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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_military_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_military_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early military origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_military_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Stanford_University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Stanford_University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Role of Stanford University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Stanford_University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_Silicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_Silicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Rise of Silicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_Silicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_Internet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_Internet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Origins of the Internet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_Internet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergence_of_venture_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence_of_venture_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Emergence of venture capital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence_of_venture_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lawyers_and_law_firms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lawyers_and_law_firms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Lawyers and law firms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lawyers_and_law_firms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_computer_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_computer_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Rise of computer culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_computer_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advent_of_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advent_of_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Advent of software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advent_of_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Internet age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Housing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Housing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Housing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Housing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_companies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_companies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Notable companies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_companies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Race</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Municipalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colleges_and_universities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges_and_universities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Colleges and universities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges_and_universities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Secondary Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cultural references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals_and_newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals_and_newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Journals and newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals_and_newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audiovisual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audiovisual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Audiovisual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audiovisual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Silicon Valley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 90 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-90" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">90 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="وادي السيليكون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وادي السيليكون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikon_vadisi" title="Silikon vadisi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Silikon vadisi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="سیلیکون والئی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیلیکون والئی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_(%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0)" title="সিলিকন ভ্যালি (যুক্তরাষ্ট্র) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিলিকন ভ্যালি (যুক্তরাষ্ট্র)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si-l%C3%AD-kh%C3%B3ng_soa%E2%81%BF-kok" title="Si-lí-khóng soaⁿ-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Si-lí-khóng soaⁿ-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Крамянёвая даліна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крамянёвая даліна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Крамянёвая даліна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крамянёвая даліна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Силициева долина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Силициева долина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicijska_dolina" title="Silicijska dolina – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Silicijska dolina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D3%97" title="Кремни лапамӗ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кремни лапамӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyffryn_Silicon" title="Dyffryn Silicon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dyffryn Silicon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="सिलिकन भ्याली – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सिलिकन भ्याली" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%8A" title="Σίλικον Βάλεϊ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σίλικον Βάλεϊ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سیلیکون‌ولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیلیکون‌ولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gleann_an_tSileacain" title="Gleann an tSileacain – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Gleann an tSileacain" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%89%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80" title="સિલિકૉન વૅલી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સિલિકૉન વૅલી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%CC%8Dt-kuk" title="Si̍t-kuk – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Si̍t-kuk" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EB%A6%AC%EC%BD%98_%EB%B0%B8%EB%A6%AC" title="실리콘 밸리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="실리콘 밸리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%BF" title="Սիլիկոնային հովիտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սիլիկոնային հովիտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="सिलिकॉन वैली – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिलिकॉन वैली" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicijska_dolina" title="Silicijska dolina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Silicijska dolina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliko-Valo" title="Siliko-Valo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Siliko-Valo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembah_Silikon" title="Lembah Silikon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lembah Silikon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9F" title="עמק הסיליקון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמק הסיליקון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembah_Silikon" title="Lembah Silikon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lembah Silikon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სილიციუმის ველი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სილიციუმის ველი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Силикон алқабы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Силикон алқабы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geliy%C3%AA_Sil%C3%AEkon%C3%AA" title="Geliyê Silîkonê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Geliyê Silîkonê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallis_Silicii" title="Vallis Silicii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Vallis Silicii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sil%C4%ABcija_ieleja" title="Silīcija ieleja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Silīcija ieleja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicio_sl%C4%97nis" title="Silicio slėnis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Silicio slėnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szil%C3%ADcium-v%C3%B6lgy" title="Szilícium-völgy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szilícium-völgy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Силициумска Долина – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Силициумска Долина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF" title="സിലിക്കൺ വാലി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സിലിക്കൺ വാലി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="सिलिकॉन व्हॅली – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सिलिकॉन व्हॅली" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86" title="وادى سليكون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="وادى سليكون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Цахиурын хөндий – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахиурын хөндий" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE" title="ဆီလီကွန်ဗယ်လီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆီလီကွန်ဗယ်လီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC" title="シリコンバレー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シリコンバレー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_vodiysi" title="Silicon vodiysi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Silicon vodiysi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਿਲੀਕਾਨ ਘਾਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਿਲੀਕਾਨ ਘਾਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سلیکون ویلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلیکون ویلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolina_Krzemowa" title="Dolina Krzemowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dolina Krzemowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_do_Sil%C3%ADcio" title="Vale do Silício – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vale do Silício" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кремниевая долина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кремниевая долина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Силикон хочото – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Силикон хочото" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Силицијумска долина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Силицијумска долина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicijumska_dolina" title="Silicijumska dolina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Silicijumska dolina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piilaakso" title="Piilaakso – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Piilaakso" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="சிலிக்கான் பள்ளத்தாக்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சிலிக்கான் பள்ளத்தாக்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF" title="సిలికాన్ వ్యాలి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సిలికాన్ వ్యాలి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ซิลิคอนแวลลีย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซิลิคอนแวลลีย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silikon_Vadisi" title="Silikon Vadisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Silikon Vadisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%94%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Кремнієва долина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кремнієва долина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سیلیکون ویلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیلیکون ویلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thung_l%C5%A9ng_Silicon" title="Thung lũng Silicon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thung lũng Silicon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Silicon Valley" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E8%B0%B7" title="硅谷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="硅谷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E8%B0%B7" title="矽谷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="矽谷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E8%B0%B7" title="硅谷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="硅谷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebak_Silikon" title="Lebak Silikon – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Lebak Silikon" data-language-autonym="Betawi" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silicon_Valley&params=37_22_39_N_122_04_03_W_region:US-CA_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°22′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°04′03″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.37750°N 122.06750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.37750; -122.06750</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Technology hub in California, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the high-tech hub of the San Francisco Bay Area. For the geographical valley, see <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley" title="Santa Clara Valley">Santa Clara Valley</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Silicon Valley (disambiguation)">Silicon Valley (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in California, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Silicon Valley</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:144px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon_Valley,_facing_southward_towards_Downtown_San_Jose,_2014_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Silicon_Valley%2C_facing_southward_towards_Downtown_San_Jose%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Silicon_Valley%2C_facing_southward_towards_Downtown_San_Jose%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Silicon_Valley%2C_facing_southward_towards_Downtown_San_Jose%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Silicon_Valley%2C_facing_southward_towards_Downtown_San_Jose%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Silicon_Valley%2C_facing_southward_towards_Downtown_San_Jose%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Silicon_Valley%2C_facing_southward_towards_Downtown_San_Jose%2C_2014_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4541" data-file-height="2271" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Aerial view of Silicon Valley</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg/142px-Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg/213px-Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg/284px-Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3078" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:79px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Apple_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aerial_view_of_Apple_Park.jpg/142px-Aerial_view_of_Apple_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aerial_view_of_Apple_Park.jpg/213px-Aerial_view_of_Apple_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Aerial_view_of_Apple_Park.jpg/284px-Aerial_view_of_Apple_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6179" data-file-height="3476" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Park" title="Apple Park">Apple Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cupertino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupertino">Cupertino</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:90px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SJ_skyline_at_night_horizontal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SJ_skyline_at_night_horizontal.jpg/288px-SJ_skyline_at_night_horizontal.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SJ_skyline_at_night_horizontal.jpg/432px-SJ_skyline_at_night_horizontal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/SJ_skyline_at_night_horizontal.jpg/576px-SJ_skyline_at_night_horizontal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4148" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_San_Jose" title="Downtown San Jose">Downtown San Jose</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HP_garage_front_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HP_garage_front_cropped.jpg/121px-HP_garage_front_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HP_garage_front_cropped.jpg/182px-HP_garage_front_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/HP_garage_front_cropped.jpg/242px-HP_garage_front_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2912" data-file-height="2204" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/HP_Garage" title="HP Garage">HP Garage</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div style="height:91px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Campus,_Mountain_View,_CA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg/163px-Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg/245px-Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg/326px-Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5356" data-file-height="3013" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Map_San_Francisco_Bay_Area.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Silicon Valley is located in San Francisco Bay Area"><img alt="Silicon Valley is located in San Francisco Bay Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Location_Map_San_Francisco_Bay_Area.png/250px-Location_Map_San_Francisco_Bay_Area.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Location_Map_San_Francisco_Bay_Area.png/375px-Location_Map_San_Francisco_Bay_Area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Location_Map_San_Francisco_Bay_Area.png/500px-Location_Map_San_Francisco_Bay_Area.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="636" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:81.472%;left:54.568%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Silicon Valley"><img alt="Silicon Valley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Silicon Valley</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Silicon_Valley&params=37_22_39_N_122_04_03_W_region:US-CA_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°22′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">122°04′03″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37.37750°N 122.06750°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37.37750; -122.06750</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_California" title="List of regions of California">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">Megaregion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%928" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−8">UTC−8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%927" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−7">UTC−7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pacific_Daylight_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Daylight Time">PDT</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Silicon Valley</b> is a region in <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> that is a global center for <a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">high technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">innovation</a>. Located in the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, it corresponds roughly to the geographical area of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley" title="Santa Clara Valley">Santa Clara Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Malone_Page_xix_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malone_Page_xix-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_Page_2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews_Page_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shueh_Page_8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shueh_Page_8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "Silicon Valley" refers to the area in which high-tech business has proliferated in Northern California, and it also serves as a general <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonym</a> for California's high-tech business sector. </p><p>The cities of <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a> are frequently cited as the birthplace of Silicon Valley. <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a> is Silicon Valley's largest city, the third-largest in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">13th-most populous in the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major Silicon Valley cities include <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cupertino,_California" title="Cupertino, California">Cupertino</a>. The San Jose Metropolitan Area has the third-highest GDP per capita in the world (after <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>), according to the <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution" title="Brookings Institution">Brookings Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2021, it also had the highest percentage of homes valued at $1 million or more in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20210617_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20210617-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silicon Valley is home to many of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Technology_company" title="Technology company">high-tech corporations</a>, including the headquarters of more than 30 businesses in the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_1000" title="Fortune 1000">Fortune 1000</a>, and thousands of <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup companies</a>. Silicon Valley also accounts for one-third of all of the <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> investment in the United States, which has helped it to become a leading hub and <a href="/wiki/Startup_ecosystem" title="Startup ecosystem">startup ecosystem</a> for high-tech innovation, although the tech ecosystem has recently become more geographically dispersed.<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorkCloserThanEvertoBayAreaTech_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorkCloserThanEvertoBayAreaTech-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ManhattanNowBiggestTechHub_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ManhattanNowBiggestTechHub-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in Silicon Valley that the silicon-based <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a>, among other technologies, were developed. As of 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the region employed about a half million <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> workers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As more high-tech companies were established across San Jose and the Santa Clara Valley, and then north towards the Bay Area's two other major cities, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>, the term "Silicon Valley" came to have two definitions: a narrower geographic one, referring to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara County</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo County</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymical</a> definition referring to high-tech businesses in the entire Bay Area. The term Silicon Valley is often used as a <a href="/wiki/Synecdoche" title="Synecdoche">synecdoche</a> for the American high-technology <a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">economic sector</a>. The name also became a global synonym for leading high-tech research and enterprises, and thus inspired <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_with_%22Silicon%22_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places with "Silicon" names">similarly named locations</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/List_of_research_parks" title="List of research parks">research parks</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">technology centers</a> with comparable structures all around the world. Many headquarters of tech companies in Silicon Valley have become hotspots for <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_silicon_valley_cities.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_silicon_valley_cities.png/220px-Map_silicon_valley_cities.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_silicon_valley_cities.png/330px-Map_silicon_valley_cities.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Map_silicon_valley_cities.png/440px-Map_silicon_valley_cities.png 2x" data-file-width="1413" data-file-height="1506" /></a><figcaption>Map of Silicon Valley</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Silicon" refers to the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> chips, which is the focus of a large number of <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> innovators and manufacturers in the region. </p><p> The popularization of the name is often credited to <a href="/wiki/Don_Hoefler" title="Don Hoefler">Don Hoefler</a>, the first journalist to use the term in a news story.<sup id="cite_ref-Malone_Page_xix_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malone_Page_xix-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His article "Silicon Valley U.S.A." was published in the January 11, 1971, issue of the weekly trade newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_News" title="Electronic News">Electronic News</a></i>. In preparation for this report, during a lunch meeting with marketing people who were visiting the area, he heard them use the term.<sup id="cite_ref-DH-71_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DH-71-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier uses outside journalism exist; for example, a May 1970 advertisement in the <i><a href="/wiki/Peninsula_Times_Tribune" title="Peninsula Times Tribune">Peninsula Times Tribune</a></i> described a <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto" class="mw-redirect" title="Palo Alto">Palo Alto</a> company that "helps production people in Silicon Valley."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ingenico_Healthcare_ORGA_6041_-_LAN_Modul_6000.0_-_BCP51-4797.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ingenico_Healthcare_ORGA_6041_-_LAN_Modul_6000.0_-_BCP51-4797.jpg/170px-Ingenico_Healthcare_ORGA_6041_-_LAN_Modul_6000.0_-_BCP51-4797.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ingenico_Healthcare_ORGA_6041_-_LAN_Modul_6000.0_-_BCP51-4797.jpg/255px-Ingenico_Healthcare_ORGA_6041_-_LAN_Modul_6000.0_-_BCP51-4797.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Ingenico_Healthcare_ORGA_6041_-_LAN_Modul_6000.0_-_BCP51-4797.jpg/340px-Ingenico_Healthcare_ORGA_6041_-_LAN_Modul_6000.0_-_BCP51-4797.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2259" data-file-height="2259" /></a><figcaption>Silicon Valley derives its name from the <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> used in <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">computer chips</a>, pioneered in the region in the 20th century.</figcaption></figure><p>However, the term did not gain widespread use until the early 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-Malone_Page_xix_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malone_Page_xix-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the time of the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_Computer" title="IBM Personal Computer">IBM PC</a> and numerous related hardware and software products to the consumer market. </p><p>The urbanized area is built upon an <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within a <a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_valley" title="Longitudinal valley">longitudinal valley</a> formed by roughly parallel earthquake faults. The area between the faults subsided into a <a href="/wiki/Graben" title="Graben">graben</a> or dropped valley.<sup id="cite_ref-TimelineWater_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TimelineWater-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoefler defined Silicon Valley as the urbanized parts of "the San Francisco Peninsula and Santa Clara Valley".<sup id="cite_ref-DH-71_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DH-71-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the expansive growth of the tech industry, the region had been the largest fruit-producing and packing region in the world up through the 1960s, with 39 fruit canneries.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nickname it had been known as during that period was "the Valley of Heart’s Delight".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon Valley was born through the intersection of several contributing factors, including a skilled science research base housed in area universities, plentiful <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a>, permissive government regulation, and steady <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> spending. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>’s leadership was especially important in the valley's early development.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together these elements formed the basis of its growth and success.<sup id="cite_ref-Castells2011p52_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castells2011p52-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> was more friendly than other countries to business investment, charging much lower taxes on <a href="/wiki/Capital_gains" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital gains">capital gains</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1921" title="Revenue Act of 1921">Revenue Act of 1921</a>, and featuring particularly loose <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> controls over new business. In 1953, the <a href="/wiki/Small_Business_Administration" title="Small Business Administration">Small Business Administration</a> was created to foster <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startups</a>, giving a boost to entrepreneurs. <a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a> was even more welcoming, with a group of venture capitalists actively seeking high-tech business ideas, clustered on <a href="/wiki/Sand_Hill_Road" title="Sand Hill Road">Sand Hill Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a>. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>'s civil code undermined the usual <a href="/wiki/Non-compete_clause" title="Non-compete clause">non-compete clauses</a> that effectively tied employees to their companies in other states, allowing California workers to freely apply the knowledge they gained from their previous employer. This gave Silicon Valley an advantage over other American tech hubs such as <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Route_128" title="Massachusetts Route 128">Massachusetts Route 128</a> curving around <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_military_origins">Early military origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early military origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moffett_Field_circa_1934.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Moffett_Field_circa_1934.jpg/220px-Moffett_Field_circa_1934.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Moffett_Field_circa_1934.jpg/330px-Moffett_Field_circa_1934.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Moffett_Field_circa_1934.jpg/440px-Moffett_Field_circa_1934.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2079" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption>Established in 1931, <a href="/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield" title="Moffett Federal Airfield">Moffett Field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View</a> has played a strategic role in Silicon Valley's evolution, researching and developing key technologies, first for the <a href="/wiki/U.S._military" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. military">U.S. military</a> and then for <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Today it hosts the <a href="/wiki/NASA_Ames_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA Ames Research Center">Ames Research Center</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The San Francisco Bay Area had long been a major site of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> research and technology. In 1909, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Herrold" title="Charles Herrold">Charles Herrold</a> started the first <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio station</a> in the United States with regularly scheduled programming in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>. Later that year, Stanford University graduate <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Frank_Elwell" title="Cyril Frank Elwell">Cyril Elwell</a> purchased the U.S. patents for <a href="/wiki/Arc_converter" title="Arc converter">Poulsen arc</a> radio transmission technology and founded the Federal Telegraph Corporation (FTC) in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a>. Over the next decade, the FTC created the world's first global radio communication system, and signed a contract with the Navy in 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-Sturgeon_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sturgeon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield" title="Moffett Federal Airfield">Air Base Sunnyvale</a>, California, was commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government">United States Government</a> for use as a Naval Air Station (NAS) to house the airship <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Macon_(ZRS-5)" title="USS Macon (ZRS-5)">USS Macon</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Hangar_One_(Mountain_View,_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangar One (Mountain View, California)">Hangar One</a>. The station was renamed NAS <a href="/wiki/Moffett_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Moffett Field">Moffett Field</a>, and between 1933 and 1947, U.S. Navy blimps were based there.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of technology firms had set up shop in the area around Moffett Field to serve the Navy. When the Navy gave up its airship ambitions and moved most of its west coast operations to <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Advisory_Committee_for_Aeronautics" title="National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics">National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics</a> (NACA, forerunner of <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>) took over portions of Moffett Field for <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautics</a> research. Many of the original companies stayed, while new ones moved in. The immediate area was soon filled with <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> firms, such as <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a>, which was the area's largest employer from the 1950s into 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Stanford_University">Role of Stanford University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role of Stanford University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park" title="Stanford Research Park">Stanford Research Park</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_001_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_001_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_001_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_001_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Stanford_University_Main_Quad_May_2011_001_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3494" data-file-height="2212" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> played the central role in the emergence of Silicon Valley, both through its academic programs and through its real investments into the local tech ecosystem, such as with the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park" title="Stanford Research Park">Stanford Research Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Markoff_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markoff-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, its affiliates, and graduates have played a major role in the development of the culture of collaboration among high-tech companies.<sup id="cite_ref-Markoff_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markoff-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A powerful sense of regional solidarity shaped the outlook of inventors and engineers in California; contrasting markedly from the insular and competitive environment of engineering firms on the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast of the United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sturgeon_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sturgeon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1890s, Stanford University's <a href="/wiki/Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader">leaders</a> saw its mission as service to the (American) <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> and shaped the school accordingly. At the same time, the perceived exploitation of the West at the hands of eastern interests fueled <a href="/wiki/Boosterism" title="Boosterism">booster-like</a> attempts to build self-sufficient local industry. Thus regionalism helped align Stanford's interests with those of the area's high-tech firms.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick Terman</a>, as Stanford University's dean of the school of engineering from 1946,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> encouraged faculty and graduates to start their own companies. In 1951 Terman spearheaded the formation of Stanford Industrial Park (now <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park" title="Stanford Research Park">Stanford Research Park</a>, an area surrounding <a href="/wiki/Page_Mill_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Page Mill Road">Page Mill Road</a>, south west of <a href="/wiki/El_Camino_Real_(California)" title="El Camino Real (California)">El Camino Real</a> and extending beyond <a href="/wiki/California_county_routes_in_zone_G#G5" title="California county routes in zone G">Foothill Expressway</a> to Arastradero Road), where the university leased portions of its land to high-tech firms.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Terman nurtured companies like <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varian_Associates" title="Varian Associates">Varian Associates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed Corporation</a>, and other high-tech firms, until what would become Silicon Valley grew up around the Stanford University campus. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hewlett-Packard_garage_and_house_exterior_in_Palo_Alto,_Silicon_Valley,_California_(_HP_garage_).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hewlett-Packard_garage_and_house_exterior_in_Palo_Alto%2C_Silicon_Valley%2C_California_%28_HP_garage_%29.jpg/220px-Hewlett-Packard_garage_and_house_exterior_in_Palo_Alto%2C_Silicon_Valley%2C_California_%28_HP_garage_%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hewlett-Packard_garage_and_house_exterior_in_Palo_Alto%2C_Silicon_Valley%2C_California_%28_HP_garage_%29.jpg/330px-Hewlett-Packard_garage_and_house_exterior_in_Palo_Alto%2C_Silicon_Valley%2C_California_%28_HP_garage_%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Hewlett-Packard_garage_and_house_exterior_in_Palo_Alto%2C_Silicon_Valley%2C_California_%28_HP_garage_%29.jpg/440px-Hewlett-Packard_garage_and_house_exterior_in_Palo_Alto%2C_Silicon_Valley%2C_California_%28_HP_garage_%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/HP_Garage" title="HP Garage">HP Garage</a>, dubbed the "Birthplace of Silicon Valley", where <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a> (founders of <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>) began developing their <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">audio oscillator</a> in 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1951, to address the financial demands of Stanford's growth requirements, and to provide local employment-opportunities for graduating students, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Terman" title="Frederick Terman">Frederick Terman</a> proposed leasing Stanford's lands for use as an <a href="/wiki/Office_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Office park">office park</a> named the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Industrial_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Industrial Park">Stanford Industrial Park</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Park" title="Stanford Research Park">Stanford Research Park</a>). Terman invited only high-technology companies. The first tenant was <a href="/wiki/Varian_Associates" title="Varian Associates">Varian Associates</a>, founded by Stanford alumni in the 1930s to build military-radar components. Terman also found <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> for civilian-technology start-ups. <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> became one of the major success-stories. Founded in 1939 in <a href="/wiki/Packard%27s_garage" class="mw-redirect" title="Packard's garage">Packard's garage</a> by Stanford graduates <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hewlett" title="Bill Hewlett">Bill Hewlett</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Packard" title="David Packard">David Packard</a>, Hewlett-Packard moved its offices into the Stanford Research Park shortly after 1953. In 1954 Stanford originated the Honors Cooperative Program to allow full-time employees of the companies to pursue graduate degrees from the university on a part-time basis. The initial companies signed five-year agreements in which they would pay double the tuition for each student in order to cover the costs. Hewlett-Packard has become the largest personal-computer manufacturer in the world, and transformed the home-printing market when it released the first thermal drop-on-demand <a href="/wiki/Ink-jet_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink-jet printer">ink-jet printer</a> in 1984.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early tenants included <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation" title="Lockheed Corporation">Lockheed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_Silicon">Rise of Silicon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise of Silicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">History of the transistor</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_integrated_circuit" title="Invention of the integrated circuit">Invention of the integrated circuit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShockleyBldg_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ShockleyBldg_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-ShockleyBldg_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/ShockleyBldg_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-ShockleyBldg_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/ShockleyBldg_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating <a href="/wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory" title="Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory">Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory</a> as the first high-tech company in what would become Silicon Valley</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1956, <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a>, the co-inventor of the first working <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> (with <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a>), moved from <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View, California</a>, to start <a href="/wiki/Shockley_Semiconductor_Laboratory" title="Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory">Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory</a> to live closer to his ailing mother in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a>. Shockley's work served as the basis for many electronic developments for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Frederick Terman and <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> are often called "the father of Silicon Valley".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many other researchers who used germanium as the semiconductor material, Shockley believed that <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> was the better material for making transistors. Shockley intended to replace the current transistor with a new three-element design (today known as the <a href="/wiki/Shockley_diode" title="Shockley diode">Shockley diode</a>), but the design was considerably more difficult to build than the "simple" transistor. In 1957, Shockley decided to end research on the silicon transistor. As a result of Shockley's abusive management style, eight engineers left the company to form <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a>; Shockley referred to them as the "<a href="/wiki/Traitorous_eight" title="Traitorous eight">traitorous eight</a>". Two of the original employees of Fairchild Semiconductor, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Moore" title="Gordon Moore">Gordon Moore</a>, would go on to found <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SV110_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SV110-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1st_IBM_Plant_in_Silicon_Valley_(16th_%26_St._John_in_San_Jose).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1st_IBM_Plant_in_Silicon_Valley_%2816th_%26_St._John_in_San_Jose%29.jpg/220px-1st_IBM_Plant_in_Silicon_Valley_%2816th_%26_St._John_in_San_Jose%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1st_IBM_Plant_in_Silicon_Valley_%2816th_%26_St._John_in_San_Jose%29.jpg/330px-1st_IBM_Plant_in_Silicon_Valley_%2816th_%26_St._John_in_San_Jose%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1st_IBM_Plant_in_Silicon_Valley_%2816th_%26_St._John_in_San_Jose%29.jpg/440px-1st_IBM_Plant_in_Silicon_Valley_%2816th_%26_St._John_in_San_Jose%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> plant in California, established in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the 1959 inventions of the monolithic <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> (IC) chip by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Noyce" title="Robert Noyce">Robert Noyce</a> at Fairchild, the first commercial MOS IC was introduced by <a href="/wiki/General_Microelectronics" class="mw-redirect" title="General Microelectronics">General Microelectronics</a> in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first single-chip microprocessor was the <a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> designed and realized by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Faggin" title="Federico Faggin">Federico Faggin</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Marcian_Hoff" title="Marcian Hoff">Ted Hoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Shima" title="Masatoshi Shima">Masatoshi Shima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Mazor" title="Stanley Mazor">Stanley Mazor</a> at Intel in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-computerhistory1971_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-computerhistory1971-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ieee_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 1974, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8080" title="Intel 8080">Intel 8080</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/8-bit_computing" title="8-bit computing">8-bit</a> microprocessor designed and manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Electronic_News_Apr_1974_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Electronic_News_Apr_1974-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_of_the_Internet">Origins of the Internet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins of the Internet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">History of the Internet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arpanet_logical_map,_march_1977.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png/220px-Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png/330px-Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png/440px-Arpanet_logical_map%2C_march_1977.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, the predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, began to be developed in 1966 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> and four research universities in California, including Stanford.</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 23, 1963, <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a>, the first director of the <a href="/wiki/Information_Processing_Techniques_Office" title="Information Processing Techniques Office">Information Processing Techniques Office</a> (IPTO) at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a> issued an office memorandum addressed to <a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_Computer_Network" title="Intergalactic Computer Network">Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network</a>. It rescheduled a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a> regarding his vision of a computer network, which he imagined as an electronic commons open to all, the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garreau2006_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garreau2006-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As head of IPTO from 1962 to 1964, "Licklider initiated three of the most important developments in information technology: the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing, and networking."<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, the <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">Stanford Research Institute</a> (now SRI International), operated one of the four original nodes that comprised <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, predecessor to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergence_of_venture_capital">Emergence of venture capital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Emergence of venture capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">Venture capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sand_Hill_Road" title="Sand Hill Road">Sand Hill Road</a></div> <p>By the early 1970s, there were many <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> companies in the area, <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> firms using their devices, and programming and service companies serving both. Industrial space was plentiful and housing was still inexpensive. Growth during this era was fueled by the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sand_Hill_Road" title="Sand Hill Road">Sand Hill Road</a>, beginning with <a href="/wiki/Kleiner_Perkins" title="Kleiner Perkins">Kleiner Perkins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_Capital" title="Sequoia Capital">Sequoia Capital</a> in 1972; the availability of venture capital exploded after the successful $1.3 billion <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">IPO</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple Computer</a> in December 1980. Since the 1980s, Silicon Valley has been home to the largest concentration of venture capital firms in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-WRichardScott_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRichardScott-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Don_Hoefler" title="Don Hoefler">Don Hoefler</a> traced the origins of Silicon Valley firms, including via investments from <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild</a>'s eight co-founders.<sup id="cite_ref-DH-71_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DH-71-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NetValley_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NetValley-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The key investors in Kleiner Perkins and Sequoia Capital were from the same group, directly leading to <i><a href="/wiki/Tech_Crunch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tech Crunch">Tech Crunch</a></i> 2014 estimate of 92 public firms of 130 related listed firms then worth over US$2.1 trillion with over 2,000 firms traced back to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris-2014_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-2014-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another important pillar of the Valley's success was <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Bank" title="Silicon Valley Bank">Silicon Valley Bank</a> (SVB), founded in 1983 by a group of former <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a> executives.<sup id="cite_ref-WRichardScott_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WRichardScott-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before its <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_Silicon_Valley_Bank" title="Collapse of Silicon Valley Bank">2023 collapse</a>, SVB specialized in providing banking services to Silicon Valley entrepreneurs and their startup firms. SVB's original primary commercial lending product was a <a href="/wiki/Working_capital" title="Working capital">working capital</a> <a href="/wiki/Line_of_credit" title="Line of credit">line of credit</a>, secured by a startup's <a href="/wiki/Accounts_receivable" title="Accounts receivable">accounts receivable</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean_Page_314_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean_Page_314-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to traditional banks, who focused their commercial lending on already-established businesses, SVB specialized in lending money to small startup companies in the "preprofit" stage.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean_Page_314_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean_Page_314-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lawyers_and_law_firms">Lawyers and law firms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lawyers and law firms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 1970, most Northern California <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyers</a> were based in San Francisco, especially the experienced <a href="/wiki/Patent_attorney" title="Patent attorney">patent attorneys</a> whom the high-tech industry needed to protect its intellectual property. During the 1970s, lawyers began to follow venture capitalists down the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula" title="San Francisco Peninsula">Peninsula</a> to serve the booming high-tech industry in Silicon Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 1999, there were 2,400 lawyers practicing law in Palo Alto, a city of only 50,000 people, "the densest concentration of lawyers" in the United States outside of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Friedman_Page_470_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friedman_Page_470-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the year 2000, large <a href="/wiki/Law_firm" title="Law firm">law firms</a> from all over the world were rushing to establish offices in the mid-Peninsula region on or near Sand Hill Road, and Silicon Valley law firms had become global trendsetters in that they were the first legal services employers to adopt <a href="/wiki/Business_casual" title="Business casual">business casual</a> apparel (in imitation of their startup clients).<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this era, lawyers evolved from their relatively narrow conventional role as protectors of intellectual property into business advisers, intermediaries, and dealmakers, and thereby acquired great prominence in Silicon Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Baker_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baker-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Suchman_Page_71_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suchman_Page_71-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For young entrepreneurs new to the Valley's mysterious ways, their lawyer often served as their first coach, mentor, teacher, friend, and cheerleader who helped connect them to the Valley's startup ecosystem.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_Page_325_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson_Page_325-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara metropolitan area had the highest average wage for lawyers in the United States, at $268,570.<sup id="cite_ref-ABA_Wages_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABA_Wages-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Above_the_Law_(website)" title="Above the Law (website)">Above the Law</a></i> occasionally publishes lists of top-performing Silicon Valley law firms, which it calls the "white sandal elite", a parody of the "<a href="/wiki/White-shoe_firm" title="White-shoe firm">white-shoe firm</a>" descriptor traditionally applied to certain <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> professional services firms.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_computer_culture">Rise of computer culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rise of computer culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcomputer revolution">Microcomputer revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homebrew_Computer_Club" title="Homebrew Computer Club">Homebrew Computer Club</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Invitation_to_First_Homebrew_Computer_Club_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Invitation_to_First_Homebrew_Computer_Club_meeting.jpg/220px-Invitation_to_First_Homebrew_Computer_Club_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Invitation_to_First_Homebrew_Computer_Club_meeting.jpg/330px-Invitation_to_First_Homebrew_Computer_Club_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Invitation_to_First_Homebrew_Computer_Club_meeting.jpg/440px-Invitation_to_First_Homebrew_Computer_Club_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1720" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Homebrew_Computer_Club" title="Homebrew Computer Club">Homebrew Computer Club</a> was a highly influential computer hobbyist group in the 1970s and 80s that produced many influential tech founders, like <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a>. Pictured is the invitation to its first meeting in 1975.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Homebrew_Computer_Club" title="Homebrew Computer Club">Homebrew Computer Club</a> was an informal group of electronic enthusiasts and technically minded hobbyists who gathered to trade parts, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_circuit" title="Electronic circuit">circuits</a>, and information pertaining to <a href="/wiki/DIY" class="mw-redirect" title="DIY">DIY</a> construction of computing devices.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was started by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_French" title="Gordon French">Gordon French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Moore_(activist)" title="Fred Moore (activist)">Fred Moore</a> who met at the Community Computer Center in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a>. They both were interested in maintaining a regular, open forum for people to get together to work on making computers more accessible to everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-Dormouse_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dormouse-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first meeting was held as of March 1975 at French's garage in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo County, California</a>; which was on occasion of the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Micro_Instrumentation_and_Telemetry_Systems" title="Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems">MITS</a> <a href="/wiki/Altair_8800" title="Altair 8800">Altair</a> microcomputer, the first unit sent to the area for review by <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Computer_Company" title="People's Computer Company">People's Computer Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> credit that first meeting with inspiring them to design the original <a href="/wiki/Apple_I" title="Apple I">Apple I</a> and (successor) <a href="/wiki/Apple_II" title="Apple II">Apple II</a> computers. As a result, the first preview of the <a href="/wiki/Apple_I" title="Apple I">Apple I</a> was given at the Homebrew Computer Club.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent meetings were held at an auditorium at the <a href="/wiki/SLAC_National_Accelerator_Laboratory" title="SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory">Stanford Linear Accelerator Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advent_of_software">Advent of software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Advent of software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although semiconductors are still a major component of the area's economy, Silicon Valley has been most famous in recent years for innovations in software and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> services. Silicon Valley has significantly influenced computer operating systems, <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, and user interfaces. Using money from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">US Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">ARPA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Engelbart" title="Douglas Engelbart">Douglas Engelbart</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a> and hypertext-based collaboration tools in the mid-1960s and 1970s while at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a> (now SRI International), first publicly demonstrated in 1968 in what is now known as <a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_All_Demos" title="The Mother of All Demos">The Mother of All Demos</a>. </p><p>Engelbart's <a href="/wiki/Augmentation_Research_Center" title="Augmentation Research Center">Augmentation Research Center</a> at SRI was also involved in launching the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> (precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>) and starting the <a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">Network Information Center</a> (now <a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a>). <a href="/wiki/Xerox" title="Xerox">Xerox</a> hired some of Engelbart's best researchers beginning in the early 1970s. In turn, in the 1970s and 1980s, Xerox's <a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">Palo Alto Research Center</a> (PARC) played a pivotal role in <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented">object-oriented</a> programming, <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> (GUIs), <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/PostScript" title="PostScript">PostScript</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laser_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser printer">laser printers</a>. </p><p> While Xerox marketed equipment using its technologies, for the most part its technologies flourished elsewhere. The diaspora of Xerox inventions led directly to <a href="/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe Systems</a>, and indirectly to <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Apple's <a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Macintosh</a> GUI was largely a result of <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>' visit to PARC and the subsequent hiring of key personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cisco's impetus stemmed from the need to route a variety of protocols over <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> <a href="/wiki/Campus_network" title="Campus network">campus network</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steve_Jobs_presents_iPhone_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Steve_Jobs_presents_iPhone_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Steve_Jobs_presents_iPhone_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Steve_Jobs_presents_iPhone_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Steve_Jobs_presents_iPhone_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Steve_Jobs_presents_iPhone_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Steve_Jobs_presents_iPhone_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1204" data-file-height="963" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> introducing the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_(1st_generation)" title="IPhone (1st generation)">iPhone</a> in 2007</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_age">Internet age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Internet age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a></div> <p>Commercial use of the Internet became practical and grew slowly throughout the early 1990s. In 1995, commercial use of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> grew substantially and the initial wave of internet startups, <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, and the predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Craigslist" title="Craigslist">Craigslist</a> began operations.<sup id="cite_ref-N1995_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N1995-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silicon Valley is generally considered to have been the center of the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">dot-com bubble</a>, which started in the mid-1990s and collapsed after the <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ_stock_market" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ stock market">NASDAQ stock market</a> began to decline dramatically in April 2000. During the bubble era, real estate prices reached unprecedented levels. For a brief time, <a href="/wiki/Sand_Hill_Road" title="Sand Hill Road">Sand Hill Road</a> was home to the most expensive commercial real estate in the world, and the booming economy resulted in severe <a href="/wiki/Traffic_congestion" title="Traffic congestion">traffic congestion</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/PayPal_Mafia" title="PayPal Mafia">PayPal Mafia</a> is sometimes credited with inspiring the re-emergence of consumer-focused Internet companies after the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bust" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot-com bust">dot-com bust</a> of 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the dot-com crash, Silicon Valley continues to maintain its status as one of the top research and development centers in the world. A 2006 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> story found that 12 of the 20 most inventive towns in America were in California, and 10 of those were in Silicon Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> San Jose led the list with 3,867 utility patents filed in 2005, and number two was Sunnyvale, at 1,881 utility patents.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silicon Valley is also home to a significant number of "<a href="/wiki/Unicorn_(finance)" title="Unicorn (finance)">Unicorn</a>" ventures, referring to <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">startup companies</a> whose <a href="/wiki/Valuation_(finance)" title="Valuation (finance)">valuation</a> has exceeded $1 billion <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">dollars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A world-renowned technology hub, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> has the largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high-tech</a> companies in the United States, at 387,000 high-tech jobs, of which Silicon Valley accounts for 225,300 high-tech jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silicon Valley has the highest concentration of high-tech workers of any metropolitan area, with 285.9 out of every 1,000 private-sector workers. Silicon Valley has the highest average high-tech salary in the United States at $144,800.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Largely a result of the high technology sector, the San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area has the most millionaires and the most billionaires in the United States per capita, although the venture capital ecosystem has grown more geographically decentralized over time.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region is the biggest high-tech manufacturing center in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Unemployment_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Unemployment rate">unemployment rate</a> of the region was 9.4% in January 2009 and has decreased to a record low of 2.7% as of August 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But in April 2020, when unemployment was at its peak, it stood at 13.7% and has since fallen to 5.7% in July 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silicon Valley received 41% of all U.S. venture investment in 2011, and 46% in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period from 2019 to 2021, Silicon Valley's share of U.S. venture capital investment dropped to 35.9%, but had surged back to 41% as of the first quarter of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-Florida_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Florida-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More traditional industries also recognize the potential of high-tech development, and several car manufacturers have opened offices in Silicon Valley to capitalize on its <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurial_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneurial ecosystem">entrepreneurial ecosystem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a> was for a long time the core industry in Silicon Valley. The workforce was for the most part composed of Asian and Latino immigrants who were paid low wages and worked in hazardous conditions due to the chemicals used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>. Technical, engineering, design, and administrative staffs were in large part well compensated.<sup id="cite_ref-SVWCD154-56_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVWCD154-56-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLSSemiconductor_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLSSemiconductor-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Google_Campus,_Mountain_View,_CA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Googleplex in Mountain View"><img alt="Googleplex in Mountain View" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg/214px-Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg/320px-Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg/427px-Google_Campus%2C_Mountain_View%2C_CA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5356" data-file-height="3013" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Googleplex" title="Googleplex">Googleplex</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facebook_Campus,_Menlo_Park,_CA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Meta Platforms in Menlo Park"><img alt="Meta Platforms in Menlo Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Facebook_Campus%2C_Menlo_Park%2C_CA.jpg/180px-Facebook_Campus%2C_Menlo_Park%2C_CA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Facebook_Campus%2C_Menlo_Park%2C_CA.jpg/270px-Facebook_Campus%2C_Menlo_Park%2C_CA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Facebook_Campus%2C_Menlo_Park%2C_CA.jpg/360px-Facebook_Campus%2C_Menlo_Park%2C_CA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5369" data-file-height="3579" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a> in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2788-2888_San_Tomas_Expwy.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nvidia in Santa Clara"><img alt="Nvidia in Santa Clara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2788-2888_San_Tomas_Expwy.jpg/179px-2788-2888_San_Tomas_Expwy.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2788-2888_San_Tomas_Expwy.jpg/268px-2788-2888_San_Tomas_Expwy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/2788-2888_San_Tomas_Expwy.jpg/357px-2788-2888_San_Tomas_Expwy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4914" data-file-height="3306" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_HQ.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Intel in Santa Clara"><img alt="Intel in Santa Clara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Intel_HQ.jpg/168px-Intel_HQ.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Intel_HQ.jpg/252px-Intel_HQ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Intel_HQ.jpg/336px-Intel_HQ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4140" data-file-height="2958" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> in Santa Clara</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 110px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 108px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2485_Augustine_Drive_headquarters_in_Santa_Clara,_California.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="AMD in Santa Clara"><img alt="AMD in Santa Clara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/2485_Augustine_Drive_headquarters_in_Santa_Clara%2C_California.jpg/162px-2485_Augustine_Drive_headquarters_in_Santa_Clara%2C_California.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/2485_Augustine_Drive_headquarters_in_Santa_Clara%2C_California.jpg/244px-2485_Augustine_Drive_headquarters_in_Santa_Clara%2C_California.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/2485_Augustine_Drive_headquarters_in_Santa_Clara%2C_California.jpg/325px-2485_Augustine_Drive_headquarters_in_Santa_Clara%2C_California.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4312" data-file-height="3188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a> in Santa Clara </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:101_Albright_Way.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Netflix in Los Gatos"><img alt="Netflix in Los Gatos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/101_Albright_Way.jpg/189px-101_Albright_Way.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/101_Albright_Way.jpg/284px-101_Albright_Way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/101_Albright_Way.jpg/379px-101_Albright_Way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5024" data-file-height="3188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California" title="Los Gatos, California">Los Gatos</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Housing">Housing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon Valley has a <a href="/wiki/California_housing_shortage" title="California housing shortage">severe housing shortage</a>, caused by the market imbalance between jobs created and housing units built: from 2010 to 2015, many more jobs have been created than housing units built. (400,000 jobs, 60,000 housing units)<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ6716_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ6716-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This shortage has driven <a href="/wiki/Affordable_housing_in_Silicon_Valley" title="Affordable housing in Silicon Valley">home prices extremely high, far out of the range</a> of production workers.<sup id="cite_ref-SVWCD233_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVWCD233-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2016 a two-bedroom apartment rented for about $2,500 while the median home price was about $1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ6716_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ6716-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Post" title="Financial Post">Financial Post</a></i> called Silicon Valley the most expensive U.S. housing region.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">Homelessness</a> is a problem with housing beyond the reach of middle-income residents; there is little <a href="/wiki/Homeless_shelter" title="Homeless shelter">shelter space</a> other than in San Jose which, as of 2015, was making an effort to develop shelters by renovating old hotels.<sup id="cite_ref-NR121415_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NR121415-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> also attributes the high cost of living to the success of the industries in this region. Although, this rift between high and low salaries is driving many residents out who can no longer afford to live there. In the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">Bay Area</a>, the number of residents planning to leave within the next several years has had an increase of 35% since 2016, from 34% to 46%.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wealth">Wealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Wealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The wealth inequality in Silicon Valley is more pronounced than in any other region of the United States. A 2023 report found that the aggregate household wealth of Silicon Valley (including <a href="/wiki/High-net-worth_individual" title="High-net-worth individual">ultra-high net worth individuals</a>) was nearly $1.1 trillion, and less than 1% of the Valley's population held 36% of the wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazo_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazo-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, as of 2021, 23% of Silicon Valley residents were <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">living below the poverty line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lazo_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lazo-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the meaning of the term "poverty" is dependent upon context; in Silicon Valley, it means something different because of the region's severe housing shortage and high housing prices. As of 2023, the low-income <a href="/wiki/Poverty_threshold" title="Poverty threshold">poverty threshold</a> set by the <a href="/wiki/California_Department_of_Housing_and_Community_Development" title="California Department of Housing and Community Development">California Department of Housing and Community Development</a> for single-person households in the counties of San Francisco, San Mateo, and Marin was $104,400, followed by $96,000 for the county of Santa Clara.<sup id="cite_ref-Echeverria_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Echeverria-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirkeby_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirkeby-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, the 2023 national low-income poverty threshold set by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> for a single-person household was $14,891.<sup id="cite_ref-Olya_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olya-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_companies">Notable companies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notable companies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adobe_World_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Adobe_World_Headquarters.jpg/220px-Adobe_World_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Adobe_World_Headquarters.jpg/330px-Adobe_World_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Adobe_World_Headquarters.jpg/440px-Adobe_World_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adobe_World_Headquarters" title="Adobe World Headquarters">Adobe World Headquarters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Historic_District_(San_Jose,_California)" title="Downtown Historic District (San Jose, California)">Downtown San Jose</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EBay_headquarters_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EBay_headquarters_2018.jpg/220px-EBay_headquarters_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EBay_headquarters_2018.jpg/330px-EBay_headquarters_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/EBay_headquarters_2018.jpg/440px-EBay_headquarters_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3416" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PayPal_San_Jose_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PayPal_San_Jose_Headquarters.jpg/220px-PayPal_San_Jose_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PayPal_San_Jose_Headquarters.jpg/330px-PayPal_San_Jose_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/PayPal_San_Jose_Headquarters.jpg/440px-PayPal_San_Jose_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1982" data-file-height="1442" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a> in San Jose</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisco_Systems_Headquarters_(Building_10),_Cisco_San_Jose_Main_Campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cisco_Systems_Headquarters_%28Building_10%29%2C_Cisco_San_Jose_Main_Campus.jpg/220px-Cisco_Systems_Headquarters_%28Building_10%29%2C_Cisco_San_Jose_Main_Campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cisco_Systems_Headquarters_%28Building_10%29%2C_Cisco_San_Jose_Main_Campus.jpg/330px-Cisco_Systems_Headquarters_%28Building_10%29%2C_Cisco_San_Jose_Main_Campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Cisco_Systems_Headquarters_%28Building_10%29%2C_Cisco_San_Jose_Main_Campus.jpg/440px-Cisco_Systems_Headquarters_%28Building_10%29%2C_Cisco_San_Jose_Main_Campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="814" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rincon_de_los_Esteros,_San_Jose" title="Rincon de los Esteros, San Jose">Golden Triangle</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagate_Headquarters_Fremont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seagate_Headquarters_Fremont.jpg/220px-Seagate_Headquarters_Fremont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seagate_Headquarters_Fremont.jpg/330px-Seagate_Headquarters_Fremont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Seagate_Headquarters_Fremont.jpg/440px-Seagate_Headquarters_Fremont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4642" data-file-height="3402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate Technology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Digital_Headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Western_Digital_Headquarters.jpg/220px-Western_Digital_Headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Western_Digital_Headquarters.jpg/330px-Western_Digital_Headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Western_Digital_Headquarters.jpg/440px-Western_Digital_Headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4776" data-file-height="3346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> in San Jose</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Silicon_Valley" title="Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley">Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley</a></div> <p>Thousands of <a href="/wiki/High-tech" class="mw-redirect" title="High-tech">high technology</a> companies are headquartered in Silicon Valley. Among those, the following are in the <a href="/wiki/Fortune_1000" title="Fortune 1000">Fortune 1000</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc." title="Adobe Inc.">Adobe Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agilent_Technologies" title="Agilent Technologies">Agilent Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_Inc." title="Alphabet Inc.">Alphabet Inc.</a>, includes Google</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Materials" title="Applied Materials">Applied Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_(financial_services_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Square (financial services company)">Block, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcom_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcom Inc.">Broadcom Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadence_Design_Systems" title="Cadence Design Systems">Cadence Design Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuit" title="Intuit">Intuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuitive_Surgical" title="Intuitive Surgical">Intuitive Surgical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_Networks" title="Juniper Networks">Juniper Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KLA_Corporation" title="KLA Corporation">KLA Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam_Research" title="Lam Research">Lam Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Platforms" title="Meta Platforms">Meta Platforms</a>, includes Facebook</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetApp" title="NetApp">NetApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix,_Inc." title="Netflix, Inc.">Netflix, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesforce" title="Salesforce">Salesforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanmina_Corporation" title="Sanmina Corporation">Sanmina Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ServiceNow" title="ServiceNow">ServiceNow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TD_Synnex" title="TD Synnex">TD Synnex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synopsys" title="Synopsys">Synopsys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a></li></ul></div> <p>Additional notable companies headquartered in Silicon Valley (some of which are defunct, subsumed, or relocated) include: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/23andMe" title="23andMe">23andMe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8x8" title="8x8">8x8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actel" title="Actel">Actel</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Microsemi" title="Microsemi">Microsemi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuate_Corporation" title="Actuate Corporation">Actuate Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptec" title="Adaptec">Adaptec</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/PMC-Sierra" title="PMC-Sierra">PMC-Sierra</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeria_Games_and_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeria Games and Entertainment">Aeria Games and Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altera" title="Altera">Altera</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/A9.com" title="A9.com">A9.com</a></li> <li>Amazon's <a href="/wiki/Lab126" class="mw-redirect" title="Lab126">Lab126</a>.com</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation" title="Amdahl Corporation">Amdahl</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Microchip_Technology" title="Microchip Technology">Microchip Technology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brocade_Communications_Systems" title="Brocade Communications Systems">Brocade Communications Systems</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Broadcom_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcom Inc.">Broadcom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be_Inc." title="Be Inc.">Be Inc.</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Palm_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Inc.">Palm Inc.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEA_Systems" title="BEA Systems">BEA Systems</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor" title="Cypress Semiconductor">Cypress Semiconductor</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Infineon_Technologies" title="Infineon Technologies">Infineon Technologies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_Networks" title="Extreme Networks">Extreme Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Semiconductor" title="Fairchild Semiconductor">Fairchild Semiconductor</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Onsemi" title="Onsemi">onsemi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flextronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Flextronics">Flex</a> (formally Flextronics)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundry_Networks" title="Foundry Networks">Foundry Networks</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Brocade_Communications_Systems" title="Brocade Communications Systems">Brocade Communications Systems</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geeknet" title="Geeknet">Geeknet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slashdot" title="Slashdot">Slashdot</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobalFoundries" title="GlobalFoundries">GlobalFoundries</a> (moved to <a href="/wiki/Malta,_New_York" title="Malta, New York">Malta, New York</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoPro" title="GoPro">GoPro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic, Inc.">Harmonic, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Data_Systems" title="Hitachi Data Systems">Hitachi Data Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Global_Storage_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitachi Global Storage Technologies">Hitachi Global Storage Technologies</a> (acquired by Western Digital)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">Hewlett Packard Enterprise</a> (moved to <a href="/wiki/Spring,_Texas" title="Spring, Texas">Spring, Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDEO" title="IDEO">IDEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica">Informatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_Space" title="Lockheed Martin Space">Lockheed Martin Space</a> (now headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Denver,_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="Denver, Colorado">Denver, Colorado</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSI_Corporation" title="LSI Corporation">LSI</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxtor" title="Maxtor">Maxtor</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorex" title="Memorex">Memorex</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Corporation" title="Burroughs Corporation">Burroughs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Foundation" title="Mozilla Foundation">Mozilla Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move_(company)" title="Move (company)">Move, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Semiconductor" title="National Semiconductor">National Semiconductor</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nook" class="mw-redirect" title="Nook">Nook</a> (subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble" title="Barnes & Noble">Barnes & Noble</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> (moved to <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Networks" title="Palo Alto Networks">Palo Alto Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm,_Inc." title="Palm, Inc.">Palm, Inc.</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/TCL_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="TCL Corporation">TCL Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PARC_(company)" title="PARC (company)">PARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proofpoint,_Inc." title="Proofpoint, Inc.">Proofpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantcast" title="Quantcast">Quantcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quora" title="Quora">Quora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus">Rambus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roku,_Inc." title="Roku, Inc.">Roku, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSA_Security" title="RSA Security">RSA Security</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/EMC_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="EMC Corporation">EMC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SolarCity" title="SolarCity">SolarCity</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Mobile_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Mobile Communications">Sony Mobile Communications</a> (U.S. subsidiary headquarters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunPower" title="SunPower">SunPower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SurveyMonkey" title="SurveyMonkey">SurveyMonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_Digital" title="Gen Digital">Symantec</a> (now part of Gen Digital and headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe, Arizona</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntex" title="Syntex">Syntex</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann-La_Roche" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann-La Roche">Roche</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla, Inc.</a> (now headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIBCO_Software" title="TIBCO Software">TIBCO Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Xperi" title="Xperi">Xperi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verifone" title="Verifone">Verifone</a> (moved to <a href="/wiki/Coral_Springs,_Florida" title="Coral Springs, Florida">Coral Springs, Florida</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VeriSign" class="mw-redirect" title="VeriSign">VeriSign</a> (moved to <a href="/wiki/Reston,_Virginia" title="Reston, Virginia">Reston, Virginia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas_Technologies" title="Veritas Technologies">Veritas Technologies</a> (split off from <a href="/wiki/NortonLifeLock" class="mw-redirect" title="NortonLifeLock">Symantec</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Dell_Technologies" title="Dell Technologies">Dell Technologies</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walmart_Labs" title="Walmart Labs">Walmart Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebEx" class="mw-redirect" title="WebEx">WebEx</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelp" title="Yelp">Yelp, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoom_Video_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoom Video Communications">Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zynga" title="Zynga">Zynga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a> (acquired by <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>)</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silicon Valley has a population of 3.1 million as of 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1999 study by <a href="/wiki/AnnaLee_Saxenian" title="AnnaLee Saxenian">AnnaLee Saxenian</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Public_Policy_Institute_of_California" title="Public Policy Institute of California">Public Policy Institute of California</a> reported that a third of Silicon Valley scientists and engineers were immigrants and that nearly a quarter of Silicon Valley's high-technology firms since 1980 were run by <a href="/wiki/Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese</a> (17 percent) or <a href="/wiki/Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian American">Indian</a> descent CEOs (7 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Saxenian's study found that successful immigrant entrepreneurs relied heavily on ethnic resources as they integrated into the Silicon Valley work culture and American society.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a stratum of well-compensated technical employees and managers, including tens of thousands of "single-digit millionaires". This income and range of assets will support a middle-class lifestyle in Silicon Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT8507_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT8507-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sexism_in_the_technology_industry" title="Sexism in the technology industry">Sexism in the technology industry</a></div> <p>In November 2006, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Davis" title="University of California, Davis">University of California, Davis</a> released a report analyzing business leadership by women within the state.<sup id="cite_ref-UCD-PR2006_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UCD-PR2006-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report showed that although 103 of the 400 largest public companies headquartered in California were located in Santa Clara County (the most of all counties), only 8.8% of Silicon Valley companies had women CEOs.<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis2006_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis2006-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4, 7">: 4, 7 </span></sup> This was the lowest percentage in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-Zee061116_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zee061116-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (San Francisco County had 19.2% and Marin County had 18.5%.)<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis2006_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis2006-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silicon Valley tech leadership positions are occupied almost exclusively by men.<sup id="cite_ref-WP11911_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP11911-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also represented in the number of new companies founded by women as well as the number of women-lead startups that receive venture capital funding. Wadhwa said he believes that a contributing factor is a lack of parental encouragement to study science and engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-2014MomDad_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014MomDad-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also cited a lack of women role models and noted that most famous tech leaders—like <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a>—are men.<sup id="cite_ref-WP11911_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP11911-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon_Valley_Pride_Parade_2016_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Silicon_Valley_Pride_Parade_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Silicon_Valley_Pride_Parade_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Silicon_Valley_Pride_Parade_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Silicon_Valley_Pride_Parade_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Silicon_Valley_Pride_Parade_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Silicon_Valley_Pride_Parade_2016_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Pride" title="Silicon Valley Pride">Silicon Valley Pride</a> in San Jose</figcaption></figure> <p>As of October 2014, some high-profile Silicon Valley firms were working actively to prepare and recruit women. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg</a></i> reported that Apple, Facebook, Google, and Microsoft attended the 20th annual <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_Celebration_of_Women_in_Computing" title="Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing">Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing</a> conference to actively recruit and potentially hire female engineers and technology experts.<sup id="cite_ref-Burrows141008_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burrows141008-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same month, the second annual Platform Summit was held to discuss increasing racial and gender diversity in tech.<sup id="cite_ref-Porter141029_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Porter141029-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of April 2015 experienced women were engaged in creation of venture capital firms which leveraged women's perspectives in funding of startups.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT4115_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT4115-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After UC Davis published its <i>Study of California Women Business Leaders</i> in November 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-Ellis2006_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellis2006-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some <i><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose Mercury News">San Jose Mercury News</a></i> readers dismissed the possibility that sexism contributed in making Silicon Valley's leadership gender gap the highest in the state. A January 2015 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i> magazine featured an article detailing reports of sexism and misogyny in Silicon Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Burleigh150128_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh150128-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The article's author, <a href="/wiki/Nina_Burleigh" title="Nina Burleigh">Nina Burleigh</a>, asked, "Where were all these offended people when women like <a href="/wiki/Heidi_Roizen" title="Heidi Roizen">Heidi Roizen</a> published accounts of having a venture capitalist stick her hand in his pants under a table while a deal was being discussed?"<sup id="cite_ref-Tam150130_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tam150130-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silicon Valley firms' board of directors are composed of 15.7% women compared with 20.9% in the S&P 100.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="sexism_in_venture_capital"></span>The 2012 lawsuit <i><a href="/wiki/Pao_v._Kleiner_Perkins" title="Pao v. Kleiner Perkins">Pao v. Kleiner Perkins</a></i> was filed in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_County_Superior_Court" title="San Francisco County Superior Court">San Francisco County Superior Court</a> by executive <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Pao" title="Ellen Pao">Ellen Pao</a> for <a href="/wiki/Gender_discrimination" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender discrimination">gender discrimination</a> against her employer, <a href="/wiki/Kleiner_Perkins" title="Kleiner Perkins">Kleiner Perkins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Complaint_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Complaint-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case went to trial in February 2015. On March 27, 2015, the jury found in favor of Kleiner Perkins on all counts.<sup id="cite_ref-Recodeverdict_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recodeverdict-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the case, which had wide press coverage, resulted in major advances in consciousness of gender discrimination on the part of venture capital and technology firms and their women employees.<sup id="cite_ref-RecodeDecker_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RecodeDecker-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTDisrupter_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTDisrupter-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other cases have been filed against Facebook and Twitter.<sup id="cite_ref-Streitfeld150327_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Streitfeld150327-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race">Race</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Race"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2017 study showed that <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">white</a> males made up the majority of higher positions, with 58.7% holding executive positions and 46.5% being managers. The second highest position holders were <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> men, with 16.3% having executive positions and 17.9% being managers. <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African/Black</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic/Latino</a> people had the lowest percentages in all categories.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_Review" title="Harvard Business Review">Harvard Business Review</a></i> published an article in 2018 discussing diversity and inclusion and gave statistics on black employees along with advice to future black technicians. LeRon L. Barton, a black man who spent over two decades in Tech, gave an insight on his work experiences. He said he saw no one who looked like him in his profession and said he received many comments that he believed disregarded his skill such as being called the diversity hire. He described being isolated from his team, and constantly having to prove he could do the job he was hired for.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, tech companies <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>, and others, released corporate transparency reports that offered detailed employee breakdowns. In May, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> said 17% of its tech employees worldwide were women, and, in the U.S., 1% of its tech workers were <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">black</a> and 2% were <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic/Latino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Musil140528_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musil140528-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> June 2014 brought reports from Yahoo! and Facebook. <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> said that 15% of its tech jobs were held by women, 2% of its tech employees were black and 4% Hispanic.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy140617_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy140617-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> reported that 15% of its tech workforce was female, and 3% was Hispanic and 1% was black.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams140625_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams140625-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2014, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> reported that 80% of its global tech staff was male and that, in the U.S., 54% of its tech jobs were staffed by Caucasians and 23% by Asians.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i> published an article about Silicon Valley's lack of tech-industry diversity, pointing out that it is largely white or Asian, and male. "Blacks and Hispanics are largely absent," it reported, "and women are underrepresented in Silicon Valley—from giant companies to start-ups to venture capital firms."<sup id="cite_ref-Guynn-Weise_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guynn-Weise-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil rights activist <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> said of improving diversity in the tech industry, "This is the next step in the civil rights movement"<sup id="cite_ref-Koch140815_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koch140815-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/T._J._Rodgers" title="T. J. Rodgers">T. J. Rodgers</a> has argued against Jackson's assertions. </p><p>According to a 2019 Lincoln Network survey, 48% of high-tech workers in Silicon Valley identify as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> (27%) being its largest branch, followed by <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (19%).<sup id="cite_ref-LincolnNetworksurvey_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LincolnNetworksurvey-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same study found that 16% of high-tech workers identify as nothing in particular, 11% as something else, 8% as <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnostics</a>, and 7% as <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheists</a>. Around 4% of high-tech workers in Silicon Valley identify as <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jews</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a>, 3% as <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindus</a>, 2% as <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslims</a> and 1% as <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LincolnNetworksurvey_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LincolnNetworksurvey-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Municipalities">Municipalities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Municipalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara County</a> cities are traditionally considered to be in Silicon Valley (in alphabetical order):<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campbell,_California" title="Campbell, California">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupertino,_California" title="Cupertino, California">Cupertino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilroy,_California" title="Gilroy, California">Gilroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Altos,_California" title="Los Altos, California">Los Altos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California" title="Los Gatos, California">Los Gatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milpitas,_California" title="Milpitas, California">Milpitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Hill,_California" title="Morgan Hill, California">Morgan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga,_California" title="Saratoga, California">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a></li></ul></div> <p>The geographical boundaries of Silicon Valley have changed over the years. Historically, the term Silicon Valley was treated as synonymous with Santa Clara Valley,<sup id="cite_ref-Malone_Page_xix_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Malone_Page_xix-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Matthews_Page_2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matthews_Page_2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shueh_Page_8_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shueh_Page_8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then its meaning later evolved to refer to Santa Clara County plus adjacent regions in southern San Mateo County and southern Alameda County.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, over the years this geographical area has been expanded to include San Francisco County, Contra Costa County, and the northern parts of Alameda County and San Mateo County, this shift has occurred due to the expansion in the local economy and the development of new technologies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Census_of_Employment_and_Wages" title="Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages">Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages</a> program defined Silicon Valley as the counties of Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, MIT researchers developed a novel method for measuring which towns are home to startups with higher growth potential and this defines Silicon Valley to center on the municipalities of Menlo Park, Mountain View, Palo Alto, and Sunnyvale.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg/200px-Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg/300px-Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg/400px-Stanford_University_campus_in_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3078" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dowd_Art_Building_1488.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dowd_Art_Building_1488.jpg/200px-Dowd_Art_Building_1488.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dowd_Art_Building_1488.jpg/300px-Dowd_Art_Building_1488.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dowd_Art_Building_1488.jpg/400px-Dowd_Art_Building_1488.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Jose_Bike_Tour_(7878570968).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/San_Jose_Bike_Tour_%287878570968%29.jpg/200px-San_Jose_Bike_Tour_%287878570968%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/San_Jose_Bike_Tour_%287878570968%29.jpg/300px-San_Jose_Bike_Tour_%287878570968%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/San_Jose_Bike_Tour_%287878570968%29.jpg/400px-San_Jose_Bike_Tour_%287878570968%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> (top), <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">Santa Clara University</a> (middle), and <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University">San Jose State University</a> (bottom)</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges_and_universities">Colleges and universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Colleges and universities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Silicon Valley is associated with many colleges and universities in and near the Valley. The most prominent of those institutions are <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, a private university located in the Valley, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, a public university located north of Silicon Valley. Both are considered to be world-leading institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More broadly, colleges and universities in the area include:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></p><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Medical_Academy" title="Bay Area Medical Academy">Bay Area Medical Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_University_of_Management_and_Technology" title="California University of Management and Technology">California University of Management and Technology</a></li> <li>California South Bay University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_Silicon_Valley" title="Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley">Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ada_College" title="Cañada College">Cañada College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabot_College" title="Chabot College">Chabot College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Anza_College" title="De Anza College">De Anza College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVry_University" title="DeVry University">DeVry University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Valley_College" title="Evergreen Valley College">Evergreen Valley College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foothill_College" title="Foothill College">Foothill College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavilan_College" title="Gavilan College">Gavilan College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_University" title="Golden Gate University">Golden Gate University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Technological_University" title="International Technological University">International Technological University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Law_School_of_San_Jose" title="Lincoln Law School of San Jose">Lincoln Law School of San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menlo_College" title="Menlo College">Menlo College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_College_(Santa_Clara,_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission College (Santa Clara, California)">Mission College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_University_(California)" title="National University (California)">National University</a> San Jose Campus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Polytechnic_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Polytechnic University">Northwestern Polytechnic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_College" title="Ohlone College">Ohlone College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_University" title="Palo Alto University">Palo Alto University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_College_of_Chiropractic" title="Palmer College of Chiropractic">Palmer College of Chiropractic</a>, West Campus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peralta_Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Peralta Colleges">Peralta Colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_City_College" title="San Jose City College">San Jose City College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="San José State University">San José State University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">Santa Clara University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia_University_(California)" title="Sofia University (California)">Sofia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a>, Silicon Valley Campus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a> South Bay Campus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Silicon_Valley" title="University of Silicon Valley">University of Silicon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Valley_College" title="West Valley College">West Valley College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jessup_University" class="mw-redirect" title="William Jessup University">William Jessup University</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_Education">Secondary Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Secondary Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Funding for public schools in upscale Silicon Valley communities such as <a href="/wiki/Woodside,_California" title="Woodside, California">Woodside</a> is often supplemented by grants from private foundations set up for that purpose and funded by local residents. Schools in less affluent areas such as <a href="/wiki/East_Palo_Alto,_California" title="East Palo Alto, California">East Palo Alto</a> must depend on state funding.<sup id="cite_ref-TNY52713_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNY52713-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_attractions_in_Silicon_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="List of attractions in Silicon Valley">List of attractions in Silicon Valley</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Events">Events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Jose_Convention_Center_plaza,_WWDC17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/San_Jose_Convention_Center_plaza%2C_WWDC17.jpg/200px-San_Jose_Convention_Center_plaza%2C_WWDC17.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/San_Jose_Convention_Center_plaza%2C_WWDC17.jpg/300px-San_Jose_Convention_Center_plaza%2C_WWDC17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/San_Jose_Convention_Center_plaza%2C_WWDC17.jpg/400px-San_Jose_Convention_Center_plaza%2C_WWDC17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facebook_F8_Developer%27s_Conference_2017_(33324521213).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Facebook_F8_Developer%27s_Conference_2017_%2833324521213%29.jpg/200px-Facebook_F8_Developer%27s_Conference_2017_%2833324521213%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Facebook_F8_Developer%27s_Conference_2017_%2833324521213%29.jpg/300px-Facebook_F8_Developer%27s_Conference_2017_%2833324521213%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Facebook_F8_Developer%27s_Conference_2017_%2833324521213%29.jpg/400px-Facebook_F8_Developer%27s_Conference_2017_%2833324521213%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="3840" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The 2017 <a href="/wiki/Apple_Worldwide_Developers_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Worldwide Developers Conference">Apple Worldwide Developers Conference</a> & <a href="/wiki/Facebook_F8" title="Facebook F8">Facebook F8</a> 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Convention_Center" title="San Jose Convention Center">San Jose Convention Center</a></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Worldwide_Developers_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Worldwide Developers Conference">Apple Worldwide Developers Conference</a>, San Jose</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_F8" title="Facebook F8">Facebook F8</a>, San Jose</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Comic_Con" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon Valley Comic Con">Silicon Valley Comic Con</a>, San Jose</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Pride" title="Silicon Valley Pride">Silicon Valley Pride</a>, San Jose</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts,_Stanford,_California_-_20060728.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts%2C_Stanford%2C_California_-_20060728.jpg/200px-Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts%2C_Stanford%2C_California_-_20060728.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts%2C_Stanford%2C_California_-_20060728.jpg/300px-Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts%2C_Stanford%2C_California_-_20060728.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts%2C_Stanford%2C_California_-_20060728.jpg/400px-Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts%2C_Stanford%2C_California_-_20060728.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="1661" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation_in_Downtown_San_Jose_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation_in_Downtown_San_Jose_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation_in_Downtown_San_Jose_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation_in_Downtown_San_Jose_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation_in_Downtown_San_Jose_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation_in_Downtown_San_Jose_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation_in_Downtown_San_Jose_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="996" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Jose_Museum_of_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art.jpg/200px-San_Jose_Museum_of_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art.jpg/300px-San_Jose_Museum_of_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art.jpg/400px-San_Jose_Museum_of_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4148" data-file-height="1750" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">From top: <a href="/wiki/Cantor_Arts_Center" title="Cantor Arts Center">Cantor Arts Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tech Museum of Innovation">The Tech Museum of Innovation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art" title="San Jose Museum of Art">San José Museum of Art</a></div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose" title="Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose">Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Saisset_Museum" title="De Saisset Museum">De Saisset Museum</a> at Santa Clara University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiller_Aviation_Museum" title="Hiller Aviation Museum">Hiller Aviation Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_Park" title="History Park">History Park</a> by History San José</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_HP_Garage" class="mw-redirect" title="The HP Garage">The HP Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Museum" title="Intel Museum">Intel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Altos_History_Museum" title="Los Altos History Museum">Los Altos History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moffett_Federal_Airfield" title="Moffett Federal Airfield">Moffett Field</a> Historical Society Museum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Art_Center" title="Palo Alto Art Center">Palo Alto Art Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale_Heritage_Park_Museum" title="Sunnyvale Heritage Park Museum">Sunnyvale Heritage Park Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tech_Museum_of_Innovation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tech Museum of Innovation">The Tech Museum of Innovation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_in_the_San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Media in the San Francisco Bay Area">Media in the San Francisco Bay Area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McKinley_memorial,_St._James_Park,_San_Jose,_California_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/McKinley_memorial%2C_St._James_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-McKinley_memorial%2C_St._James_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/McKinley_memorial%2C_St._James_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-McKinley_memorial%2C_St._James_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/McKinley_memorial%2C_St._James_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-McKinley_memorial%2C_St._James_Park%2C_San_Jose%2C_California_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2824" data-file-height="1495" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mercury_News" title="The Mercury News">The Mercury News</a></i>, Silicon Valley's largest newspaper, in Downtown San Jose</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Herrold_laboratory_circa_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Charles_Herrold_laboratory_circa_1912.jpg/220px-Charles_Herrold_laboratory_circa_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Charles_Herrold_laboratory_circa_1912.jpg/330px-Charles_Herrold_laboratory_circa_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Charles_Herrold_laboratory_circa_1912.jpg/440px-Charles_Herrold_laboratory_circa_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>50 W. San Fernando Street in downtown San Jose is the site of the world's first <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio broadcasting station">radio broadcasting station</a>, created in 1909 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Herrold" title="Charles Herrold">Charles Herrold</a>, the "Father of Broadcasting".<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1980, <i>Intelligent Machines Journal</i> changed its name to <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i>, and, with offices in <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a>, began covering the emergence of the microcomputer industry in the valley.<sup id="cite_ref-FireForward_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FireForward-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local and national media cover Silicon Valley and its companies. CNN, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, and Bloomberg News operate Silicon Valley bureaus out of Palo Alto. Public broadcaster <a href="/wiki/KQED_(TV)" title="KQED (TV)">KQED (TV)</a> and <a href="/wiki/KQED-FM" title="KQED-FM">KQED-FM</a>, as well as the Bay Area's local <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> station <a href="/wiki/KGO-TV" title="KGO-TV">KGO-TV</a>, operate bureaus in San Jose. <a href="/wiki/KNTV" title="KNTV">KNTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>'s local Bay Area affiliate "NBC Bay Area", is located in San Jose. Produced from this location is the nationally distributed TV Show "Tech Now" as well as the CNBC Silicon Valley bureau. San Jose-based media serving Silicon Valley include the <i><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Mercury_News" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose Mercury News">San Jose Mercury News</a></i> daily and the <i><a href="/wiki/Metro_Silicon_Valley" title="Metro Silicon Valley">Metro Silicon Valley</a></i> weekly. </p><p>Specialty media include <i><a href="/wiki/El_Observador_(San_Jose)" title="El Observador (San Jose)">El Observador</a></i> and the <i>San Jose / Silicon Valley Business Journal</i>. Most of the Bay Area's other major TV stations, newspapers, and media operate in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Patch.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch.com">Patch.com</a> operates various web portals, providing local news, discussion and events for residents of Silicon Valley. Mountain View has a public nonprofit station, KMVT-15. KMVT-15's shows include Silicon Valley Education News (EdNews)-Edward Tico Producer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Cultural references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some appearances in media, in order by release date: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_View_to_a_Kill" title="A View to a Kill">A View to a Kill</a></i>—1985 film from the <a href="/wiki/Production_of_the_James_Bond_films" title="Production of the James Bond films">James Bond series</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">Bond</a> thwarts an elaborate ploy by the film's antagonist, Max Zorin, to destroy Silicon Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Nerds:_The_Rise_of_Accidental_Empires" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph of the Nerds: The Rise of Accidental Empires">Triumph of the Nerds: The Rise of Accidental Empires</a></i> – 1996 documentary</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pirates_of_Silicon_Valley" title="Pirates of Silicon Valley">Pirates of Silicon Valley</a></i>—1999 film about the early days of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (though the latter has never been based in Silicon Valley)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_Monkeys" title="Code Monkeys">Code Monkeys</a></i>—2007 comedy series</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Network" title="The Social Network">The Social Network</a></i>—2010 film</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Startups_Silicon_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Startups Silicon Valley">Startups Silicon Valley</a></i>—reality TV series, debuted 2012 on <a href="/wiki/Bravo_(American_TV_network)" title="Bravo (American TV network)">Bravo</a><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Betas" title="Betas">Betas</a></i>—TV series, debuted 2013 on <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Video">Amazon Video</a><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jobs_(film)" title="Jobs (film)">Jobs</a></i>—2013 film</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Internship" title="The Internship">The Internship</a></i>—2013 comedy film about working at <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_(TV_series)" title="Silicon Valley (TV series)">Silicon Valley</a></i>—2014 American <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcom</a> from <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halt_and_Catch_Fire_(TV_series)" title="Halt and Catch Fire (TV series)"><i>Halt and Catch Fire</i></a>—2014 TV series, the last two seasons are primarily set in Silicon Valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Jobs_(film)" title="Steve Jobs (film)"><i>Steve Jobs</i></a>—2015 film</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watch_Dogs_2" title="Watch Dogs 2">Watch Dogs 2</a></i>—2016 video game developed by <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Boom" title="Valley of the Boom">Valley of the Boom</a></i>—2019 docudrama about the <a href="/wiki/Dot-com_bubble" title="Dot-com bubble">1990s tech boom</a> in Silicon Valley</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devs_(TV_series)" title="Devs (TV series)">Devs</a></i>—2020 TV miniseries</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Start-Up_(South_Korean_TV_series)" title="Start-Up (South Korean TV series)">Start-Up</a></i>—2020 South Korean television series, when three artificial intelligence (A.I.) developers from South Korea are offered positions as engineers for the fictional company, 2STO which is located in Silicon Valley.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dropout" title="The Dropout">The Dropout</a></i>—2022 TV miniseries about the rise and fall of <a href="/wiki/Theranos" title="Theranos">Theranos</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Super_Pumped_(TV_series)" title="Super Pumped (TV series)">Super Pumped</a></i>—2022 TV series about <a href="/wiki/Travis_Kalanick" title="Travis Kalanick">Travis Kalanick</a>'s time at <a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/32px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/48px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg/64px-SF_From_Marin_Highlands3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2672" data-file-height="1885" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="Portal:San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also the categories <a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Silicon_Valley" title="Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley">Companies based in Silicon Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Silicon_Valley_people" title="Category:Silicon Valley people">Silicon Valley people</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Silicon_Valley" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Silicon Valley">Tourist attractions in Silicon Valley</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fail_fast_(business)" title="Fail fast (business)">Fail fast (business)</a>, an element of corporate culture common among Silicon Valley organizations<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Silicon_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tourist attractions in Silicon Valley">List of tourist attractions in Silicon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_with_%22Silicon%22_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places with "Silicon" names">List of places with "Silicon" names</a> around the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_technology_centers" title="List of technology centers">List of technology centers</a> around the world</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">Semiconductor industry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Malone_Page_xix-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malone_Page_xix_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malone_Page_xix_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malone_Page_xix_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malone_Page_xix_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalone2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Malone" title="Michael S. Malone">Malone, Michael S.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5CnSAswh3QYC&pg=PR19"><i>The Valley of Heart's Delight: A Silicon Valley Notebook 1963 - 2001</i></a>. New York: John S. Wiley & Sons. p. xix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471201915" title="Special:BookSources/9780471201915"><bdi>9780471201915</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Valley+of+Heart%27s+Delight%3A+A+Silicon+Valley+Notebook+1963+-+2001&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xix&rft.pub=John+S.+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780471201915&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5CnSAswh3QYC%26pg%3DPR19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matthews_Page_2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_Page_2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matthews_Page_2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2003" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Glenna (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbBfBukuMMwC&pg=PA2"><i>Silicon Valley, Women, and the California Dream: Gender, Class, and Opportunity in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804741545" title="Special:BookSources/9780804741545"><bdi>9780804741545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silicon+Valley%2C+Women%2C+and+the+California+Dream%3A+Gender%2C+Class%2C+and+Opportunity+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780804741545&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Glenna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbBfBukuMMwC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shueh_Page_8-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shueh_Page_8_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shueh_Page_8_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShueh2009" class="citation book cs1">Shueh, Sam (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kQj9sq1ktn0C&pg=PA8"><i>Silicon Valley</i></a>. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738570938" title="Special:BookSources/9780738570938"><bdi>9780738570938</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silicon+Valley&rft.place=Charleston%2C+SC&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780738570938&rft.aulast=Shueh&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkQj9sq1ktn0C%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2023/05/18/san-jose-no-longer-in-top-10-most-populous-u-s-cities">"San Jose no longer in Top 10 of most populous U.S. cities"</a>. <i>The Mercury News</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 3,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silicon+Valley+Business+Journal+%E2%80%93+San+Jose+Area+has+World%27s+Third-Highest+GDP+Per+Capita%2C+Brookings+Says&rft.date=2015-01-23&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fsanjose%2Fnews%2F2015%2F01%2F23%2Fsan-jose-has-worlds-third-highest-gdp-per-capita.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20210617-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20210617_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolomatsky2021" class="citation news cs1">Kolomatsky, Michael (June 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/realestate/where-are-the-million-dollar-homes.html">"Where Are the Million-Dollar Homes? - A new report reveals which U.S. metropolitan areas have the highest percentage of homes valued at $1 million or more"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/17/realestate/where-are-the-million-dollar-homes.html">the original</a></span> on December 28, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=16+Silicon+Valley+landmarks+you+must+visit+on+your+next+trip&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Biz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2F16-silicon-valley-landmarks-you-must-visit-on-your-next-trip-2015-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tripsavvy.com/tech-headquarters-you-can-visit-in-silicon-valley-2993787">"Tech Headquarters You Can Visit in Silicon Valley"</a>. <i>TripSavvy</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725181222/https://www.tripsavvy.com/tech-headquarters-you-can-visit-in-silicon-valley-2993787">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TripSavvy&rft.atitle=Tech+Headquarters+You+Can+Visit+in+Silicon+Valley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripsavvy.com%2Ftech-headquarters-you-can-visit-in-silicon-valley-2993787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheng2018" class="citation web cs1">Sheng, Ellen (December 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/03/why-the-headquarters-of-iconic-tech-companies-are-tourist-attractions.html">"Why the headquarters of iconic tech companies are now among America's top tourist attractions"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190726015719/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/03/why-the-headquarters-of-iconic-tech-companies-are-tourist-attractions.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Why+the+headquarters+of+iconic+tech+companies+are+now+among+America%27s+top+tourist+attractions&rft.date=2018-12-03&rft.aulast=Sheng&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2018%2F11%2F03%2Fwhy-the-headquarters-of-iconic-tech-companies-are-tourist-attractions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DH-71-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DH-71_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DH-71_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DH-71_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaws2015" class="citation web cs1">Laws, David (January 7, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-named-silicon-valley/">"Who named Silicon Valley?"</a>. <i>Computer History Museum</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016203301/http://www.computerhistory.org/atchm/who-named-silicon-valley/">Archived</a> from the original on October 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum&rft.atitle=Who+named+Silicon+Valley%3F&rft.date=2015-01-07&rft.aulast=Laws&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fatchm%2Fwho-named-silicon-valley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-peninsula-times-tribune/154564426/">"HLS, Incorporated"</a>. <i>The Peninsula Times Tribune</i>. May 25, 1970. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Peninsula+Times+Tribune&rft.atitle=HLS%2C+Incorporated&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1970-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-peninsula-times-tribune%2F154564426%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawliberty.org/forum/the-frivolous-valley-and-its-dreadful-conformity/">The Frivolous Valley and Its Dreadful Conformity</a>, by Michael Anton (Law & Liberty, published September 4, 2018)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TimelineWater-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TimelineWater_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100208224235/http://www.valleywater.org/Programs/TeachersStudents/TeacherMaterials/WaterHistoryTeachersGuide/SantaClaraCountyWaterHistory.aspx">"Timeline of the history of water in Santa Clara County - Santa Clara Valley Water District"</a>. <i>Valleywater.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valleywater.org/Programs/TeachersStudents/TeacherMaterials/WaterHistoryTeachersGuide/SantaClaraCountyWaterHistory.aspx">the original</a> on February 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Valleywater.org&rft.atitle=Timeline+of+the+history+of+water+in+Santa+Clara+County+-+Santa+Clara+Valley+Water+District&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valleywater.org%2FPrograms%2FTeachersStudents%2FTeacherMaterials%2FWaterHistoryTeachersGuide%2FSantaClaraCountyWaterHistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Bulletin-118/Files/2003-Basin-Descriptions/2_009_04_East-BayPlainSubbasin.pdf">Santa Clara Valley Groundwater Basin, East Bay Plain Subbasin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201225204616/https://water.ca.gov/-/media/DWR-Website/Web-Pages/Programs/Groundwater-Management/Bulletin-118/Files/2003-Basin-Descriptions/2_009_04_East-BayPlainSubbasin.pdf">Archived</a> 2020-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/valley_of_hearts_delight">Valley of Heart's Delight : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive</a>. Archive.org (March 10, 2001). Retrieved on 2013-07-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GoldenHa1950">Golden Harvest...Fifty Years of Calpak Progress : California Packing Corporation, Industrial and Public Relations Department : Free Download & Streaming : Internet Archive</a>. Archive.org. Retrieved on July 21, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://valleyofheartsdelight.com/">https://valleyofheartsdelight.com/</a> Quote:<br />“The Valley of Heart’s Delight” was the way in which Santa Clara County, home to San Jose and now Silicon Valley, was once described. For those of us who grew up climbing trees in the orchards, and who grow a few fruit trees in their own yards, it still <i>is</i> the Valley of Heart’s Delight. This valley was once famous for wheat, later for grapevines, citrus, nuts, cherry trees, and fruits of all kinds. Hints of the valley’s past are everywhere to be found.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/chmcore/silicon-valley-turns-fifty-27738a1bf2b0">Silicon Valley Turns Fifty</a>, by David Laws, published on January 11, 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2005" class="citation journal cs1">Adams, Stephen B. (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.2307/41166326">"Stanford and Silicon Valley: Lessons on Becoming a High-Tech Region"</a>. <i>California Management Review</i>. <b>48</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F41166326">10.2307/41166326</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-1256">0008-1256</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41166326">41166326</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154947640">154947640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=California+Management+Review&rft.atitle=Stanford+and+Silicon+Valley%3A+Lessons+on+Becoming+a+High-Tech+Region&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=2005-10&rft.issn=0008-1256&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154947640%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41166326%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F41166326&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F41166326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Castells2011p52-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Castells2011p52_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastells2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells, Manuel</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FihjywtjTdUC&pg=PT52"><i>The Rise of the Network Society</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5631-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5631-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-5631-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905222854/https://books.google.com/books?id=FihjywtjTdUC&pg=PT52">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+the+Network+Society&rft.pages=52&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5631-1&rft.aulast=Castells&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFihjywtjTdUC%26pg%3DPT52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Mara (2019). pp. 81–82, 111, 159–160, 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sturgeon-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sturgeon_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sturgeon_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgeon2000" class="citation book cs1">Sturgeon, Timothy J. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLxzUW4V_2cC&pg=PA15">"How Silicon Valley Came to Be"</a>. In Kenney, Martin (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CLxzUW4V_2cC"><i>Understanding Silicon Valley: The Anatomy of an Entrepreneurial Region</i></a>. Stanford University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3734-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-3734-0"><bdi>978-0-8047-3734-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905220513/https://books.google.com/books?id=CLxzUW4V_2cC">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=How+Silicon+Valley+Came+to+Be&rft.btitle=Understanding+Silicon+Valley%3A+The+Anatomy+of+an+Entrepreneurial+Region&rft.pub=Stanford+University&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-3734-0&rft.aulast=Sturgeon&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCLxzUW4V_2cC%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack" class="citation web cs1">Black, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moffettfieldmuseum.org/history.html">"Moffett Field History"</a>. <i>moffettfieldmuseum.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050406011808/http://moffettfieldmuseum.org/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 6, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=moffettfieldmuseum.org&rft.atitle=Moffett+Field+History&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moffettfieldmuseum.org%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadrigal2020" class="citation web cs1">Madrigal, Alexis C. (January 15, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/01/why-silicon-valley-and-big-tech-dont-innovate-anymore/604969/">"Silicon Valley Abandons the Culture That Made It the Envy of the World"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200115160317/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/01/why-silicon-valley-and-big-tech-dont-innovate-anymore/604969/">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 15,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Silicon+Valley+Abandons+the+Culture+That+Made+It+the+Envy+of+the+World&rft.date=2020-01-15&rft.aulast=Madrigal&rft.aufirst=Alexis+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2020%2F01%2Fwhy-silicon-valley-and-big-tech-dont-innovate-anymore%2F604969%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markoff-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Markoff_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Markoff_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff2009" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (April 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/travel/escapes/17Amer.html?pagewanted=1">"Searching for Silicon Valley"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429065011/http://travel.nytimes.com/2009/04/17/travel/escapes/17Amer.html?pagewanted=1">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Searching+for+Silicon+Valley&rft.date=2009-04-17&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F17%2Ftravel%2Fescapes%2F17Amer.html%3Fpagewanted%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.stanford.edu/news/2003/april16/historysusv-416.html">"Scholar examines links between Stanford, Silicon Valley"</a>. <i>news.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2014</span>. <q>In 1955, the physicist William Shockley set up a semiconductor laboratory in Mountain View, partly to be near his mother in Palo Alto. …</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Holding+On&rft.date=2008-04-06&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F04%2F06%2Frealestate%2Fkeymagazine%2F406Lede-t.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff2008" class="citation news cs1">Markoff, John (January 13, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07EEDC153BF930A25752C0A96E9C8B63&">"Two Views of Innovation, Colliding in Washington"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101125434/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07EEDC153BF930A25752C0A96E9C8B63&">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2014</span>. <q>The co-inventor of the transistor and the founder of the valley's first chip company, William Shockley, moved to Palo Alto, Calif., because his mother lived there. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Two+Views+of+Innovation%2C+Colliding+in+Washington&rft.date=2008-01-13&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9B07EEDC153BF930A25752C0A96E9C8B63%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTajnai1985" class="citation web cs1">Tajnai, Carolyn (May 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.stanford.edu/carolyn/terman">"Fred Terman, the Father of Silicon Valley"</a>. <i>Stanford Computer Forum</i>. 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American Bar Association. November 18, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABA+Profile+of+the+Legal+Profession+2024&rft.atitle=Wages&rft.date=2024-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abalegalprofile.com%2Fwages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abovethelaw.com/2016/05/the-white-sandal-elite-the-go-to-law-firms-of-silicon-valley/">"The White Sandal Elite: The Go-To Law Firms of Silicon Valley"</a> <i>Above the Law</i>, May 4, 2016. Retrieved December 3, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abovethelaw.com/2024/08/the-white-sandal-elite-the-go-to-law-firms-for-silicon-valley/">"The White Sandal Elite: The Go-To Law Firms For Silicon Valley"</a> <i>Above the Law</i>, August 23, 2024. Retrieved December 3, 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/homebrew_and_how_the_apple.php">"Homebrew And How The Apple Came To Be"</a>. <i>atariarchives.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407041946/http://www.atariarchives.org/deli/homebrew_and_how_the_apple.php">Archived</a> from the original on April 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atariarchives.org&rft.atitle=Homebrew+And+How+The+Apple+Came+To+Be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atariarchives.org%2Fdeli%2Fhomebrew_and_how_the_apple.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dormouse-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dormouse_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff2006" class="citation book cs1">Markoff, John (2006) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NFbjjwEACAAJ"><i>What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303676-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303676-0"><bdi>978-0-14-303676-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905223806/https://books.google.com/books?id=NFbjjwEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+the+Dormouse+Said%3A+How+the+Sixties+Counterculture+Shaped+the+Personal+Computer+Industry&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303676-0&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNFbjjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWozniak2006" class="citation book cs1">Wozniak, Steve (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iwozcomputergeek00wozn"><i>iWoz</i></a></span>. W.W. Norton & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iwozcomputergeek00wozn/page/150">150</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33043-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33043-4"><bdi>978-0-393-33043-4</bdi></a>. <q>After my first meeting, I started designing the computer that would later be known as the Apple I. It was that inspiring.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=iWoz&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33043-4&rft.aulast=Wozniak&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fiwozcomputergeek00wozn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreibergerSwaine2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Freiberger" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Freiberger">Freiberger, Paul</a>; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Swaine_(technical_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Swaine (technical author)">Swaine, Michael</a> (2000) [1984]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fireinvalleymaki00frei_0"><i>Fire in the Valley: The Making of the Personal Computer</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-135895-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-135895-8"><bdi>978-0-07-135895-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fire+in+the+Valley%3A+The+Making+of+the+Personal+Computer&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-07-135895-8&rft.aulast=Freiberger&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Swaine%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffireinvalleymaki00frei_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apple-history.com/gui.html">Graphical User Interface (GUI)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021001230844/http://www.apple-history.com/gui.html">Archived</a> October 1, 2002, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from apple-history.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2002" class="citation book cs1">Waters, John K. (2002). <i>John Chambers and the Cisco Way: Navigating Through Volatility</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780471273554" title="Special:BookSources/9780471273554"><bdi>9780471273554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Chambers+and+the+Cisco+Way%3A+Navigating+Through+Volatility&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780471273554&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N1995-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N1995_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Josephujjwal_sarkar_Campbell2015" class="citation book cs1">W. Josephujjwal sarkar Campbell (January 2, 2015). "The Year of the Internet". <i>1995: The Year the Future Began</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27399-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-27399-3"><bdi>978-0-520-27399-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Year+of+the+Internet&rft.btitle=1995%3A+The+Year+the+Future+Began&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2015-01-02&rft.isbn=978-0-520-27399-3&rft.au=W.+Josephujjwal+sarkar+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks2008" class="citation news cs1">Banks, Marcus (May 16, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/05/15/DDOH107DLG.DTL">"Nonfiction review: 'Once You're Lucky'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Nonfiction+review%3A+%27Once+You%27re+Lucky%27&rft.date=2008-05-16&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F05%2F15%2FDDOH107DLG.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115352188346314087">Reed Albergotti, "The Most Inventive Towns in America"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203065605/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115352188346314087">Archived</a> December 3, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Wall Street Journal</i>, July 22–23, 2006, P1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ibid.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/unicorns/xiaomi-1/">"The Unicorn List"</a>. <i>Fortune</i>. January 22, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411235623/http://fortune.com/unicorns/xiaomi-1/">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=The+Unicorn+List&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Funicorns%2Fxiaomi-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techsposv.com/silicon-valley/">"Silicon Valley"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silicon+Valley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechsposv.com%2Fsilicon-valley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csis.org/blogs/perspectives-innovation/lessons-silicon-valley-world-renowned-technology-hub">"The Lessons of Silicon Valley: A World-Renowned Technology Hub | Perspectives on Innovation | CSIS"</a>. <i>www.csis.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.csis.org&rft.atitle=The+Lessons+of+Silicon+Valley%3A+A+World-Renowned+Technology+Hub+%7C+Perspectives+on+Innovation+%7C+CSIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csis.org%2Fblogs%2Fperspectives-innovation%2Flessons-silicon-valley-world-renowned-technology-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Jack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/jackkelly/2024/04/15/which-cities-are-seeing-the-most-growth-in-tech-headcount/">"Which Cities Are Seeing The Most Growth In Tech Headcount?"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Which+Cities+Are+Seeing+The+Most+Growth+In+Tech+Headcount%3F&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fjackkelly%2F2024%2F04%2F15%2Fwhich-cities-are-seeing-the-most-growth-in-tech-headcount%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aeanet.org/publications/idjj_cc2008_overview.asp">"Cybercities 2008: An Overview of the High-Technology Industry in the Nation's Top 60 Cities"</a>. <i>aeanet.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aeanet.org&rft.atitle=Cybercities+2008%3A+An+Overview+of+the+High-Technology+Industry+in+the+Nation%27s+Top+60+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeanet.org%2Fpublications%2Fidjj_cc2008_overview.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2007/11/30/greediest-cities-billionaires-forbeslife-cx_ee_1203greed.html">"America's Greediest Cities"</a>. <i>Forbes</i>. December 3, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170729210441/https://www.forbes.com/2007/11/30/greediest-cities-billionaires-forbeslife-cx_ee_1203greed.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=America%27s+Greediest+Cities&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2007%2F11%2F30%2Fgreediest-cities-billionaires-forbeslife-cx_ee_1203greed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbanesius2008" class="citation news cs1">Albanesius, Chloe (June 24, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2321510,00.asp">"AeA Study Reveals Where the Tech Jobs Are"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160420/https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2321510,00.asp">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=AeA+Study+Reveals+Where+the+Tech+Jobs+Are&rft.date=2008-06-24&rft.aulast=Albanesius&rft.aufirst=Chloe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle2%2F0%2C2817%2C2321510%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPimentel" class="citation web cs1">Pimentel, Benjamin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/story.aspx?guid=%7BDB88FD73%2D1B6F%2D4CDB%2D8CC4%2D2B311773289F%7D">"Silicon Valley and N.Y. still top tech rankings"</a>. <i>MarketWatch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210234032/http://www.marketwatch.com/news/story/story.aspx?guid=%7BDB88FD73%2D1B6F%2D4CDB%2D8CC4%2D2B311773289F%7D">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MarketWatch&rft.atitle=Silicon+Valley+and+N.Y.+still+top+tech+rankings&rft.aulast=Pimentel&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2Fstory.aspx%3Fguid%3D%257BDB88FD73%252D1B6F%252D4CDB%252D8CC4%252D2B311773289F%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/file/lfmonth/sjos$pds.pdf">"SAN JOSE-SUNNYVALE-SANTA CLARA METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924183743/https://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov/file/lfmonth/sjos$pds.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on September 24, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAN+JOSE-SUNNYVALE-SANTA+CLARA+METROPOLITAN+STATISTICAL+AREA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov%2Ffile%2Flfmonth%2Fsjos%24pds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dts.gbcprime.com/marketTrend/view.do?dc=20240614014240538&resultId=RESULT_0000096145">"gbcprime"</a>. <i>dts.gbcprime.com</i> (in Korean)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dts.gbcprime.com&rft.atitle=gbcprime&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdts.gbcprime.com%2FmarketTrend%2Fview.do%3Fdc%3D20240614014240538%26resultId%3DRESULT_0000096145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fenwick.com/publications/pages/venture-capital-survey-silicon-valley-fourth-quarter-2011.aspx">"Venture Capital Survey Silicon Valley Fourth Quarter 2011"</a>. Fenwick.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514181712/http://www.fenwick.com/publications/pages/venture-capital-survey-silicon-valley-fourth-quarter-2011.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on May 14, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venture+Capital+Survey+Silicon+Valley+Fourth+Quarter+2011&rft.pub=Fenwick.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fenwick.com%2Fpublications%2Fpages%2Fventure-capital-survey-silicon-valley-fourth-quarter-2011.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Florida-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Florida_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorida2023" class="citation news cs1">Florida, Richard (December 7, 2023). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-12-07/san-francisco-bay-area-nyc-boston-dominate-vc-investment-in-us">"Where US Tech Investment Is Growing the Most"</a></span>. <i>Bloomberg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Where+US+Tech+Investment+Is+Growing+the+Most&rft.date=2023-12-07&rft.aulast=Florida&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2023-12-07%2Fsan-francisco-bay-area-nyc-boston-dominate-vc-investment-in-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/porsche-lands-silicon-valley-develop-sportscars-future-1620500">"Porsche lands in Silicon Valley to develop sportscars of the future"</a>. IBI. May 8, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170513015633/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/porsche-lands-silicon-valley-develop-sportscars-future-1620500">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2017</span>. <q>Carmakers who have recently expanded to Silicon Valley include Volkswagen, Hyundai, General Motors, Ford, Honda, Toyota, BMW, Nissan and Mercedes-Benz.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porsche+lands+in+Silicon+Valley+to+develop+sportscars+of+the+future&rft.pub=IBI&rft.date=2017-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fporsche-lands-silicon-valley-develop-sportscars-future-1620500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SVWCD154-56-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SVWCD154-56_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2002" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Glenda (November 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siliconvalleywom00matt/page/154"><i>Silicon Valley, Women, and the California Dream: Gender, Class, and Opportunity in the Twentieth Century</i></a> (1 ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siliconvalleywom00matt/page/154">154–56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4796-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4796-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-4796-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027052927/https://archive.org/details/siliconvalleywom00matt/page/154">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silicon+Valley%2C+Women%2C+and+the+California+Dream%3A+Gender%2C+Class%2C+and+Opportunity+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=154-56&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002-11-20&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4796-7&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiliconvalleywom00matt%2Fpage%2F154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLSSemiconductor-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BLSSemiconductor_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics4_334400.htm">"Occupational Employment Statistics Semiconductor and Other Electronic Component Manufacturing"</a>. <i>bls.gov</i>. Bureau of Labor Statistics. May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505074211/http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics4_334400.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 5, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bls.gov&rft.atitle=Occupational+Employment+Statistics+Semiconductor+and+Other+Electronic+Component+Manufacturing&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Foes%2Fcurrent%2Fnaics4_334400.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WSJ6716-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ6716_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WSJ6716_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2016" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Eliot (June 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/neighbors-clash-in-silicon-valley-1465291802">"Neighbors Clash in Silicon Valley Job growth far outstrips housing, creating an imbalance; San Jose chafes at Santa Clara"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160607105345/http://www.wsj.com/articles/neighbors-clash-in-silicon-valley-1465291802">Archived</a> from the original on June 7, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Neighbors+Clash+in+Silicon+Valley+Job+growth+far+outstrips+housing%2C+creating+an+imbalance%3B+San+Jose+chafes+at+Santa+Clara&rft.date=2016-06-07&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fneighbors-clash-in-silicon-valley-1465291802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SVWCD233-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SVWCD233_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2002" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Glenda (November 20, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siliconvalleywom00matt/page/233"><i>Silicon Valley, Women, and the California Dream: Gender, Class, and Opportunity in the Twentieth Century</i></a> (1 ed.). Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siliconvalleywom00matt/page/233">233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4796-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4796-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-4796-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027052929/https://archive.org/details/siliconvalleywom00matt/page/233">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silicon+Valley%2C+Women%2C+and+the+California+Dream%3A+Gender%2C+Class%2C+and+Opportunity+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=233&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002-11-20&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4796-7&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiliconvalleywom00matt%2Fpage%2F233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://business.financialpost.com/personal-finance/mortgages-real-estate/zero-down-on-a-2-million-house-is-no-problem-in-silicon-valleys-scary-market">"Zero down on a $2 million house is no problem in Silicon Valley's 'weird and scary' real estate market | Financial Post"</a>. <i>Financial Post</i>. July 29, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525002457/http://business.financialpost.com/personal-finance/mortgages-real-estate/zero-down-on-a-2-million-house-is-no-problem-in-silicon-valleys-scary-market">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 14,</span> 2015</span>. <q>A 2013 census showed Santa Clara County having more than 7,000 homeless people, the fifth-highest homeless population per capita in the country and among the highest populations sleeping outside or in unsuitable shelters like vehicles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Dispossessed+in+the+Land+of+Dreams%3A+Those+left+behind+by+Silicon+Valley%27s+technology+boom+struggle+to+stay+in+the+place+they+call+home.&rft.date=2015-12-13&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Monica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F124476%2Fdispossessed-land-dreams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/briefing/2018/09/01/silicon-valley-is-changing-and-its-lead-over-other-tech-hubs-narrowing">"Silicon Valley is changing, and its lead over other tech hubs narrowing"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2014</span>. <q>This is one of Silicon Valley's most glaring faults: It is male-dominated.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Silicon+Valley+women+are+on+the+rise%2C+but+have+far+to+go&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft.aulast=Wadhwa&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpb%2Fnational%2Fon-innovations%2Fsilicon-valley-women-are-on-the-rise-but-have-far-to-go%2F2011%2F09%2F14%2FgIQAP5b84M_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014MomDad-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2014MomDad_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWadhwa2010" class="citation web cs1">Wadhwa, Vivek (May 15, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcrunch.com/2010/05/15/fixing-societal-problems-it-starts-with-mom-and-dad/">"Fixing Societal Problems: It Starts With Mom and Dad"</a>. <i>TechCrunch</i>. AOL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227011324/http://techcrunch.com/2010/05/15/fixing-societal-problems-it-starts-with-mom-and-dad/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechCrunch&rft.atitle=Fixing+Societal+Problems%3A+It+Starts+With+Mom+and+Dad&rft.date=2010-05-15&rft.aulast=Wadhwa&rft.aufirst=Vivek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechcrunch.com%2F2010%2F05%2F15%2Ffixing-societal-problems-it-starts-with-mom-and-dad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burrows141008-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burrows141008_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrows2014" class="citation news cs1">Burrows, Peter (October 8, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-08/gender-gap-draws-thousands-from-google-apple-to-phoenix">"Gender Gap Draws Thousands From Google, Apple to Phoenix"</a>. <i>Bloomberg Business</i>. Bloomberg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402194407/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-08/gender-gap-draws-thousands-from-google-apple-to-phoenix">Archived</a> from the original on April 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Business&rft.atitle=Gender+Gap+Draws+Thousands+From+Google%2C+Apple+to+Phoenix&rft.date=2014-10-08&rft.aulast=Burrows&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2014-10-08%2Fgender-gap-draws-thousands-from-google-apple-to-phoenix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter141029-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Porter141029_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2014" class="citation journal cs1">Porter, Jane (October 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fastcompany.com/3037720/innovation-agents/inside-the-movement-thats-trying-to-solve-silicon-valleys-diversity-proble">"Inside the Movement That's Trying to Solve Silicon Valley's Diversity Problem"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>. Mansueto Ventures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319121041/http://www.fastcompany.com/3037720/innovation-agents/inside-the-movement-thats-trying-to-solve-silicon-valleys-diversity-proble">Archived</a> from the original on March 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fast+Company&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Movement+That%27s+Trying+to+Solve+Silicon+Valley%27s+Diversity+Problem&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fastcompany.com%2F3037720%2Finnovation-agents%2Finside-the-movement-thats-trying-to-solve-silicon-valleys-diversity-proble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT4115-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT4115_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaire_Cain_Miller2015" class="citation news cs1">Claire Cain Miller (April 1, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/business/dealbook/female-run-venture-funds-alter-the-status-quo.html">"Female-Run Venture Capital Funds Alter the Status Quo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(Dealbook blog)</span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401201224/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/02/business/dealbook/female-run-venture-funds-alter-the-status-quo.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2015</span>. <q>We're in the middle of a shifting trend where there are newly wealthy women putting their money to work, and similarly we're starting to have a larger number of experienced investors,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Female-Run+Venture+Capital+Funds+Alter+the+Status+Quo&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft.au=Claire+Cain+Miller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Fbusiness%2Fdealbook%2Ffemale-run-venture-funds-alter-the-status-quo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burleigh150128-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh150128_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurleigh2015" class="citation magazine cs1">Burleigh, Nina (January 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/what-silicon-valley-thinks-women-302821.html">"What Silicon Valley Thinks of Women"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321113800/http://www.newsweek.com/2015/02/06/what-silicon-valley-thinks-women-302821.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=What+Silicon+Valley+Thinks+of+Women&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft.aulast=Burleigh&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2F2015%2F02%2F06%2Fwhat-silicon-valley-thinks-women-302821.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tam150130-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tam150130_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTam2015" class="citation news cs1">Tam, Ruth (January 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/artist-behind-newsweek-cover/">"Artist behind Newsweek cover: it's not sexist, it depicts the ugliness of sexism"</a>. PBS NewsHour. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150321192906/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/artist-behind-newsweek-cover/">Archived</a> from the original on March 21, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 21,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Artist+behind+Newsweek+cover%3A+it%27s+not+sexist%2C+it+depicts+the+ugliness+of+sexism&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.aulast=Tam&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Frundown%2Fartist-behind-newsweek-cover%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/13/ellen-pao-gender-lawsuit-silicon-valley">"Ellen Pao gender discrimination trial grips Silicon Valley"</a>. <i>TheGuardian.com</i>. March 13, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617024429/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/13/ellen-pao-gender-lawsuit-silicon-valley">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheGuardian.com&rft.atitle=Ellen+Pao+gender+discrimination+trial+grips+Silicon+Valley&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2015%2Fmar%2F13%2Fellen-pao-gender-lawsuit-silicon-valley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Complaint-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Complaint_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182506/https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1672582/pao-complaint.pdf">"Complaint of Ellen Pao"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/s3.documentcloud.org/documents/1672582/pao-complaint.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complaint+of+Ellen+Pao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fs3.amazonaws.com%2Fs3.documentcloud.org%2Fdocuments%2F1672582%2Fpao-complaint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recodeverdict-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Recodeverdict_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiz_Gannes_and_Nellie_Bowles2015" class="citation news cs1">Liz Gannes and Nellie Bowles (March 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327235113/https://recode.net/2015/03/27/live-the-pao-v-kleiner-perkins-verdict/">"Live: Ellen Pao Loses on All Claims in Historic Gender Discrimination Lawsuit Against Kleiner Perkins"</a>. <i>Re/code</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recode.net/2015/03/27/live-the-pao-v-kleiner-perkins-verdict/">the original</a> on March 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 27,</span> 2015</span>. <q>That's the full verdict. No on all claims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Re%2Fcode&rft.atitle=Live%3A+Ellen+Pao+Loses+on+All+Claims+in+Historic+Gender+Discrimination+Lawsuit+Against+Kleiner+Perkins&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft.au=Liz+Gannes+and+Nellie+Bowles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecode.net%2F2015%2F03%2F27%2Flive-the-pao-v-kleiner-perkins-verdict%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RecodeDecker-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RecodeDecker_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecker2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Decker" title="Susan Decker">Decker, Sue</a> (March 26, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://recode.net/2015/03/26/a-fish-is-the-last-to-discover-water-impressions-from-the-ellen-pao-trial/">"A Fish Is the Last to Discover Water: Impressions From the Ellen Pao Trial"</a>. <i>Re/code</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327153241/http://recode.net/2015/03/26/a-fish-is-the-last-to-discover-water-impressions-from-the-ellen-pao-trial/">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2015</span>. <q>We may look back at this as a watershed moment—regardless of how the very attentive jury comes out on their verdict.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Re%2Fcode&rft.atitle=A+Fish+Is+the+Last+to+Discover+Water%3A+Impressions+From+the+Ellen+Pao+Trial&rft.date=2015-03-26&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=Sue&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecode.net%2F2015%2F03%2F26%2Fa-fish-is-the-last-to-discover-water-impressions-from-the-ellen-pao-trial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTDisrupter-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYTDisrupter_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManjoo2015" class="citation news cs1">Manjoo, Farhad (March 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/technology/ellen-pao-disrupts-how-silicon-valley-does-business.html">"Ellen Pao Disrupts How Silicon Valley Does Business"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328055427/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/technology/ellen-pao-disrupts-how-silicon-valley-does-business.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Ms. Klein argued that the Kleiner trial would become a landmark case for women in the workplace, as consequential for corporate gender relations as Anita Hill's accusations in 1991 of sexual harassment during the confirmation hearings of Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Ellen+Pao+Disrupts+How+Silicon+Valley+Does+Business&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft.aulast=Manjoo&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F28%2Ftechnology%2Fellen-pao-disrupts-how-silicon-valley-does-business.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Streitfeld150327-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Streitfeld150327_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStreitfeld2015" class="citation news cs1">Streitfeld, David (March 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/technology/ellen-pao-kleiner-perkins-case-decision.html">"Ellen Pao Loses Silicon Valley Gender Bias Case Against Kleiner Perkins"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150331103507/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/28/technology/ellen-pao-kleiner-perkins-case-decision.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2018</span>. <q>In this analysis, Silicon Valley is defined as Alameda, Contra Costa, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa Clara, and Santa Cruz counties, in California.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft.atitle=High-tech+employment+in+Silicon+Valley%2C+2001+and+2008&rft.date=2009-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fopub%2Fted%2F2009%2Fted_20090908.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzmanStern2014" class="citation web cs1">Guzman, Jorge; Stern, Scott (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052811/http://ilp.mit.edu/images/conferences/2014/machine/presentations/Stern.2014.2MA.pdf">"Nowcasting and Placecasting Growth Entrepreneurship"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MIT Industrial Liaison Program</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MIT+Industrial+Liaison+Program&rft.atitle=Nowcasting+and+Placecasting+Growth+Entrepreneurship&rft.date=2014-09&rft.aulast=Guzman&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft.au=Stern%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filp.mit.edu%2Fimages%2Fconferences%2F2014%2Fmachine%2Fpresentations%2FStern.2014.2MA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuzmanStern2015" class="citation journal cs1">Guzman, Jorge; Stern, Scott (February 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaa0201">"Where is Silicon Valley?"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>347</b> (6222): <span class="nowrap">606–</span>609. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Sci...347..606G">2015Sci...347..606G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aaa0201">10.1126/science.aaa0201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25657229">25657229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206632492">206632492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Where+is+Silicon+Valley%3F&rft.volume=347&rft.issue=6222&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E606-%3C%2Fspan%3E609&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206632492%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Sci...347..606G&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaa0201&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25657229&rft.aulast=Guzman&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft.au=Stern%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aaa0201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/best-college-rankings-us-news-stanford-university-cal-uc-berkeley/">"Stanford at #3 in 2024 best college rankings from US News; UC Berkeley top public school - CBS San Francisco"</a>. <i>www.cbsnews.com</i>. September 18, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbsnews.com&rft.atitle=Stanford+at+%233+in+2024+best+college+rankings+from+US+News%3B+UC+Berkeley+top+public+school+-+CBS+San+Francisco&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fsanfrancisco%2Fnews%2Fbest-college-rankings-us-news-stanford-university-cal-uc-berkeley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TNY52713-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TNY52713_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacker2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Packer, George (May 27, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/05/27/change-the-world">"Change the World Silicon Valley transfers its slogans—and its money—to the realm of politics"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150729191639/http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2013/05/27/change-the-world">Archived</a> from the original on July 29, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2015</span>. <q>In wealthy districts, the public schools have essentially been privatized; they insulate themselves from shortfalls in state funding with money raised by foundations they have set up for themselves.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Change+the+World+Silicon+Valley+transfers+its+slogans%E2%80%94and+its+money%E2%80%94to+the+realm+of+politics.&rft.date=2013-05-27&rft.aulast=Packer&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2013%2F05%2F27%2Fchange-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bayarearadio.org/sf-radio-history/kqw">"Bay Area Radio Museum - The Charles Herrold Story"</a>. August 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bay+Area+Radio+Museum+-+The+Charles+Herrold+Story&rft.date=2014-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbayarearadio.org%2Fsf-radio-history%2Fkqw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FireForward-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FireForward_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkoff1999" class="citation book cs1">Markoff, John (September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fireinvalleymaki00frei_0"><i>Foreword, Fire in the Valley</i></a> (Updated ed.). McGraw-Hill. pp. <span class="nowrap">xi–</span>xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-135892-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-135892-7"><bdi>978-0-07-135892-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreword%2C+Fire+in+the+Valley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exi-%3C%2Fspan%3Exiii&rft.edition=Updated&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1999-09&rft.isbn=978-0-07-135892-7&rft.aulast=Markoff&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffireinvalleymaki00frei_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090264/plotsummary?ref_=ttpl_ql_3#synopsis">"A View to a Kill (1985) - Plot"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191027045603/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0090264/plotsummary?ref_=ttpl_ql_3#synopsis">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=A+View+to+a+Kill+%281985%29+-+Plot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0090264%2Fplotsummary%3Fref_%3Dttpl_ql_3%23synopsis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2343117/">"Start-Ups:Silicon Valley"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. November 5, 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324113620/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2343117/">Archived</a> from the original on March 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Start-Ups%3ASilicon+Valley&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt2343117%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3012184/">"Betas"</a>. <i>IMDb</i>. April 19, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403080338/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt3012184/">Archived</a> from the original on April 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Betas&rft.date=2013-04-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt3012184%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurowiecki2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Surowiecki, James (May 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/05/19/epic-fails-of-the-startup-world">"Epic Fails of the Startup World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 3,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Epic+Fails+of+the+Startup+World&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Surowiecki&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2014%2F05%2F19%2Fepic-fails-of-the-startup-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronson2013" class="citation book cs1">Bronson, Po (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pws7-7bGU5wC"><i>The Nudist on the Lateshift: and Other Tales of Silicon Valley</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-8964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-8964-9"><bdi>978-1-4481-8964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nudist+on+the+Lateshift%3A+and+Other+Tales+of+Silicon+Valley&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4481-8964-9&rft.aulast=Bronson&rft.aufirst=Po&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPws7-7bGU5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCringely1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_X._Cringely" title="Robert X. Cringely">Cringely, Robert X.</a> (1996) [1992]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kaJZkwhVRYEC"><i>Accidental Empires: How the boys of Silicon Valley make their millions, battle foreign competition, and still can't get a date</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88730-855-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88730-855-0"><bdi>978-0-88730-855-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accidental+Empires%3A+How+the+boys+of+Silicon+Valley+make+their+millions%2C+battle+foreign+competition%2C+and+still+can%27t+get+a+date&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-88730-855-0&rft.aulast=Cringely&rft.aufirst=Robert+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaJZkwhVRYEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Halpin, Darren R., and Anthony J. Nownes. <i>The New Entrepreneurial Advocacy: Silicon Valley Elites in American Politics</i> (Oxford University Press, USA, 2021).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish-Lueck2002" class="citation book cs1">English-Lueck, June Anne (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturessiliconv00engl"><i>Cultures@Silicon Valley</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4429-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4429-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-4429-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultures%40Silicon+Valley&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4429-4&rft.aulast=English-Lueck&rft.aufirst=June+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturessiliconv00engl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1990" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Dennis (1990) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HPlSVxG1XVEC"><i>Behind the Silicon Curtain: The Seductions of Work in a Lonely Era</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Black_Rose_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Rose Books">Black Rose Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-921689-62-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-921689-62-1"><bdi>978-0-921689-62-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Silicon+Curtain%3A+The+Seductions+of+Work+in+a+Lonely+Era&rft.pub=Black+Rose+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-921689-62-1&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHPlSVxG1XVEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_A._Kaplan" title="David A. Kaplan">Kaplan, David A.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3-W0KCrNNQoC"><i>The Silicon Boys: And Their Valleys Of Dreams</i></a>. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-17906-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-17906-9"><bdi>978-0-688-17906-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silicon+Boys%3A+And+Their+Valleys+Of+Dreams&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-688-17906-9&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3-W0KCrNNQoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoepp2003" class="citation book cs1">Koepp, Rob (April 11, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhH_zABrKDUC"><i>Clusters of Creativity: Enduring Lessons on Innovation and Entrepreneurship from Silicon Valley and Europe's Silicon Fen</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-85566-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-85566-9"><bdi>978-0-470-85566-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clusters+of+Creativity%3A+Enduring+Lessons+on+Innovation+and+Entrepreneurship+from+Silicon+Valley+and+Europe%27s+Silicon+Fen&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2003-04-11&rft.isbn=978-0-470-85566-9&rft.aulast=Koepp&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhH_zABrKDUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLécuyer2006" class="citation book cs1">Lécuyer, Christophe Lécuyer (2006) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5TgKinNy5p8C"><i>Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930–1970</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Heritage Foundation">Chemical Heritage Foundation</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-12281-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-12281-8"><bdi>978-0-262-12281-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Silicon+Valley%3A+Innovation+and+the+Growth+of+High+Tech%2C+1930%E2%80%931970&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-262-12281-8&rft.aulast=L%C3%A9cuyer&rft.aufirst=Christophe+L%C3%A9cuyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5TgKinNy5p8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Levy" title="Steven Levy">Levy, Steven</a> (2014) [1984]. <i><a href="/wiki/Hackers:_Heroes_of_the_Computer_Revolution" title="Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution">Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_Media" title="O'Reilly Media">O'Reilly Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-8839-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4493-8839-3"><bdi>978-1-4493-8839-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hackers%3A+Heroes+of+the+Computer+Revolution&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4493-8839-3&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>O'Mara, Margaret. <i>The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America </i> (2019).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Mara2015" class="citation book cs1">O'Mara, Margaret Pugh (2015) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYcVBgAAQBAJ"><i>Cities of Knowledge: Cold War Science and the Search for the Next Silicon Valley</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6688-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6688-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-6688-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+Knowledge%3A+Cold+War+Science+and+the+Search+for+the+Next+Silicon+Valley&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6688-5&rft.aulast=O%27Mara&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Pugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYcVBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPellowPark2002" class="citation book cs1">Pellow, David N; Park, Lisa Sun-Hee (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4TI-niBdGkC"><i>The Silicon Valley of Dreams: Environmental Injustice, Immigrant Workers, and the High-tech Global Economy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6710-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6710-8"><bdi>978-0-8147-6710-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silicon+Valley+of+Dreams%3A+Environmental+Injustice%2C+Immigrant+Workers%2C+and+the+High-tech+Global+Economy&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6710-8&rft.aulast=Pellow&rft.aufirst=David+N&rft.au=Park%2C+Lisa+Sun-Hee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ4TI-niBdGkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxenian1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/AnnaLee_Saxenian" title="AnnaLee Saxenian">Saxenian, AnnaLee</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gnh2Rb1rcMIC"><i>Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-75340-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-75340-2"><bdi>978-0-674-75340-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regional+Advantage%3A+Culture+and+Competition+in+Silicon+Valley+and+Route+128&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-674-75340-2&rft.aulast=Saxenian&rft.aufirst=AnnaLee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgnh2Rb1rcMIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScoville2001" class="citation book cs1">Scoville, Thomas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B6TuoqQssYcC"><i>Silicon Follies</i></a> (Fiction). <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-1945-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7434-1945-1"><bdi>978-0-7434-1945-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silicon+Follies&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7434-1945-1&rft.aulast=Scoville&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB6TuoqQssYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteleyMcLaughlin2002" class="citation book cs1">Whiteley, Carol; McLaughlin, John (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191204153029/https://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/technology-entrepreneurs-and-silicon-valley-book"><i>Technology, Entrepreneurs and Silicon Valley</i></a>. Silicon Valley Historical Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9649217-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9649217-1-9"><bdi>978-0-9649217-1-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/technology-entrepreneurs-and-silicon-valley-book">the original</a> on December 4, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 25,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology%2C+Entrepreneurs+and+Silicon+Valley&rft.pub=Silicon+Valley+Historical+Association&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9649217-1-9&rft.aulast=Whiteley&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=McLaughlin%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siliconvalleyhistorical.org%2Ftechnology-entrepreneurs-and-silicon-valley-book&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals_and_newspapers">Journals and newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Journals and newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alexandre, Olivier. "Culture as a universal variable opportunity flow and selection process in Silicon Valley." <i>Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation</i> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03835604/document">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantor2014" class="citation news cs1">Kantor, Jodi (December 23, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/12/23/us/gender-gaps-stanford-94.html">"A Brand New World in Which Men Ruled"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Brand+New+World+in+Which+Men+Ruled&rft.date=2014-12-23&rft.aulast=Kantor&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2014%2F12%2F23%2Fus%2Fgender-gaps-stanford-94.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoenig2014" class="citation news cs1">Koenig, Neil (February 9, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-26041341">"Next Silicon Valleys: How did California get it so right?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Next+Silicon+Valleys%3A+How+did+California+get+it+so+right%3F&rft.date=2014-02-09&rft.aulast=Koenig&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-26041341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kwon, Doris, and Olav Sorenson. "The Silicon Valley Syndrome." <i>Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice</i> (2021): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/zug2s/download">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone2015" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_S._Malone" title="Michael S. Malone">Malone, Michael S.</a> (January 30, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.technologyreview.com/review/534581/the-purpose-of-silicon-valley/">"The Purpose of Silicon Valley"</a>. <i>MIT Technology Review</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=The+Purpose+of+Silicon+Valley&rft.date=2015-01-30&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.technologyreview.com%2Freview%2F534581%2Fthe-purpose-of-silicon-valley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorr1999" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norr" title="Henry Norr">Norr, Henry</a> (December 27, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/GROWTH-OF-A-SILICON-EMPIRE-Bay-Area-s-fertile-2888303.php">"Growth of a Silicon Empire"</a>. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Growth+of+a+Silicon+Empire&rft.date=1999-12-27&rft.aulast=Norr&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticle%2FGROWTH-OF-A-SILICON-EMPIRE-Bay-Area-s-fertile-2888303.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2004" class="citation news cs1">Palmer, Barbara (February 4, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.stanford.edu/news/2004/february4/silicon-24.html">"Red tile roofs in Bangalore: Stanford's look copied in Silicon Valley and beyond"</a>. <i>Stanford Report</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Report&rft.atitle=Red+tile+roofs+in+Bangalore%3A+Stanford%27s+look+copied+in+Silicon+Valley+and+beyond&rft.date=2004-02-04&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2F2004%2Ffebruary4%2Fsilicon-24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz2015" class="citation news cs1">Schulz, Thomas (March 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/spiegel-cover-story-how-silicon-valley-shapes-our-future-a-1021557.html">"Tomorrowland: How Silicon Valley Shapes Our Future"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Tomorrowland%3A+How+Silicon+Valley+Shapes+Our+Future&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fspiegel-cover-story-how-silicon-valley-shapes-our-future-a-1021557.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgeon2000" class="citation journal cs1">Sturgeon, Timothy J. (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819194831/https://ipc.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/00-014.pdf">"Chapter Two: How Silicon Valley Came to Be"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Industrial Performance Center</i>. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipc.mit.edu/sites/default/files/documents/00-014.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+Performance+Center&rft.atitle=Chapter+Two%3A+How+Silicon+Valley+Came+to+Be&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Sturgeon&rft.aufirst=Timothy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipc.mit.edu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F00-014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, James C. (December 2013). "From White Gold to Silicon Chips: Hydraulic Technology, Electric Power and Silicon Valley". <i>Social Science Information</i> (Abstract). <b>52</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: <span class="nowrap">558–</span>574. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0539018413497834">10.1177/0539018413497834</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145080600">145080600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Information&rft.atitle=From+White+Gold+to+Silicon+Chips%3A+Hydraulic+Technology%2C+Electric+Power+and+Silicon+Valley&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E558-%3C%2Fspan%3E574&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0539018413497834&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145080600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span> (Subscription required for full text.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audiovisual">Audiovisual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Audiovisual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilicon_Valley_Historical_Association2012" class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Historical_Association" title="Silicon Valley Historical Association">Silicon Valley Historical Association</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/silicon-valley-series-film/"><i>Silicon Valley: A Five Part Series</i></a> (DVD). Narrated by <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nimoy" title="Leonard Nimoy">Leonard Nimoy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silicon+Valley%3A+A+Five+Part+Series&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Silicon+Valley+Historical+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siliconvalleyhistorical.org%2Fsilicon-valley-series-film%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff2010" class="citation news cs1">Staff (August 27, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/08/27/travel/20100905SILICON.html">"A Weekend in Silicon Valley"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (Slideshow).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Weekend+in+Silicon+Valley&rft.date=2010-08-27&rft.au=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fslideshow%2F2010%2F08%2F27%2Ftravel%2F20100905SILICON.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilicon+Valley" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_Valley&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Silicon_Valley" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/santaclara/">Santa Clara County: California's Historic Silicon Valley</a>—A <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/silicon/">Silicon Valley</a>—An <a href="/wiki/American_Experience" title="American Experience">American Experience</a> documentary broadcast in 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071220023204/http://www2.sjsu.edu/depts/anthropology/svcp">Silicon Valley Cultures Project</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived December 20, 2007) from <a href="/wiki/San_Jose_State_University" title="San Jose State University">San Jose State University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siliconvalleyhistorical.org/">Silicon Valley Historical Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svcentralchamber.com/">Silicon Valley Central Chamber of Commerce website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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#FCC200;width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belmont,_California" title="Belmont, California">Belmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell,_California" title="Campbell, California">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupertino,_California" title="Cupertino, California">Cupertino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Palo_Alto,_California" title="East Palo Alto, California">East Palo Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont,_California" title="Fremont, California">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Altos,_California" title="Los Altos, California">Los Altos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Altos_Hills,_California" title="Los Altos Hills, California">Los Altos Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos,_California" title="Los Gatos, California">Los Gatos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milpitas,_California" title="Milpitas, California">Milpitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Hill,_California" title="Morgan Hill, California">Morgan Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View,_California" title="Mountain View, California">Mountain View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newark,_California" title="Newark, California">Newark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwood_City,_California" title="Redwood City, California">Redwood City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Carlos,_California" title="San Carlos, California">San Carlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mateo,_California" title="San Mateo, California">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara,_California" title="Santa Clara, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga,_California" title="Saratoga, California">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyvale,_California" title="Sunnyvale, California">Sunnyvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodside,_California" title="Woodside, California">Woodside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Higher education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ca%C3%B1ada_College" title="Cañada College">Cañada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_Silicon_Valley" title="Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley">Carnegie Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Anza_College" title="De Anza College">De Anza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Valley_College" title="Evergreen Valley College">Evergreen Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foothill_College" title="Foothill College">Foothill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Technological_University" title="International Technological University">International Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menlo_College" title="Menlo College">Menlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_College_(California)" title="Mission College (California)">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Hispanic_University" title="National Hispanic University">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Polytechnic_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Polytechnic University">Northwestern Poly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_College" title="Ohlone College">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_City_College" class="mw-redirect" title="San José City College">San José City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="San José State University">San José State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_University" title="Silicon Valley University">Silicon Valley University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Silicon_Valley" title="University of Silicon Valley">University of Silicon Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_based_in_Silicon_Valley" title="Category:Companies based in Silicon Valley">Companies</a><br />(including subsidiaries<br />and defunct companies)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Access_Systems_Americas" title="Access Systems Americas">Access Systems Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actuate_Corporation" title="Actuate Corporation">Actuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptec" title="Adaptec">Adaptec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Inc">Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Micro_Devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Micro Devices">AMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agilent_Technologies" title="Agilent Technologies">Agilent Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altera" title="Altera">Altera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amdahl_Corporation" title="Amdahl Corporation">Amdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex" title="Ampex">Ampex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Inc">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Materials" title="Applied Materials">Applied Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aricent" title="Aricent">Aricent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmel" title="Atmel">Atmel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodesk" title="Autodesk">Autodesk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaya" title="Avaya">Avaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEA_Systems" title="BEA Systems">BEA Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Box (company)">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brocade_Communications_Systems" title="Brocade Communications Systems">Brocade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BusinessObjects" title="BusinessObjects">BusinessObjects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Literacy_Bookshops" title="Computer Literacy Bookshops">Computer Literacy Bookshops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_Semiconductor" title="Cypress Semiconductor">Cypress Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundry_Networks" title="Foundry Networks">Foundry Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fry%27s_Electronics" title="Fry's Electronics">Fry's Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_Online" title="Gaia Online">Gaia Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geeknet" title="Geeknet">Geeknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGST" title="HGST">HGST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Systems_Consortium" title="Internet Systems Consortium">Internet Systems Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuit" title="Intuit">Intuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_Networks" title="Juniper Networks">Juniper Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_Ridder" title="Knight Ridder">Knight Ridder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSI_Corporation" title="LSI Corporation">LSI Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magellan_Navigation" title="Magellan Navigation">Magellan Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvell Technology Group">Marvell Technology Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxtor" title="Maxtor">Maxtor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McAfee" title="McAfee">McAfee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorex" title="Memorex">Memorex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Corporation" title="Mozilla Corporation">Mozilla Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Semiconductor" title="National Semiconductor">National Semiconductor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netscape" title="Netscape">Netscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetApp" title="NetApp">NetApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix,_Inc." title="Netflix, Inc.">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintendo#Offices_and_locations" title="Nintendo">Nintendo of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Software" class="mw-redirect" title="Opera Software">Opera Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppo_Digital" title="Oppo Digital">Oppo Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm Inc">Palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto_Networks" title="Palo Alto Networks">Palo Alto Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinterest" title="Pinterest">Pinterest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playdom" title="Playdom">Playdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambus" title="Rambus">Rambus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redback_Networks" title="Redback Networks">Redback Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation.com" title="Reputation.com">Reputation.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roku,_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Roku, Inc">Roku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP" title="SAP">SAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">Silicon Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Image" title="Silicon Image">Silicon Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solectron" title="Solectron">Solectron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symyx_Technologies" title="Symyx Technologies">Symyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synopsys" title="Synopsys">Synopsys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesla_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesla Inc">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo_Corporation" title="TiVo Corporation">TiVo Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verisign" title="Verisign">Verisign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas_Technologies" title="Veritas Technologies">Veritas Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_Webex" title="Cisco Webex">Webex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xilinx" title="Xilinx">Xilinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Santa_Clara_Valley205" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FCC200"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Santa_Clara_Valley_attractions" title="Template:Santa Clara Valley attractions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Santa_Clara_Valley_attractions" title="Template talk:Santa Clara Valley attractions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Santa_Clara_Valley_attractions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Santa Clara Valley attractions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Santa_Clara_Valley205" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Santa_Clara_Valley" title="List of tourist attractions in Santa Clara Valley">List of tourist attractions in Santa Clara Valley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Arboreta & gardens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cactus_Garden" title="Arizona Cactus Garden">Arizona Cactus Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Garden" title="Chinese Cultural Garden">Chinese Cultural Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edenvale_Gardens_Regional_Park" title="Edenvale Gardens Regional Park">Edenvale Garden Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Prusch_Farm_Park" title="Emma Prusch Farm Park">Emma Prusch Farm Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakone_Gardens" title="Hakone Gardens">Hakone Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Friendship_Garden_(Kelley_Park)" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park)">Japanese Friendship Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfelt_Gardens" title="Overfelt Gardens">Overfelt Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Municipal_Rose_Garden" title="San Jose Municipal Rose Garden">San Jose Municipal Rose Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Arboretum" title="Stanford University Arboretum">Stanford Arboretum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Cultural organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Choral_Project" title="The Choral Project">Choral Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Opera San José">Opera San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Art_League" title="Pacific Art League">Pacific Art League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SjDANCEco" title="SjDANCEco">sjDANCEco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphony_Silicon_Valley" title="Symphony Silicon Valley">Symphony Silicon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivace_Youth_Chorus_of_San_Jose" title="Vivace Youth Chorus of San Jose">Vivace Youth Chorus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Event venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Performing arts<br /> venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera_San_Jos%C3%A9" title="Opera San José">California Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_Amphitheater" title="Frost Amphitheater">Frost Amphitheater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_Theatre" title="Hammer Theatre">Hammer Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montalvo_Arts_Center" title="Montalvo Arts Center">Montalvo Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_View_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Mountain View Center for the Performing Arts">Mountain View Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Winery" title="Mountain Winery">Mountain Winery Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="San Jose Center for the Performing Arts">San Jose Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Civic" title="San Jose Civic">San Jose Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Improv" title="San Jose Improv">San Jose Improv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoreline_Amphitheatre" title="Shoreline Amphitheatre">Shoreline Amphitheatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Sports venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CEFCU_Stadium" title="CEFCU Stadium">CEFCU Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquakes_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes Stadium">Earthquakes Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excite_Ballpark" title="Excite Ballpark">Excite Ballpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi%27s_Stadium" title="Levi's Stadium">Levi's Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL_Stadium" title="PAL Stadium">PAL Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provident_Credit_Union_Event_Center" title="Provident Credit Union Event Center">Provident Credit Union Event Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP_Center" title="SAP Center">SAP Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharks_Ice_San_Jose" title="Sharks Ice San Jose">Sharks Ice San Jose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Stadium" title="Stanford Stadium">Stanford Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Stadium" title="Stevens Stadium">Stevens Stadium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Civic venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Convention_Center" title="Santa Clara Convention Center">Santa Clara Convention Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_City_Hall" title="San Jose City Hall">San José Civic Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Convention_Center" title="San Jose Convention Center">San Jose McEnery Convention Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BayCon" title="BayCon">BayCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Park_(San_Jose)" title="Christmas in the Park (San Jose)">Christmas in the Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinequest_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinequest Film Festival">Cinequest Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FanimeCon" title="FanimeCon">FanimeCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_Confusion" title="Further Confusion">Further Confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Bike_Party" title="San Jose Bike Party">SJ Bike Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Holiday_Parade" title="San Jose Holiday Parade"> SJ Holiday Parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Jazz_Festival" title="San Jose Jazz Festival"> SJ Jazz Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley_Comic_Con" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon Valley Comic Con">Silicon Valley Comic Con</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Jazz_Workshop" title="Stanford Jazz Workshop">Stanford Jazz Festival</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Historic buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Basilica_of_St._Joseph_(San_Jose,_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph (San Jose, California)">Cathedral Basilica of St. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Sahib_of_San_Jose" title="Gurdwara Sahib of San Jose">Gurdwara Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_De_Anza" title="Hotel De Anza">Hotel De Anza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangar_One_(Mountain_View,_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hangar One (Mountain View, California)">Hangar One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP_Garage" title="HP Garage">HP Garage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Jos%C3%A9_(California)" title="Mission San José (California)">Mission San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Santa_Clara_de_As%C3%ADs" title="Mission Santa Clara de Asís">Mission Santa Clara de Asís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peralta_Adobe" title="Peralta Adobe">Peralta Adobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rengstorff_House" title="Rengstorff House">Rengstorff House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Mira_Monte" title="Villa Mira Monte">Villa Mira Monte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_Mystery_House" title="Winchester Mystery House">Winchester Mystery House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Historic areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circle_of_Palms_Plaza" title="Circle of Palms Plaza">Circle of Palms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_Park" title="History Park">History Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Heritage_Plaza" title="Mexican Heritage Plaza">Mexican Heritage Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Almaden" title="New Almaden">New Almaden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iris_%26_B._Gerald_Cantor_Center_for_Visual_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Iris & B. Gerald Cantor Center for Visual Arts">Cantor Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_de_Arte_y_Cultura_Latino_Americana" title="Movimiento de Arte y Cultura Latino Americana">MACLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ira_F._Brilliant_Center_for_Beethoven_Studies" title="Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies">Ira F. Brilliant Center for Beethoven Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Heasley_Cox_Center_for_Steinbeck_Studies" title="Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Studies">Martha Heasley Cox Center for Steinbeck Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Art" title="San Jose Museum of Art">San Jose Museum of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Museum_of_Quilts_%26_Textiles" title="San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles">San Jose Museum of Quilts & Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_Museum_of_Art" title="Triton Museum of Art">Triton Museum of Art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Saisset_Museum" title="De Saisset Museum">De Saisset Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_Museum_of_San_Jose" title="Japanese American Museum of San Jose">Japanese American Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Historical_Museum" title="Portuguese Historical Museum">Portuguese Historical Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Egyptian_Museum" title="Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum">Rosicrucian Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Museum" title="Viet Museum">Viet Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Discovery_Museum_of_San_Jose" title="Children's Discovery Museum of San Jose">Children's Discovery Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intel_Museum" title="Intel Museum">Intel Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lick_Observatory" title="Lick Observatory">Lick Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tech_Interactive" title="The Tech Interactive">The Tech Interactive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Parks & trails</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaden_Quicksilver_County_Park" title="Almaden Quicksilver County Park">Almaden Quicksilver County Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alum_Rock_Park" title="Alum Rock Park">Alum Rock Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Lake_(California)" title="Anderson Lake (California)">Anderson Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Ridge_Trail" title="Bay Area Ridge Trail">Bay Area Ridge Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calero_Reservoir" title="Calero Reservoir">Calero Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock_State_Park_(California)" title="Castle Rock State Park (California)">Castle Rock State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote%E2%80%93Bear_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Coyote–Bear Park">Coyote–Bear Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coyote_Creek_Trail" title="Coyote Creek Trail">Coyote Creek Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_R._Levin_County_Park" title="Ed R. Levin County Park">Ed Levin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Grant_County_Park" title="Joseph D. Grant County Park">Joseph D. Grant County Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_River_Trail" title="Guadalupe River Trail">Guadalupe River Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Coe_State_Park" title="Henry W. Coe State Park">Henry W. Coe State Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelley_Park" title="Kelley Park">Kelley Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Cunningham" title="Lake Cunningham">Lake Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Alamitos_Creek_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Alamitos Creek Trail">Los Alamitos Creek Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Gatos_Creek_Trail" title="Los Gatos Creek Trail">Los Gatos Creek Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_de_C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Plaza de César Chávez">Plaza de César Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rancho_San_Antonio_County_Park" title="Rancho San Antonio County Park">Rancho San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Park" title="Rosicrucian Park">Rosicrucian Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Park_(San_Jose)" title="St. James Park (San Jose)">St. James Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanborn_County_Park" title="Sanborn County Park">Sanborn County Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Trail" title="San Francisco Bay Trail">SF Bay Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoreline_Park,_Mountain_View" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoreline Park, Mountain View">Shoreline Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevens_Creek_(California)" title="Stevens Creek (California)">Stevens Creek Trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvas_Canyon_County_Park" title="Uvas Canyon County Park">Uvas Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvas_Creek_Preserve" title="Uvas Creek Preserve">Uvas Creek Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvas_Reservoir" title="Uvas Reservoir">Uvas Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasona_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasona Park">Vasona Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Shopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastridge" title="Eastridge">Eastridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mall_of_the_Bay_Area" title="Great Mall of the Bay Area">Great Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_Gift_Shop_in_Silicon_Valley" title="NASA Gift Shop in Silicon Valley">NASA Gift Shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Oakridge" title="Westfield Oakridge">Oakridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PruneYard_Shopping_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="PruneYard Shopping Center">PruneYard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio_Shopping_Center" title="San Antonio Shopping Center">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose_Flea_Market" title="San Jose Flea Market">San Jose Flea Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santana_Row" title="Santana Row">Santana Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Shopping_Center" title="Stanford Shopping Center">Stanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westfield_Valley_Fair" title="Westfield Valley Fair">Valley Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westgate_Mall_(San_Jose)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westgate Mall (San Jose)">Westgate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Theme parks & tours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Jones_(railroader)#Billy_Jones_Wildcat_Railroad" title="Billy Jones (railroader)">Billy Jones Wildcat Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California%27s_Great_America" title="California's Great America">California's Great America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilroy_Gardens" title="Gilroy Gardens">Gilroy Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Hollow_Park_%26_Zoo" title="Happy Hollow Park & Zoo">Happy Hollow Park & Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raging_Waters#Raging_Waters_San_Jose" title="Raging Waters">CaliBunga Waterpark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FCC200;width:1%">Vineyards & wineries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byington_Vineyard" title="Byington Vineyard">Byington Vineyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lohr_Vineyards_%26_Wines" title="J. Lohr Vineyards & Wines">J. Lohr Vineyards & Wines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Winery" title="Mountain Winery">Mountain Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picchetti_Brothers_Winery" title="Picchetti Brothers Winery">Picchetti Brothers Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah%E2%80%93Chanelle_Vineyards" title="Savannah–Chanelle Vineyards">Savannah–Chanelle Vineyards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_California475" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:California" title="Template:California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:California" title="Template talk:California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_California475" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FCC200;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_California" title="Outline of California">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_California" title="Culture of California">Culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_California" title="Cuisine of California">food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_California" title="Music of California">music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of California">languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_sound" title="California sound">California sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_California" title="Sports in California">sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Dream" title="California Dream">California Dream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_California" title="Crime in California">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_California" title="Demographics of California">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_California" title="List of earthquakes in California">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_California" title="Economy of California">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_California" title="Agriculture in California">agriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_California" title="Education in California">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_California" title="Environment of California">Environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_California" title="Geography of California">Geography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_California" title="Climate of California">climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecology_of_California" title="Ecology of California">ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Floristic_Province" title="California Floristic Province">flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_California" title="Fauna of California">fauna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_California" title="Government of California">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Capitol" title="California State Capitol">Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_in_California" title="Districts in California">districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_California" title="Healthcare in California">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_California" title="Abortion in California">Abortion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_California" title="Law of California">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in California">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_California" title="List of National Historic Landmarks in California">National Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Natural_Landmarks_in_California" title="List of National Natural Landmarks in California">National Natural Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_California" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in California">NRHP listings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_California" title="Politics of California">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_California" title="United States congressional delegations from California">congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_California" title="List of people from California">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="California protected areas">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_parks" title="List of California state parks">state parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_Historical_Landmarks" title="List of California Historical Landmarks">state historic landmarks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_state_symbols" title="List of California state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_California" title="Transportation in California">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_in_California" title="Water in California">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_California-related_articles" title="Index of California-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_California" title="List of regions of California">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antelope_Valley" title="Antelope Valley">Antelope Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Sur" title="Big Sur">Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges" title="California Coast Ranges">California Coast Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_California" title="Central California">Central California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_(California)" title="Central Coast (California)">Central Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Valley_(California)" title="Central Valley (California)">Central Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_(California)" title="Channel Islands (California)">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coachella_Valley" title="Coachella Valley">Coachella Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_California" title="Coastal California">Coastal California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conejo_Valley" title="Conejo Valley">Conejo Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucamonga_Valley" title="Cucamonga Valley">Cucamonga Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" class="mw-redirect" title="East Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">East Bay (SF Bay Area)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_County,_San_Diego" title="East County, San Diego">East County (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_California" title="Eastern California">Eastern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Triangle" title="Emerald Triangle">Emerald Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Country" title="Gold Country">Gold Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_Valley" title="San Bernardino Valley">Greater San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Inland Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klamath_Basin" title="Klamath Basin">Klamath Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles Area">Greater Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Basin" title="Los Angeles Basin">Los Angeles Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Coast" title="Lost Coast">Lost Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Empire,_San_Diego" title="Mountain Empire, San Diego">Mountain Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bay_(San_Francisco_Bay_Area)" title="North Bay (San Francisco Bay Area)">North Bay (SF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Coast_(California)" title="North Coast (California)">North Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_County_(San_Diego_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="North County (San Diego area)">North County (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California" title="Northern California">Northern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Coast" title="Orange Coast">Orange Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owens_Valley" title="Owens Valley">Owens Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxnard_Plain" title="Oxnard Plain">Oxnard Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Ranges" title="Peninsular Ranges">Peninsular Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomona_Valley" title="Pomona Valley">Pomona Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento%E2%80%93San_Joaquin_River_Delta" title="Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta">Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_Valley" title="Sacramento Valley">Sacramento Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddleback_Valley" title="Saddleback Valley">Saddleback Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinas_Valley" title="Salinas Valley">Salinas Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Peninsula" title="San Francisco Peninsula">San Francisco Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Valley" title="San Gabriel Valley">San Gabriel Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_Valley" title="San Joaquin Valley">San Joaquin Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley" title="Santa Clara Valley">Santa Clara Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_River_Valley" title="Santa Clara River Valley">Santa Clara River Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clarita_Valley" title="Santa Clarita Valley">Santa Clarita Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Ynez_Valley" title="Santa Ynez Valley">Santa Ynez Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_Cascade" title="Shasta Cascade">Shasta Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silicon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bay_(Los_Angeles_County)" title="South Bay (Los Angeles County)">South Bay (LA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bay,_San_Diego" class="mw-redirect" title="South Bay, San Diego">South Bay (SD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Valley#San_Francisco_South_Bay" title="Santa Clara Valley">South Bay (SF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Coast_(California)" title="South Coast (California)">South Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Border_Region_(California)" title="Southern Border Region (California)">Southern Border Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_Ranges" title="Transverse Ranges">Transverse Ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-Valley" title="Tri-Valley">Tri-Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Valley" title="Victor Valley">Victor Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_Country_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine Country (California)">Wine Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metro regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Fresno" title="Metropolitan Fresno">Fresno–Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles" title="Greater Los Angeles">Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_metropolitan_area" title="Sacramento metropolitan area">Sacramento–Roseville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_Empire" title="Inland Empire">Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego%E2%80%93Tijuana" title="San Diego–Tijuana">San Diego–Tijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jose%E2%80%93San_Francisco%E2%80%93Oakland,_CA_Combined_Statistical_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area">San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_California" title="List of counties in California">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_County,_California" title="Alpine County, California">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amador_County,_California" title="Amador County, California">Amador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butte_County,_California" title="Butte County, California">Butte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California" title="Calaveras County, California">Calaveras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colusa_County,_California" title="Colusa County, California">Colusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California" title="Del Norte County, California">Del Norte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_County,_California" title="El Dorado County, California">El Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_County,_California" title="Glenn County, California">Glenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California" title="Humboldt County, California">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County,_California" title="Inyo County, California">Inyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_California" title="Kings County, California">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_California" title="Lake County, California">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassen_County,_California" title="Lassen County, California">Lassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariposa_County,_California" title="Mariposa County, California">Mariposa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California" title="Mendocino County, California">Mendocino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merced_County,_California" title="Merced County, California">Merced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_County,_California" title="Modoc County, California">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_County,_California" title="Mono County, California">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_County,_California" title="Monterey County, California">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napa_County,_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_County,_California" title="Nevada County, California">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placer_County,_California" title="Placer County, California">Placer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumas_County,_California" title="Plumas County, California">Plumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California" title="Sacramento County, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Benito_County,_California" title="San Benito County, California">San Benito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California" title="San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California" title="Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_County,_California" title="Shasta County, California">Shasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_County,_California" title="Sierra County, California">Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_County,_California" title="Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_County,_California" title="Solano County, California">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California" title="Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutter_County,_California" title="Sutter County, California">Sutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehama_County,_California" title="Tehama County, California">Tehama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_County,_California" title="Trinity County, California">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_County,_California" title="Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventura_County,_California" title="Ventura County, California">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolo_County,_California" title="Yolo County, California">Yolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuba_County,_California" title="Yuba County, California">Yuba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FCC200;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in California">Most 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