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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A5%99%EC%9D%98_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84" title="대륙의 경계 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대륙의 경계" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batas_antara_benua-benua_di_Bumi" title="Batas antara benua-benua di Bumi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batas antara benua-benua di Bumi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png/300px-Continents_vide_couleurs.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png/450px-Continents_vide_couleurs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Continents_vide_couleurs.png/600px-Continents_vide_couleurs.png 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Color-coded map of continents:           <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>         <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>         <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a>                <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a>         <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>              <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>            <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>            <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>      <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>)      <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Island_nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Island_nations.svg/300px-Island_nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Island_nations.svg/450px-Island_nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Island_nations.svg/600px-Island_nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island countries</a>: these states are not located on any continent-sized landmass, but they are usually grouped geographically with a neighbouring continent</figcaption></figure> Determining the boundaries between the <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continents</a> is generally a matter of <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographical</a> convention. Several slightly different conventions are in use. The number of continents is most commonly considered seven (in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_English-speaking_population" title="List of countries by English-speaking population">English-speaking countries</a>) but may range as low as four when <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> are both considered as single continents.<a href="#cite_note-McColl-1">[1]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">island</a> can be considered to be <a href="/wiki/Island#Continental_islands" title="Island">associated with a given continent</a> by either lying on the continent's adjacent <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>) or being <a href="/wiki/Island#Microcontinental_islands" title="Island">a part of a microcontinent</a> on the same <a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">principal tectonic plate</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a>). An island can also be entirely <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">oceanic</a> while still being associated with a continent by <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Indian_Ocean_Territories" title="Australian Indian Ocean Territories">Australian Indian Ocean Territories</a>) or by common <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitical</a> convention (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands#South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a>). Another example is the grouping into <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Islands</a> with <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a>. There are three overland boundaries subject to definition: <ul><li>between <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> (dividing Afro-Eurasia into Africa and <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>): at the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Suez" title="Isthmus of Suez">Isthmus of Suez</a>;</li> <li>between Asia and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (dividing <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>): along the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_straits" title="Turkish straits">Turkish straits</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a> (historically also north of the Caucasus, along the <a href="/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Depression" title="Kuma–Manych Depression">Kuma–Manych Depression</a> or along the <a href="/wiki/Don_(river)" title="Don (river)">Don River</a>);</li> <li>between <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (dividing the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>): at some point on the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a>, with the most common demarcation in atlases and other sources following the <a href="/wiki/Serran%C3%ADa_del_Dari%C3%A9n" title="Serranía del Darién">Darién Mountains</a> watershed along the <a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Panama_border" title="Colombia–Panama border">Colombia–Panama border</a> where the isthmus meets the South American continent (see <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a>).</li></ul> While today the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">isthmus</a> between Asia and Africa is navigable via the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, and that between North and South America via the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>, these artificial channels are not generally accepted as continent-defining boundaries in themselves. The Suez Canal happens to traverse the Isthmus of Suez between the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>, dividing Africa and Asia. The continental boundaries are considered to be within the very narrow land connections joining the continents. The remaining boundaries concern the association of islands and archipelagos with specific continents, notably: <ul><li>the delineation between Africa, Asia, and Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>;</li> <li>the delineation between Asia and Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>;</li> <li>the delineation between Europe and North America in the North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>;</li> <li>the delineation between North and South America in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a>;</li> <li>the delineation of Antarctica from Africa, <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a>, and South America in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian</a>, South <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a>, and South Atlantic oceans, respectively (referred to collectively by some geographers as the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a> or the Antarctic Ocean);</li> <li>the delineation of Asia from <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ceram_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceram Sea">Ceram Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacean</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Archipelago">Indonesian Archipelago</a></li> <li>the delineation of Asia from North America in the North Pacific Ocean.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa_and_Asia">Africa and Asia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Africa and Asia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TransAfrica.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TransAfrica.PNG/220px-TransAfrica.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TransAfrica.PNG/330px-TransAfrica.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/TransAfrica.PNG/440px-TransAfrica.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  African part of Egypt</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Asian part of Egypt</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Rest of Africa</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend">  Rest of Asia</div></figcaption></figure> Historically in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman geography">Greco-Roman geography</a>, "Africa" meant <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Ancient Libya</a>, and its eastern extent was taken to be around <a href="/wiki/Marmarica" title="Marmarica">Marmarica</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Catabathmus_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Catabathmus Magnus">Catabathmus Magnus</a>. This was not considered to be a continent. As wider knowledge of geography developed, the shape of the African landmass (and Egypt's "natural" inclusion in that landmass) became apparent. In 1806, <a href="/wiki/William_George_Browne" title="William George Browne">William George Browne</a> still titled his travelogue Travels in Africa, Egypt, and Syria. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/James_Bruce" title="James Bruce">James Bruce</a> in 1835 published Travels through part of Africa, Syria, Egypt, and Arabia. On the other hand, as early as 1670 <a href="/wiki/John_Ogilby" title="John Ogilby">John Ogilby</a> under the title Africa published "an accurate Description of the Regions of Egypt, Barbary, Libya, and Billedulgerid, the Land of Negroes, Guinea, Æthiopia, and the Abyssines, with all the adjacent Islands, either in the Mediterranean, Atlantic, Southern, or Oriental Seas, belonging thereunto". The usual line taken to divide Africa from Asia today is at the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Suez" title="Isthmus of Suez">Isthmus of Suez</a>, the narrowest gap between the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a>, the route today followed by the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. This makes the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> geographically Asian, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> a transcontinental country. Less than 2% of the Egyptian population live on the Sinai Peninsula, and hence Egypt, even though technically transcontinental, is usually considered an African country entirely and not partly Asian. But when discussing the geopolitical region of the <a href="/wiki/MENA" class="mw-redirect" title="MENA">Middle East and North Africa</a>, Egypt is usually grouped with the Western Asian countries as part of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, while Egypt's western neighbor <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> is grouped with the remaining North African countries as the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>. Both are members of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. However, the geological boundary is located further to the east, along the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Transform" title="Dead Sea Transform">Dead Sea Transform</a>, with the Sinai Peninsula, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine (state)">Palestine</a>, much of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and the coastal governorates of Syria being located on the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> are island countries in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> which are nominally associated with Africa.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-stats-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Socotra_Governorate" title="Socotra Governorate">Socotra Archipelago</a> may be considered African as it lies on its continental shelf; however, it is politically a part of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, an Asian country. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa_and_Europe">Africa and Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Africa and Europe">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Relief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mediterranean_Relief.jpg/300px-Mediterranean_Relief.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mediterranean_Relief.jpg/450px-Mediterranean_Relief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mediterranean_Relief.jpg/600px-Mediterranean_Relief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="733" /></a><figcaption>The Mediterranean Sea, between Africa and Europe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makaronesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Makaronesia.jpg/300px-Makaronesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Makaronesia.jpg/450px-Makaronesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Makaronesia.jpg/600px-Makaronesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>The Atlantic Ocean around the plate boundaries (text is in <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> mainlands are non-contiguous, and the delineation between these continents is thus merely a question of which islands are to be associated with which continent. The Portuguese Atlantic island possession of the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> is 1,368 km (850 mi) from Europe and 1,507 km (936 mi) from Africa, and is sometimes grouped with Europe. By contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> islands (the latter of which also include the <a href="/wiki/Desertas_Islands" title="Desertas Islands">Desertas Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a>) off the Atlantic coast of <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> are much closer to, and usually grouped with, Africa; the Canary Islands are only 100 km (62 mi) from the African mainland at their closest point but 945 km (587 mi) from the European mainland, while Madeira is 520 km (320 mi) from the African mainland and 1,000 km (620 mi) from the European mainland.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> In his 1895 book Africa: Volume 2, author Augustus Henry Keane remarked, "In the North Atlantic there are four insular groups — Madeira, the Canaries, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> and Azores — which are usually assigned to Africa, although the Canaries and Cape Verde alone belong geographically to that continent, the Azores are lost, so to say, in mid-Atlantic."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Mediterranean <a href="/wiki/Island_country" title="Island country">island country</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> is about 81 km (50 mi) from the coast of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> — much closer than the 288 km (179 mi) distance to the African mainland. The nearby Italian island of <a href="/wiki/Lampedusa" title="Lampedusa">Lampedusa</a> (principal island of the <a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a>) is 207 km (129 mi) from Sicily while just 127 km (79 mi) from the African mainland; similarly, <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> is 100 km (62 mi) from Sicily and just 71 km (44 mi) from the African mainland. All of these Mediterranean islands, including Malta and Sicily, are actually located on the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a>, and could be considered part of the African continent geologically.<a href="#cite_note-na-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> However, for political and cultural reasons, maps generally display them as part of Europe instead.<a href="#cite_note-hob-16">[16]</a> A single Spanish islet, known as <a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran Island</a>, is also debatably located on either the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Plate">Eurasian Plate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> This island is located in the <a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a>, 50 km (31 mi) north of the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> coast and 90 km (56 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European-governed_territories_in_Africa">European-governed territories in Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: European-governed territories in Africa">edit</a>]</div> There are six definitive occurrences of territories unequivocally being a part of the African continent, but legally being administered by a European state. Three of these are administered by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, and the other three by <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. The existence of these territories further blurs the line between the borders of Africa and Europe, in particular with regard to the Spanish territories which lie immediately adjacent to and/or connected to the African mainland. The French territories lie within the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>, and, consequently, are more dislocated from the principal boundary between the two continents. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_uninhabited_regions" title="List of uninhabited regions">uninhabited</a> Spanish <a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">unincorporated</a> overseas minor territories, known as the <a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">plazas de soberanía</a> ("Localities of Sovereignty"),<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> are small islands that lie immediately adjacent to the North African coastline, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera</a>, which was originally an island like the other 'localities' but has subsequently become directly connected to the <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Moroccan</a> (African) mainland. The two other Spanish territories are the exclaves of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>, which are two <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">populated</a> coastal cities located directly on the African mainland, both bordering only Morocco. Two of the French territories are the inhabited <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas departments and regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>. Mayotte is an island territory located west of the island country of Madagascar within the <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a>. Réunion is an island territory located near the island country of Mauritius and to the east of Madagascar (both nominally considered part of the African continent).<a href="#cite_note-stats-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The final territory is the <a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a>, administratively a part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a>. This French territory consists of a range of minor uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> in the Indian Ocean, located in the deep sea surrounding Madagascar. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antarctica">Antarctica</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antarctica">edit</a>]</div> Antarctica along with its outlying islands have no permanent population. All land claims south of 60°S latitude are held in abeyance by the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>. Australia's <a href="/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands" title="Heard Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a> (an <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">external territory</a>) and the French <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a> are located on the <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_continental_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic continental plate">Antarctic continental plate</a>. Both are still within the bounds of the Indian Ocean. The United Nations categorizes Heard Island and McDonald Islands, which are politically affiliated with Australia, as being part of Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-stats-4">[4]</a> The islands are 4,000 km from <a href="/wiki/Perth" title="Perth">Perth</a> in Australia, and have never been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">indigenous peoples of Oceania</a> or any other humans. Heard Island has only been visited 240 times throughout its entire history, and the <a href="/wiki/McDonald_Islands_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonald Islands (Australia)">McDonald Islands</a> have only ever been visited twice, in 1971 and 1980.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> categorizes these islands as part of Antarctica rather than Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The French <a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Île Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Île Saint-Paul</a>, and the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a> are also located on the Antarctic continental plate, and are not often associated with other continents. The United Nations categorize Bouvet Island as part of South America,<a href="#cite_note-stats-4">[4]</a> while the World Factbook categorizes it as part of Antarctica.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> are closer to Antarctica than to any other continent. However, they are politically associated with the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a>, which are less geographically isolated from South America. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, a South American country, maintains its <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> claims on all of these islands, which are administered by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. The United Nations consider them to be part of South America.<a href="#cite_note-stats-4">[4]</a> Definitions of South America that exclude the <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Island#Oceanic_islands" title="Island">oceanic</a> in nature) still generally include the Falklands, which share biographical affinities to <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Tierra del Fuego">Tierra del Fuego</a>, and which are located on the South American continental shelf.<a href="#cite_note-sabirds-24">[24]</a> The Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, with some theorizing that the Falklands were visited by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a> during prehistoric times.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> These theories are usually considered dubious, as there is no archaeological evidence indicating prehistoric human inhabitation on the Falklands.<a href="#cite_note-aljaz-27">[27]</a> South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands do not have any permanent residents. The Falkland Islands have historically had a <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> population, with a culture distinct from that of mainland South America.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> There was <a href="/wiki/Falklands_War" title="Falklands War">a violent war</a> between Argentina and the United Kingdom regarding ownership of the islands in 1982, and the residents of the Falklands do not currently wish to be associated with South America, despite their geographical proximity.<a href="#cite_note-aljaz-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a> are located between Africa and Antarctica, and are the territory of South Africa, an African country. <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antipodes_Islands" title="Antipodes Islands">Antipodes Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Islands" title="Auckland Islands">Auckland Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Islands" title="Campbell Islands">Campbell Islands</a> are all uninhabited, and are located between Australia and New Zealand and Antarctica. The Antipodes Islands, Auckland Islands and Campbell Islands are politically part of New Zealand, while Macquarie Island has been integrated into the Australian state of <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. None are discrete political entities like Heard Island and McDonald Islands. As such, they are likely considered by the United Nations also to be part of Oceania. The Auckland Islands could be considered part of Oceania on cultural grounds rather than mere political grounds, as they are believed to be the southernmost island group to have been settled by <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> during prehistoric times.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The islands were uninhabited when discovered by Europeans, but archaeological traces have since been found to indicate Polynesian settlement, dating to the 13th century, on Enderby Island. Macquarie Island is theorized to have possibly had contact with Polynesians, although there is no archaeological evidence to support this.<a href="#cite_note-fr-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia_and_Australia">Asia and Australia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asia and Australia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/290px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/435px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/580px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Carl_Wilhelm_Weber" title="Max Carl Wilhelm Weber">Weber</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lydekker" title="Richard Lydekker">Lydekker</a> Lines, the three principal biogeographic boundaries in <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a></figcaption></figure> The continental boundary between Asia and <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> is somewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacean</a> region of the Malay Archipelago. The boundary is frequently divided along the anthropologic Melanesian Line or the biogeographic <a href="/wiki/Max_Carl_Wilhelm_Weber" title="Max Carl Wilhelm Weber">Weber's Line</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Geologically, the <a href="/wiki/Aru_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aru Islands">Aru Islands</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Maluku Province">Maluku Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">western New Guinea</a>, which contain six provinces of Indonesia, are part of the <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australian continent</a>. The eastern half of New Guinea is a part of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> which is considered to be a part of Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-stats-4">[4]</a> Indonesia is commonly referred to as one of the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asian</a> countries.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-handbook-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-stats-4">[4]</a> Indonesia's <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indonesia" title="Eastern Indonesia">eastern</a> region of Western New Guinea and nearby islands, makes it a transcontinental country; Western New Guinea is often considered part of Oceania because of its Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a> inhabitants and geological association with the Australian continental landmass.<a href="#cite_note-devchris-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-asianpacific-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, an independent state that was formerly a part of Indonesia, is classified by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as a part of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Asia#South-eastern_Asia" title="United Nations geoscheme for Asia">South-eastern Asia subregion</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit#East_Timor" title="ASEAN Summit">expected to join</a> the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> having been involved as an ASEAN Regional Forum member since independence, and has participated in the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">Southeast Asian Games</a> since <a href="/wiki/2003_Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 Southeast Asian Games">2003</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Occasionally, all of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> is included in Oceania, although this is extremely rare, especially as most of the archipelago lies on the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Asian continental shelf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The Malay Archipelago was more frequently associated with Oceania during the 19th century, when the term was first coined.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-countriesoftheworld-41">[41]</a> Many inhabitants in the Malay Archipelago are Austronesians, sharing genetic and linguistic affinities to the Melanesian, Micronesian and Polynesian inhabitants of Oceania, who also fall under the Austronesian umbrella. However, the Austronesians of the Malay Archipelago had significant contact with mainland Asia during prehistoric times, unlike with the Austronesians and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australians</a> of Oceania, who were isolated from the culture of Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_world" title="Eastern world">eastern world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-understanding-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epeli_Hau%CA%BBofa" title="Epeli Hauʻofa">Epeli Hauʻofa</a>, a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tongan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian</a> descent, considered the Malay Archipelago separate from Oceania for this very reason. He wrote, "Before the advent of Europeans into the Pacific, our cultures were truly oceanic, in the sense that the sea barrier shielded us for millennia from the great cultural influences that raged through continental land masses and adjacent islands. This prolonged period of isolation allowed for the emergence of distinctive oceanic cultures with the only non-oceanic influences being the original cultures that the earliest settlers brought with them when they entered the vast, uninhabited region. Scholars of antiquity may raise the issue of continental cultural influences on the western and northwestern border islands of Oceania, but these are exceptions, and the Asian mainland influences were largely absent until the modern era. On the eastern extremity of the region there were some influences from the Americas, but these were minimal. It is for these reasons that Pacific Ocean islands from <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and Indonesia, which are adjacent to the Asian mainland, do not have oceanic cultures, and are therefore not part of Oceania. This definition of our region delineates us clearly from Asia and the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian Americas</a> and is based on our own historical developments, rather than on other people's perceptions of us."<a href="#cite_note-understanding-42">[42]</a> The United Nations and The World Factbook categorize the Australian <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> external territories of <a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a> (both geographically adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>) as being part of Oceania, rather than Asia.<a href="#cite_note-stats-4">[4]</a> The islands lie within the bounds of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Plate">Australian Plate</a>, and were uninhabited prior to European discovery in the 17th century. They have <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic islands">oceanic geology</a>, making them distinct from both mainland Asia and mainland Australia.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Japan possesses the <a href="/wiki/Bonin_Islands" title="Bonin Islands">Bonin Islands</a> (also known as the Ogasawara Islands),<a href="#cite_note-guamschool-45">[45]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Volcano_Islands" title="Volcano Islands">Volcano Islands</a>, and three remote islets (<a href="/wiki/Nishinoshima_(Ogasawara)" title="Nishinoshima (Ogasawara)">Nishinoshima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minami-Tori-shima" class="mw-redirect" title="Minami-Tori-shima">Minami-Tori-shima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okinotorishima" title="Okinotorishima">Okinotorishima</a>), all governed collectively as <a href="/wiki/Ogasawara,_Tokyo" title="Ogasawara, Tokyo">Ogasawara Village</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a> consisting of scattered island <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> located in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>. These mostly uninhabited islands are located at some distance southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a>. Owing to the location and oceanic nature of these islands, they are sometimes considered to be a part of Oceania as well.<a href="#cite_note-isl-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-global-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-realm-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-ausgov-49">[49]</a> The islands are within the <a href="/wiki/Oceanian_realm" title="Oceanian realm">Oceanian biogeographical realm</a>, unlike the rest of Japan,<a href="#cite_note-class-50">[50]</a> and may have been inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesians</a> around 2,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-history-51">[51]</a> Their official discovery came much later in the 16th century, through Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-guamschool-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-history-51">[51]</a> The most remote island within this group, Minami-Tori-shima (also known as Marcus Island) is nearly 2,000 km removed from <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, and is geographically closer to the Micronesian territories of <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-guamschool-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Inhabitants of the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>, on the periphery of the main Japanese archipelago, are sometimes associated with Austronesians.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The islands are geologically and historically linked with Asia, and are excluded from most definitions of Oceania, along with the similarly non-oceanic Japanese archipelago, which is not associated with Austronesians.<a href="#cite_note-handbook-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> To the north of Japan is the disputed <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a>, currently administered by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Usually, these islands are associated with the Russian <a href="/wiki/Far_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Far East Asia">Far East</a>. This is primarily as a result of their non-tropical biogeography, and their inhabitants, who are mostly <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">ethnically Russian</a> mainlanders.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Australia has a more developed economy than neighboring Pacific Island nations, and is occasionally associated with mainland Asia as a result of this, despite being geologically distinct and having no cultural links to it prior to European discovery. It has historically been included in definitions of Oceania, ever since the term was first coined in the early 1810s. In the 19th century, many geographers divided up Oceania into mostly racially-based subdivisions; Australasia, Malaysia (encompassing the Malay Archipelago), Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia.<a href="#cite_note-corn-56">[56]</a> Australia, Guam and Northern Mariana Islands currently compete in the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a> (AFC), with Australia and Northern Mariana Islands having originally been part of the <a href="/wiki/Oceania_Football_Confederation" title="Oceania Football Confederation">Oceania Football Confederation</a> (OFC).<a href="#cite_note-ofc-57">[57]</a> Guam was never an official OFC member, although they exclusively played against teams from Oceania prior to joining the AFC.<a href="#cite_note-ofc-57">[57]</a> The presence of these teams in the AFC is not necessarily related to geography or politics, but rather because the Asian Football Confederation have far more resources than the Oceania Football Confederation.<a href="#cite_note-ofc-57">[57]</a> All three are members of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a>, the major governing body for the Oceania region, with Australia being a founding member in 1971. Guam and Northern Mariana Islands have had similar histories to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, and are biogeographically and geologically distinct from mainland Asia.<a href="#cite_note-pif-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> made an unsuccessful attempt to join the Asian Football Confederation in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> They too share much of the same history as the rest of Micronesia, and are a member of the Pacific Islands Forum.<a href="#cite_note-pif-58">[58]</a> Taiwan has at times been associated with Oceania,<a href="#cite_note-flick-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-ling-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-intmil-63">[63]</a> not only because of their loose status as a Pacific Island, but also because of their <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">indigenous population</a>, who are related to the natives of Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In 2010, Australian historian <a href="/wiki/Bronwen_Phyllis_Douglas" title="Bronwen Phyllis Douglas">Bronwen Douglas</a> claimed in The Journal of Pacific History that "a strong case could be made for extending Oceania to at least Taiwan, the homeland of the Austronesian language family whose speakers colonized significant parts of the region about 6,000 years ago."<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Definitions of Oceania which include Taiwan are extremely rare because Taiwan has historical ties to mainland Asia, Taiwan is close to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> (being 180 km away), and Taiwan lies on the continental shelf of Asia.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-intmil-63">[63]</a> Taiwan was formerly a member of the Oceania Football Confederation; this was for political reasons: It was forced to compete against teams from Oceania because China, its political administrator, did not recognize its sovereignty and would not compete against them. It was a member from 1975 to 1989, but now competes as part of the Asian Football Confederation.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Taiwan, Japan and most of the nations in the Malay Archipelago are dialogue partners of the Pacific Islands Forum, but none have full membership, only Australia, New Zealand and the island states in Polynesia, Melanesia and Micronesia do.<a href="#cite_note-pif-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia_and_Europe">Asia and Europe</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia and Europe">edit</a>]</div> The boundary between <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> is unusual among continental boundaries because of its largely mountain-and-river-based characteristics north and east of the Black Sea. Asia and Europe are considered separate continents for historical reasons; the division between the two goes back to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">early Greek geographers</a>. In the modern sense of the term "continent", <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> is more readily identifiable as a "continent", and Europe has occasionally been described as a <a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">subcontinent</a> of Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-europe-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland">Mainland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mainland">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History">History</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johan_von_Strahlenberg#Von_Strahlenberg's_line" title="Philip Johan von Strahlenberg">Philip Johan von Strahlenberg § Von Strahlenberg's line</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eurasian_borders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eurasian_borders.jpg/220px-Eurasian_borders.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eurasian_borders.jpg/330px-Eurasian_borders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eurasian_borders.jpg/440px-Eurasian_borders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>A map illustrating various definitions of the boundaries between Asia and Europe<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-geo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europe-geo.JPG/220px-Europe-geo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europe-geo.JPG/330px-Europe-geo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Europe-geo.JPG/440px-Europe-geo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2081" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption>A physical map of Europe from 1880, depicting the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> as part of the European continent.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></figcaption></figure> The threefold division of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> into Africa, Asia, and Europe has been in use since the 6th century BC by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">early Greek geographers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-europe-68">[68]</a> Anaximander placed the boundary between Asia and Europe along the <a href="/wiki/Phasis_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Phasis River">Phasis River</a> (the modern <a href="/wiki/Rioni" title="Rioni">Rioni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>), from Rioni mouth in <a href="/wiki/Poti" title="Poti">Poti</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coast, through the <a href="/wiki/Surami_Pass" title="Surami Pass">Surami Pass</a> and along the <a href="/wiki/Kura_(Caspian_Sea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kura (Caspian Sea)">Kura River</a> to the Caspian Sea, a convention still followed by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in the 5th century BC. <a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> As geographic knowledge of the Greeks increased during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>,<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> this archaic convention was revised, and the boundary between Asia and Europe was now considered to be the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Tanais</a> (the modern Don River). This is the convention used by Roman era authors such as <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Throughout the Middle Ages and into the 18th century, the traditional division of the landmass of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> into two continents, Asia and Europe, followed Ptolemy, with the boundary following the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kerch Strait</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don</a> (known in antiquity as the Tanais). But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at <a href="/wiki/Kalach-na-Donu" title="Kalach-na-Donu">Kalach-na-Donu</a> (where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">Volga–Don Canal</a>), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers. <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johan_von_Strahlenberg" title="Philip Johan von Strahlenberg">Philip Johan von Strahlenberg</a> in 1725 was the first to depart from the classical Don boundary by drawing the line along the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga</a>, following the Volga north until the <a href="/wiki/Samara_Bend" title="Samara Bend">Samara Bend</a>, along <a href="/wiki/Obshchy_Syrt" title="Obshchy Syrt">Obshchy Syrt</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">drainage divide</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> rivers) and then north along the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-oren-icn.ru-78">[78]</a> The mapmakers continued to differ on the boundary between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century. The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atlas_of_Russian_Empire._1745_year" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Atlas of Russian Empire. 1745 year">1745 atlas</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> has the boundary follow the Don beyond Kalach as far as <a href="/wiki/Serafimovich_(town)" title="Serafimovich (town)">Serafimovich</a> before cutting north towards <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, while other 18th- to 19th-century mapmakers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Cary" title="John Cary">John Cary</a> followed Strahlenberg's prescription. To the south, the <a href="/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Depression" title="Kuma–Manych Depression">Kuma–Manych Depression</a> was identified circa 1773 by a German naturalist, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas" title="Peter Simon Pallas">Peter Simon Pallas</a>, as a valley that, once upon a time, connected the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea,<a href="#cite_note-oren-icn.ru-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> and subsequently was proposed as a natural boundary between continents. By the mid-19th century, there were three main conventions, one following the Don, the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">Volga–Don Canal</a> and the Volga, the other following the Kuma–Manych Depression to the Caspian and then the Ural River, and the third abandoning the Don altogether, following the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus_watershed" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Caucasus watershed">Greater Caucasus watershed</a> to the Caspian. The question was still treated as a controversy in geographical literature of the 1860s, with <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Freshfield" title="Douglas Freshfield">Douglas Freshfield</a> advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the best possible, citing support from various modern geographers.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In Russia and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the boundary along the Kuma–Manych Depression was the most commonly used as early as 1906.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between Asia and Europe be drawn in textbooks from <a href="/wiki/Baydaratskaya_Bay" title="Baydaratskaya Bay">Baydaratskaya Bay</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a>, along the eastern foot of the Ural Mountains, then following the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Mugodzhar_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugodzhar Hills">Mugodzhar Hills</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Emba_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Emba River">Emba River</a>; and Kuma–Manych Depression,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> thus placing the Caucasus entirely in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> However, most geographers in the Soviet Union favoured the boundary along the Caucasus crest<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and this became the standard convention in the latter 20th century, although the Kuma–Manych boundary remained in use in some 20th-century maps. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_definition">Modern definition</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern definition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedestrian_bridge_in_Orenburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pedestrian_bridge_in_Orenburg.jpg/170px-Pedestrian_bridge_in_Orenburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pedestrian_bridge_in_Orenburg.jpg/255px-Pedestrian_bridge_in_Orenburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pedestrian_bridge_in_Orenburg.jpg/340px-Pedestrian_bridge_in_Orenburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Pedestrian bridge over the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. The bridge is between <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_the_bridge_over_Ural,_Kizilskoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/On_the_bridge_over_Ural%2C_Kizilskoe.jpg/220px-On_the_bridge_over_Ural%2C_Kizilskoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/On_the_bridge_over_Ural%2C_Kizilskoe.jpg/330px-On_the_bridge_over_Ural%2C_Kizilskoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/On_the_bridge_over_Ural%2C_Kizilskoe.jpg/440px-On_the_bridge_over_Ural%2C_Kizilskoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1130" /></a><figcaption>Road sign on the continental border between Asia and Europe near <a href="/wiki/Magnitogorsk" title="Magnitogorsk">Magnitogorsk</a>, Ural Mountains, Russia. It reads "Europe", above a crossed-out "Asia", as one enters Europe and leaves Asia</figcaption></figure> The modern border between Asia and Europe is a historical and cultural construct,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> and for that reason, its definition has varied. One commonly accepted border follows the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a> (together known as the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a>, the northwestern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, and along the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a>, as mapped and listed in most atlases including that of the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> and as described in <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NatlGeoAtlas-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-87">[87]</a> According to this particular definition, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> is a transcontinental country with some of its northern portions (such as <a href="/wiki/Kazbegi_Municipality" title="Kazbegi Municipality">Kazbegi Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khevsureti" title="Khevsureti">Khevsureti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tusheti" title="Tusheti">Tusheti</a>) geographically located in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, north of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus_watershed" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Caucasus watershed">Greater Caucasus Watershed</a>, whereas the country's south is arguably in Asia. Similarly, according to this one particular definition, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> is a transcontinental country with some northern portions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Khachmaz_District" title="Khachmaz District">Khachmaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quba_District_(Azerbaijan)" title="Quba District (Azerbaijan)">Quba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qusar_District" title="Qusar District">Qusar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shabran_District" title="Shabran District">Shabran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siazan_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Siazan District">Siazan</a>) located north of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus_watershed" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Caucasus watershed">Greater Caucasus Watershed</a> and thus geographically in Europe, whereas the rest arguably falls under Asia.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Georgia actively identified as European throughout the 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In the 21st century, Georgia is regarded as a European country<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> for historical, cultural, religious, and political reasons.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The international geographic community has never reached a universal agreement on continental borders, especially with regard to the Caucasus region between the Black and Caspian seas. As <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> explains: <blockquote> "The watershed of the Greater Caucasus, the backbone of the system, traditionally has been part of the line dividing Europe and Asia, but Europe's eastern boundary has been the subject of much debate. One widely accepted scheme draws the dividing line along the crest of the Greater Caucasus range, putting the portion of the region north of the line in Europe and the portion south of it in Asia. Another puts the western portion of the Caucasus region in Europe and the eastern part (the bulk of Azerbaijan and small portions of Armenia, Georgia, and Russia's Caspian Sea coast) in Asia. Still another scheme identifies the <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras River</a> and the Turkish border as the line of continental demarcation, thereby locating Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia in Europe"<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> are transcontinental states with territory in both Asia and Europe by any definition.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Russia is historically, culturally, and politically a European state, with a history of <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">imperial conquests</a> in Asia. The situation for Turkey is inverse, as that of an Asian country with <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">imperial conquests</a> in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> is also a transcontinental state by this definition, with its <a href="/wiki/West_Kazakhstan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="West Kazakhstan Province">West Kazakhstan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Atyrau_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Atyrau Province">Atyrau</a> provinces extending on either side of the Ural River,<a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Ural-97">[97]</a> although it is considered a <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">central Asian</a> country that extends to Europe. The Turkish city <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> is a transcontinental city because it lies on both sides of the Bosporus (one of the Turkish Straits).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The Russian and Kazakhstani cities of <a href="/wiki/Magnitogorsk" title="Magnitogorsk">Magnitogorsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a> fall on the Ural River, making them transcontinental cities as well.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> This Ural River delineation is the only segment not to follow a major mountain range or wide water body, both of which often truly separate populations. However, the Ural River is the most common division used by authorities,<a href="#cite_note-NatlGeoAtlas-86">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Factbook-Ural-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> is the most prominent natural feature in the region, and is the "most satisfactory of those (options) proposed"<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> which include the <a href="/wiki/Emba_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Emba River">Emba River</a>, a much smaller stream cutting further into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asian</a> Kazakhstan. The Ural River bridges in <a href="/wiki/Atyrau" title="Atyrau">Atyrau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a> are even labeled with permanent monuments carved with the word "Europe" on one side, "Asia" on the other.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Because the <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> are an Asian people, after the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, the option according to which the border of Europe runs from the Caspian Sea along the state border between <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a> has also gained popularity.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Depression" title="Kuma–Manych Depression">Kuma–Manych Depression</a> (more precisely, the <a href="/wiki/Manych_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Manych River">Manych River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Canal" title="Kuma–Manych Canal">Kuma–Manych Canal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kuma_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuma River (Russia)">Kuma River</a>) remains cited less commonly as one possible natural boundary in contemporary sources.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> This definition peaked in prominence in the 19th century; however, it has declined in usage over time. This is because it included in Asia certain areas of Russia (such as <a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>, and areas just south of <a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>) seen as too European to be Asian. One formal means by which states are grouped into one specified continental area or another is by using the definition used for statistical purposes by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Statistics_Division" title="United Nations Statistics Division">United Nations Statistics Division</a> (UNSD):<a href="#cite_note-stats-4">[4]</a> According to UNSD, "assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories".<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Furthermore, the UNSD classification often differs from those of other <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> organizations. For instance, while UNSD includes Georgia and Cyprus in Western Asia, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">United Nations Industrial Development Organization</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> include both states in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a> includes transcontinental or Eurasian states, such as <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, Azerbaijan, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, Georgia, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> as members. <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, whereas the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> noted that Armenia and Georgia are eligible to apply for EU membership "like any other European state".<a href="#cite_note-EU_perspective-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> On 14 December 2023, Georgia was officially granted EU Candidate status.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe" title="Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe">Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe</a> defined the eastern boundary of Europe to be the Ural Mountains, Ural River, and Caspian Sea. However, it also included all of the territory of the then-Soviet republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, as well as areas of Turkey north of the <a href="/wiki/39th_parallel_north" title="39th parallel north">39th parallel</a> (among other areas of Turkey). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Islands">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> is an island of the Mediterranean located on the Asian continental shelf, geologically a part of the <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatolian Plate">Anatolian Plate</a> and adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, by which it is sometimes associated with Asia (<a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>), as in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_geoscheme_for_Asia#Western_Asia" title="United Nations geoscheme for Asia">United Nations geoscheme</a>. Despite differences regarding its geographic affiliation, the <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> was nevertheless admitted to the Council of Europe in 1961 and joined the EU in 2004. The northern part of the island functions as the unrecognized (except by Turkey) <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a>. The Greek <a href="/wiki/North_Aegean_islands" title="North Aegean islands">North Aegean islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese" title="Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a> lie on the coast of the Asian part of Turkey (on the Asian continental shelf). Thus, generally, these island groups could be considered part of Asia. More specifically, the small islands of <a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strongyli_Megistis" title="Strongyli Megistis">Strongyli Megistis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ro,_Greece" title="Ro, Greece">Ro</a> (all these islands are still in the Dodecanese group) are directly to the south of the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> coastline, of which they are directly adjacent. Additionally, they lie at some distance to the east of the rest of the Dodecanese group in the direction of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and the Turkish city of <a href="/wiki/Antalya" title="Antalya">Antalya</a>. Akin to Cyprus, these small islets would nominally be considered Asian if only the continental shelf were used to define the boundary, but for history and cultural influences they are considered a part of Europe. Russia's <a href="/wiki/Vaygach_Island" title="Vaygach Island">Vaygach Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Novaya_Zemlya" title="Novaya Zemlya">Novaya Zemlya</a> extend northward from the northern end of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> and are a continuation of that chain into the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. While Novaya Zemlya was variously grouped with Europe or with Asia in 19th-century maps it is now usually grouped with Europe, the continental boundary considered to join the Arctic Ocean along the southern shore of the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a>. The Russian Arctic <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land</a> farther north is also associated with Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia_and_North_America">Asia and North America</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Asia and North America">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> separate the <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmasses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, as well as forming the international boundary between Russia and the United States. This <a href="/wiki/National_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="National boundary">national</a> and continental boundary separates the <a href="/wiki/Diomede_Islands" title="Diomede Islands">Diomede Islands</a> in the Bering Strait, with <a href="/wiki/Diomede_Islands" title="Diomede Islands">Big Diomede</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diomede_Islands" title="Diomede Islands">Little Diomede</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">U.S.</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a> are an island chain extending westward from the <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Alaskan Peninsula">Alaskan Peninsula</a> toward Russia's <a href="/wiki/Komandorski_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Komandorski Islands">Komandorski Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a>. Most of them are always associated with North America, except for the westernmost <a href="/wiki/Near_Islands" title="Near Islands">Near Islands</a> group, which is on <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>'s continental shelf beyond the <a href="/wiki/North_Aleutians_Basin" title="North Aleutians Basin">North Aleutians Basin</a> and on rare occasions could be associated with Asia, which could then allow the U.S. state of <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> to be considered a transcontinental state. The Aleutian Islands are sometimes associated with Oceania, owing to their status as remote Pacific islands, and their proximity to the Pacific Plate.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> This is extremely rare, however, because of their non-tropical biogeography and because their <a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">inhabitants</a> have historically been related to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Americans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-flick-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-handbook-34">[34]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island" title="St. Lawrence Island">St. Lawrence Island</a> in the northern Bering Sea belongs to Alaska and may be associated with either continent but is almost always considered part of North America, as with the <a href="/wiki/Rat_Islands" title="Rat Islands">Rat Islands</a> in the Aleutian chain. At their nearest points, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> are separated by only 4 kilometres (2.5 miles). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe_and_North_America">Europe and North America</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Europe and North America">edit</a>]</div> The geographical notion of a <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a> stands in opposition to islands and archipelagos.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Nevertheless, there are some islands that are considered part of Europe in a political sense. This most notably includes the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> (part of the European continental shelf and during the Ice Age of the continent itself); the islands of the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> that are part of the territory of a country situated on the European mainland; the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, part of Portugal; and usually also the <a href="/wiki/Island_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Island state">island states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (part of Norway and/or Denmark from 13th to early 20th centuries) and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>. The Norwegian islands of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> are usually associated with Europe. South of the Arctic, Europe and North America are separated by the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>. In terms of associating its <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic islands">oceanic islands</a> with either continent, the boundary is usually drawn between <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and between Bermuda and the Azores' Grupo Ocidental (Western Group)—all other North Atlantic islands are <a href="/wiki/Continental_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental islands">continental</a>. Iceland and the Azores are protrusions of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and are associated with and peopled from Europe, even though they have areas on the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Plate">North American Plate</a>. (Definitions of "continents" are a physical and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_construct" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural construct">cultural construct</a> dating back centuries, long before the advent or even knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonics</a>; thus, defining a "continent" falls into the realm of physical and cultural geography (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a>), while continental plate definitions fall under plate tectonics in the realm of <a href="/wiki/Geologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologists">geology</a>.) Some definitions of the Europe – America continental boundary place it on (the northern half of) the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, which would make Iceland a transcontinental country. <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a> is geographically part of North America. Politically, however, it is more associated with Europe as it is part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Denmark">Kingdom of Denmark</a>, although it has extensive home rule and EU law no longer applies there. The United Nations consider Greenland to be part of North America; this is unusual, as the United Nations categorize many nations and territories purely on political convention rather than geographical or cultural convention.<a href="#cite_note-stats-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greenland_national_football_team" title="Greenland national football team">Greenland national football team</a>, while not officially part of any confederation, has historically competed against teams from Europe, rather than North America. Three islands in the Caribbean are legally a direct part of the Netherlands, that is the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a>). Two islands in the Caribbean are legally a direct part of France, <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America_and_South_America">North America and South America</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: North America and South America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle America</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland_2">Mainland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mainland">edit</a>]</div> The border between North America and South America is at some point on the <a href="/wiki/Serran%C3%ADa_del_Dari%C3%A9n" title="Serranía del Darién">Darién Mountains</a> watershed that divides along the <a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93Panama_border" title="Colombia–Panama border">Colombia–Panama border</a> where the isthmus meets the South American continent (see <a href="/wiki/Dari%C3%A9n_Gap" title="Darién Gap">Darién Gap</a>). Virtually all atlases list Panama as a state falling entirely within <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands_2">Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islands">edit</a>]</div> Often the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean islands">Caribbean islands</a> are considered part of North America, but <a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a> (<a href="/wiki/ABC_islands_(Lesser_Antilles)" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC islands (Lesser Antilles)">ABC islands</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> lie on the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> of South America. On the other hand, the Venezuelan <a href="/wiki/Isla_Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Isla Aves">Isla Aves</a> and the Colombian <a href="/wiki/San_Andr%C3%A9s_and_Providencia" class="mw-redirect" title="San Andrés and Providencia">San Andrés and Providencia</a> lie on the North American shelf. Additionally, the adjacent Venezuelan islands of <a href="/wiki/Nueva_Esparta" title="Nueva Esparta">Nueva Esparta</a> and the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Venezuelan Federal Dependencies</a> can be considered to be a part of the Caribbean instead of part of South America. The circumstance of these islands is akin to that of the ABC islands, as both the ABC islands and the Venezuelan islands are at an equivalent range from the Venezuelan mainland. Thus, these Venezuelan lands could consequently be placed in North America instead. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania_and_the_Americas">Oceania and the Americas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Oceania and the Americas">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NazcaPlate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NazcaPlate.png/220px-NazcaPlate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NazcaPlate.png/330px-NazcaPlate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/NazcaPlate.png/440px-NazcaPlate.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="978" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Nazca_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazca Plate">Nazca Plate</a> (depicted in pink). It is considered to be a separate tectonic plate to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/South_American_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="South American Plate">South American Plate</a>, and contains several oceanic islands of the South Pacific, which have been associated with both Oceania and South America.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a> and Malpelo Island in the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> are possessions of <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and Colombia, respectively. Malpelo Island, located 500 km from Colombia, is nominally associated with South America, while the Galápagos Islands, 1,000 km from Ecuador, are also sometimes associated with Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-protectedareas-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-harv-124">[124]</a> The Galápagos Islands lie on the Nazca Plate and are thought of as part of Oceania because of their geographical distance from South America in the Pacific Ocean and their <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic islands">oceanic geology</a>. Malpelo is one of only two islands on the <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocos Plate">Cocos Plate</a> (with the other being <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cocos_Island" title="Cocos Island">Cocos Island</a>). It is among the easternmost and least remote of the oceanic island groups in the southeastern Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/French_Overseas_Departments_and_Territories" class="mw-redirect" title="French Overseas Departments and Territories">French possession</a> of <a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a> lies on the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific Plate</a>, about 1,000 km off the <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexican</a> <a href="/wiki/Coast" title="Coast">coast</a>, and roughly 300 km to the south of Mexico's oceanic <a href="/wiki/Revillagigedo_Islands" title="Revillagigedo Islands">Revillagigedo Islands</a>, which are also on the Pacific Plate. It is associated with <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] as well as with Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-global-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Oceanic southeastern Pacific islands such as Clipperton and Galápagos were never inhabited by Indigenous peoples of the Americas,<a href="#cite_note-press-131">[131]</a> unlike with the Atlantic Ocean's Caribbean Islands. Clipperton remains uninhabited, and its marine fauna maintains interconnectivity to the marine fauna of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Line_Islands" title="Line Islands">Line Islands</a>, with the island being labelled as a stepping stone between the south central Pacific and the southeastern Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-Romero-Torres_Treml_Acosta_Paz-García_2018-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-clip-133">[133]</a> The Galápagos Islands similarly share interconnectivity with <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Romero-Torres_Treml_Acosta_Paz-García_2018-132">[132]</a> Until 2007, Clipperton was administratively part of French Polynesia (formerly French Oceania). It has historically had very little contact with the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>, also known by its <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">endonym</a> Rapa Nui, is a territory located on the Nazca Plate, and is roughly 3,500 km off the <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chilean</a> coast. Because of its original inhabitants, It is culturally part of the Oceania subregion <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, though politically it came to be associated with South America.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Easter Island was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> in 1888, but their first major contact with South America came during the 1860s, when islanders were kidnapped by <a href="/wiki/Peruvians" title="Peruvians">Peruvians</a> for slavery. This was also the case with other Polynesian islands, including <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tokelau" title="Tokelau">Tokelau</a>, who lost significant amounts of their populations through the Peruvian kidnappings.<a href="#cite_note-paradise-138">[138]</a> Easter Island under Chilean rule has still made attempts to become politically involved with the rest of the South Pacific,<a href="#cite_note-asianpacific-36">[36]</a> and has considered gaining representation in the Pacific Islands Forum, which includes Australia, New Zealand and most of the Pacific Island nations/territories.<a href="#cite_note-widen-139">[139]</a> Similar to Easter Island, and just to the northeast of it, is the nearby uninhabited <a href="/wiki/Isla_Salas_y_G%C3%B3mez" title="Isla Salas y Gómez">Salas y Gómez Island</a> of Chile, which is also considered to be geographically in Oceania while associated with South America politically. The island was never inhabited, yet it was known about by the natives of Easter Island during prehistoric times. The name for the island in their language was Motu Motiro Hiva. Additionally, Chile has the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Desventuradas_Islands" title="Desventuradas Islands">Desventuradas Islands</a>, 850 km removed from the country, and the <a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Islands" title="Juan Fernández Islands">Juan Fernández Islands</a>, which are 650 km removed. Both are located on the Nazca Plate and to the east of Salas y Gómez and Easter Island. Akin to Clipperton and Galápagos, the Desventuradas Islands and the Juan Fernández Islands were uninhabited prior to European discovery.<a href="#cite_note-press-131">[131]</a> They too are associated with both the American continent and Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-ausgov-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-east-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-protectedareas-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-isl-46">[46]</a> The marine fauna of the Desventuradas Islands and Juan Fernández Islands shares great similarity with the south central Pacific, more so than with the nearing South America.<a href="#cite_note-east-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-marine-142">[142]</a> Some consider the islands to be the easternmost areas of the Oceanian biogeographical realm.<a href="#cite_note-class-50">[50]</a> Scientific journal <a href="/wiki/PLOS_One" title="PLOS One">PLOS One</a> describe Easter Island, the Desventurudas Islands, the Juan Fernández Islands and Salas y Gómez (collectively titled <a href="/wiki/Insular_Chile" title="Insular Chile">Insular Chile</a>) as having "cultural and ecological connections to the broader insular Pacific."<a href="#cite_note-marine-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_transcontinental_countries" title="List of former transcontinental countries">List of former transcontinental countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_empire_on_which_the_sun_never_sets" title="The empire on which the sun never sets">The empire on which the sun never sets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricontinental_Chile" title="Tricontinental Chile">Tricontinental Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluricontinentalism" title="Pluricontinentalism">Pluricontinentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_by_continent" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent">List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_divide" title="Continental divide">Continental divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">Borders of the oceans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McColl-1"><a href="#cite_ref-McColl_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFR.W._McColl2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">R.W. McColl, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA215">"continents"</a>. Encyclopedia of World Geography. Vol. 1. Facts on File, Inc. p. 215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7229-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7229-3"><bdi>978-0-8160-7229-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 26 June 2012. <q>And since Africa and Asia are connected at the Suez Peninsula, Europe, Africa, and Asia are sometimes combined as Afro-Eurasia or Eurafrasia. 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Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oceania%3A+General+Characteristics&rft.btitle=The+countries+of+the+world&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-0DAAAAQAAJ%26dq%3D%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522juan%2522%2B%2522galapagos%2522%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-understanding-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-understanding_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-understanding_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFirthNaidu2019" class="citation book cs1">Firth, Stewart; Naidu, Vijay (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHmfDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22spread+of+our+islands+allowed+a+great+deal+of+mobility+within+the+region%22&pg=PA354">Understanding Oceania: Celebrating the University of the South Pacific and its collaboration with The Australian National University</a>. ANU Press. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760462895" title="Special:BookSources/9781760462895"><bdi>9781760462895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Oceania%3A+Celebrating+the+University+of+the+South+Pacific+and+its+collaboration+with+The+Australian+National+University&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781760462895&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft.au=Naidu%2C+Vijay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHmfDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522spread%2Bof%2Bour%2Bislands%2Ballowed%2Ba%2Bgreat%2Bdeal%2Bof%2Bmobility%2Bwithin%2Bthe%2Bregion%2522%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecat.ga.gov.au/geonetwork/srv/api/records/a05f7892-8f70-7506-e044-00144fdd4fa6">"BMR Cruise 107: Seabed Morphology and Offshore Resources around Christmas Island, Indian Ocean"</a>. Product catalogue.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Product+catalogue&rft.atitle=BMR+Cruise+107%3A+Seabed+Morphology+and+Offshore+Resources+around+Christmas+Island%2C+Indian+Ocean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecat.ga.gov.au%2Fgeonetwork%2Fsrv%2Fapi%2Frecords%2Fa05f7892-8f70-7506-e044-00144fdd4fa6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parksaustralia.gov.au/marine/pub/scientific-publications/archive/conservation-christmas-cocos.pdf">"Conservation values in Commonwealth waters of the Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Island remote Australian territories"</a> (PDF). Parksaustralia.gov.au. August 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parksaustralia.gov.au&rft.atitle=Conservation+values+in+Commonwealth+waters+of+the+Christmas+and+Cocos+%28Keeling%29+Island+remote+Australian+territories&rft.date=2009-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fparksaustralia.gov.au%2Fmarine%2Fpub%2Fscientific-publications%2Farchive%2Fconservation-christmas-cocos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guamschool-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guamschool_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guamschool_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guamschool_45-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1cudnPlxEsC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22bonin%22&pg=PA5">Oceania in the 21st Century - Color</a>. St. John's School, Guam, USA. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780557445059" title="Special:BookSources/9780557445059"><bdi>9780557445059</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 March 2022. <q>The Bonin Islands, now known as the Ogasawara Islands, are a group of subtropical islands located roughly equidistant between the Tokyo, Japan and the Northern Mariana Islands. This group of islands is nowhere near Tokyo, but it is still considered to be a part of Tokyo! The Ogasawara Islands consist of 30 subtropical islands made The Bonin Islands were said to be discovered first by Bernardo de la Torre, a Spanish explorer, who originally called the islands "Islas del Arzobispo" [,,,]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oceania+in+the+21st+Century+-+Color&rft.pub=St.+John%27s+School%2C+Guam%2C+USA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780557445059&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW1cudnPlxEsC%26dq%3D%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522bonin%2522%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-isl-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isl_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isl_46-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pacific-Islands">"Pacific Islands | Countries, Map, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com. 21 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Pacific+Islands+%26%23124%3B+Countries%2C+Map%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPacific-Islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-global-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-global_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-global_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.GlobalSecurity.org/military/world/oceania/index.html">"Oceania Military Guide"</a>. GlobalSecurity.org. <a href="/wiki/Global_Security" class="mw-redirect" title="Global Security">Global Security</a>. Retrieved 6 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GlobalSecurity.org&rft.atitle=Oceania+Military+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.GlobalSecurity.org%2Fmilitary%2Fworld%2Foceania%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-realm-48"><a href="#cite_ref-realm_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTodd1974" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Ian (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific">Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama</a>. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780207127618" title="Special:BookSources/9780207127618"><bdi>9780207127618</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 February 2022. <q>[we] can further define the word culture to mean language. Thus we have the French language part of Oceania, the Spanish part and the Japanese part. The Japanese culture groups of Oceania are the Bonin Islands, the Marcus Islands and the Volcano Islands. These three clusters, lying south and south-east of Japan, are inhabited either by Japanese or by people who have now completely fused with the Japanese race. Therefore they will not be taken into account in the proposed comparison of the policies of non - Oceanic cultures towards Oceanic peoples. On the eastern side of the Pacific are a number of Spanish language culture groups of islands. Two of them, the Galapagos and Easter Island, have been dealt with as separate chapters in this volume. Only one of the dozen or so Spanish culture island groups of Oceania has an Oceanic population — the Polynesians of Easter Island. The rest are either uninhabited or have a Spanish - Latin - American population consisting of people who migrated from the mainland. Therefore, the comparisons which follow refer almost exclusively to the English and French language cultures.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Realm%3A+A+Pacific+Panorama&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780207127618&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcEJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522French%2Blanguage%2Bcultures%2522%2B1974%2Bpacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ausgov-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ausgov_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ausgov_49-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomsonDoranClarke2018" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Lex; Doran, John; Clarke, Bronwyn (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aciar.gov.au/sites/default/files/mn201_trees_for_life_-_final_artwork_-_15052018_web_upload_version.pdf">Trees for life in Oceania: Conservation and utilisation of genetic diversity</a> (PDF). Canberra, Australia: Australian Center for International Agricultural Research. p. 16. Retrieved 24 January 2022. <q>In a number of cases, human exploitation of certain high-value tree species, including sandalwoods and other highly prized timbers, has led to their extinction—such as the sandalwood species Santalum fernandezianum, in Juan Fernández Islands; and others to the brink of extinction, such S. boninensis in Ogasawara Islands, Japan; or is an ongoing threatening factor in the examples of S. yasi in Fiji and Tonga, Gyrinops spp. in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Intsia bijuga throughout the Pacific Islands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trees+for+life+in+Oceania%3A+Conservation+and+utilisation+of+genetic+diversity&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Australian+Center+for+International+Agricultural+Research&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Lex&rft.au=Doran%2C+John&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Bronwyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aciar.gov.au%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fmn201_trees_for_life_-_final_artwork_-_15052018_web_upload_version.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-class-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-class_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-class_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUdvardy" class="citation web cs1">Udvardy, Miklos D.F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504205134/https://fnad.org/Documentos/A%20Classification%20of%20the%20Biogeographical%20Provinces%20of%20the%20World%20Miklos%20D.F.%20Udvardy.pdf">"A Classification of the Biogeographical Provinces of the World"</a> (PDF). UNESCO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fnad.org/Documentos/A%20Classification%20of%20the%20Biogeographical%20Provinces%20of%20the%20World%20Miklos%20D.F.%20Udvardy.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Classification+of+the+Biogeographical+Provinces+of+the+World&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.aulast=Udvardy&rft.aufirst=Miklos+D.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffnad.org%2FDocumentos%2FA%2520Classification%2520of%2520the%2520Biogeographical%2520Provinces%2520of%2520the%2520World%2520Miklos%2520D.F.%2520Udvardy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwojima.jp/ogasa2.html">"小笠原諸島の歴史"</a>. Iwojima.jp.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iwojima.jp&rft.atitle=%E5%B0%8F%E7%AC%A0%E5%8E%9F%E8%AB%B8%E5%B3%B6%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwojima.jp%2Fogasa2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsi.go.jp/common/000001188.pdf">"Spatial Data Infrastructure Work in Japan 2000 − 2003"</a> (PDF). Bulletin of the Geographical Survey Institute. 50: 9–25. March 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geographical+Survey+Institute&rft.atitle=Spatial+Data+Infrastructure+Work+in+Japan+2000+%E2%88%92+2003&rft.volume=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2004-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsi.go.jp%2Fcommon%2F000001188.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHudson2017" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Mark J. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctt1pwtd26.17.pdf">"The Ryukyu Islands and the Northern Frontier of Prehistoric Austronesian Settlement"</a> (PDF). New Perspectives in Southeast Asian and Pacific Prehistory. Vol. 45. ANU Press. pp. 189–200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781760460945" title="Special:BookSources/9781760460945"><bdi>9781760460945</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1pwtd26.17">j.ctt1pwtd26.17</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ryukyu+Islands+and+the+Northern+Frontier+of+Prehistoric+Austronesian+Settlement&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+in+Southeast+Asian+and+Pacific+Prehistory&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E200&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1pwtd26.17%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781760460945&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2Fj.ctt1pwtd26.17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPandianParman2004" class="citation book cs1">Pandian, Jacob; Parman, Susan (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RgO8nLql2KwC&dq=%22some+exclude+from+oceania%22&pg=PA206">The Making of Anthropology: The Semiotics of Self and Other in the Western Tradition</a>. Vedams. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788179360149" title="Special:BookSources/9788179360149"><bdi>9788179360149</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Anthropology%3A+The+Semiotics+of+Self+and+Other+in+the+Western+Tradition&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Vedams&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788179360149&rft.aulast=Pandian&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Parman%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRgO8nLql2KwC%26dq%3D%2522some%2Bexclude%2Bfrom%2Boceania%2522%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SxBZAAAAYAAJ&q=%22aleutians%22+%22oceania%22">"Asia and the Americas"</a>. 1943.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asia+and+the+Americas&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSxBZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3D%2522aleutians%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corn-56"><a href="#cite_ref-corn_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCornell1857" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Sophia S. (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z9hizT9tiAC&dq=%22included+in+oceania%22&pg=RA2-PA95">Cornell's Primary Geography: Forming Part First of a Systematic Series of School Geographies</a>. Harvard University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730064858/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/CORNELL_S_PRIMARY_GEOGRAPHY/1Z9hizT9tiAC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22included+in+oceania%22&pg=RA2-PA95&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornell%27s+Primary+Geography%3A+Forming+Part+First+of+a+Systematic+Series+of+School+Geographies&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Sophia+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Z9hizT9tiAC%26dq%3D%2522included%2Bin%2Boceania%2522%26pg%3DRA2-PA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ofc-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ofc_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ofc_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ofc_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdmin2021" class="citation web cs1">Admin (3 February 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://footballoceania.com/2021/02/03/the-curious-case-of-northern-mariana-islands-and-what-ofc-can-learn-from-it/">"The curious case of Northern Mariana Islands and what OFC can learn from it - Football in Oceania"</a>. Footballoceania.com. Retrieved 9 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Footballoceania.com&rft.atitle=The+curious+case+of+Northern+Mariana+Islands+and+what+OFC+can+learn+from+it+-+Football+in+Oceania&rft.date=2021-02-03&rft.au=Admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffootballoceania.com%2F2021%2F02%2F03%2Fthe-curious-case-of-northern-mariana-islands-and-what-ofc-can-learn-from-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pif-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pif_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pif_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pif_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc/en/cooperation-pacific/pacific-islands-forum-pif">"The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) | Coopération Régionale et Relations Extérieures de la Nouvelle-Calédonie"</a>. Cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc. Retrieved 2 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cooperation-regionale.gouv.nc&rft.atitle=The+Pacific+Islands+Forum+%28PIF%29+%26%23124%3B+Coop%C3%A9ration+R%C3%A9gionale+et+Relations+Ext%C3%A9rieures+de+la+Nouvelle-Cal%C3%A9donie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcooperation-regionale.gouv.nc%2Fen%2Fcooperation-pacific%2Fpacific-islands-forum-pif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207081025/http://www.eaff.com/eanews/release/2009/090905.html">"Regarding the agenda/ decisions of the 29th EAFF Executive Committee Meeting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eaff.com/eanews/release/2009/090905.html">the original</a> on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 27 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regarding+the+agenda%2F+decisions+of+the+29th+EAFF+Executive+Committee+Meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eaff.com%2Feanews%2Frelease%2F2009%2F090905.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-flick-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-flick_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-flick_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlick1926" class="citation book cs1">Flick, Alexander Clarence (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PhGHAAAAMAAJ&q=Modern%20World%20History,%201776-1926A%20Survey%20of%20the%20Origins%20and%20Development%20of%20Contemporary%20Civilization">Modern World History, 1776-1926: A Survey of the Origins and Development of Contemporary Civilization</a>. A.A. Knopf. p. 492. Retrieved 10 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+World+History%2C+1776-1926%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Origins+and+Development+of+Contemporary+Civilization&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=A.A.+Knopf&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Flick&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Clarence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPhGHAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DModern%2520World%2520History%2C%25201776-1926A%2520Survey%2520of%2520the%2520Origins%2520and%2520Development%2520of%2520Contemporary%2520Civilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Cavendish_Corporation1998" class="citation book cs1">Marshall Cavendish Corporation (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=px7YAAAAMAAJ&q=%22japan%22+%22aleutian%22+%22oceania%22">Encyclopedia of Earth and Physical Sciences: Nuclear physics-Plate tectonics</a>. Pennsylvania State University. p. 876. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761405511" title="Special:BookSources/9780761405511"><bdi>9780761405511</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Earth+and+Physical+Sciences%3A+Nuclear+physics-Plate+tectonics&rft.pages=876&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780761405511&rft.au=Marshall+Cavendish+Corporation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpx7YAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522japan%2522%2B%2522aleutian%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ling-62"><a href="#cite_ref-ling_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowen1971" class="citation book cs1">Bowen, James Dean (1971). "Japanese in Taiwan". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lYouAAAAMAAJ&q=taiwan+Linguistics+in+Oceania+(2+v.">Linguistics in Oceania, 2</a>. The University of Michigan. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Japanese+in+Taiwan&rft.btitle=Linguistics+in+Oceania%2C+2&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Bowen&rft.aufirst=James+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlYouAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtaiwan%2BLinguistics%2Bin%2BOceania%2B%282%2Bv.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-intmil-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-intmil_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-intmil_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDupuy1992" class="citation book cs1">Dupuy, Trevor N., ed. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wKYRAQAAMAAJ&q=%22taiwan+oceania%22">International Military and Defense Encyclopedia: Volume 4</a>. The University of Michigan. p. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028810119" title="Special:BookSources/9780028810119"><bdi>9780028810119</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 March 2022. <q>Despite varied usage, Ocean, from Madagascar off the coast of Africa to Taiwan, Oceania primarily refers to most of the thousands of islands in the Pacific Ocean, but not to the shore nations of its surrounding continents, or to the Japanese islands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Military+and+Defense+Encyclopedia%3A+Volume+4&rft.pages=2009&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780028810119&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwKYRAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522taiwan%2Boceania%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDudding2015" class="citation web cs1">Dudding, Adam (15 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/destinations/asia/67390585/new-zealands-long-lost-taiwanese-cuzzies">"New Zealand's long-lost Taiwanese cuzzies"</a>. Stuff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stuff&rft.atitle=New+Zealand%27s+long-lost+Taiwanese+cuzzies&rft.date=2015-03-15&rft.aulast=Dudding&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stuff.co.nz%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fasia%2F67390585%2Fnew-zealands-long-lost-taiwanese-cuzzies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDouglas,_Bronwen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Douglas, Bronwen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/25764398">""Terra Australis" to Oceania: Racial Geography in the 'Fifth Part of the World'"</a>. The Journal of Pacific History. 45 (2): 179–210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00223344.2010.501696">10.1080/00223344.2010.501696</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F52012">1885/52012</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25764398">25764398</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20836257">20836257</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205438654">205438654</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Pacific+History&rft.atitle=%22Terra+Australis%22+to+Oceania%3A+Racial+Geography+in+the+%27Fifth+Part+of+the+World%27&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F52012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25764398%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00223344.2010.501696&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20836257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205438654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Douglas%2C+Bronwen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25764398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Oceania-region-Pacific-Ocean">"Oceania | Definition, Population, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Oceania+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Population%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FOceania-region-Pacific-Ocean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goal.com/en-au/news/chinese-taipei-india-intercontinental-cup-know-your-rivals/bugueu6dtcwd1u6nbyi6wmj90/match/4c8k8i08ssh8dc5lclsl4sxuy">"Indian National Football Team: Know Your Rivals - Chinese Taipei"</a>. Goal.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goal.com&rft.atitle=Indian+National+Football+Team%3A+Know+Your+Rivals+-+Chinese+Taipei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goal.com%2Fen-au%2Fnews%2Fchinese-taipei-india-intercontinental-cup-know-your-rivals%2Fbugueu6dtcwd1u6nbyi6wmj90%2Fmatch%2F4c8k8i08ssh8dc5lclsl4sxuy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-europe-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-europe_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-europe_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHans_Slomp2011" class="citation book cs1">Hans Slomp (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&q=%22european+subcontinent%22&pg=PA634">Europe: A Political Profile</a>. Abc-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313391828" title="Special:BookSources/9780313391828"><bdi>9780313391828</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+Political+Profile&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780313391828&rft.au=Hans+Slomp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmfAPmwE6YYC%26q%3D%2522european%2Bsubcontinent%2522%26pg%3DPA634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vividmaps.com/border-between-europe-and-asia/">"How was the border between Europe and Asia defined?"</a>. 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+was+the+border+between+Europe+and+Asia+defined%3F&rft.date=2022-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvividmaps.com%2Fborder-between-europe-and-asia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Pierre Foncin. La deuxième année de géographie. Edité par Armand Colin: 1880 </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeier2011" class="citation book cs1">Meier, Christian (22 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9FrGhw9TXn8C&q=phasis+border&pg=PA23">A Culture of Freedom: Ancient Greece and the Origins of Europe</a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-165240-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-165240-0"><bdi>978-0-19-165240-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Culture+of+Freedom%3A+Ancient+Greece+and+the+Origins+of+Europe&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft.isbn=978-0-19-165240-0&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9FrGhw9TXn8C%26q%3Dphasis%2Bborder%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a> 4.38. C.f. James Rennell, The Geographical System of Herodotus Examined and Explained, Volume 1, Rivington 1830, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_enQ-AAAAcAAJ/page/n274">p. 244</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> according to Strabo (<a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a> 11.7.4) even at the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>, "it was agreed by all that the Tanais river separated Asia from Europe" (ὡμολόγητο ἐκ πάντων ὅτι διείργει τὴν Ἀσίαν ἀπὸ τῆς Εὐρώπης ὁ Τάναϊς ποταμός; c.f. Duane W. Roller, Eratosthenes' Geography, Princeton University Press, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14267-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14267-8">978-0-691-14267-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8peKyWK_SWsC&dq=Eratosthenes+Tanais&pg=PA57">p. 57</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> W. Theiler, Posidonios. Die Fragmente, vol. 1. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1982, fragm. 47a. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> I.G. Kidd (ed.), Posidonius: The commentary, Cambridge University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60443-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60443-7">978-0-521-60443-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_iXs1aCr1ckC&q=Tanais&pg=PA738">p. 738</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a> 7.5.6 (ed. Nobbe 1845, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHMCAAAAQAAJ">vol. 2</a>, p. 178)) Καὶ τῇ Εὐρώπῃ δὲ συνάπτει διὰ τοῦ μεταξὺ αὐχένος τῆς τε Μαιώτιδος λίμνης καὶ τοῦ Σαρματικοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς διαβάσεως τοῦ Τανάϊδος ποταμοῦ. "And [Asia] is connected to Europe by the land-strait between Lake Maiotis and the Sarmatian Ocean where the river Tanais crosses through." </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhilipp_Johann_von_Strahlenberg1730" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Philipp Johann von Strahlenberg (1730). Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia (in German). p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Nord-und+Ostliche+Theil+von+Europa+und+Asia&rft.pages=106&rft.date=1730&rft.au=Philipp+Johann+von+Strahlenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oren-icn.ru-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oren-icn.ru_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oren-icn.ru_78-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130417143618/http://oren-icn.ru/index.php/discussmenu/retrospectiva/685-eagraniza">"Boundary of Europe and Asia along Urals"</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oren-icn.ru/index.php/discussmenu/retrospectiva/685-eagraniza">the original</a> on 17 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boundary+of+Europe+and+Asia+along+Urals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foren-icn.ru%2Findex.php%2Fdiscussmenu%2Fretrospectiva%2F685-eagraniza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Peter Simon Pallas, Journey through various provinces of the Russian Empire, vol. 3 (1773) </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Douglas W. Freshfield, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ips8AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22watershed+of+the+Caucasus%22&pg=PA71">Journey in the Caucasus</a>", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Volumes 13-14, 1869. Cited as de facto convention by Baron von Haxthausen, Transcaucasia (1854); review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SN0EAAAAQAAJ/page/n152">Dublin University Magazine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://dlib.rsl.ru/view.php?path=/rsl01004000000/rsl01004103000/rsl01004103489/rsl01004103489.pdf#?page=163">[1]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://velikijporog.narod.ru/st_evraz_gran.htm">"Do we live in Europe or in Asia?"</a> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+we+live+in+Europe+or+in+Asia%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvelikijporog.narod.ru%2Fst_evraz_gran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOrlenok_V.1998" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orlenok V. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016212930/http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/orlenok_fisicheskaja/06.aspx">"Physical Geography"</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/orlenok_fisicheskaja/06.aspx">the original</a> on 16 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physical+Geography&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Orlenok+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-u.ru%2Fbiblio%2Farchive%2Forlenok_fisicheskaja%2F06.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> E. M. Moores, R. W. Fairbridge, Encyclopedia of European and Asian regional geology, Springer, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-74040-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-412-74040-4">978-0-412-74040-4</a>, p. 34: "most Soviet geographers took the watershed of the Main Range of the Greater Caucasus as the boundary between Europe and Asia." </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/place/Asia">Asia</a>:"The land boundary between Asia and Europe is a historical and cultural construct that has been defined variously; only as a matter of agreement is it tied to a specific borderline...", June 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-NatlGeoAtlas-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatlGeoAtlas_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatlGeoAtlas_86-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">National Geographic Atlas of the World (9th ed.). Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0634-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4262-0634-4"><bdi>978-1-4262-0634-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Atlas+of+the+World&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4262-0634-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> "Europe" (plate 59); "Asia" (plate 74): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles." </li> <li id="cite_note-Factbook-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Factbook_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/">World Factbook</a>. 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Washington, DC: Central Intelligence Agency. 6 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Factbook&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fazerbaijan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> Azerbaijan: Geography and Georgia: Geography </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/european-issues/0674-georgia-terrible-dilemma-for-europe">"Schuman Papers and Interviews: Georgia"</a>. www.robert-schuman.eu. Retrieved 22 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.robert-schuman.eu&rft.atitle=Schuman+Papers+and+Interviews%3A+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.robert-schuman.eu%2Fen%2Feuropean-issues%2F0674-georgia-terrible-dilemma-for-europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Encyclopedic World Atlas, George Philip & Son, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>: 2002, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopedicworl0000geor/page/104/mode/2up">p.104</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/country-profiles_en">"Country profiles"</a>. european-union.europa.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=european-union.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Country+profiles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuropean-union.europa.eu%2Fprinciples-countries-history%2Fcountry-profiles_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/eastern-partnership/georgia/">"EU relations with Georgia"</a>. Consilium.europa.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Consilium.europa.eu&rft.atitle=EU+relations+with+Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consilium.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fpolicies%2Feastern-partnership%2Fgeorgia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-23072361">"10 things you might not know about Georgia"</a>. BBC News. 4 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=10+things+you+might+not+know+about+Georgia&rft.date=2013-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-23072361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Britannica">Encyclopedia Britannica</a>", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, June 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerend2020" class="citation book cs1">Berend, Ivan T. (28 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FmnTDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22russia+and+turkey+are+transcontinental%22&pg=PT193">Economic History of a Divided Europe: Four Diverse Regions in an Integrating Continent</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000038477" title="Special:BookSources/9781000038477"><bdi>9781000038477</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 March 2022. <q>Most of these countries are located on the east and southeast half-circle of the European continent, but two, Russia and Turkey, are transcontinental</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+History+of+a+Divided+Europe%3A+Four+Diverse+Regions+in+an+Integrating+Continent&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft.isbn=9781000038477&rft.aulast=Berend&rft.aufirst=Ivan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFmnTDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522russia%2Band%2Bturkey%2Bare%2Btranscontinental%2522%26pg%3DPT193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Factbook-Ural-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Factbook-Ural_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Factbook-Ural_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/kazakhstan/">World Factbook</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 11 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Factbook&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkazakhstan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> Kazakhstan: Geography </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBorneman2016" class="citation web cs1">Borneman, Elizabeth (2 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geographyrealm.com/transcontinental-cities/">"Transcontinental Cities"</a>. Geography Realm. Retrieved 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geography+Realm&rft.atitle=Transcontinental+Cities&rft.date=2016-03-02&rft.aulast=Borneman&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographyrealm.com%2Ftranscontinental-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/which-cities-are-located-on-two-continents.html">"Which Cities Are Located On Two Continents?"</a>. WorldAtlas. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Which+Cities+Are+Located+On+Two+Continents%3F&rft.date=2020-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhich-cities-are-located-on-two-continents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlement_TocknerUrs_UehlingerChristopher_T._Robinson2009" class="citation book cs1">Klement Tockner; Urs Uehlinger; Christopher T. Robinson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GDmX5XKkQCcC&q=ural+river+europe+asia&pg=PT690">"18"</a>. Rivers of Europe (Illustrated ed.). Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123694492" title="Special:BookSources/9780123694492"><bdi>9780123694492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+Europe&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780123694492&rft.au=Klement+Tockner&rft.au=Urs+Uehlinger&rft.au=Christopher+T.+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGDmX5XKkQCcC%26q%3Dural%2Briver%2Beurope%2Basia%26pg%3DPT690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGlanville_Price2000" class="citation book cs1">Glanville Price (2000). 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Katjasdacha.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Katjasdacha.com&rft.atitle=The+White+Rose+-+Orenburg+Journey+-+3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.katjasdacha.com%2Fwhiterose%2Fthoughts%2Forenburg%2Forenburg3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> e.g. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Online">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a> (2011) s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/324715/Kuma-Manych-Depression">"Kuma-Manych Depression"</a>: "It is often regarded as the natural boundary between Europe and Asia." </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm">"Standard country or area codes and geographical regions for statistical use"</a>. Unstats.un.org. Retrieved 5 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standard+country+or+area+codes+and+geographical+regions+for+statistical+use&rft.pub=Unstats.un.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fmethods%2Fm49%2Fm49.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FAKMBgAAQBAJ&dq=west+asia+iran+2015&pg=PA14">United Nations Industrial Organisation</a> p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> UNESCO, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/unesco-regions/europe-and-north-america/">Europe and North America</a>, Retrieved: 10 May 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-EU_perspective-107"><a href="#cite_ref-EU_perspective_107-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P8-TA-2014-0009">European Parliament Resolution 2014/2717(RSP)</a>, 17 July 2014: "...pursuant to Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine – like any other European state – have a European perspective and may apply to become members of the Union..." </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+REPORT+A5-2002-0028+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN&language=EN">European Parliament on the European Union's relations with the South Caucasus</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Parliament+on+the+European+Union%27s+relations+with+the+South+Caucasus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsides%2FgetDoc.do%3FpubRef%3D-%2F%2FEP%2F%2FTEXT%2BREPORT%2BA5-2002-0028%2B0%2BDOC%2BXML%2BV0%2F%2FEN%26language%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/RC-9-2024-0163_EN.html">"JOINT MOTION FOR A RESOLUTION on closer ties between the EU and Armenia and the need for a peace agreement between Azerbaijan and Armenia | RC-B9-0163/2024 | European Parliament"</a>. www.europarl.europa.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.europarl.europa.eu&rft.atitle=JOINT+MOTION+FOR+A+RESOLUTION+on+closer+ties+between+the+EU+and+Armenia+and+the+need+for+a+peace+agreement+between+Azerbaijan+and+Armenia+%26%23124%3B+RC-B9-0163%2F2024+%26%23124%3B+European+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fdoceo%2Fdocument%2FRC-9-2024-0163_EN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2023/12/15/georgians-celebrate-eu-candidate-status_6347639_4.html">"Georgians celebrate EU candidate status"</a>. Le Monde.fr. 15 December 2023. Retrieved 30 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Georgians+celebrate+EU+candidate+status&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fen%2Finternational%2Farticle%2F2023%2F12%2F15%2Fgeorgians-celebrate-eu-candidate-status_6347639_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDanver2015" class="citation book cs1">Danver, Steven L. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&dq=%22aleutians%22+%22part+of+oceania%22&pg=PA185">Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317464006" title="Special:BookSources/9781317464006"><bdi>9781317464006</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+World%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Groups%2C+Cultures+and+Contemporary+Issues&rft.pages=185&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317464006&rft.aulast=Danver&rft.aufirst=Steven+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvf4TBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522aleutians%2522%2B%2522part%2Bof%2Boceania%2522%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallace1879" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Alfred Russel (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e2kcAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22oceania+is+the+word+often%22&pg=PA2">Australasia</a>. The University of Michigan. p. 2. Retrieved 12 March 2022. <q>Oceania is the word often used by continental geographers to describe the great world of islands we are now entering upon [...] This boundless watery domain, which extends northwards of Behring Straits and southward to the Antarctic barrier of ice, is studded with many island groups, which are, however, very irregularly distributed over its surface. The more northerly section, lying between Japan and California and between the Aleutian and Hawaiian Archipelagos is relived by nothing but a few solitary reefs and rocks at enormously distant intervals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australasia&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Russel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De2kcAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522oceania%2Bis%2Bthe%2Bword%2Boften%2522%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKohlhoff2002" class="citation book cs1">Kohlhoff, Dean (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kSWn8lbI4q4C&dq=%22aleutian+islands%22+%22oceania%22&pg=PA6">Amchitka and the Bomb: Nuclear Testing in Alaska</a>. University of Washington Press. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295800509" title="Special:BookSources/9780295800509"><bdi>9780295800509</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 March 2022. <q>The regional name of the Pacific Islands is appropriate: Oceania, a sea of islands, including those of Alaska and Hawaii. The Pacific Basin is not insignificant or remote. It covers one third of the globe's surface. Its northern boundary is the Aleutian Islands chain. Oceania virtually touches all of the Western Hemisphere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amchitka+and+the+Bomb%3A+Nuclear+Testing+in+Alaska&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780295800509&rft.aulast=Kohlhoff&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkSWn8lbI4q4C%26dq%3D%2522aleutian%2Bislands%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Continent#Noun" title="Continent">continent</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a>. "from Latin continent-, continens 'continuous mass of land, mainland'" </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/continent">"Definition of CONTINENT"</a>. Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+CONTINENT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcontinent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728060745/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/mapping/outline-map/?map=Panama">"National Geographic Education"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/mapping/outline-map/?map=Panama">the original</a> on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 12 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Education&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.com%2Feducation%2Fmapping%2Foutline-map%2F%3Fmap%3DPanama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">National Geographic Atlas (list). National Geographic Society. 2010. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Geographic+Atlas+%28list%29&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Society&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Webster's New Geographical Dictionary (list and map). Merriam-Webster Inc. 1984. pp. 856, 859.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+New+Geographical+Dictionary+%28list+and+map%29&rft.pages=856%2C+859&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster+Inc.&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm#americas">"Americas"</a> Standard Country and Area Codes Classifications (M49), United Nations Statistics Division <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/north_america/referencemap_image_view">"North America"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080303233306/http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/reference/international/north_america/referencemap_image_view">Archived</a> 3 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Atlas of Canada </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/education-resources/">"Education"</a>. Nationalgeographic.org. Retrieved 26 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nationalgeographic.org&rft.atitle=Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.org%2Fsociety%2Feducation-resources%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helictite.caves.org.au/pdf4/25.01.Issue.Print.pdf">"Oceania Bibliography"</a> (PDF). Helictite: Journal of Australasian Cave Research. 25 (1). 1987. Retrieved 16 March 2022. <q>This paper covers the region from Irian Jaya (Western New Guinea, a province of New Guinea) in the west to Galapagos Islands (Equador) and Easter Island (Chile) in the east.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helictite%3A+Journal+of+Australasian+Cave+Research&rft.atitle=Oceania+Bibliography&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelictite.caves.org.au%2Fpdf4%2F25.01.Issue.Print.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZurcherMargollé2012" class="citation book cs1">Zurcher, Frédéric; Margollé, Elie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVVdDEbbBJgC&dq=%22galapagos%22+%22oceania%22&pg=PA136">"Volcanic Islands of Oceania.—The Galapagos"</a>. Volcanoes and Earthquakes. Cambridge University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108049405" title="Special:BookSources/9781108049405"><bdi>9781108049405</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 March 2022. <q>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Volcanic+Islands+of+Oceania.%E2%80%94The+Galapagos&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+and+Earthquakes&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781108049405&rft.aulast=Zurcher&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.au=Margoll%C3%A9%2C+Elie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyVVdDEbbBJgC%26dq%3D%2522galapagos%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley1979" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, David (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unz2v_HT5q0C&dq=%22galapagos%22+%22polynesia%22+%22oceania%22&pg=PA43">South Pacific Handbook</a>. Moon Publications. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780918373298" title="Special:BookSources/9780918373298"><bdi>9780918373298</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Pacific+Handbook&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Moon+Publications&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780918373298&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dunz2v_HT5q0C%26dq%3D%2522galapagos%2522%2B%2522polynesia%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-protectedareas-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-protectedareas_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-protectedareas_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/30152/RevOceania.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Review of the Protected Areas System in Oceania</a> (PDF). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. 1986. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <q>Easter Island on the east has been included on the basis of its Polynesian and biogeographic affinities even though it is politically apart. The other islands of the eastern Pacific (Galapagos, Juan Fernandez, etc.) have sometimes been included in Oceania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+the+Protected+Areas+System+in+Oceania&rft.pub=International+Union+for+Conservation+of+Nature+and+Natural+Resources&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwedocs.unep.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11822%2F30152%2FRevOceania.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHull1937" class="citation book cs1">Hull, Frank M. (1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op13-10.pdf">A Check List of the Syrphidae of Oceania</a> (PDF). Department of Biology, University of Missouri. Retrieved 17 January 2022. <q>Oceania is primarily considered as the restricted region treated in this paper, but for comparative purposes, in the table only, it is also considered in a broad sense as including New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, the Antipodes, and Galapagos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Check+List+of+the+Syrphidae+of+Oceania&rft.pub=Department+of+Biology%2C+University+of+Missouri&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbs.bishopmuseum.org%2Fpubs-online%2Fpdf%2Fop13-10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLever2003" class="citation book cs1">Lever, Christopher (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=igNPuKzHfG0C&dq=%22galapagos+islands%22+%22oceania%22&pg=PA183">Naturalized Reptiles and Amphibians of the World</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850771-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850771-0"><bdi>978-0-19-850771-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naturalized+Reptiles+and+Amphibians+of+the+World&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850771-0&rft.aulast=Lever&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DigNPuKzHfG0C%26dq%3D%2522galapagos%2Bislands%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-harv-124"><a href="#cite_ref-harv_124-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBequaert1941" class="citation book cs1">Bequaert, Joseph C. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/pubs-online/pdf/op16-11.pdf">The Hippoboscidae of Oceania</a> (PDF). Harvard Medical School. Retrieved 24 January 2022. <q>In the present taxonomic study of the Hippoboscidae, Oceania covers, rather arbitrarily, the many archipelagos and isolated islands scattered throughout the Pacific Ocean, from the Marianas and Caroline Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands and New Caledonia to the Hawaiian islands and the Galapagos.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hippoboscidae+of+Oceania&rft.pub=Harvard+Medical+School&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Bequaert&rft.aufirst=Joseph+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhbs.bishopmuseum.org%2Fpubs-online%2Fpdf%2Fop16-11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManzelloEnochsGlynn2016" class="citation book cs1">Manzello, Derek P.; Enochs, Ian C.; Glynn, Peter W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mKLVDAAAQBAJ&dq=%22malpelo+island%22&pg=PA140">Coral Reefs of the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Persistence and Loss in a Dynamic Environment</a>. Springer Netherlands. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401774994" title="Special:BookSources/9789401774994"><bdi>9789401774994</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 March 2022. <q>Malpelo Island, the easternmost and least remote of the five oceanic islands or archipelagos in the ETP.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coral+Reefs+of+the+Eastern+Tropical+Pacific%3A+Persistence+and+Loss+in+a+Dynamic+Environment&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9789401774994&rft.aulast=Manzello&rft.aufirst=Derek+P.&rft.au=Enochs%2C+Ian+C.&rft.au=Glynn%2C+Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmKLVDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522malpelo%2Bisland%2522%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHinzHoward2006" class="citation book cs1">Hinz, Earl R.; Howard, Jim (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZYBEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22clipperton%22+%22new+caledonia%22+%22oceania%22&pg=PA378">Landfalls of Paradise: Cruising Guide to the Pacific Islands</a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824845186" title="Special:BookSources/9780824845186"><bdi>9780824845186</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 February 2022 – via Google Books. <q>French Polynesia operates as a CEPT country under French authority, but still requires local permission and a local call sign (as do the other French colonies in Oceania: Clipperton, New Caledonia, and Wallis and Futuna.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Landfalls+of+Paradise%3A+Cruising+Guide+to+the+Pacific+Islands&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780824845186&rft.aulast=Hinz&rft.aufirst=Earl+R.&rft.au=Howard%2C+Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZYBEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522clipperton%2522%2B%2522new%2Bcaledonia%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%26pg%3DPA378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTodd1974" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Ian (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gcEJAQAAIAAJ&q=%22French+language+cultures%22+1974+pacific">Island Realm: A Pacific Panorama</a>. Angus & Robertson. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780207127618" title="Special:BookSources/9780207127618"><bdi>9780207127618</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 February 2022 – via Google Books. <q>On the other side of Oceania, about 1,800 miles (2,897 km) west of the Panama Canal, is another French possession, Clipperton Island.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Island+Realm%3A+A+Pacific+Panorama&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Angus+%26+Robertson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9780207127618&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgcEJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522French%2Blanguage%2Bcultures%2522%2B1974%2Bpacific&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBempéchat2017" class="citation book cs1">Bempéchat, Paul-André (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCcxDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22in+oceania%22+%22clipperton%22&pg=PT72">Jean Cras, Polymath of Music and Letters</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351561754" title="Special:BookSources/9781351561754"><bdi>9781351561754</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 February 2022 – via Google Books. <q>In India, French settlements included Pondicherry, Karikal, Yanaon, Mahé and Chandernagore; and in Oceania, Clipperton, New Caledonia, French Polynesia, Vanuatu (shared with the British Empire)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Cras%2C+Polymath+of+Music+and+Letters&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351561754&rft.aulast=Bemp%C3%A9chat&rft.aufirst=Paul-Andr%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDCcxDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522in%2Boceania%2522%2B%2522clipperton%2522%26pg%3DPT72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTerry1988" class="citation book cs1">Terry, James P. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gs3aAAAAMAAJ&q=%22cocos+island%22+%22oceania%22+%22costa%22">Climate and Environmental Change in the Pacific</a>. The University of Michigan. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789820103580" title="Special:BookSources/9789820103580"><bdi>9789820103580</bdi></a>. Retrieved 11 March 2022 – via Google Books. <q>The British added the Ellice, Pitcairn and portions of the Phoenix Islands; the Australians consolidated their claims to Papua; and the French consolidated their claims to Clipperton islands; Easter and adjacent islands were claimed by Chile, Cocos Island was claimed by Costa Rica, and the Galapagos claimed by Ecuador. By 1900, there were virtually no remaining islands in Oceania unclaimed by foreign powers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climate+and+Environmental+Change+in+the+Pacific&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9789820103580&rft.aulast=Terry&rft.aufirst=James+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGs3aAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522cocos%2Bisland%2522%2B%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522costa%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIneichZug1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ineich, Ivan; Zug, George (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1446114">"Nomenclatural status of Emoia cyanura (Lacertilia, Scincidae) populations in the Central Pacific"</a>. Copeia. 1991 (4). American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: 1132–1136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1446114">10.2307/1446114</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1446114">1446114</a>. Retrieved 18 March 2022. <q>Its distribution encompasses much of Oceania from the Hawaiian archipelago, Clipperton Island, and Easter Island westward through Polynesia and Melanesia</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Copeia&rft.atitle=Nomenclatural+status+of+Emoia+cyanura+%28Lacertilia%2C+Scincidae%29+populations+in+the+Central+Pacific&rft.volume=1991&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1132-%3C%2Fspan%3E1136&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1446114&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1446114%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ineich&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Zug%2C+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1446114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-press-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-press_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-press_131-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlettHaberle2008" class="citation book cs1">Flett, Iona; Haberle, Simon (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p26551/pdf/ch181.pdf">"East of Easter: Traces of human impact in the far-eastern Pacific"</a> (PDF). In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.). Islands of Inquiry. ANU Press. pp. 281–300. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.593.8988">10.1.1.593.8988</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F38139">1885/38139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921313-89-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921313-89-9"><bdi>978-1-921313-89-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt24h8gp.20">j.ctt24h8gp.20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=East+of+Easter%3A+Traces+of+human+impact+in+the+far-eastern+Pacific&rft.btitle=Islands+of+Inquiry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E281-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F38139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt24h8gp.20%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.593.8988%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.isbn=978-1-921313-89-9&rft.aulast=Flett&rft.aufirst=Iona&rft.au=Haberle%2C+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-files.anu.edu.au%2Fdownloads%2Fpress%2Fp26551%2Fpdf%2Fch181.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romero-Torres_Treml_Acosta_Paz-García_2018-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Romero-Torres_Treml_Acosta_Paz-García_2018_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romero-Torres_Treml_Acosta_Paz-García_2018_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomero-TorresTremlAcostaPaz-García2018" class="citation journal cs1">Romero-Torres, Mauricio; Treml, Eric A.; Acosta, Alberto; Paz-García, David A. 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Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 9354. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8.9354R">2018NatSR...8.9354R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-27644-2">10.1038/s41598-018-27644-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6008413">6008413</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29921956">29921956</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+Eastern+Tropical+Pacific+coral+population+connectivity+and+the+role+of+the+Eastern+Pacific+Barrier&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9354&rft.date=2018-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6008413%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29921956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-018-27644-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...8.9354R&rft.aulast=Romero-Torres&rft.aufirst=Mauricio&rft.au=Treml%2C+Eric+A.&rft.au=Acosta%2C+Alberto&rft.au=Paz-Garc%C3%ADa%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6008413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clip-133"><a href="#cite_ref-clip_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobertsonAllen1996" class="citation journal cs1">Robertson, D. 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Coral Reefs. 15 (2): 121–131. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996CorRe..15..121R">1996CorRe..15..121R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF01771902">10.1007/BF01771902</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41906452">41906452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Coral+Reefs&rft.atitle=Zoogeography+of+the+shorefish+fauna+of+Clipperton+Atoll&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=1996-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41906452%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF01771902&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996CorRe..15..121R&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=D.+R.&rft.au=Allen%2C+G.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/French-Polynesia">"French Polynesia summary | Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=French+Polynesia+summary+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsummary%2FFrench-Polynesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Clipperton-Island">"Clipperton Island | island, Pacific Ocean | Britannica"</a>. Britannica.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Clipperton+Island+%26%23124%3B+island%2C+Pacific+Ocean+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FClipperton-Island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing1976" class="citation book cs1">King, Frank P. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzMhAAAAMAAJ&q=%22one+might+add+Chile+and+Ecuador%22">Oceania and Beyond: Essays on the Pacific Since 1945</a>. Greenwood Press. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837189048" title="Special:BookSources/9780837189048"><bdi>9780837189048</bdi></a>. Retrieved 7 February 2022. <q>It is clear that since World War II, Britain, in contrast to France and the United States (and one might say Chile and Ecuador, which hold, respectively, Easter Island and the Galapagos Islands), conceived of Oceania as a region of sovereign nations living in a spirit of commonwealth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oceania+and+Beyond%3A+Essays+on+the+Pacific+Since+1945&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=9780837189048&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Frank+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzMhAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522one%2Bmight%2Badd%2BChile%2Band%2BEcuador%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAldrich1993" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, Robert (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLTDYaHhrZgC&dq=%22oceania%22+%22galapagos%22+%22south+pacific%22&pg=PA347">France and the South Pacific Since 1940</a>. University of Hawaii Press. p. 347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824815585" title="Special:BookSources/9780824815585"><bdi>9780824815585</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 February 2022. <q>Britain's high commissioner in New Zealand continues to administer Pitcairn, and the other former British colonies remain members of the Commonwealth of Nations, recognizing the British Queen as their titular head of state and vesting certain residual powers in the British government or the Queen's representative in the islands. Australia did not cede control of the Torres Strait Islands, inhabited by a Melanesian population, or Lord Howe and Norfolk Island, whose residents are of European ancestry. New Zealand retains indirect rule over Niue and Tokelau and has kept close relations with another former possession, the Cook Islands, through a compact of free association. Chile rules Easter Island (Rapa Nui) and Ecuador rules the Galapagos Islands. The Aboriginals of Australia, the Maoris of New Zealand and the native Polynesians of Hawaii, despite movements demanding more cultural recognition, greater economic and political considerations or even outright sovereignty, have remained minorities in countries where massive waves of migration have completely changed society. In short, Oceania has remained one of the least completely decolonized regions on the globe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+the+South+Pacific+Since+1940&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780824815585&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLTDYaHhrZgC%26dq%3D%2522oceania%2522%2B%2522galapagos%2522%2B%2522south%2Bpacific%2522%26pg%3DPA347&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-paradise-138"><a href="#cite_ref-paradise_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaude1981" class="citation book cs1">Maude, H. E (1981). Slavers in paradise: the Peruvian slave trade in Polynesia, 1862-1864. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F114682">1885/114682</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1088902109">1088902109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavers+in+paradise%3A+the+Peruvian+slave+trade+in+Polynesia%2C+1862-1864&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F114682&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088902109&rft.aulast=Maude&rft.aufirst=H.+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-widen-139"><a href="#cite_ref-widen_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorney2012" class="citation news cs1">Dorney, Sean (27 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-08-27/an-pacific-forum-widens-entry/4225082">"Pacific forum looks to widen entry"</a>. ABC News.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Pacific+forum+looks+to+widen+entry&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft.aulast=Dorney&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2012-08-27%2Fan-pacific-forum-widens-entry%2F4225082&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/place/2000005">"Museum of New Zealand"</a>. Collections.tepapa.govt.nz. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collections.tepapa.govt.nz&rft.atitle=Museum+of+New+Zealand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.tepapa.govt.nz%2Fplace%2F2000005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-east-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-east_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-east_141-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPequeño2011" class="citation journal cs1">Pequeño, Germán (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0717-65382011000200011">"Shore Fishes of Easter Island, John E. Randall & Alfredo Cea Egaña"</a>. Gayana. 75 (2): 201–202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4067%2FS0717-65382011000200011">10.4067/S0717-65382011000200011</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/920291064">920291064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gayana&rft.atitle=Shore+Fishes+of+Easter+Island%2C+John+E.+Randall+%26+Alfredo+Cea+Ega%C3%B1a&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4067%2FS0717-65382011000200011&rft.aulast=Peque%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Germ%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4067%252FS0717-65382011000200011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-marine-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marine_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-marine_142-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedlanderBallesterosCaselleGaymer2016" class="citation journal cs1">Friedlander, Alan M.; Ballesteros, Enric; Caselle, Jennifer E.; Gaymer, Carlos F.; Palma, Alvaro T.; Petit, Ignacio; Varas, Eduardo; Muñoz Wilson, Alex; Sala, Enric (6 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703205">"Marine Biodiversity in Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands, Chile: Global Endemism Hotspots"</a>. PLOS ONE. 11 (1): e0145059. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1145059F">2016PLoSO..1145059F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0145059">10.1371/journal.pone.0145059</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703205">4703205</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26734732">26734732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Marine+Biodiversity+in+Juan+Fern%C3%A1ndez+and+Desventuradas+Islands%2C+Chile%3A+Global+Endemism+Hotspots&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e0145059&rft.date=2016-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4703205%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26734732&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0145059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1145059F&rft.aulast=Friedlander&rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&rft.au=Ballesteros%2C+Enric&rft.au=Caselle%2C+Jennifer+E.&rft.au=Gaymer%2C+Carlos+F.&rft.au=Palma%2C+Alvaro+T.&rft.au=Petit%2C+Ignacio&rft.au=Varas%2C+Eduardo&rft.au=Mu%C3%B1oz+Wilson%2C+Alex&rft.au=Sala%2C+Enric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4703205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Boundaries_between_the_continents&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRossi2015" class="citation book cs1">Rossi, Pietro (2015). The Boundaries of Europe: From the Fall of the Ancient World to the Age of Decolonisation. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042072-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-042072-2"><bdi>978-3-11-042072-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boundaries+of+Europe%3A+From+the+Fall+of+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Age+of+Decolonisation&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-3-11-042072-2&rft.aulast=Rossi&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoundaries+between+the+continents" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continents of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continents_of_Earth513" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">Continents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Antarctica_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Australia-New_Guinea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/75px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/113px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/150px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/75px-Location_North_America.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/113px-Location_North_America.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Location_North_America.svg/150px-Location_North_America.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:14%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/75px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/113px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg/150px-Afro-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29_political.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Americas_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Eurasia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:25%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/75px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/113px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Oceania_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:35%;"><div> <ul><li>Prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenorland" title="Kenorland">Kenorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nena_(supercontinent)" title="Nena (supercontinent)">Nena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannotia" title="Pannotia">Pannotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(continent)" title="Ur (continent)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaalbara" title="Vaalbara">Vaalbara</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center; padding-right:1.0em;width:65%;"><div> <ul><li>Other prehistoric continents <a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Craton" title="Amazonian Craton">Amazonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica" title="Arctica">Arctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiamerica" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiamerica">Asiamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantica" title="Atlantica">Atlantica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenia" title="Chilenia">Chilenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Craton" title="Congo Craton">Congo Craton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuyania" title="Cuyania">Cuyania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctic_Shield" title="East Antarctic Shield">East Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurasia#Euramerica/Laurussia" title="Laurasia">Euramerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Craton" title="Kalahari Craton">Kalaharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstania" title="Kazakhstania">Kazakhstania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laramidia" title="Laramidia">Laramidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China_Craton" title="North China Craton">North China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampia" title="Pampia">Pampia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia_(continent)" title="Siberia (continent)">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Craton" title="South China Craton">South China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;;border-bottom:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Submerged_continent" title="Submerged continent">Submerged continent</a>/<a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">lands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">microcontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Beringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen_Microcontinent" title="Jan Mayen Microcontinent">Jan Mayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Plateau" title="Kerguelen Plateau">Kerguelen Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritia_(microcontinent)" title="Mauritia (microcontinent)">Mauritia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahul_Shelf" title="Sahul Shelf">Sahul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles_Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelles Microcontinent">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Shelf" title="Sunda Shelf">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:20%;"><div> <ul><li>Possible future supercontinents <a href="/wiki/Amasia_(supercontinent)" title="Amasia (supercontinent)">Amasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurica_(supercontinent)" title="Aurica (supercontinent)">Aurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopangaea" title="Novopangaea">Novopangaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangaea_Proxima" title="Pangaea Proxima">Pangaea Proxima</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Mythical</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_lost_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lost lands">lost</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">hypothesised</a> continents <a href="/wiki/Atlantis" title="Atlantis">Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperborea" title="Hyperborea">Hyperborea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumari_Kandam" title="Kumari Kandam">Kumari Kandam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuria" title="Lemuria">Lemuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meropis" title="Meropis">Meropis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu_(mythical_lost_continent)" title="Mu (mythical lost continent)">Mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:1.0em;text-align:center;padding-right:1.0em;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continent#Subcontinents" title="Continent">Subcontinents</a> <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_plate" title="Somali plate">Eastern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Eastern Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_world" title="Template:Regions of the world">Regions of the world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_fragment" title="Continental fragment">Continental fragment</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Continents" title="Category:Continents">Category</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_continents" title="Chronology of continents">Chronology of continents</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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