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Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even while globally blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit pages on <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="m:">Meta-Wiki</a>. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">Global blocks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li></ul><hr /> <div id="viewsourcetext">You can view and copy the source of this page:</div><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="en" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{Short description|Common name for several kinds of bivalve mollusc}} {{Other uses}} {{Refimprove|date=November 2021}} {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}} [[File:Clams on Sandy Hook beaches - panoramio.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|A clam shell (species ''[[Spisula solidissima]]'') at [[Sandy Hook, New Jersey]]]] '''Clam''' is a [[common name]] for several kinds of [[Bivalvia|bivalve]] [[Mollusca|mollusc]]. The word is often applied only to those that are edible and live as [[infauna]], spending most of their lives halfway buried in the sand of the sea floor or riverbeds. Clams have two shells of equal size connected by two adductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing foot.<ref name=":0">{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/animal/clam|title=Clam|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|date=2016}}</ref> They live in both freshwater and marine environments; in [[salt water]] they prefer to burrow down into the mud and the [[turbidity]] of the water required varies with species and location; the greatest diversity of these is in [[North America]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wildbunnysland.com/can-you-eat-freshwater-clams/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728153233/https://www.wildbunnysland.com/can-you-eat-freshwater-clams/|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 July 2020|title=Can You Eat Freshwater Clams in the Nature?|date=29 April 2019}}<br>- {{Cite web|url = http://www.eattheweeds.com/musseling-in/|title = Musseling in|date = August 2012}}<br>- {{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/midwest/endangered/clams/mussels.html|title=USFWS: America's Mussels}}</ref> Clams in the culinary sense do not live attached to a substrate (whereas [[oyster]]s and [[mussel]]s do) and do not live near the bottom (whereas [[scallop]]s do). In culinary usage, clams are commonly eaten marine bivalves, as in [[clam digging]] and the resulting soup, [[clam chowder]]. Many edible clams such as [[Grooved carpet shell|palourde clam]]s are ovoid or triangular;<ref>{{cite web|title=Clams recipes|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/food/clams|website=BBC Food|access-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> however [[razor clam]]s have an elongated parallel-sided shell, suggesting an old-fashioned straight razor.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/clam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225053230/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/clam|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2017|title=Clam|website=Lexico|publisher=Oxford}}</ref> Some clams have life cycles of only one year, whilst at least [[Ming (clam)|one]] has been aged to more than 500 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ming-the-clam-worlds-oldest-animal-was-actually-507-years-old/|title=Ming the Clam, World's Oldest Animal, Was Actually 507 Years Old|work=CBS News|author=Danielle Elliot|date=14 November 2013|access-date=15 November 2013|archive-date=20 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131120153638/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-205_162-57612409/ming-the-clam-worlds-oldest-animal-was-actually-507-years-old/|url-status=live}}</ref> All clams have two calcareous shells or [[valve (mollusc)|valves]] joined near a hinge with a flexible ligament and all are [[filter feeder]]s. == Anatomy == {{expand section|small=no|date=December 2022}} [[File:Clam with its siphon out in Boothbay Maine.jpg|thumb|Clam with its siphon out]] [[File:LittleNeck clams USDA96c1862.jpg|thumb|Littleneck clams, small [[hard clam]]s, species ''[[Mercenaria mercenaria]]'']] A clam's shell consists of two (usually equal) valves, which are connected by a hinge joint and a ligament that can be internal or external.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An Introduction to Shell Structures |url=https://naturalhistory.museumwales.ac.uk/britishbivalves/morphology.php |access-date=April 29, 2023 |website=Marine Bivalve Shells of the British Isles}}</ref> The ligament provides tension to bring the valves apart, whilst one or two adductor muscles can contract to close the valves. Clams also have kidneys, a heart, a mouth, a stomach, and a nervous system. Many have a [[Siphon (mollusc)|siphon]].<ref name=":0" /> == Food source and ecology == Clams are shellfish that make up an important part of the web of life that keeps the seas functioning, both as filter feeders and as a food source for many different animals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nwfsc.noaa.gov/education/documents/Marine%20Foodweb%20Handout.pdf|title = Outreach & Education|publisher=NOAA Fisheries|date = 11 June 2020}}</ref> Extant mammals that eat clams include both the Pacific and Atlantic species of [[walrus]], all known subspecies of [[Harbor seal|harbour seals]] in both the Atlantic and Pacific, most species of [[sea lion]]s, including the [[California sea lion]], [[bearded seal]]s and even species of river otters that will consume the freshwater species found in Asia and North America.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=West Sound Wildlife|title=River Otters|url=https://www.westsoundwildlife.org/wildlife/FunFacts/FF_RiverOtters.html|access-date=23 January 2020|archive-date=11 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211124005/http://www.westsoundwildlife.org/wildlife/FunFacts/FF_RiverOtters.html|url-status=dead}}<br>- {{Cite web|url=https://www.marwell.org.uk/zoo/explore/animals/61/asian-small-clawed-otter|title=Asian small-clawed otter|publisher=Marwell Zoo|accessdate=8 November 2021}}</ref> Birds of all kinds will also eat clams if they can catch them in the [[littoral zone]]: [[roseate spoonbills]] of North and South America,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ambergriscaye.com/birds/roseate.html|website = Birds of Ambergris Caye|title=Roseate Spoonbill}}</ref> the [[Eurasian oystercatcher]], [[whooping crane]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/w/whooping-crane/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525162440/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/w/whooping-crane/|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 May 2017|title=Whooping Crane |work=National Geographic|date=11 November 2010}}</ref> and [[common crane]], the [[American flamingo]] of Florida and the Caribbean Sea,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geographia.com/bonaire/bonbrd01.htm|title =The Birds of Bonaire|website=Bonaire}}</ref> and the [[common sandpiper]] are just a handful of the numerous birds that feast on clams all over the world. Most species of [[octopus]] have clams as a staple of their diet, up to and including the giants like the [[Giant Pacific octopus]]. [[File:Sandiego 11 bg 010706.jpg|thumb|right|A clam dish]] [[File:Clams simmering in white wine sauce.jpg|thumb|Clams simmering in a white [[wine sauce]]]] == Culinary == {{Cookbook|Clam}} Cultures around the world eat clams along with many other types of shellfish. === North America === In culinary use, within the eastern coast of the United States and large swathes of [[the Maritimes]] of Canada, the term "clam" most often refers to the [[hard clam]], ''[[Mercenaria mercenaria]]''. It may also refer to a few other common edible species, such as the [[soft-shell clam]], ''Mya arenaria'', and the ocean quahog, ''[[Arctica islandica]]''. Another species commercially exploited on the [[Atlantic]] Coast of the United States is the surf clam, ''[[Spisula solidissima]]''. [[Scallop]]s are also used for food nationwide, but not [[Cockle (bivalve)|cockles]]: they are more difficult to get than in Europe because of their habit of being further out in the tide than European species on the West Coast, and on the East Coast they are often found in salt marshes and mudflats where mosquitoes are abundant.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/shellfish/clams/cockles.html|title=Clams|publisher=Washington Department of Fish & Wildlife|website=Fishing & Shellfishing|access-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316220015/https://wdfw.wa.gov/fishing/shellfish/clams/cockles.html|archive-date=2018-03-16|url-status=dead}}<br>- {{cite web|title=Cockle|date=23 January 2014|website=SeafoodSource|publisher=Diversified Communications|url=https://www.seafoodsource.com/seafood-handbook/shellfish/cockle}}</ref> There are several edible species in the Eastern United States: ''[[Americardia media]],'' also known as the strawberry cockle, is found from Cape Hatteras down into the Caribbean Sea and all of Florida; ''[[Trachycardium muricatum]]'' has a similar range to the strawberry cockle; and ''[[Dinocardium robustum]]'', which grows to be many times the size of the European cockle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atlantic Giant Cockle (Dinocardium robustum)|url=http://oceanica.cofc.edu/shellguide/shells/giantcockle.htm|access-date=8 November 2021|publisher= College of Charleston}}</ref> Historically, they were caught on a small scale on the [[Outer Banks]], barrier islands off North Carolina, and put in soups, steamed or pickled.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Prudence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYBxSUcWBJQC&q=cockle+recipe+america&pg=PA109|title=Modern American Cookery ... With a list of family medical recipes, and a valuable miscellany|page=109|publisher= J. and J. Harper|date=1831|via=Google Books}}</ref> Up and down the coast of the Eastern U.S., the [[Atlantic jackknife clam|bamboo clam]], ''Ensis directus'', is prized by Americans for making [[clam strips]], although because of its nature of burrowing into the sand very close to the beach, it cannot be harvested by mechanical means without damaging the beaches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/197697.pdf|title=dredging of clams|access-date=16 March 2018|archive-date=16 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316215110/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/Library/197697.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bamboo clam is also notorious for having a very sharp edge of its shell, and when harvested by hand must be handled with great care. On the U.S. West Coast, there are several species that have been consumed for thousands of years, evidenced by [[midden]]s full of clamshells near the shore and their consumption by nations including the [[Chumash people|Chumash]] of California, the [[Nisqually people|Nisqually]] of [[Washington (state)|Washington state]] and the [[Tsawwassen First Nation|Tsawwassen]] of [[British Columbia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yelmhistoryproject.com/?p=674|title=Nisqually People and the River|publisher=Yelm History Project|access-date=2018-03-10|archive-date=13 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913173753/http://www.yelmhistoryproject.com/?p=674|url-status=dead}}<br>- {{Cite news|url=https://classroom.synonym.com/what-did-the-chumash-eat-12083749.html|title=What Did the Chumash Eat?|website=Classroom|author=Sophia Cross|date=29 September 2017|access-date=8 November 2021}}<br>- {{Cite web|url=http://tsawwassenfirstnation.com/general-info/tfn-history-and-timeline/|title=Tsawwassen First Nation History and Timeline|date=November 10, 2011|publisher=Tsawwassen First Nation|access-date=10 November 2018|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000132/http://tsawwassenfirstnation.com/general-info/tfn-history-and-timeline/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The butter clam, ''[[Saxidomus gigantea]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/other-sports/plenty-of-clams-oysters-in-puget-sound-and-hood-canal/|title=Plenty of clams, oysters in Puget Sound and Hood Canal|author= Mark Yuasa|date=2015-06-27|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> the Pacific razor clam, ''[[Siliqua patula]],''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/dig-those-razor-clams/Content?oid=7775381|title=Dig Those Razor Clams|last=Kelly|first=Mike|website=North Coast Journal|date=1 February 2018|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> gaper clams ''[[Tresus capax]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://theworldlink.com/lifestyles/food-and-cooking/oregon-clam-chowder/article_c4c50bdb-5a0e-565b-a820-1d40a7547ba5.html|title=Oregon clam chowder|last=Lackner|first=Bill|work=Coos Bay World|access-date=2018-03-10}}</ref> the geoduck clam, ''[[Panopea generosa]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seriouseats.com/2015/05/what-is-a-geoduck-clam-seattle-pacific-northwest-how-geoduck-are-farmed.html|title=All About Geoduck: The Life of a (Delicious) Oversized Mollusk|website=serious eats|author= Naomi Tomky|date=10 August 2018|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> and the Pismo clam, ''[[Tivela stultorum]]''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2013/apr/12/digging-pismo-clams-san-diego-beaches/|title=Digging for Pismo clams at San Diego Beaches|author=Christopher Young|date=12 April 2013|work=San Diego Reader|access-date=8 November 2021}}</ref> are all eaten as delicacies. Clams can be eaten raw, steamed, boiled, baked or [[Fried clams|fried]]. They can also be made into [[clam chowder]], [[clams casino]], [[clam cakes]], or [[Stuffed clam|stuffies]], or they can be cooked using hot rocks and seaweed in a [[New England clam bake]]. On the West Coast, they are an ingredient in making [[cioppino]] and local variants of [[ceviche]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://langdoncook.com/category/razor-clams/|title=razor clams |author=Langdon Cook |date=4 April 2014 |access-date=2018-03-16}}</ref> ===Asia=== ==== India ==== Clams are eaten more in the coastal regions of India, especially in the Konkan, [[Kerala]], [[Bengal]] and coastal regions of [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]] regions.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} In [[Kerala]], clams are used to make curries and fried with coconut. In the [[Malabar region]] it is known as "elambakka" and in middle kerala it is known as "kakka". Clam curry made with coconut is a dish from Malabar especially in the [[Thalassery]] region. On the southwestern coast of [[India]], also known as the [[Konkan]] region of [[Maharashtra]], clams are used in curries and side dishes, like Tisaryachi Ekshipi, which is clams with one shell on. [[Beary]] Muslim households in the [[Mangalore]] region prepare a main dish with clams called Kowldo Pinde. In [[Udupi]] and [[Mangalore]] regions, it is called {{lang|tcy|marvai}} in the local [[Tulu language]]. It is used to prepare many dishes like {{lang|tcy|[[marvai sukka]]}}, {{lang|tcy|marvai gassi}}, and {{lang|tcy|marvai pundi}}.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} ==== Japan ==== In Japan, clams are often an ingredient of mixed seafood dishes. They can also be made into [[hot pot]], [[miso soup]] or [[tsukudani]]. The more commonly used varieties of clams in Japanese cooking are the '''Shijimi''' (''[[Corbicula japonica]]''), the '''Asari''' (''[[Venerupis philippinarum]]'') and the '''Hamaguri''' (''[[Meretrix lusoria]]'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kasai|first1=Akihide|last2=Toyohara|first2=Haruhiko|last3=Nakata|first3=Akiko|last4=Miura|first4=Tsunehiro|last5=Azuma|first5=Nobuyuki|date=2006-01-01|title=Food sources for the bivalve Corbicula japonica in the foremost fishing lakes estimated from stable isotope analysis|journal=Fisheries Science|language=en|volume=72|issue=1|pages=105–114|doi=10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01123.x|bibcode=2006FisSc..72..105K |s2cid=26905032|issn=1444-2906}}</ref> ===Europe=== ==== Great Britain ==== The rocky terrain and pebbly shores of the seacoast that surrounds the entire island provide ample habitat for shellfish, and clams are most definitely included in that description. The oddity here is that for a nation whose fortunes have been tied to the sea for hundreds of years, 70% of the seafood cultivated for aquaculture or commercial harvesting is exported to the continent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.undercurrentnews.com/2019/04/10/trade-insights-more-than-70-of-uk-seafood-exports-go-to-eu/|title = Trade insights: More than 70% of UK seafood exports go to EU|work=undercurrent news|author=Louise Harkell|date=10 April 2021|accessdate=8 November 2021}}</ref> Historically, Britain has been an island most famous for its passion for beef and dairy products, although there is evidence going back to before most recorded history of coastal shell middens near Weymouth and present day York.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.5334/ai.0207|title=Mesolithic middens and molluscan ecology: A view from southern Britain|year=1998|last1=Thomas|first1=Ken|last2=Mannino|first2=Marcello|journal=Archaeology International|volume=2|pages=17|doi-access=free}}</ref> (There is also evidence of more thriving local trade in sea products in general by noting the [[Worshipful Company of Fishmongers]] was founded in 1272 in London.) Present-day younger populations are eating more of the catch than a generation ago, and there is a prevalence of YouTube videos of locavore scavenging. Shellfish have provided a staple of the British diet since the earliest occupations of the British Isles, as evidenced by the large numbers of remains found in midden mounds near occupied sites.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pickard |first1=Catriona |last2=Bonsall |first2=Clive |title=Mesolithic and Neolithic shell middens in western Scotland: A comparative analysis of shellfish exploitation patterns |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290914557 |website=www.ResearchGate.com |publisher=University of Edinburgh |access-date=10 January 2024}}</ref> Staple favourites of the British public and local scavengers include the razorfish, ''[[Ensis siliqua]]'', a slightly smaller cousin of the [[Atlantic jackknife clam|bamboo clam]] of eastern North America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://britishseafishing.co.uk/razorfish/|title=Razorfish|website=British Sea Fishing|date=12 October 2012}}</ref> These can be found for sale in open-air markets like Billingsgate Market in London; they have a similar taste to their North American cousin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo-razor-clams-on-display-in-billingsgate-fish-market-london-74063195.html|title=Razor Clams on display in Billingsgate Fish Market, London|publisher=Alamy}}</ref> Cockles, specifically the [[common cockle]], are a staple find on beaches in western Wales and further north in the [[Dee Estuary]]. The accidentally introduced hard-shell quahog is also found in British waters, mainly those near England, and does see some use in British cuisine. The [[Grooved carpet shell|Palourde clam]] by far is the most common native clam and it is both commercially harvested as well as locally collected, and ''[[Spisula solida]]'', a relative of the Atlantic surf clam on the other side of the Atlantic, is seeing increased interest as a food source and aquaculture candidate; it is mainly found in the British Isles in Europe.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/are.12593|title=New species in aquaculture: Are the striped venus clam ''Chamelea'' gallina(Linnaeus, 1758) and the surf clam ''Spisula'' solida(Linnaeus 1758) potential candidates for diversification in shellfish aquaculture?|year=2016|last1=Joaquim|first1=Sandra|last2=Matias| first2=Domitília|last3=Matias|first3=Ana Margarete|last4=Gonçalves| first4=Rui|last5=Chícharo|first5=Luís|last6=Gaspar|first6=Miguel B.|journal=Aquaculture Research|volume=47|issue=4|pages=1327–1340|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Italy ==== In Italy, clams are often an ingredient of mixed seafood dishes or are eaten together with pasta. The more commonly used varieties of clams in Italian cooking are the ''[[Veneridae|vongola]]'' ''([[Venerupis decussata]])'', the ''[[Mussel|cozza]]'' ''(Mytilus galloprovincialis)'' and the ''[[tellina]]'' ''([[Donax trunculus]])''. Though ''[[Lithophaga|dattero di mare]]'' ''(Lithophaga lithophaga)'' was once eaten, [[overfishing]] drove it to the verge of extinction (it takes 15 to 35 years to reach adult size and could only be harvested by smashing the calcarean rocks that form its habitat) and the Italian government has declared it an [[endangered species]] since 1998 and its harvest and sale are forbidden.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}} ==Religion== In Islam, clams are [[halal]] to eat as per three Sunni [[madhhab|sect]]s, but not in Hanafi, as only [[fish as food|fish]] are considered halal in [[Hanafi jurisprudence]], not other aquatic animals. In Judaism, clams are [[treif]], i.e. non-kosher. == As currency == Some species of clam, particularly ''[[Mercenaria mercenaria]]'', were in the past used by the [[Algonquian peoples|Algonquians]] of Eastern North America to manufacture [[wampum]], a type of sacred [[jewellery]]; and to make [[shell money]].<ref name="Kurlansky2006pp16_30-31">{{Citation|last=Kurlansky|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Kurlansky|year=2006|title=The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell|publisher=[[Penguin Group]]|isbn=978-0-345-47638-8|oclc=60550567|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bigoysternewyork00kurl/page/16 16, 30–31]|postscript=. |title-link=The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell}}</ref> == Species == [[File:Sphenoceramus steenstrupi.jpg|thumb|upright|One of the world's largest clam fossils (187&nbsp;cm), a ''[[Sphenoceramus steenstrupi]]'' specimen from [[Greenland]] in the [[Geological Museum in Copenhagen]].]] [[File:2 Tridacna gigas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maxima clam]], ''[[Tridacna maxima]]'']] Edible: *[[Ark clam]]s, family [[Arcidae]] (most popular in [[Indonesia]] and [[Singapore]]) *[[Atlantic jackknife clam]]: ''[[Ensis directus]]'' *[[Atlantic surf clam]]: ''[[Spisula solidissima]]'' *Common cockle: ''[[Common cockle|Cerastoderma edule]]'' (Native to most of Europe, with very large populations in Ireland and Great Britain) *Atlantic Giant Cockle: ''[[Dinocardium robustum]]'' *[[Geoduck]]: ''[[Panopea abrupta]]'' or ''[[Panope generosa]]'' (largest burrowing clam in the world) *Gould's razor shell, ''[[Solen strictus]]'' (popular in Korea, Japan, and Taiwan) *[[Grooved carpet shell]]: ''[[Ruditapes decussatus]]'' *[[Hard clam]] or Northern Quahog: ''[[Mercenaria mercenaria]]'' (Native to Eastern USA and Maritime Canada'')'' *Lyrate Asiatic hard clam: ''[[Meretrix lyrata]]'' *Manila clam: ''[[Venerupis philippinarum]]'' *[[Ocean quahog]]: ''[[Arctica islandica]]'' *[[Pacific razor clam]]: ''[[Siliqua patula]]'' *Pipis, ''[[Plebidonax deltoides]]'' and ''[[Paphies australis]]'' *Pismo clam: ''[[Tivela stultorum]]'' *Pod razor clam: [[Pod razor|''Ensis siliqua'']] *Spoot: ''[[Ensis magnus]]'' *Soft clam: ''[[Mya arenaria]]'' Not usually considered edible: *[[Nut clam]]s or pointed nut clams, family [[Nuculidae]] *[[Duck clam]]s or [[trough shell]]s, family [[Mactridae]] *Marsh clams, family [[Corbiculidae]] *File clams, family [[Limidae]] *[[Giant clam]]: ''[[Tridacna gigas]]'' This clam is native to East Asia and is edible, but should be avoided because of slow reproduction. *[[Asian clam|Asian or Asiatic clam]]: genus ''[[Corbicula]]'' *[[Peppery furrow shell]]: ''[[Scrobicularia plana]]'' == See also == * {{annotated link|Clam juice}} * {{annotated link|List of clam dishes}} – dishes and foods prepared using clams * {{annotated link|Mussel}} * {{annotated link|Shipworm}} * {{annotated link|Water purification}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Wiktionary|clam}} {{cookbook}} {{Commons category|Clams}} * [https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/02/070221101429.htm "Deep In The Ocean A Clam That Acts Like A Plant"] [[Science Daily]] March 2, 2007 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081229182819/http://wdfw.wa.gov/fish/shelfish/beachreg/1clam.htm Hardshell Clams] {{commercial molluscs}} {{Edible molluscs}} {{Meat}} {{Seafood}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Clams| ]]  [[Category:Mollusc common names]] [[Category:Mollusc products]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the current version of this page<span class="posteditwindowhelplinks"> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">help</a>)</span>:</span> </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Clam_juice" title="Clam juice">Clam juice</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Clam_juice&action=edit" title="Clam juice">edit</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_clam_dishes" title="List of clam dishes">List of clam dishes</a> (<a 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