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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bidonvilles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bidonvilles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_persons_in_France_estimated_to_be_living_below_the_poverty_line_(1970–2002)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_persons_in_France_estimated_to_be_living_below_the_poverty_line_(1970–2002)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Number of persons in France estimated to be living below the poverty line (1970–2002)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_persons_in_France_estimated_to_be_living_below_the_poverty_line_(1970–2002)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of poverty in France</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HomelessParis_7032101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HomelessParis_7032101.jpg/300px-HomelessParis_7032101.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HomelessParis_7032101.jpg/450px-HomelessParis_7032101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/HomelessParis_7032101.jpg/600px-HomelessParis_7032101.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A homeless man in Paris.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Poverty in France</b> has fallen by 60% over thirty years. Although it affected 15% of the population in 1970, in 2001 only 6.1% (or 3.7 million people) were below the poverty line (which, according to <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a>'s criteria, is half of the <a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">median income</a>). </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> study from the early 1970s estimated that 16% of the French population lived in poverty, compared with 13% in the United States, 11% in Canada, 7.5% in the United Kingdom, and 3% in Germany. Other national estimates at the time were 13% (the United States), 11% (Canada), 8% (Australia), 5% (Norway), and 3.5% (Sweden).<sup id="cite_ref-poverty-and-inequality_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poverty-and-inequality-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, a basic tax-free cash allowance starting at £665 for children under the age of ten provided a considerable amount of support for families living on low incomes, and its combination with direct taxation meant greater support to poor families than in any other country in the <a href="/wiki/EEC" class="mw-redirect" title="EEC">EEC</a>. A two-parent family with four dependent children on 66% of average earnings gained an amount after tax and allowances equal to 49.4% of its income compared with 8.2% in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, that same year, INSEE found that at any wage level disposable income per head was still much lower in large families than those with no or very few children, while the cost of bringing up a family weighed particularly heavily on households headed by a low-paid worker. According to one estimate from the early 1970s, using 1500 francs net per month for those in full-time employment, 44% of women and 24.5% of men were low paid. The percentage of workers who were low paid was particularly high in personal services, such as hairdressing (74%), hotel and catering (60%) and textiles (51%).<sup id="cite_ref-poverty-and-inequality_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poverty-and-inequality-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In comparison with the average French workers, foreign workers tended to be employed in the hardest and lowest-paid jobs. They also live in poor conditions. A 1972 study found that foreign workers earned 17% less than their French counterparts, although this national average concealed the extent of inequality. Foreign workers were more likely to be men in their prime working years in the industrial areas, which generally had higher rates of pay than elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-poverty-and-inequality_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poverty-and-inequality-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1974, the National Assembly's Commission on Cultural, Family and Social Affairs estimated that 5% of the population should be considered as "living in a state of destitution or on the borderline of destitution". Studies by Serge Milano, Lionel Stoleru, and Rene Lenoir estimated that between 10% and 14% of the population lived in poverty from 1970 to 1980. A report by the EEC estimated that 14.8% of households in France lived in poverty in 1975, defined as living below the threshold of 50% mean annual income. </p><p>Previously, the poor were for the most part retirees. The trend reversed itself in the 1980s with an increase in unemployment among young people; while poverty among the elderly dropped 85% (from 27.3% to 3.8%), among those still in the workforce it increased by 38% over the same 30 years (from 3.9% to 5.4%). Various social welfare programs have had an important impact in low-income households, and in 2002, they may in some cases have represented more than 50% of the household's income.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> claimed that France was "one of only five OECD countries where income inequality and poverty have declined over the past 20 years".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/European_migrant_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European migrant crisis">European migrant crisis</a>, beginning in 2015, makeshift and squalid migrant camps have begun regularly appearing around the <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">capital city</a> with French officials routinely clearing and dismantling them as of October 2016. Such camps are also becoming a common occurrence in <a href="/wiki/Hauts-de-France" title="Hauts-de-France">Northern France</a>, along the coast of <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">La Manche</a>, which migrants hope to cross in an attempt to reach <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Calais_Jungle" title="Calais Jungle">Calais Jungle</a> is perhaps the best known example of this. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Status_in_2005">Status in 2005</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Status in 2005"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty threshold</a> was fixed at 645 euros per person per month. By comparison, the <i><a href="/wiki/Revenu_minimum_d%27insertion" title="Revenu minimum d'insertion">revenu minimum d'insertion</a></i> (RMI, which idea draws on <a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">guaranteed minimum income</a>, although it is not distributed to everyone) was at that time 440.86 euros per month for a person living alone.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French poverty threshold is slightly higher than that of the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting that some who would be considered living in poverty in France would not be if they had the same income in the United States. However, it is difficult to compare them as they are not calculated in the same way, notwithstanding differences in <a href="/wiki/Cost-of-living_index" title="Cost-of-living index">cost</a> or <a href="/wiki/Standards_of_living" class="mw-redirect" title="Standards of living">standards of living</a>. While the French poverty threshold is calculated as being half of the median income, the U.S. poverty threshold is based on dollar costs of the economy food plan, that is, on <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_metrics" title="Income inequality metrics">income inequality</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005: </p> <ul><li>A million children (8%) were living below the poverty line;</li> <li>42,000 children were affected by <a href="/wiki/Lead_poisoning" title="Lead poisoning">lead poisoning</a>, a sign of decrepit housing; lead-based paint has been banned in new buildings since 1915, to all professionals since 1948, and to everyone since 1993. The risk of exposure to lead today is four times greater for buildings constructed before 1915 than for a building constructed between 1915 and 1948.</li> <li>500,000 housing units were unclean.</li> <li>200,000 students were in difficult financial situations, which has led some young women to pay for their studies through prostitution. This phenomenon is on the rise in the country (in 2006, the students' union <a href="/wiki/Solidaires_Unitaires_D%C3%A9mocratiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidaires Unitaires Démocratiques">SUD Etudiant</a> estimated the number to be 40,000).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Nevertheless, social services allow France to have one of the lowest <a href="/wiki/Child_mortality" title="Child mortality">child mortality</a> rates despite this poverty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite the positive developments, it seems<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (May 2017)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that rural areas have been attracting more and more of those left behind; a non-negligible segment of at-risk city populations have been moving to the country and joining the ranks of small-time farmers among "rural" welfare recipients. This phenomenon is partly explained by the lower cost of rural living compared with that in cities.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another indicator of poverty is the RMI. In 1994, in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a>, the number of RMI recipients was 783,436; ten years later (in June 2004), it rose to 1,041,026. In the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas departments</a>, it was 105,033 at the end of 1994 and 152,892 in June 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From December 2004 to December 2005, the number of RMI recipients increased by 4.7% according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Secours_catholique" title="Secours catholique">Secours catholique</a></i> NGO.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bidonvilles">Bidonvilles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bidonvilles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bidonville" class="mw-redirect" title="Bidonville">Bidonville</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banlieue" title="Banlieue">Banlieue</a></div> <p><i>Bidonvilles</i> ("can towns") are <a href="/wiki/Shanty_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanty towns">shanty towns</a> that exist in the urban outskirts of France and often have little access to roads or public services (such as electricity or access to water). Although once thought to be a phenomenon exclusive to the 1960s and 1970s, <i>bidonvilles</i> again gained attention in the French media in the 2000s. Often populated by immigrants, <i>bidonvilles</i> produce a degree of residential segregation between French nationals and recently arrived immigrant groups at a scale higher than any other western European city in the postwar years.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most attention on residential poverty in France is now associated with the Parisian suburbs, or <i><a href="/wiki/Banlieue" title="Banlieue">banlieues</a></i>. </p><p>In the late 1960s, there were eighty-nine <i>bidonvilles</i> on the outskirts of Paris. During this time, <i>bidonvilles</i> were often associated with immigrant groups from North Africa. However this is partly an exaggerated stereotype, as the largest <i>bidonville</i> of the Paris area in the 1960s (Champigny-sur-Marne) was populated mostly by Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That being said, a Ministry of the Interior census carried out in 1966 suggested that the majority of the 46,827 people living in the 119 Parisian <i>bidonvilles</i> were of North African origin.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other <i>bidonvilles</i> were concentrated north-west of Paris, including near Nanterre, Gennevilliers, Asnières, and Colombes. </p><p>In 1964, the <i>Loi Debré</i> sought to eliminate <i>bidonvilles</i>, and the urban formation was erroneously thought to have disappeared in the 1970s with the transformation of <a href="/wiki/Nanterre" title="Nanterre">Nanterre</a>'s <i>bidonville</i> into a modern city. However, a 1973 count estimated at least 8,600 still living in <i>bidonvilles</i> around Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First-hand accounts describe the hardship of living in bidonvilles in the 1960s: "We live amongst mud and rubbish. There's no difference between us and animals...It's not life that we lead here: even the rats come to eat us...I tell you – even the animals live better than we do."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A former occupant recalled the emotional legacy of life in the Nanterre <i>bidonville</i> even after its destruction: "Now they've got rid of almost all the bidonvilles at Nanterre, but they still exist in our heads and in our thinking. Life in a bidonville is something you never forget."<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <i>bidonvilles</i> may have provided certain measures of social freedom and political space for disadvantaged or marginalized groups, albeit at the cost of appalling daily living conditions. For example, established <i>bidonvilles</i> with more experienced immigrant communities could provide a network of support or feeling of solidarity to a newly arrived migrant greater than what they might find in the city center.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite persistent attempts to rehouse individuals living in bidonvilles (and the more fragmented "micro-bidonvilles"), they remain a reality in places like <a href="/wiki/Villeurbanne" title="Villeurbanne">Villeurbanne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>), where a bidonville contains 500 persons of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> origins, a third of them children.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2007, bulldozers destroyed a bidonville in <a href="/wiki/Bobigny" title="Bobigny">Bobigny</a>, a northeastern suburb of Paris, where 266 Romanian and Bulgarian citizens had been registered. Another huge <i>bidonville</i> exists near Calais, inhabited by migrants from the Middle-East, North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa hoping to get to the United Kingdom. It has been destroyed several times, but since the people are in France illegally, they have nowhere else to go, and eventually they return to the same place. </p><p>Bidonvilles are also common in the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">overseas departments</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Number_of_persons_in_France_estimated_to_be_living_below_the_poverty_line_(1970–2002)"><span id="Number_of_persons_in_France_estimated_to_be_living_below_the_poverty_line_.281970.E2.80.932002.29"></span>Number of persons in France estimated to be living below the poverty line (1970–2002)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Number of persons in France estimated to be living below the poverty line (1970–2002)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poverty rate at 50% </p><p>1970 12% </p><p>1975 10.2% </p><p>1979 8.3% </p><p>1984 7.7% </p><p>1990 6.6% </p><p>1996 7.2% </p><p>1998 6.7% </p><p>2000 6.5% </p><p>2002 6% </p><p>Poverty rate at 60% line </p><p>1970 17.9% </p><p>1975 16.6% </p><p>1979 14.2% </p><p>1984 13.5% </p><p>1990 13.8% </p><p>1996 13.5% </p><p>1998 12.8% </p><p>2000 12.7% </p><p>2002 12.2% </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abb%C3%A9_Pierre" title="Abbé Pierre">Abbé Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatoire_National_de_la_Pauvret%C3%A9_et_de_l%27Exclusion_Sociale" title="Observatoire National de la Pauvreté et de l'Exclusion Sociale">Observatoire National de la Pauvreté et de l'Exclusion Sociale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty by country">Poverty by country</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-poverty-and-inequality-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poverty-and-inequality_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poverty-and-inequality_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poverty-and-inequality_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVictor_GeorgeRoger_Lawson1980" class="citation book cs1">Victor George; Roger Lawson (1980). <i>Poverty and inequality in Common Market countries</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge_%26_Kegan_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge & Kegan Paul">Routledge & Kegan Paul</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710005175" title="Special:BookSources/9780710005175"><bdi>9780710005175</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+inequality+in+Common+Market+countries&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9780710005175&rft.au=Victor+George&rft.au=Roger+Lawson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/044000149/0000.pdf"><i>Le rapport de l'Observatoire national de la pauvreté et de l'exclusion sociale 2003–2004</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070126195011/http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/044000149/0000.pdf">Archived</a> 26 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/044000149/0001.pdf">second part</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024084407/http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/044000149/0001.pdf">Archived</a> 24 October 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/044000149/0002.pdf">third part</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110525012537/http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/044000149/0002.pdf">Archived</a> 25 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See p. 26 of Part 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/els/soc/41525323.pdf">"Growing Unequal? : Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries - COUNTRY NOTE: FRANCE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a></i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD&rft.atitle=Growing+Unequal%3F+%3A+Income+Distribution+and+Poverty+in+OECD+Countries+-+COUNTRY+NOTE%3A+FRANCE&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fels%2Fsoc%2F41525323.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vosdroits.service-public.fr/particuliers/F1887.xhtml?&n=Emploi,%20travail&l=N5&n=Revenu%20minimum%20d'insertion%20(RMI)&l=N478&n=Allocation%20de%20revenu%20minimum%20d'insertion%20(RMI)&l=N11902"><i>Montant de l'allocation de revenu minimum d'insertion</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/05poverty.shtml">2005 Federal Poverty Guidelines</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Health and Human Services">U.S. Department of Health and Human Services</a>, retrieved 15 February 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aspe.hhs.gov/poverty/papers/hptgssiv.htm">The Development and History of the U.S. Poverty Thresholds – A Brief Overview</a>, by Gordon M. Fisher, US <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_and_Human_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health and Human Services">Department of Health and Human Services</a>, GSS/SSS Newsletter (Newsletter of the Government Statistics Section and the Social Statistics Section of the American Statistical Association), Winter 1997, pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/france/20061030.FIG000000152_la_prostitution_gagne_les_bancs_de_la_fac.html">La prostitution gagne les bancs de la fac</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, 30 October 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexandre Pagès (2005), <i>La pauvreté en milieu rural</i>, Toulouse, Presses Universitaires du Mirail</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=338">Les bénéficiaires du RMI selon la situation familiale</a>, <a href="/wiki/INSEE" class="mw-redirect" title="INSEE">INSEE</a> (Source : <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cnaf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cnaf (page does not exist)">Cnaf</a>, fichier FILEAS, données au 31 décembre 1994 et au 30 juin 2004). Published in June 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.secours-catholique.asso.fr/telechargements/rapport_statistique_2005.pdf">STATISTIQUES D’ACCUEIL 2005 – Pauvreté: facteur d'isolement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528215300/http://www.secours-catholique.asso.fr/telechargements/rapport_statistique_2005.pdf">Archived</a> 28 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Secours_catholique" title="Secours catholique">Secours catholique</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul White, "Immigrants, immigrant areas, and immigrant communities in postwar Paris," in <i>Migrants in Modern France: Population Mobility in the Later Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries</i>, edited by Philip E. Ogden and Paul E. White (Oxon: Routledge, 1989), 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">White, 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From interviews with Tunisians in Ben Sassi (1968), cited in White, 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">White, 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721234231/http://www.20minutes.fr/articles/2006/10/11/20061011-Lyon-Les-enfants-du-bidonville-a-rude-ecole.php">Les enfants des bidonvilles font leur rentrée scolaire</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/20_minutes_(France)" title="20 minutes (France)">20 Minutes</a></i> (Lyons), 11 October 2006 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/076/article_43372.asp">Quand la France rase illégalement maisons et bidonvilles</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_France_Internationale" title="Radio France Internationale">Radio France Internationale</a></i>, 28 April 2006 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/en/insee-statistique-publique/connaitre/colloques/pauvrete/pdf/pauvrete_chevalier_en.pdf">"INSEE and official statistics - Insee"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.INSEE.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.INSEE.fr&rft.atitle=INSEE+and+official+statistics+-+Insee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Fen%2Finsee-statistique-publique%2Fconnaitre%2Fcolloques%2Fpauvrete%2Fpdf%2Fpauvrete_chevalier_en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APoverty+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Report by the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conseil_de_l%27emploi,_des_revenus_et_de_la_coh%C3%A9sion_sociale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conseil de l'emploi, des revenus et de la cohésion sociale (page does not exist)">Conseil de l'emploi, des revenus et de la cohésion sociale</a></i> (CERC), 17 February 2005 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cerc.gouv.fr">[1]</a></li> <li>April 2005 report on poverty in France by <a href="/wiki/Emmaus_(charity)" title="Emmaus (charity)">Emmaüs</a> given by its president Martin Hirsch to the <i>ministre des Solidarités, de la Santé et de la Famille</i> <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Douste-Blazy" title="Philippe Douste-Blazy">Philippe Douste-Blazy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=54">Seuils de pauvreté en France, sur le site de l'INSEE</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insee.fr/fr/ffc/chifcle_fiche.asp?tab_id=55">Taux de pauvreté en France, sur le site de l'INSEE</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070124080321/http://www.social.gouv.fr/htm/pointsur/onpes/sommaire.htm">Observatoire national de la pauvreté et de l’exclusion sociale</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inegalites.fr">Observatoire des Inégalités, Données sur la pauvreté</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_French_history" title="Timeline of French history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_France" title="Political history of France">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France" title="Military history of France">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French" title="History of French">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_foreign_relations" title="History of French foreign relations">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_French_journalism" title="History of French journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">Liberalism and radicalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Normandy" title="History of Normandy">History of Normandy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_France" title="Prehistory of France">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greek colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Celtic Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Francia" title="West Francia">West Francia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_laws_of_the_Kingdom_of_France" title="Fundamental laws of the Kingdom of France">Fundamental laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France" title="Absolute monarchy in France">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_Revolution_of_1756" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic Revolution of 1756">Diplomatic Revolution of 1756</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Revolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Late_Modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Modern">Late Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century" title="France in the long nineteenth century">Long nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_French_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1851 French coup d'état">Coup of 2 December 1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Defense" title="Government of National Defense">Government of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army_in_World_War_I" title="French Army in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">Interwar</a> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_folles" title="Années folles">Années folles</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France_(1900_to_present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of France (1900 to present)">1900 to present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_French_riots" title="2005 French riots">2005 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_Europe#France,_Benelux_countries" title="Great Recession in Europe">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2015_Paris_attacks" title="November 2015 Paris attacks">2015 Paris attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_France" title="COVID-19 pandemic in France">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_French_labor_protests" title="2021 French labor protests">2021 labor protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_France" title="Geography of France">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communes_in_France_with_over_20,000_inhabitants" title="List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_France" title="Climate change in France">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_France" title="Borders of France">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_France" title="List of islands of France">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_France" title="List of lakes of France">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_mountains_by_prominence" title="List of French mountains by prominence">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_France" title="List of national parks of France">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_France" title="List of rivers of France">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_France" title="List of World Heritage Sites in France">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions of France">Constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_France" title="Elections in France">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_France" title="Presidential elections in France">presidential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_France" title="Foreign relations of France">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_France" title="Human rights in France">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_France" title="Intersex rights in France">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in France">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_France" title="Judiciary of France">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_France" title="Legal history of France">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_France" title="Law enforcement in France">enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_criminal_law" title="French criminal law">criminal law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Armed_Forces" title="French Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Parliament" title="French Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_France" title="List of political parties in France">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France" title="Economy of France">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_France#Agriculture" title="Economy of France">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_France" title="Automotive industry in France">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_France" title="Banking in France">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_France" title="Bank of France">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_France" title="Energy in France">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">Euro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_France" title="List of exports of France">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">Franc (former currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_regions_and_overseas_collectivities_by_GDP" title="List of French regions and overseas collectivities by GDP">French subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_France" title="Mining in France">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euronext_Paris" title="Euronext Paris">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_France" title="Science and technology in France">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_France" title="Taxation in France">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_France" title="Tourism in France">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_France" title="List of trade unions in France">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_France" title="Transport in France">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_France" title="Category:Society of France">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_France" title="Abortion in France">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_France" title="Birth control in France">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_France" title="Crime in France">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_France" title="Demographics of France">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_France" title="Health care in France">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_France" title="Homelessness in France">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_France" title="Immigration to France">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_departments_by_life_expectancy" title="List of French departments by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">People</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">secularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_France" title="Racism in France">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_France" title="Social class in France">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_protection_in_France" title="Social protection in France">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_France" title="Culture of France">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_architecture" title="French architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_art" title="French art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_France" title="Coat of arms of France">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fashion" title="French fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Remarkable_Gardens_of_France" title="List of Remarkable Gardens of France">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_France" title="Languages of France">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_literature" title="French literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_France" title="Music of France">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_philosophy" title="French philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_France" title="Public holidays in France">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_France" title="Sport in France">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of France">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_France" title="Theatre of France">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="padding:0.25em;"><div><div style="margin-top:0;line-height:1.4em;margin-bottom:-0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_France" title="Outline of France">Outline</a></li></ul> </div><div style="margin-top:-0.2em;line-height:1.4em;font-weight:bold;margin-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:France" title="Category:France">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_France" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject France">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poverty_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poverty_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Poverty in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poverty in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bulgaria" title="Poverty in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Croatia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Croatia (page does not exist)">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Estonia (page does not exist)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Finland (page does not exist)">Finland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Hungary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Hungary (page does not exist)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Moldova" title="Poverty in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Netherlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Netherlands (page does not exist)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Norway" title="Poverty in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Poland" title="Poverty in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Romania" title="Poverty in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Russia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Russia (page does not exist)">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Serbia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Serbia (page does not exist)">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Slovenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Slovenia (page does not exist)">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Spain (page does not exist)">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ukraine" title="Poverty in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poverty_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poverty in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Poverty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poverty" title="Template:Poverty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poverty" title="Template talk:Poverty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poverty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poverty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Poverty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">Poverty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measuring_poverty" title="Measuring poverty">Measuring poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_poverty" title="Concentrated poverty">Concentrated poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_poverty" title="Cost of poverty">Cost of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_poverty" title="Climate change and poverty">Climate change and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_poverty" title="Child poverty">Child poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_poverty" title="Chronic poverty">Chronic poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_of_poverty" title="Cycle of poverty">Cycle of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarity" title="Precarity">Precarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaranteed_minimum_income" title="Guaranteed minimum income">Guaranteed minimum income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income" title="Universal basic income">Universal basic income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_basic_income_models" title="List of basic income models">List of basic income models</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">Poverty reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homeless_Vulnerability_Index" title="Homeless Vulnerability Index">Homeless Vulnerability Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misery_index_(economics)" title="Misery index (economics)">Misery index (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genuine_progress_indicator" title="Genuine progress indicator">Genuine progress indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">Legatum Prosperity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_gap_index" title="Poverty gap index">Poverty gap index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Poverty_Index" title="Human Poverty Index">Human Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multidimensional_Poverty_Index" title="Multidimensional Poverty Index">Multidimensional Poverty Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Index_of_Multiple_Deprivation" title="Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation">Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Working_poor" title="Working poor">Working poor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precariat" title="Precariat">Precariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeter" title="Freeter">Freeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underemployment" title="Underemployment">Underemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McJob" title="McJob">McJob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pea-pickers" title="Pea-pickers">Pea-picker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menial_job" title="Menial job">Menial job</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">Domestic worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gig_worker" title="Gig worker">Gig worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_theft" title="Wage theft">Wage theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweatshop" title="Sweatshop">Sweatshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">Precarious work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">Workfare</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">Forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude" title="Indentured servitude">Indentured servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involuntary_servitude" title="Involuntary servitude">Involuntary servitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debt_bondage" title="Debt bondage">Debt bondage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peon" title="Peon">Peonage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Child soldiers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Algeria" title="Poverty in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Poverty in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ethiopia" title="Poverty in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Kenya" title="Poverty in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Namibia" title="Poverty in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Niger" title="Poverty in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nigeria" title="Poverty in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Tanzania" title="Poverty in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Uganda" title="Poverty in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Zimbabwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Afghanistan" title="Poverty in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bangladesh" title="Poverty in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cambodia" title="Poverty in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_East_Timor" title="Poverty in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_India" title="Poverty in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Indonesia" title="Poverty in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Japan" title="Poverty in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Lebanon" title="Poverty in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_North_Korea" title="Poverty in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_South_Korea" title="Poverty in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Malaysia" title="Poverty in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Pakistan" title="Poverty in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Poverty in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Vietnam" title="Poverty in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Yemen" title="Poverty in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cyprus" title="Poverty in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Germany" title="Poverty in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Moldova" title="Poverty in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Norway" title="Poverty in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Poland" title="Poverty in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Romania" title="Poverty in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Switzerland" title="Poverty in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Ukraine" title="Poverty in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_New_Zealand" title="Poverty in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Colombia" title="Poverty in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Haiti" title="Poverty in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Mexico" title="Poverty in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Peru" title="Poverty in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_poverty" title="Theories of poverty">Theories of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">Well-being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_trap" title="Welfare trap">Welfare trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare%27s_effect_on_poverty" title="Welfare's effect on poverty">Welfare's effect on poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_welfare" title="Criticism of welfare">Criticism of welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellness_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wellness (medicine)">Wellness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_of_life" title="Quality of life">Quality of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-perceived_quality-of-life_scale" title="Self-perceived quality-of-life scale">Self-perceived quality-of-life scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subjective_well-being" title="Subjective well-being">Subjective well-being</a> (SWB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stress_(psychological)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress (psychological)">Stress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_poverty" title="Rural poverty">Rural access issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Providing_Urban_Amenities_to_Rural_Areas" title="Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas">Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-materialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-materialism">Post-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen%27s_parade" title="Pen's parade">Pen's parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_poverty" title="Culture of poverty">Culture of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_poverty" title="Causes of poverty">Causes of poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">List of global issues</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_poverty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Template:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Template talk:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_poverty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrheal diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">Neglected diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">African sleeping sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">River blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis" title="Visceral leishmaniasis">Leishmaniasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">Trachoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_review" title="Priority review">Priority review voucher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_percentage_of_population_living_in_poverty" title="List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty">List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty</a> · <a href="/wiki/Template:Deprivation_Indicators" title="Template:Deprivation Indicators">Deprivation and poverty indicators</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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