ownership in <a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">public limited companies</a> and complete equity in <a href="/wiki/Private_limited_company" title="Private limited company">private limited companies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further changes were made in March 1974, adjusting the compensation for acquired shares to be based on <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">market value</a> rather than the previously envisaged <a href="/wiki/Book_value" title="Book value">break-up value</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally, the policy did not specify any compensation for the owners.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a compensation formula was later introduced, the principle of providing adequate compensation was never fully embraced or implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denationalization_phase_(1978–present)"><span id="Denationalization_phase_.281978.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Denationalization phase (1978–present)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Denationalization phase (1978–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon assuming power, General Ziaul Haq promptly reversed the nationalization policies implemented by the previous Bhutto regime.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Zia denationalized approximately two thousand ginning mills that had been nationalized under Bhutto's administration.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1988, <a href="/wiki/Benazir_Bhutto" title="Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> and the Pakistan Peoples Party came to <a href="/wiki/Power_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Power (politics)">power</a> for a second time.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/1988_Pakistani_general_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Pakistani general elections">election campaign</a> in 1988, Benazir Bhutto promised to the <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">industrial sector</a> to end nationalisation programme and to carry out the <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">industrialisation</a> by means other than state intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But controversially, Benazir Bhutto did not authorise the directives to carry out the denationalisation programme or liberalisation of the national economy. No nationalised units were privatised, only few economic regulations were reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although limited-scale privatisation continued under Benazir Bhutto's second government, the <a href="/wiki/United_Bank_Limited_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Bank Limited Pakistan">UBL Pakistan</a> and railway consortium was completely nationalised by Benazir Bhutto before being dismissed in 1996. During the second government, the Peoples Party intensified the government control on <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Railways" title="Pakistan Railways">Pakistan Railways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Steel_Mills" title="Pakistan Steel Mills">Pakistan Steel Mills</a>; all shares were kept under government management ownership. In 1998, Prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> imposed economic emergency after performing <a href="/wiki/Chagai-I" title="Chagai-I">nuclear deterrence</a> in a direct response to India. All state-owned corporations and private sector industries' assets were frozen by Nawaz Sharif after ordering to freeze the private assets under government control to prevent the financial collapse. The foundation of nuclear program was laid by [(Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto)] in Pakistan </p><p>From 1999 to 2010, the nationalisation programme was swiftly ended and effectively came to its end until 2011. The nationalisation programme was again promulgated by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Yousaf_Raza_Gillani" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousaf Raza Gillani">Yousaf Raza Gillani</a> on 15 December 2011, in order secure and rescue the former state-owned enterprises. The nationalisation programme was put forward to enhance the government ownership of Pakistan Steel Mills,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pakistan Railways as well as <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_International_Airlines" title="Pakistan International Airlines">Pakistan International Airlines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Tribune_Express,_Iftikhar_Firdous_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Tribune_Express,_Iftikhar_Firdous-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current nationalisation programme remains intact to restructured and made profitable while remaining within government ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Tribune_Express,_Iftikhar_Firdous_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Tribune_Express,_Iftikhar_Firdous-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_and_adversaries">Opposition and adversaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Opposition and adversaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pakistan_gdp_growth_rate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pakistan_gdp_growth_rate.svg/250px-Pakistan_gdp_growth_rate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pakistan_gdp_growth_rate.svg/375px-Pakistan_gdp_growth_rate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Pakistan_gdp_growth_rate.svg/500px-Pakistan_gdp_growth_rate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="813" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/GDP_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP growth">GDP growth</a> rate stood between 3.88% until being dropped to 2.84% after the completion of nationalisation programme.</figcaption></figure> <p>The nationalisation policies had disastrous effects on the economy and had damaged the confidence of investors in the country. The nationalisation programme financially devastated 22 oligarch families, while one investor quoting: "industrialists not just lost industrial units to Bhutto's nationalization policy, they lost the urge to invest in Pakistan.". Major affectee included <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a> who lost the major steel mill, the <a href="/wiki/Ittefaq_Group" title="Ittefaq Group">Ittefaq Group of Industries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Shujaat_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain">Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chaudhry_Shujaat_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain">Gujrat Enterprises</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Impact_of_Nationalization_on_Pakistan's_Economic_development_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Impact_of_Nationalization_on_Pakistan's_Economic_development-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All 25 shipping companies were merged with <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_National_Shipping_Corporation" title="Pakistan National Shipping Corporation">Pakistan National Shipping Corporation</a> by Bhutto's nationalisation programme; those who protested were imprisoned by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-Impact_of_Nationalization_on_Pakistan's_Economic_development_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Impact_of_Nationalization_on_Pakistan's_Economic_development-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At an international level, the United States fully opposed the nationalisation programme and marked it as "ill-considered" decision of the government. Former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Nawaz_Sharif" title="Nawaz Sharif">Nawaz Sharif</a>, an affectee of nationalisation process, gave vehement criticism and cited nationalisation programme as "lamentable state of Pakistan".<sup id="cite_ref-The_News_International,_Parliament_Lounge_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_News_International,_Parliament_Lounge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on the other hand, the unnamed and anonymous United States embassy officer later further noted that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>During Bhutto's five years in Pakistan's helm, Bhutto had retained an emotional hold on the poor masses who had votoed him overwhelmingly in 1970s general elections. At the same time, however, [B]hutto had many enemies. The [socialist economics] and <a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">nationalization</a> of major private industries during his first two years on office had badly upsets the <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Business circles</a>... An ill-considered decision to take over the wheat-milling, rice-husking, sugar mills, and cotton-gaining, industries in July of 1976 had angered the small business owners and traders. Both leftists—socialists and communists, intellectuals, students, and trade unionists— lfelt betrayed by Bhutto's shift to centre-right wing conservative economics policies and by his growing collaboration with powerful feudal lords, Pakistan's traditional power brokers. After 1976, Bhutto's aggressive authoritarian personal style and often high-handed way of dealing with political rivals, dissidents, and opponents had also alienated many....</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_Islamabad" title="Embassy of the United States, Islamabad">U.S. Embassy, Pakistan</a>, <small>U.S. commenting of Bhutto's fate</small></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsive_reasoning">Responsive reasoning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Responsive reasoning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Pakistan Peoples Party's intellectuals on the other hand, vigorously defended the nationalisation programme.<sup id="cite_ref-Directorate_for_the_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Directorate_for_the_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Peoples Party maintained that the "nationalization" programme was indeed a "success" but the way it was implemented led to its failure.<sup id="cite_ref-Directorate_for_the_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Directorate_for_the_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Peoples' Party's members and cabinet officers, such as Dr. Mubashir Hassan, maintained that the Nationalization programme was party policy and the founding programme of the PPP in 1967, under "socialism is our economy" clause.<sup id="cite_ref-The_News_International,_Parliament_Lounge_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_News_International,_Parliament_Lounge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others supporting the arguments that the program was mandated by the people of Pakistan when they voted for PPP in 1970 general elections, and peoples party is proud of the successful implementation of the nationalisation policy, and the fact that nationalisation measures were protected for 10 years by the <a href="/wiki/1973_Constitution_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1973 Constitution of Pakistan">1973 Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_News_International,_Parliament_Lounge_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_News_International,_Parliament_Lounge-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Started in 1970, the nationalisation programmes were precise articulation of that "self-consciousness" and "self-recognition" expression. The nationalisation programme completely abolished the monopoly and <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">politicisation</a> of economy under few hands that was kept in close drawing-room politics.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Directorate_for_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_the_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_(Akhtar)_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Directorate_for_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_the_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_(Akhtar)-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nationalisation program gave a though of "self-awareness" to labours, traders, and workers unions and to be more aware about the worker's rights and work healthy safe environment, as Suleman Akhtar maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Directorate_for_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_the_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_(Akhtar)_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Directorate_for_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_the_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_(Akhtar)-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_reports">Government reports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Government reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Finance" class="citation web cs1">Ministry of Finance. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:sEihfP8xcusJ:www.sbp.org.pk/l_frame/act_1974.pdf+nationalization+in+pakistan&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShICN5B8ynzmQYvu8nNEklq4ajq_cZuEjbyUMd_R9hov6PodFaDWv2_m6M-yB4jckSFsaj5j4UcZGldxZyp6eNlnWGJhpA1PwqFMHM9DQkxJ6djL_6LtzI7mYpSTl0zgAzCxA1s&sig=AHIEtbRhxt_VxKBiLmkILxA2meDKKovEVQ">"The Banks Nationalization Act 1974, XIX 1974"</a>. <i>Government of Pakistan</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Government+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=The+Banks+Nationalization+Act+1974%2C+XIX+1974&rft.au=Ministry+of+Finance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3AsEihfP8xcusJ%3Awww.sbp.org.pk%2Fl_frame%2Fact_1974.pdf%2Bnationalization%2Bin%2Bpakistan%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEEShICN5B8ynzmQYvu8nNEklq4ajq_cZuEjbyUMd_R9hov6PodFaDWv2_m6M-yB4jckSFsaj5j4UcZGldxZyp6eNlnWGJhpA1PwqFMHM9DQkxJ6djL_6LtzI7mYpSTl0zgAzCxA1s%26sig%3DAHIEtbRhxt_VxKBiLmkILxA2meDKKovEVQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddin" class="citation web cs1">Riazuddin, Riaz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:mAryvHSL5uoJ:www.sbp.org.pk/publications/fsa/Contents.pdf+Nationalization+process+in+Pakistan&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShmkWUJpZtA1eXm_C8NwVGnEezf-2eX5dH9PTFGvJzRNcsEj4yC675klHLB4O5fyGbUXvFHu30MS2nOZPHDONWOY9Xlr1Zq9r4Q7OyzxaZblfkSKPbU819ATdUUlH034-POgyLG&sig=AHIEtbQHaDZkwToNIFPQaAQ660UzY3CuXg">"Pakistan: Financial Sector Assessment (1990–2000)"</a>. <i>Economic Research Department of State Bank of Pakistan</i>. State Bank of Pakistan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+Research+Department+of+State+Bank+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+Financial+Sector+Assessment+%281990%E2%80%932000%29&rft.aulast=Riazuddin&rft.aufirst=Riaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3AmAryvHSL5uoJ%3Awww.sbp.org.pk%2Fpublications%2Ffsa%2FContents.pdf%2BNationalization%2Bprocess%2Bin%2BPakistan%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEEShmkWUJpZtA1eXm_C8NwVGnEezf-2eX5dH9PTFGvJzRNcsEj4yC675klHLB4O5fyGbUXvFHu30MS2nOZPHDONWOY9Xlr1Zq9r4Q7OyzxaZblfkSKPbU819ATdUUlH034-POgyLG%26sig%3DAHIEtbQHaDZkwToNIFPQaAQ660UzY3CuXg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Government-owned companies of Pakistan">Category:Government-owned companies of Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatization in Pakistan">Privatization in Pakistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-State_Bank_of_Pakistan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-State_Bank_of_Pakistan_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiazuddin" class="citation web cs1">Riazuddin, Riaz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:mAryvHSL5uoJ:www.sbp.org.pk/publications/fsa/Contents.pdf+Nationalization+process+in+Pakistan&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShmkWUJpZtA1eXm_C8NwVGnEezf-2eX5dH9PTFGvJzRNcsEj4yC675klHLB4O5fyGbUXvFHu30MS2nOZPHDONWOY9Xlr1Zq9r4Q7OyzxaZblfkSKPbU819ATdUUlH034-POgyLG&sig=AHIEtbQHaDZkwToNIFPQaAQ660UzY3CuXg">"Pakistan: Financial Sector Assessment (1990–2000)"</a>. <i>Economic Research Department of State Bank of Pakistan</i>. State Bank of Pakistan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economic+Research+Department+of+State+Bank+of+Pakistan&rft.atitle=Pakistan%3A+Financial+Sector+Assessment+%281990%E2%80%932000%29&rft.aulast=Riazuddin&rft.aufirst=Riaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3AmAryvHSL5uoJ%3Awww.sbp.org.pk%2Fpublications%2Ffsa%2FContents.pdf%2BNationalization%2Bprocess%2Bin%2BPakistan%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEEShmkWUJpZtA1eXm_C8NwVGnEezf-2eX5dH9PTFGvJzRNcsEj4yC675klHLB4O5fyGbUXvFHu30MS2nOZPHDONWOY9Xlr1Zq9r4Q7OyzxaZblfkSKPbU819ATdUUlH034-POgyLG%26sig%3DAHIEtbQHaDZkwToNIFPQaAQ660UzY3CuXg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Story_of_Pakistan-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Story_of_Pakistan_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory_of_Pakistan2003" class="citation web cs1">Story of Pakistan (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://storyofpakistan.com/zulfikar-ali-bhutto-becomes-president/">"Zulfikar Ali Bhutto becomes President"</a>. <i>Jun 1, 2003</i>. Story of Pakistan<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jun+1%2C+2003&rft.atitle=Zulfikar+Ali+Bhutto+becomes+President&rft.date=2003-06&rft.au=Story+of+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstoryofpakistan.com%2Fzulfikar-ali-bhutto-becomes-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Syed_Rasul_Raza-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Syed_Rasul_Raza_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazaSani_Panwar2008" class="citation book cs1">Raza, Syed Rasul; Sani Panwar (2008). "5: Nationalization". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/6518336/Zulfiqar-Ali-Bhutto-The-Architect-of-New-Pakistan"><i>Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: The architect of Pakistan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(webbook)</span>. Los Angeles, Karachi (Pakistan): Syed Rasul Raza. pp. <span class="nowrap">29–</span>32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Nationalization&rft.btitle=Zulfikar+Ali+Bhutto%3A+The+architect+of+Pakistan&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+Karachi+%28Pakistan%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Syed+Rasul+Raza&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Raza&rft.aufirst=Syed+Rasul&rft.au=Sani+Panwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F6518336%2FZulfiqar-Ali-Bhutto-The-Architect-of-New-Pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abdul_Ghafoor_Bhurgri_and_Pakistan_Peoples_Party-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Abdul_Ghafoor_Bhurgri_and_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhurgriSani_H._Panhwar" class="citation book cs1">Bhurgri, Abdul Ghafoor; Sani H. Panhwar. "§Nationalization and Land Reforms". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/panhwar/d/8087285-Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto-The-Falcon-of-Pakistan"><i>Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: The Falcon of Pakistan</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(web books)</span>. Abdul Ghafoor Bhurgri and Pakistan Peoples Party. pp. <span class="nowrap">284–</span>289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C2%A7Nationalization+and+Land+Reforms&rft.btitle=Zulfikar+Ali+Bhutto%3A+The+Falcon+of+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.pub=Abdul+Ghafoor+Bhurgri+and+Pakistan+Peoples+Party&rft.aulast=Bhurgri&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Ghafoor&rft.au=Sani+H.+Panhwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fpanhwar%2Fd%2F8087285-Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto-The-Falcon-of-Pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_publishing_Group,_Inc_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarazmand1996" class="citation book cs1">Farazmand, Ali (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iSW5FKVYH4wC&q=Nationalization+and+Benazir++Bhutto&pg=PA182"><i>Public Enterprise management</i></a>. US: Greenwood publishing Group, Inc. pp. <span class="nowrap">182–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-28025-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-28025-8"><bdi>0-313-28025-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Enterprise+management&rft.place=US&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E182-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.pub=Greenwood+publishing+Group%2C+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-313-28025-8&rft.aulast=Farazmand&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiSW5FKVYH4wC%26q%3DNationalization%2Band%2BBenazir%2B%2BBhutto%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Tribune_Express,_Iftikhar_Firdous-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Tribune_Express,_Iftikhar_Firdous_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Tribune_Express,_Iftikhar_Firdous_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Tribune_Express,_Iftikhar_Firdous_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIftikhar_Firdous2011" class="citation news cs1">Iftikhar Firdous (15 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tribune.com.pk/story/306877/railways-steel-mills-taken-off-the-chopping-block/">"Railways, Steel Mills taken off the chopping block"</a>. <i>The Tribune Express, Iftikhar Firdous</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>. <q>In a major blow to the economic liberals in government, the federal cabinet decided against the privatisation of eight of the largest state-owned companies, including Pakistan Steel Mills</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune+Express%2C+Iftikhar+Firdous&rft.atitle=Railways%2C+Steel+Mills+taken+off+the+chopping+block&rft.date=2011-12-15&rft.au=Iftikhar+Firdous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Fstory%2F306877%2Frailways-steel-mills-taken-off-the-chopping-block%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_News_Group-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_News_Group_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroup_News2010" class="citation news cs1">Group News (30 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dawn.com/2010/10/30/nationalization-of-educational-institutions-was-blunder-pm/">"Nationalization of educational institutions was blunder"</a>. <i>Dawn News Group</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn+News+Group&rft.atitle=Nationalization+of+educational+institutions+was+blunder&rft.date=2010-10-30&rft.au=Group+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdawn.com%2F2010%2F10%2F30%2Fnationalization-of-educational-institutions-was-blunder-pm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Pakistan,_Malcolm_Borthwick-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Pakistan,_Malcolm_Borthwick_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm_Borthwick2006" class="citation news cs1">Malcolm Borthwick (1 June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/5007680.stm">"Pakistan steels itself for sell-offs"</a>. <i>BBC Pakistan, Malcolm Borthwick</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2012</span>. <q>Pakistan has had the most broad-based structural reform of any country in Asia. Last year, we were the second fastest growing economy in the world after China. We grew at 8.4%</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+Pakistan%2C+Malcolm+Borthwick&rft.atitle=Pakistan+steels+itself+for+sell-offs&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft.au=Malcolm+Borthwick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F5007680.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pakistan's_Economic_Saga_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPress" class="citation web cs1">Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richpaki.tripod.com/bhutto.htm">"Pakistan's Economic Saga"</a>. Pakistan's Economic Saga<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%27s+Economic+Saga&rft.pub=Pakistan%27s+Economic+Saga&rft.au=Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frichpaki.tripod.com%2Fbhutto.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tribune.com.pk/article/35970/bhuttos-economic-policies-were-disastrous-for-pakistan">"Bhutto's economic policies were disastrous for Pakistan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Express_Tribune" title="The Express Tribune">The Express Tribune</a></i>. 30 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Express+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bhutto%27s+economic+policies+were+disastrous+for+Pakistan&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftribune.com.pk%2Farticle%2F35970%2Fbhuttos-economic-policies-were-disastrous-for-pakistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSajidS,_Mushtag_A.Chaudhary,_A._R.1996" class="citation journal cs1">SajidS, Mushtag A.; Chaudhary, A. R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25825145">"Historical Development of Liberalization Since 1947 in Pakistan"</a>. <i>Pakistan Economic and Social Review</i>. <b>34</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">179–</span>192. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25825145">25825145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pakistan+Economic+and+Social+Review&rft.atitle=Historical+Development+of+Liberalization+Since+1947+in+Pakistan&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25825145%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=SajidS%2C+Mushtag+A.&rft.au=Chaudhary%2C+A.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25825145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pakistancode.gov.pk/english/UY2FqaJw1-apaUY2Fqa-bpuUZWJr-sg-jjjjjjjjjjjjj">"Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil Industry (Control and Development) Act, 1973"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hydrogenated+Vegetable+Oil+Industry+%28Control+and+Development%29+Act%2C+1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpakistancode.gov.pk%2Fenglish%2FUY2FqaJw1-apaUY2Fqa-bpuUZWJr-sg-jjjjjjjjjjjjj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyed_Fazl-e-Haider2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Syed Fazl-e-Haider (3 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502223659/http://atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/NE03Df03.html">"The state-owned Pakistan Steel Mills ("</a>. <i>Asia Times</i>. Archived from the original on 2 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Times&rft.atitle=The+state-owned+Pakistan+Steel+Mills+%28&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.au=Syed+Fazl-e-Haider&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atimes.com%2Fatimes%2FSouth_Asia%2FNE03Df03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Impact_of_Nationalization_on_Pakistan's_Economic_development-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Impact_of_Nationalization_on_Pakistan's_Economic_development_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Impact_of_Nationalization_on_Pakistan's_Economic_development_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRelease" class="citation web cs1">Release. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://richpaki.tripod.com/impact.htm">"Impact of Nationalization on Pakistan's Economic development"</a>. Impact of Nationalization on Pakistan's Economic development<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impact+of+Nationalization+on+Pakistan%27s+Economic+development&rft.pub=Impact+of+Nationalization+on+Pakistan%27s+Economic+development&rft.au=Release&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frichpaki.tripod.com%2Fimpact.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_News_International,_Parliament_Lounge-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_International,_Parliament_Lounge_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_International,_Parliament_Lounge_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_News_International,_Parliament_Lounge_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOur_Correspondent" class="citation web cs1">Our Correspondent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131013175122/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=67479&Cat=5">"Nawaz has derailed politically: Mubashar"</a>. <i>Parliament Media Lounge</i>. The News International, Parliament Lounge. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=67479&Cat=5">the original</a> on 13 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliament+Media+Lounge&rft.atitle=Nawaz+has+derailed+politically%3A+Mubashar&rft.au=Our+Correspondent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2FTodaysPrintDetail.aspx%3FID%3D67479%26Cat%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace_(July_2005)-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace_(July_2005)_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaqqani2005" class="citation book cs1">Haqqani, Hussain (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&q=Pakistan:Between+Mosque+and+Military"><i>Pakistan:Between Mosque and Military; §From Islamic Republic to Islamic State</i></a>. United States: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (July 2005). p. 395 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87003-214-1"><bdi>978-0-87003-214-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%3ABetween+Mosque+and+Military%3B+%C2%A7From+Islamic+Republic+to+Islamic+State&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=395+pages&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace+%28July+2005%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-87003-214-1&rft.aulast=Haqqani&rft.aufirst=Hussain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYppZ_dEjdIC%26q%3DPakistan%3ABetween%2BMosque%2Band%2BMilitary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Directorate_for_the_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Directorate_for_the_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Directorate_for_the_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNishapuri2010" class="citation web cs1">Nishapuri, Abdul (1 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120906070800/http://criticalppp.com/archives/27787">"Was Bhutto's nationalisation policy a mistake?"</a>. <i>Abdul Nishapuri, Directorate Press for Public Relations of Pakistan Peoples Party</i>. Directorate for the Press and Public Relations of Pakistan Peoples Party. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://criticalppp.com/archives/27787">the original</a> on 6 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>. <q>Under Nationalization programme, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto gave hope and honour to Pakistan's poor and downtrodden people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Abdul+Nishapuri%2C+Directorate+Press+for+Public+Relations+of+Pakistan+Peoples+Party&rft.atitle=Was+Bhutto%27s+nationalisation+policy+a+mistake%3F&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2010-11-01&rft.aulast=Nishapuri&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcriticalppp.com%2Farchives%2F27787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Directorate_for_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_the_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_(Akhtar)-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Directorate_for_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_the_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_(Akhtar)_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Directorate_for_Press_and_Public_Relations_of_the_Pakistan_Peoples_Party_(Akhtar)_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar2010" class="citation web cs1">Akhtar, Suleman (2 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530080717/http://criticalppp.com/archives/27867">"Bhutto's nationalization policy: A response to PM Gilani's statement"</a>. <i>The Directorate for Press and Public Relations of the Pakistan Peoples Party</i>. The Directorate for Press and Public Relations of the Pakistan Peoples Party (Akhtar). p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://criticalppp.com/archives/27867">the original</a> on 30 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Directorate+for+Press+and+Public+Relations+of+the+Pakistan+Peoples+Party&rft.atitle=Bhutto%27s+nationalization+policy%3A+A+response+to+PM+Gilani%27s+statement&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2010-11-02&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Suleman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcriticalppp.com%2Farchives%2F27867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalisation+in+Pakistan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economy_of_Pakistan403" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Economy of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Economy of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economy of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economy_of_Pakistan403" class="vcard" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Economy of Pakistan">Economy of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Currency,<br />governance,<br />regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="State Bank of Pakistan">State Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_the_State_Bank_of_Pakistan" title="List of governors of the State Bank of Pakistan">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_budgets" title="Category:Pakistani budgets">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Pakistan)" title="Ministry of Finance (Pakistan)">Ministry of Finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finance_Minister_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance Minister of Pakistan">Finance Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee" title="Pakistani rupee">Rupee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee#Banknotes" title="Pakistani rupee">Banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rupee#Coins" title="Pakistani rupee">Coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Pakistan" title="Taxation in Pakistan">Taxes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Board_of_Revenue_(Pakistan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Board of Revenue (Pakistan)">Board of Revenue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Pakistan Bureau of Statistics">Bureau of Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission_of_Pakistan" title="Securities and Exchange Commission of Pakistan">Securities and Exchange Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Pakistan" title="List of companies of Pakistan">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government-owned_companies_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Government-owned companies of Pakistan">Government-owned companies</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Economic history of Pakistan">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_numbering_system" title="Indian numbering system">Numbering system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_Pakistan" title="Five-Year Plans of Pakistan">Five-Year Plans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nationalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatisation_in_Pakistan" title="Privatisation in Pakistan">Privatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_sector_of_Pakistan" title="Corporate sector of Pakistan">Corporate sector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics_in_Pakistan" title="Islamic economics in Pakistan">Islamic economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Economic liberalisation in Pakistan">Liberalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_Term_Development_Framework" title="Medium Term Development Framework">Medium Term Development Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_of_stagflation_in_Pakistan" title="Periods of stagflation in Pakistan">Stagflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_Pakistan" title="National debt of Pakistan">National debt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_debt" title="Circular debt">Circular debt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_International_Monetary_Fund" title="Pakistan and the International Monetary Fund">IMF relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Pakistan" title="Foreign aid to Pakistan">Foreign aid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_aid_to_Pakistan" title="United States aid to Pakistan">US aid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_economic_crisis_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Pakistani economic crisis (2022–present)">Current economic crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Pakistan" title="List of airlines of Pakistan">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Pakistan" title="List of airports in Pakistan">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges#Pakistan" title="List of bridges">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorways_of_Pakistan" title="Motorways of Pakistan">Motorways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Highways_of_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="National Highways of Pakistan">Highways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Railways" title="Pakistan Railways">Rail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_railway_stations_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of railway stations in Pakistan">Stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Pakistan" title="List of ports in Pakistan">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Pakistan" title="Vehicle registration plates of Pakistan">Vehicle plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan" title="Industry of Pakistan">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Resources and<br />production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Pakistan" title="Renewable energy in Pakistan">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Pakistan" title="Solar power in Pakistan">Solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Pakistan" title="Wind power in Pakistan">Wind</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Nuclear power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_extraction_in_Pakistan" title="Fuel extraction in Pakistan">Fuel extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Pakistan" title="Agriculture in Pakistan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Pakistan" title="Rice production in Pakistan">Rice production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_tea_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistani tea culture">Tea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Pakistan" title="Animal husbandry in Pakistan">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Pakistan">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Pakistan" title="Mining in Pakistan">Mining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Financial<br />services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Pakistan" title="Banking in Pakistan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Pakistan" title="List of banks in Pakistan">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Pakistan" title="Insurance in Pakistan">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KIBOR" title="KIBOR">KIBOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Stock_Exchange" title="Pakistan Stock Exchange">Pakistan Stock Exchange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KMI_30_Index" title="KMI 30 Index">KMI 30 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSE_30_Index" title="KSE 30 Index">KSE 30 Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSE_100_Index" title="KSE 100 Index">KSE 100 Index</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;background-color:#eee">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Pakistan" title="Education in Pakistan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media in Pakistan">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Pakistan" title="Cinema of Pakistan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Pakistan" title="List of newspapers in Pakistan">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio in Pakistan">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Pakistan" title="Television in Pakistan">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Pakistan" title="Music of Pakistan">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Pakistan" title="Healthcare in Pakistan">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Pakistan" title="HIV/AIDS in Pakistan">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Pakistan" title="List of hospitals in Pakistan">Hospitals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Pakistan#Manufacturing" title="Industry of Pakistan">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Aeronautical_Complex" title="Pakistan Aeronautical Complex">Aerospace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Automotive industry in Pakistan">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_industry_of_Pakistan" title="Defence industry of Pakistan">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Pharmaceutical industry in Pakistan">Pharmaceuticals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_in_Pakistan" title="Real estate in Pakistan">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Science and technology in Pakistan">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Pakistan" title="Internet in Pakistan">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Telecommunications</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Pakistan" title="Transport in Pakistan">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Books and publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_and_small_scale_industries_in_Pakistan" title="Cottage and small scale industries in Pakistan">Cottage and small scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Pakistan" title="Forestry in Pakistan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Pakistan" title="Information technology in Pakistan">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Textile industry in Pakistan">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Tobacco industry in Pakistan">Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Tourism in Pakistan">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism_in_Pakistan" title="Medical tourism in Pakistan">Medical tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_industry_in_Pakistan" title="Mobile phone industry in Pakistan">Mobile phones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">People and labour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_billionaires" title="Category:Pakistani billionaires">Billionaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistani_businesspeople" title="Category:Pakistani businesspeople">Businesspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_in_Pakistan" title="Labour in Pakistan">Labour force</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Pakistan" title="Child labour in Pakistan">Child labour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensions_in_Pakistan" title="Pensions in Pakistan">Pensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Pakistan" title="Trade unions in Pakistan">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment in Pakistan">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Domestic economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Azad_Kashmir" title="Economy of Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Economy of Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan#Economy_and_resources" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Islamabad" title="Economy of Islamabad">Islamabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Economy of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Punjab,_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Faisalabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Faisalabad">Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Lahore" title="Economy of Lahore">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Rawalpindi" title="Economy of Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Sindh" title="Economy of Sindh">Sindh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Karachi" title="Economy of Karachi">Karachi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Central_business_districts_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Central business districts in Pakistan">Business districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I._I._Chundrigar_Road" title="I. I. Chundrigar Road">I. I. Chundrigar Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Area" title="Blue Area">Blue Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulberg,_Lahore" title="Gulberg, Lahore">Gulberg, Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddar" title="Saddar">Saddar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serai_Quarter" title="Serai Quarter">Serai Quarter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_Pakistan" title="Foreign trade of Pakistan">Foreign trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Pakistan#Economy" title="International rankings of Pakistan">International ranking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_provinces_by_gross_domestic_product" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pakistani provinces by gross domestic product">Provinces by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistanis_by_net_worth" title="List of Pakistanis by net worth">Pakistanis by net worth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_Pakistan" title="Standard of living in Pakistan">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Economy of Pakistan">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&oldid=1264487228">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&oldid=1264487228</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Category:Economic history of Pakistan">Economic history of Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Category:Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Government of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pakistan_People%27s_Party" title="Category:Pakistan People's Party">Pakistan People's Party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Benazir_Bhutto" title="Category:Government of Benazir Bhutto">Government of Benazir Bhutto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Yousaf_Raza_Gillani" title="Category:Government of Yousaf Raza Gillani">Government of Yousaf Raza Gillani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalisation_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Nationalisation in Pakistan">Nationalisation in Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reform_in_Pakistan" title="Category:Reform in Pakistan">Reform in Pakistan</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2018">Articles with dead external links from February 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Pakistani_English_from_December_2018" title="Category:Use Pakistani English from December 2018">Use Pakistani English from December 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Pakistani_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English">All Wikipedia articles written in Pakistani English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2016" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2016">Use dmy dates from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_April_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 December 2024, at 04:50<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nationalisation_in_Pakistan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nationalisation in Pakistan</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>2 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-tc5cq","wgBackendResponseTime":119,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.419","walltime":"0.579","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2633,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":89579,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6004,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":92373,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 493.277 1 -total"," 24.17% 119.226 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.71% 107.110 11 Template:Cite_web"," 17.65% 87.071 1 Template:Economy_of_Pakistan"," 17.47% 86.179 2 Template:Navbox"," 15.37% 75.824 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.15% 50.088 1 Template:Clarify"," 9.62% 47.435 1 Template:Fix-span"," 9.04% 44.588 12 Template:Main_other"," 9.02% 44.512 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.236","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6401208,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-bc58557c4-64hh5","timestamp":"20250204141518","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nationalisation in Pakistan","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nationalisation_in_Pakistan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6979823","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6979823","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-05-31T01:21:36Z","dateModified":"2024-12-22T04:50:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/e\/e6\/Per_capita_GDP_of_South_Asian_economies_%26_SKorea_%281950-1995%29.png"}</script> </body> </html>