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id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Juniper berry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenewerbessie" title="Jenewerbessie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jenewerbessie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%B1" title="توت العرعر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توت العرعر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Ядловец (прыправа) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ядловец (прыправа)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenevra" title="Jenevra – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jenevra" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalov%C4%8Dinka" title="Jalovčinka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jalovčinka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marik%C3%A4bi" title="Marikäbi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marikäbi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="میوه ارس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="میوه ارس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baie_de_geni%C3%A8vre" title="Baie de genièvre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baie de genièvre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%EC%86%A1%EC%9E%90" title="두송자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="두송자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AB%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2" title="Գիհու հատապտուղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գիհու հատապտուղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beri_arar" title="Beri arar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beri arar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8ri_juniper" title="Bèri juniper – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bèri juniper" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ciekuroga" title="Čiekuroga – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čiekuroga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF" title="ജൂനിപ്പർ കായ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൂനിപ്പർ കായ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E6%9D%BE%E6%9E%9C" title="杜松果 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="杜松果" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archa_mevasi" title="Archa mevasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Archa mevasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szyszkojagoda" title="Szyszkojagoda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szyszkojagoda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baga_de_zimbro" title="Baga de zimbro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baga de zimbro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Можжевёловая ягода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Можжевёловая ягода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Juniper berry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juniper_nnuaba_a_w%C9%94fr%C9%9B_no_berry" title="Juniper nnuaba a wɔfrɛ no berry – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Juniper nnuaba a wɔfrɛ no berry" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)" title="Ялівець (пряність) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ялівець (пряність)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1ch_x%C3%B9" title="Bách xù – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bách xù" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E6%9D%BE%E5%AD%90" title="杜松子 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="杜松子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3251025#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Spice, herbal drug</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juniperus_communis_fruits_-_Keila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Juniperus_communis_fruits_-_Keila.jpg/220px-Juniperus_communis_fruits_-_Keila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Juniperus_communis_fruits_-_Keila.jpg/330px-Juniperus_communis_fruits_-_Keila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Juniperus_communis_fruits_-_Keila.jpg/440px-Juniperus_communis_fruits_-_Keila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Juniper berries are actually modified <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">conifer cones</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>juniper berry</b> is the female <a href="/wiki/Seed_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed cone">seed cone</a> produced by the various species of <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">junipers</a>. It is not a true <a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">berry</a> but a cone with unusually fleshy and merged scales called a <a href="/wiki/Galbulus" title="Galbulus">galbulus</a>, which gives it a berry-like appearance. The cones from a handful of species, especially <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_communis" title="Juniperus communis">Juniperus communis</a></i>, are used as a <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spice</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European cuisine</a>, and also give <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a> its distinctive flavour. Juniper berries are among the only spices derived from <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fao_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a> buds.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juniper_berry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juniperus_communis_at_Valjala_on_2005-08-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Juniperus_communis_at_Valjala_on_2005-08-11.jpg/220px-Juniperus_communis_at_Valjala_on_2005-08-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Juniperus_communis_at_Valjala_on_2005-08-11.jpg/330px-Juniperus_communis_at_Valjala_on_2005-08-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Juniperus_communis_at_Valjala_on_2005-08-11.jpg/440px-Juniperus_communis_at_Valjala_on_2005-08-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Young green and mature purple berries can be seen growing on the same plant.</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike the separated and woody scales of a typical <a href="/wiki/Pine_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine cone">pine cone</a>, those in a juniper berry remain fleshy and merge into a unified covering surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. Juniper berries are sometimes regarded as <a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">arils</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like the berry-like cones of <a href="/wiki/Taxaceae" title="Taxaceae">yews</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_communis" title="Juniperus communis">Juniperus communis</a></i> berries vary from <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>4 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> inch) to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">12 millimetres (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> inch) in diameter; other species are mostly similar in size, though some are larger, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_drupacea" title="Juniperus drupacea">J. drupacea</a></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">20–28 mm or <span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in). The berries are green when young and mature to purple-black over about 18 months in most species, including <i>J. communis</i>. Maturation occurs from as little as 8–10 months in some species up to over 24 months in <i>J. drupacea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-farjon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farjon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mature, dark berries are usually (but not exclusively) used in cuisine, while <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a> is flavoured with fully grown, unripe berries.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juniper_berry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juniper berries contain diverse <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, including an <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> in about 2% volume, a <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoid</a> called juniperin, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a> (about 10% of volume), <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">acetic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malic_acid" title="Malic acid">malic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic</a> acids.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From <a href="/wiki/Extract" title="Extract">extracts</a> of the berries, <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_compound" title="Aromatic compound">aromatic compounds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pinene" title="Pinene">pinene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabinene" title="Sabinene">sabinene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terpinen-4-ol" title="Terpinen-4-ol">terpinen-4-ol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limonene" title="Limonene">limonene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myrcene" title="Myrcene">myrcene</a>, were isolated.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juniper_berry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While classified as <a href="/wiki/Generally_recognized_as_safe" title="Generally recognized as safe">generally recognized as safe</a> in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> juniper berries may have various <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> that have not been tested extensively in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barnes_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barnes-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainly due to an increased risk of miscarriage, even in small doses, consuming juniper berries may affect pregnant or breastfeeding women, and people with <a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">diabetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coagulopathy" title="Coagulopathy">bleeding disorders</a> or after surgery.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>, juniper berries were thought to be useful for female <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">birth control</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nae_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nae-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Allergic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic reactions">Allergic reactions</a> are possible.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consuming large amounts of juniper berries may cause <a href="/wiki/Cathartic" title="Cathartic">catharsis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convulsion" title="Convulsion">convulsions</a>, or harm <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> function.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The berries of some species, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_sabina" title="Juniperus sabina">J. sabina</a></i>, are toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-grieve_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grieve-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juniper_berry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4628_-_Bacche_di_ginepro_al_mercato_di_Ortigia,_Siracusa_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto,_20_marzo_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/4628_-_Bacche_di_ginepro_al_mercato_di_Ortigia%2C_Siracusa_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20_marzo_2014.jpg/220px-4628_-_Bacche_di_ginepro_al_mercato_di_Ortigia%2C_Siracusa_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20_marzo_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/4628_-_Bacche_di_ginepro_al_mercato_di_Ortigia%2C_Siracusa_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20_marzo_2014.jpg/330px-4628_-_Bacche_di_ginepro_al_mercato_di_Ortigia%2C_Siracusa_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20_marzo_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/4628_-_Bacche_di_ginepro_al_mercato_di_Ortigia%2C_Siracusa_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20_marzo_2014.jpg/440px-4628_-_Bacche_di_ginepro_al_mercato_di_Ortigia%2C_Siracusa_-_Foto_Giovanni_Dall%27Orto%2C_20_marzo_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1880" /></a><figcaption>Dried juniper berries at a market in <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse, Sicily</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The berries of some juniper species are considered too bitter to eat. In addition to <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_communis" title="Juniperus communis">J. communis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_drupacea" title="Juniperus drupacea">J. drupacea</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-farjon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-farjon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adams_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adams-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> edible species include <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_phoenicea" title="Juniperus phoenicea">J. phoenicea</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-dalby_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalby-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_deppeana" title="Juniperus deppeana">J. deppeana</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_californica" title="Juniperus californica">J. californica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-peattie_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peattie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flavor profile of young, green berries is dominated by pinene; as they mature this piney, resinous backdrop is joined by what <a href="/wiki/Harold_McGee" title="Harold McGee">Harold McGee</a> describes as "green-fresh" and <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a> notes.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgee_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgee-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outer scales of the berries are relatively flavourless, so the berries are almost always at least lightly crushed before being used as a spice. They are used both fresh and dried, but their flavour and odour are at their strongest immediately after harvest and decline during drying and storage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flavour">Flavour</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juniper_berry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Flavour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juniper berries are used in northern European and particularly Scandinavian cuisine to, according to one source, "impart a sharp, clear flavor"<sup id="cite_ref-fao_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to meat dishes, especially wild birds (including <a href="/wiki/Thrush_(bird)" title="Thrush (bird)">thrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_Blackbird" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Blackbird">blackbird</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Woodcock" title="Woodcock">woodcock</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Game_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Game (food)">game</a> meats (including <a href="/wiki/Boar" class="mw-redirect" title="Boar">boar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venison" title="Venison">venison</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-larousse_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larousse-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also season <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a> dishes. Traditional recipes for <a href="/wiki/Choucroute_garnie" title="Choucroute garnie">choucroute garnie</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsatian</a> dish of sauerkraut and meats, universally include juniper berries.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides Norwegian, Danish and Swedish dishes, juniper berries are also sometimes used in German, Austrian, Czech, Polish and Hungarian cuisine, often with roasts (such as German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sauerbraten" title="Sauerbraten">sauerbraten</a></i></span>). <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italian" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Italian">Northern Italian</a> cuisine, especially that of the <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, also incorporates juniper berries. They are also used in the Italian region of <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, especially to flavour brines. </p><p>Juniper, typically <i>J. communis</i>, is used to flavor <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">liquor</a> developed in the 17th century in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <i>gin</i> itself is derived from either the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">genièvre</i></span> or the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/Jenever" title="Jenever">jenever</a></i></span>, both of which mean "juniper".<sup id="cite_ref-fao_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fao-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other juniper-flavoured beverages include the <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finnish</a> <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a>-and-juniper <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Sahti" title="Sahti">sahti</a>, which is flavored with both juniper berries and branches.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another drink made from the berries is a <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><a href="/wiki/Julmust" title="Julmust">julmust</a></i></span>, a soft drink made in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> mainly sold during <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juniper_berry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A few <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> juniper species produce a seed cone with a sweeter, less resinous flavor than those typically used as a spice. For example, one field guide describes the flesh of the berries of <i>J. californica</i> as "dry, mealy, and fibrous but sweet and without resin cells".<sup id="cite_ref-peattie_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peattie-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such species have been used not just as a seasoning but as a nutritive food by some <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nae_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nae-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The berries also have medicinal uses. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Blackfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackfoot">Blackfoot</a> used juniper berry tea to cure vomiting,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a> women drank juniper berry tea after childbirth to increase cleansing and healing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to medicinal and culinary purposes, Native Americans have also used the seeds inside juniper berries as beads for <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a> and decoration.<sup id="cite_ref-nae_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nae-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> extracted from juniper berries is used in <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a>, both for body massage, diffusion, and <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfumery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dalby_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalby-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juniper_berry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Juniper berries, including <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_phoenicea" title="Juniperus phoenicea">Juniperus phoenicea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_oxycedrus" title="Juniperus oxycedrus">J. oxycedrus</a></i>, have been found in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egyptian</a> tombs at multiple sites. <i>J. oxycedrus</i> is not known to grow in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, and neither is <i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_excelsa" title="Juniperus excelsa">J. excelsa</a></i>, which was found along with <i>J. oxycedrus</i> in the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-egypt_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-egypt-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The berries imported into Egypt may have come from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>; the Greeks record using juniper berries as a medicine long before mentioning their use in food.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Greeks used the berries in many of their Olympics events because of their belief that the berries increased physical stamina in athletes.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> used juniper berries as a cheap domestically produced substitute for the expensive <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">long pepper</a> imported from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dalby_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalby-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also used as an <a href="/wiki/Adulterant" title="Adulterant">adulterant</a>, as reported in <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>: "pepper is adulterated with juniper berries, which have the property, to a marvellous degree, of assuming the pungency of pepper".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pliny also incorrectly asserted that black pepper grew on trees that were "very similar in appearance to our junipers". </p><p>The berries were an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Desert Serrano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vanyume" title="Vanyume">Vanyume</a>) culture and grew throughout the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_River" title="Mojave River">Mojave River</a> region. The major village of <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A1%E2%80%99peat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wá’peat">Wá’peat</a> was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Serrano_language" title="Serrano language">Serrano</a> word for juniper berries, <span title="Serrano-language text"><i lang="ser">wa'at</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juniper_berry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fao-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fao_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fao_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCiesla1998" class="citation book cs1">Ciesla, William M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/3/x0453e/x0453e.pdf">"Chapter 8: Seeds, Fruits, and Cones"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Non-wood forest products from conifers</i>. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-104212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-104212-0"><bdi>978-92-5-104212-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+Seeds%2C+Fruits%2C+and+Cones&rft.btitle=Non-wood+forest+products+from+conifers&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-5-104212-0&rft.aulast=Ciesla&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fx0453e%2Fx0453e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yle.fi/uutiset/kadoksissa_ollut_juomaresepti_loytyi__kuusenkerkasta_tehdaan_muutakin_kuin_siirappia/8926774">"Kadoksissa ollut juomaresepti löytyi – kuusenkerkästä tehdään muutakin kuin siirappia"</a>. <i>Yle Uutiset</i> (in Finnish). 6 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yle+Uutiset&rft.atitle=Kadoksissa+ollut+juomaresepti+l%C3%B6ytyi+%E2%80%93+kuusenkerk%C3%A4st%C3%A4+tehd%C3%A4%C3%A4n+muutakin+kuin+siirappia&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fuutiset%2Fkadoksissa_ollut_juomaresepti_loytyi__kuusenkerkasta_tehdaan_muutakin_kuin_siirappia%2F8926774&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellamy1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bellamy" title="David Bellamy">Bellamy, David</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PJMzIZWvklIC"><i>Blooming Bellamy: Herbs and Herbal Healing</i></a>. BBC Books. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-36725-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-36725-3"><bdi>978-0-563-36725-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blooming+Bellamy%3A+Herbs+and+Herbal+Healing&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-563-36725-3&rft.aulast=Bellamy&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPJMzIZWvklIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-farjon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farjon_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-farjon_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarjon2005" class="citation book cs1">Farjon, A. (2005). <i>A Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopityaceae</i>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 228–400. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-068-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84246-068-9"><bdi>978-1-84246-068-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Monograph+of+Cupressaceae+and+Sciadopityaceae&rft.pages=228-400&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84246-068-9&rft.aulast=Farjon&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-drugs-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-drugs_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drugs_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drugs_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drugs_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drugs_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drugs_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drugs_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-drugs_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/npp/juniper.html">"Juniper"</a>. Drugs.com. 22 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juniper&rft.pub=Drugs.com&rft.date=2021-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drugs.com%2Fnpp%2Fjuniper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=e956d645a8b4e6b3e34e4e5d1b690209&mc=true&node=pt21.3.182&rgn=div5">"Title 21, Chapter I, Subchapter B, Part 182, Electronic Code of Federal Regulations – Substances Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS); section §182.20 Essential oils, oleoresins (solvent-free), and natural extractives (including distillates)"</a>. U.S. Government Publishing Office. 3 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Title+21%2C+Chapter+I%2C+Subchapter+B%2C+Part+182%2C+Electronic+Code+of+Federal+Regulations+%E2%80%93+Substances+Generally+Recognized+as+Safe+%28GRAS%29%3B+section+%C2%A7182.20+Essential+oils%2C+oleoresins+%28solvent-free%29%2C+and+natural+extractives+%28including+distillates%29&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfr.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Ftext-idx%3FSID%3De956d645a8b4e6b3e34e4e5d1b690209%26mc%3Dtrue%26node%3Dpt21.3.182%26rgn%3Ddiv5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barnes-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barnes_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnesAndersonPhillipson2007" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Joanne; Anderson, Linda A.; Phillipson, J. David (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herbalmedicines04barn"><i>Herbal Medicines</i></a></span> (3rd ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herbalmedicines04barn/page/n396">386</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-623-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85369-623-0"><bdi>978-0-85369-623-0</bdi></a>. <q>There is a lack of clinical research assessing the efficacy and safety of juniper. There is evidence that the berries are abortifacient and since this is believed not to be due to the oil there must be other toxic constituents present. In view of this, use of juniper should not exceed levels specified in food legislation. Juniper is contra-indicated during pregnancy and should not be used during lactation. <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="quote text omitted">...</abbr> There is a lack of clinical safety and toxicity data for juniper and further investigation of these aspects is required.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Herbal+Medicines&rft.pages=386&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Pharmaceutical+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85369-623-0&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Linda+A.&rft.au=Phillipson%2C+J.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fherbalmedicines04barn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nae-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nae_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nae_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nae_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoerman1998" class="citation book cs1">Moerman, Daniel E. (1998). <i>Native American Ethnobotany</i>. Timber Press. pp. 282–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-453-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-453-4"><bdi>978-0-88192-453-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+American+Ethnobotany&rft.pages=282-90&rft.pub=Timber+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-88192-453-4&rft.aulast=Moerman&rft.aufirst=Daniel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grieve-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-grieve_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrieve1984" class="citation book cs1">Grieve, M. (1984). <i>A Modern Herbal</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-046440-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-046440-5"><bdi>978-0-14-046440-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Modern+Herbal&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-14-046440-5&rft.aulast=Grieve&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adams-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-adams_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2004" class="citation book cs1">Adams, R. P. (2004). <i>Junipers of the World: The genus Juniperus</i>. Trafford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-4250-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4120-4250-5"><bdi>978-1-4120-4250-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Junipers+of+the+World%3A+The+genus+Juniperus&rft.pub=Trafford&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4120-4250-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=R.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dalby-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dalby_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalby_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalby_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby2002" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, A. (2002). <i>Dangerous Tastes: The Story of Spices</i>. University of California Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23674-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23674-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23674-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Tastes%3A+The+Story+of+Spices&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23674-5&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-peattie-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-peattie_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-peattie_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeattieLandacre1991" class="citation book cs1">Peattie, D.; Landacre, P. H. (1991). <i>A Natural History of Western Trees</i>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-58175-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-58175-9"><bdi>978-0-395-58175-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Natural+History+of+Western+Trees&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-395-58175-9&rft.aulast=Peattie&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Landacre%2C+P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgee-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcgee_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Harold (2004). <i>On Food and Cooking</i> (Revised ed.). Scribner. p. 410. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80001-1"><bdi>978-0-684-80001-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Food+and+Cooking&rft.pages=410&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80001-1&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larousse-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-larousse_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontagne" class="citation book cs1">Montagne, Prosper. <i>The Concise Larousse Gastronomique</i>. Octopus. p. 691. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-600-60863-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-600-60863-9"><bdi>978-0-600-60863-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Larousse+Gastronomique&rft.pages=691&rft.pub=Octopus&rft.isbn=978-0-600-60863-9&rft.aulast=Montagne&rft.aufirst=Prosper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteingarten1997" class="citation book cs1">Steingarten, Jeffrey (1997). "True Choucroute". <i>The Man Who Ate Everything</i>. Vintage Books. p. 244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70202-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-70202-0"><bdi>978-0-375-70202-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=True+Choucroute&rft.btitle=The+Man+Who+Ate+Everything&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-375-70202-0&rft.aulast=Steingarten&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span> The chapter is an essay first published in 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1998" class="citation web cs1">Jackson, Michael (8 September 1998) [1 April 1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502003329/http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000055.html">"Sweating up a suitable thirst"</a>. <i>Michael Jackson's Beer Hunter</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beerhunter.com/documents/19133-000055.html">the original</a> on 2 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Michael+Jackson%27s+Beer+Hunter&rft.atitle=Sweating+up+a+suitable+thirst&rft.date=1998-09-08&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beerhunter.com%2Fdocuments%2F19133-000055.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKindscher1992" class="citation book cs1">Kindscher, Kelly (1992). <i>Medicinal wild plants of the prairie. An ethnobotanical guide</i>. University Press of Kansas. p. 340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicinal+wild+plants+of+the+prairie.+An+ethnobotanical+guide.&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Kindscher&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart1976" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Jeff A. (1976). <i>Montana native plants and early peoples</i>. Helena, Montana: Montana Historical Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Montana+native+plants+and+early+peoples&rft.place=Helena%2C+Montana&rft.pub=Montana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Jeff+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-egypt-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-egypt_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManniche1999" class="citation book cs1">Manniche, Lisa (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredluxuriesfr0000mann"><i>Sacred Luxuries: Fragrance, Aromatherapy, and Cosmetics in Ancient Egypt</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredluxuriesfr0000mann/page/21">21</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3720-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3720-5"><bdi>978-0-8014-3720-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Luxuries%3A+Fragrance%2C+Aromatherapy%2C+and+Cosmetics+in+Ancient+Egypt&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3720-5&rft.aulast=Manniche&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacredluxuriesfr0000mann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalby1997" class="citation book cs1">Dalby, Andrew (1997). <i>Siren Feasts: A History of Food and Gastronomy in Greece</i>. Routledge. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15657-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15657-8"><bdi>978-0-415-15657-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siren+Feasts%3A+A+History+of+Food+and+Gastronomy+in+Greece&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15657-8&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames1997" class="citation book cs1">James, Lorman (1997). <i>Greek Life</i>. New York: Gregory House. pp. 76–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=76-77&rft.pub=Gregory+House&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Lorman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Bostock and Riley's 1855 translation. <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plin.+Nat.+12.14">Nat.12.14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuttonEarle" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Mark Q.; Earle, David D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcas.org/documents/5323DesertSerrano.pdf"><i>The Desert Serrano of the Mojave River</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desert+Serrano+of+the+Mojave+River&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Pacific+Coast+Archaeological+Society+Quarterly&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Mark+Q.&rft.au=Earle%2C+David+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcas.org%2Fdocuments%2F5323DesertSerrano.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJuniper+berry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juniper_berry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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href="/wiki/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Template talk:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culinary herbs and spices"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culinary_herbs_and_spices" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Culinary herbs and spices</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Angelica_archangelica" title="Angelica archangelica">Angelica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil" title="Basil">Basil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocimum_tenuiflorum" title="Ocimum tenuiflorum">Holy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_basil" title="Thai basil">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_basil" title="Lemon basil">Lemon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_tamala" title="Cinnamomum tamala">Indian bay leaf (<i>tejpat</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldo" title="Boldo">Boldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borage" title="Borage">Borage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervil" title="Chervil">Chervil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chives" title="Chives">Chives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tuberosum" title="Allium tuberosum">garlic / Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicely" title="Cicely">Cicely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander leaf / Cilantro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porophyllum_ruderale" title="Porophyllum ruderale">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persicaria_odorata" title="Persicaria odorata">Vietnamese (<i>rau răm</i>)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eryngium_foetidum" title="Eryngium foetidum">Culantro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">Cress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_tree" title="Curry tree">Curry leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysphania_ambrosioides" title="Dysphania ambrosioides">Epazote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_auritum" title="Piper auritum">Hoja santa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houttuynia_cordata" title="Houttuynia cordata"><i>Houttuynia cordata</i> (<i>giấp cá</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyssopus_officinalis" title="Hyssopus officinalis">Hyssop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbu" title="Jimbu">Jimbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elsholtzia_ciliata" title="Elsholtzia ciliata">Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Kkaennip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavandula_angustifolia" title="Lavandula angustifolia">Lavender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbopogon" title="Cymbopogon">Lemon grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backhousia_citriodora" title="Backhousia citriodora">Lemon myrtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloysia_citrodora" title="Aloysia citrodora">Lemon verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnophila_aromatica" title="Limnophila aromatica"><i>Limnophila aromatica</i> (rice-paddy herb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovage" title="Lovage">Lovage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjoram" title="Marjoram">Marjoram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mugwort" title="Mugwort">Mugwort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptotaenia_japonica" title="Cryptotaenia japonica">Mitsuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens" title="Ruta graveolens">Rue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satureja" title="Satureja">Savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Sanshō leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorrel" title="Sorrel">Sorrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarragon" title="Tarragon">Tarragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galium_odoratum" title="Galium odoratum">Woodruff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_laver" title="Green laver">Aonori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajwain" title="Ajwain">Ajwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_pepper" title="Alligator pepper">Alligator pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amchoor" title="Amchoor">Amchoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asafoetida" title="Asafoetida">Asafoetida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_terebinthifolia" title="Schinus terebinthifolia">Brazilian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_cardamom" title="Black cardamom">black</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia" title="Cinnamomum cassia">Cassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery_powder" title="Celery powder">Celery powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celery" title="Celery">Celery seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanania_cochinchinensis" title="Buchanania cochinchinensis">Charoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenpi" title="Chenpi">Chenpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">Chili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chili_powder" title="Chili powder">Chili powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipotle" title="Chipotle">Chipotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crushed_red_pepper" title="Crushed red pepper">Crushed red pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">Jalapeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_chile" title="New Mexico chile">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasco_pepper" title="Tabasco pepper">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Capsicum_cultivars" title="List of Capsicum cultivars">Cultivars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriander" title="Coriander">Coriander seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_cubeba" title="Piper cubeba">Cubeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella sativa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bunium_persicum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunium persicum">Bunium persicum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Deulkkae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dill" title="Dill">Dill / Dill seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fennel" title="Fennel">Fennel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigonella_caerulea" title="Trigonella caerulea">blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boesenbergia_rotunda" title="Boesenbergia rotunda">Fingerroot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galangal" title="Galangal">Galangal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_galanga" title="Alpinia galanga">greater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpinia_officinarum" title="Alpinia officinarum">lesser</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaempferia_galanga" title="Kaempferia galanga">Aromatic ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heracleum_persicum" title="Heracleum persicum">Golpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_paradise" title="Grains of paradise">Grains of paradise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grains_of_Selim" title="Grains of Selim">Grains of Selim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseradish" title="Horseradish">Horseradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanthoxylum_piperitum" title="Zanthoxylum piperitum">Japanese pricklyash</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_indica" title="Garcinia indica">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aframomum_corrorima" title="Aframomum corrorima">Korarima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">Dried lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litsea_cubeba" title="Litsea cubeba">Litsea cubeba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_pepper" title="Long pepper">Long pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_amada" title="Curcuma amada">Mango-ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahleb" title="Mahleb">Mahleb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhamphospermum_nigrum" title="Rhamphospermum nigrum">black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_mustard" title="White mustard">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigella_sativa" title="Nigella sativa">Nigella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricinodendron" title="Ricinodendron">Njangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion_powder" title="Onion powder">Onion powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinus_molle" title="Schinus molle">Peruvian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppy_seed" title="Poppy seed">Poppy seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammogeton_involucratus" title="Psammogeton involucratus">Radhuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_%C3%97_damascena" title="Rosa × damascena">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilax_ornata" title="Smilax ornata">Sarsaparilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesame" title="Sesame">Sesame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiso" title="Shiso">Shiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_pepper" title="Sichuan pepper">Sichuan pepper (<i>huājiāo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_anise" class="mw-redirect" title="Star anise">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">Sumac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmannia_lanceolata" title="Tasmannia lanceolata">Tasmanian pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipteryx_odorata" title="Dipteryx odorata">Tonka bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzazi" title="Uzazi">Uzazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_borbonense" title="Piper borbonense">Voatsiperifery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasabi" title="Wasabi">Wasabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu" title="Yuzu">Yuzu zest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curcuma_zedoaria" title="Curcuma zedoaria">Zedoary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberis_vulgaris" title="Berberis vulgaris">Zereshk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zest_(ingredient)" title="Zest (ingredient)">Zest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spice_mix" title="Spice mix">Blends</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajika" title="Ajika">Adjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advieh" title="Advieh">Advieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">Baharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beau_Monde_seasoning" title="Beau Monde seasoning">Beau monde seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">Berbere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouquet_garni" title="Bouquet garni">Bouquet garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buknu" title="Buknu">Buknu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaat_masala" title="Chaat masala">Chaat masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempering_(spices)" title="Tempering (spices)">Chaunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon_sugar" title="Cinnamon sugar">Cinnamon sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_boil" title="Crab boil">Crab boil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curry_powder" title="Curry powder">Curry powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubanjiang" title="Doubanjiang">Doubanjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douchi" title="Douchi">Douchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duqqa" title="Duqqa">Duqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fines_herbes" title="Fines herbes">Fines herbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-spice_powder" title="Five-spice powder">Five-spice powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garam_masala" title="Garam masala">Garam masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_powder" title="Garlic powder">Garlic powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic_salt" title="Garlic salt">Garlic salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">Gochujang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">Harissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbes_de_Provence" title="Herbes de Provence">Herbes de Provence</a></li> <li><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BAng_l%C3%ACu" title="Húng lìu">Húng lìu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli_podi" title="Idli podi">Idli podi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seasoning" title="Italian seasoning">Italian seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerk_(cooking)" title="Jerk (cooking)">Jamaican jerk spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmeli_suneli" title="Khmeli suneli">Khmeli suneli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_pepper" title="Lemon pepper">Lemon pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitmita" title="Mitmita">Mitmita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_spice" title="Mixed spice">Mixed spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_steak_seasoning" title="Montreal steak seasoning">Montreal steak seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulling_spices" title="Mulling spices">Mulling spices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bay_Seasoning" title="Old Bay Seasoning">Old Bay Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panch_phoron" title="Panch phoron">Panch phoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persillade" title="Persillade">Persillade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder-douce" title="Powder-douce">Powder-douce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_pie_spice" title="Pumpkin pie spice">Pumpkin pie spice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%A2lat_daqqa" title="Qâlat daqqa">Qâlat daqqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quatre_%C3%A9pices" title="Quatre épices">Quatre épices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">Ras el hanout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recado_rojo" title="Recado rojo">Recado rojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharena_sol" title="Sharena sol">Sharena sol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shichimi" title="Shichimi">Shichimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabil" title="Tabil">Tabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj%C3%ADn_seasoning" title="Tajín seasoning">Tajin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoori_masala" title="Tandoori masala">Tandoori masala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuna_paha" title="Thuna paha">Thuna paha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadouvan" title="Vadouvan">Vadouvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzu_kosh%C5%8D" title="Yuzu koshō">Yuzu koshō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Culinary</a></li> <li>By region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_herbs_and_spices" title="List of Australian herbs and spices">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bangladeshi_spices" title="List of Bangladeshi spices">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_spices" title="List of Indian spices">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_spices" title="List of Pakistani spices">Pakistani</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marination" title="Marination">Marination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasoning" title="Seasoning">Seasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_rub" title="Spice rub">Spice rub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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