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Metadata in HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals">HTML text fundamentals</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks">Creating hyperlinks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting">Advanced text formatting</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure">Document and website structure</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML">Debugging HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter">Marking up a letter</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content">Structuring a page of content</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Multimedia and embedding</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding">Multimedia and embedding</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Images_in_HTML">Images in HTML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Video_and_audio_content">Video and audio content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Other_embedding_technologies">From object to iframe — other embedding technologies</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Adding_vector_graphics_to_the_Web">Adding vector graphics to the web</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Responsive_images">Responsive images</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Mozilla_splash_page">Mozilla splash page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>HTML tables</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables">HTML tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Basics">HTML table basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Advanced">HTML table advanced features and accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Structuring_planet_data">Structuring planet data</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS">CSS — Styling the web</a></li><li><details><summary>CSS first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps">CSS first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/What_is_CSS">What is CSS?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Getting_started">Getting started with CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_is_structured">How CSS is structured</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_works">How CSS works</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Styling_a_biography_page">Styling a biography page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks">CSS building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors">CSS selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Type_Class_and_ID_Selectors">Type, class, and ID selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Attribute_selectors">Attribute selectors</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Pseudo-classes_and_pseudo-elements">Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Combinators">Combinators</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_and_inheritance">Cascade, specificity, and inheritance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_layers">Cascade layers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model">The box model</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders">Backgrounds and borders</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions">Handling different text directions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Overflowing_content">Overflowing content</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units">CSS values and units</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Sizing_items_in_CSS">Sizing items in CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Images_media_form_elements">Images, media, and form elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Styling_tables">Styling tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Advanced_styling_effects">Advanced styling effects</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Debugging_CSS">Debugging CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Organizing">Organizing your CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension">Fundamental CSS comprehension</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Creating_fancy_letterheaded_paper">Creating fancy letterheaded paper</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/A_cool_looking_box">A cool-looking box</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Styling text</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text">CSS styling text</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals">Fundamental text and font styling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_lists">Styling lists</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_links">Styling links</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts">Web fonts</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Typesetting_a_homepage">Typesetting a community school homepage</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS layout</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout">CSS layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Introduction">Introduction to CSS layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow">Normal Flow</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox">Flexbox</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids">Grids</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Floats">Floats</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning">Positioning</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Multiple-column_Layout">Multiple-column layout</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design">Responsive design</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Media_queries">Beginner's guide to media queries</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Legacy_Layout_Methods">Legacy layout methods</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Supporting_Older_Browsers">Supporting older browsers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension">Fundamental layout comprehension</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript">JavaScript — Dynamic client-side scripting</a></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps">JavaScript first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_is_JavaScript">What is JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/A_first_splash">A first splash into JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_went_wrong">What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Variables">Storing the information you need — Variables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Math">Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Strings">Handling text — strings in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Useful_string_methods">Useful string methods</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Arrays">Arrays</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Silly_story_generator">Silly story generator</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks">JavaScript building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/conditionals">Making decisions in your code — conditionals</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Looping_code">Looping code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Functions">Functions — reusable blocks of code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Build_your_own_function">Build your own function</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Return_values">Function return values</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Events">Introduction to events</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Event_bubbling">Event bubbling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Image_gallery">Image gallery</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introducing JavaScript objects</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects">Introducing JavaScript objects</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Basics">JavaScript object basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_prototypes">Object prototypes</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object-oriented_programming">Object-oriented programming</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Classes_in_JavaScript">Classes in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/JSON">Working with JSON</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_building_practice">Object building practice</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Adding_bouncing_balls_features">Adding features to our bouncing balls demo</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Asynchronous JavaScript</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous">Asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing">Introducing asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Promises">How to use promises</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Implementing_a_promise-based_API">How to implement a promise-based API</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing_workers">Introducing workers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Sequencing_animations">Sequencing animations</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web APIs</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs">Client-side web APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Introduction">Introduction to web APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Manipulating_documents">Manipulating documents</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Fetching_data">Fetching data from the server</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Third_party_APIs">Third-party APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Drawing_graphics">Drawing graphics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Video_and_audio_APIs">Video and Audio APIs</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Client-side_storage">Client-side storage</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms">Web forms — Working with user data</a></li><li><details open=""><summary>Web form building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms">Web form building blocks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form">Your first form</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_structure_a_web_form">How to structure a web form</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Basic_native_form_controls">Basic native form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types">The HTML5 input types</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls">Other form controls</a></li><li><em><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms" aria-current="page">Styling web forms</a></em></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling">Advanced form styling</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes">UI pseudo-classes</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation">Client-side form validation</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_and_retrieving_form_data">Sending form data</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Advanced web form techniques</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls">How to build custom form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls">CSS property compatibility table for form controls</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML_forms_in_legacy_browsers">HTML forms in legacy browsers</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility">Accessibility — Make the web usable by everyone</a></li><li><details><summary>Accessibility guides</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility">Accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility">What is accessibility?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/HTML">HTML: A good basis for accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript">CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics">WAI-ARIA basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Multimedia">Accessible multimedia</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Mobile">Mobile accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting">Assessment: Accessibility troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance">Performance — Making websites fast and responsive</a></li><li><details><summary>Performance guides</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance">Web performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/why_web_performance">The "why" of web performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/What_is_web_performance">What is web performance?</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Perceived_performance">Perceived performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Measuring_performance">Measuring performance</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Multimedia">Multimedia: Images</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/video">Multimedia: video</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/JavaScript">JavaScript performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/HTML">HTML performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/CSS">CSS performance optimization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/business_case_for_performance">The business case for web performance</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML">MathML — Writing mathematics with MathML</a></li><li><details><summary>MathML first steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps">MathML first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Getting_started">Getting started with MathML</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Text_containers">MathML Text Containers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Fractions_and_roots">MathML fractions and roots</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Scripts">MathML scripted elements</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Tables">MathML tables</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Three_famous_mathematical_formulas">Three famous mathematical formulas</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/../Games">Games — Developing games for the web</a></li><li><details><summary>Guides and tutorials</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Introduction">Introduction to game development for the Web</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Techniques">Techniques for game development</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Tutorials">Tutorials</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Games/Publishing_games">Publishing games</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing">Tools and testing</a></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web development tools</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools">Understanding client-side web development tools</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Overview">Client-side tooling overview</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line">Command line crash course</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Package_management">Package management basics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Introducing_complete_toolchain">Introducing a complete toolchain</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Deployment">Deploying our app</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introduction to client-side frameworks</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Introduction">Introduction to client-side frameworks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Main_features">Framework main features</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>React</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_getting_started">Getting started with React</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_todo_list_beginning">Beginning our React todo list</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_components">Componentizing our React app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_events_state">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_accessibility">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_resources">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Ember</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_getting_started">Getting started with Ember</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_structure_componentization">Ember app structure and componentization</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_interactivity_events_state">Ember interactivity: Events, classes and state</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_conditional_footer">Ember Interactivity: Footer functionality, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_routing">Routing in Ember</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_resources">Ember resources and troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Vue</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_getting_started">Getting started with Vue</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_first_component">Creating our first Vue component</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_rendering_lists">Rendering a list of Vue components</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_methods_events_models">Adding a new todo form: Vue events, methods, and models</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_styling">Styling Vue components with CSS</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_computed_properties">Using Vue computed properties</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_conditional_rendering">Vue conditional rendering: editing existing todos</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_refs_focus_management">Vue refs and lifecycle methods for focus management</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_resources">Vue resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Svelte</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started">Getting started with Svelte</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning">Starting our Svelte to-do list app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props">Dynamic behavior in Svelte: working with variables and props</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_components">Componentizing our Svelte app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_reactivity_lifecycle_accessibility">Advanced Svelte: Reactivity, lifecycle, accessibility</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_stores">Working with Svelte stores</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_TypeScript">TypeScript support in Svelte</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_deployment_next">Deployment and next steps</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Angular</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_getting_started">Getting started with Angular</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_todo_list_beginning">Beginning our Angular todo list app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_styling">Styling our Angular app</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_item_component">Creating an item component</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_filtering">Filtering our to-do items</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_building">Building Angular applications and further resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Git and GitHub</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/GitHub">Git and GitHub</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Cross browser testing</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing">Cross browser testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Introduction">Introduction to cross-browser testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Testing_strategies">Strategies for carrying out testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/HTML_and_CSS">Handling common HTML and CSS problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/JavaScript">Handling common JavaScript problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Accessibility">Handling common accessibility problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Feature_detection">Implementing feature detection</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Automated_testing">Introduction to automated testing</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Your_own_automation_environment">Setting up your own test automation environment</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side">Server-side website programming</a></li><li><details><summary>First steps</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps">Server-side website programming first steps</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Introduction">Introduction to the server side</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Client-Server_overview">Client-Server Overview</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks">Server-side web frameworks</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Website_security">Website security</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Django web framework (Python)</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django">Django Web Framework (Python)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Introduction">Django introduction</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment">Setting up a Django development environment</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website">Django Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Models">Django Tutorial Part 3: Using models</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Home_page">Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Generic_views">Django Tutorial Part 6: Generic list and detail views</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Sessions">Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Authentication">Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Forms">Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Testing">Django Tutorial Part 10: Testing a Django web application</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Deployment">Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/web_application_security">Django web application security</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog">Assessment: DIY Django mini blog</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Express Web Framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs">Express web framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Introduction">Express/Node introduction</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/development_environment">Setting up a Node development environment</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Tutorial_local_library_website">Express Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/skeleton_website">Express Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/mongoose">Express Tutorial Part 3: Using a Database (with Mongoose)</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/routes">Express Tutorial Part 4: Routes and controllers</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Displaying_data">Express Tutorial Part 5: Displaying library data</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/forms">Express Tutorial Part 6: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/deployment">Express Tutorial Part 7: Deploying to production</a></li></ol></details></li><li class="section"><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions">Further resources</a></li><li><details><summary>Common questions</summary><ol><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions">Common questions</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Howto">Use HTML to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Howto">Use CSS to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Howto">Solve common problems in your JavaScript code</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Web_mechanics">Web mechanics</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Tools_and_setup">Tools and setup</a></li><li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Design_and_accessibility">Design and accessibility</a></li></ol></details></li></ol></div></div><section class="place side"></section></nav></aside><div class="toc-container"><aside class="toc"><nav><div class="document-toc-container"><section class="document-toc"><header><h2 class="document-toc-heading">In this article</h2></header><ul class="document-toc-list"><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#challenges_in_styling_form_widgets">Challenges in styling form widgets</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#styling_simple_form_widgets">Styling simple form widgets</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#a_specific_styling_example">A specific styling example</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#test_your_skills">Test your skills</a></li><li class="document-toc-item "><a class="document-toc-link" href="#summary">Summary</a></li></ul></section></div></nav></aside><section class="place side"></section></div></div><main id="content" class="main-content "><article class="main-page-content" lang="en-US"><header><h1>Styling web forms</h1></header><div class="section-content"><ul class="prev-next"> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls"><span class="button-wrap"> Previous </span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms"><span class="button-wrap"> Overview: Web form building blocks</span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling"><span class="button-wrap"> Next </span></a></li> </ul> <p>In the previous few articles, we showed how to create web forms in HTML. Now, we'll show how to style them in <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS">CSS</a>.</p> <figure class="table-container"><table> <tbody> <tr> <th scope="row">Prerequisites:</th> <td> A basic understanding of <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML">HTML</a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps">CSS</a>. </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Objective:</th> <td> To understand the issues behind styling forms, and learn some of the basic styling techniques that will be useful to you. </td> </tr> </tbody> </table></figure></div><section aria-labelledby="challenges_in_styling_form_widgets"><h2 id="challenges_in_styling_form_widgets"><a href="#challenges_in_styling_form_widgets">Challenges in styling form widgets</a></h2><div class="section-content"></div></section><section aria-labelledby="history"><h3 id="history"><a href="#history">History</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>In 1995, <a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866" class="external" target="_blank">the HTML 2 specification</a> introduced form controls (a.k.a. "form widgets", or "form elements"). But CSS wasn't released until late 1996, and wasn't supported by most browsers until years afterward; so, in the interim, browsers relied on the underlying operating system to render form widgets.</p> <p>Even with CSS available, browser vendors were reluctant at first to make form elements stylable, because users were so accustomed to the looks of their respective browsers. But things have changed, and forms widgets are now mostly stylable, with a few exceptions.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="types_of_widgets"><h3 id="types_of_widgets"><a href="#types_of_widgets">Types of widgets</a></h3><div class="section-content"><h4 id="easy-to-style">Easy-to-style</h4> <ol> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/form"><code><form></code></a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/fieldset"><code><fieldset></code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/legend"><code><legend></code></a></li> <li>Single-line text <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input"><code><input></code></a>s (e.g. type text, url, email), except for <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/search"><code><input type="search"></code></a>.</li> <li>Multi-line <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea"><code><textarea></code></a></li> <li>Buttons (both <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input"><code><input></code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/button"><code><button></code></a>)</li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/label"><code><label></code></a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/output"><code><output></code></a></li> </ol> <h4 id="harder-to-style">Harder-to-style</h4> <ul> <li>Checkboxes and radio buttons</li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/search"><code><input type="search"></code></a></li> </ul> <p>The article <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling">Advanced form styling</a> shows how to style these.</p> <h4 id="having_internals_cant_be_styled_in_css_alone">Having internals can't be styled in CSS alone</h4> <ul> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/color"><code><input type="color"></code></a></li> <li>Date-related controls such as <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/datetime-local"><code><input type="datetime-local"></code></a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/range"><code><input type="range"></code></a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/file"><code><input type="file"></code></a></li> <li>Elements involved in creating dropdown widgets, including <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select"><code><select></code></a>, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option"><code><option></code></a>, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/optgroup"><code><optgroup></code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/datalist"><code><datalist></code></a>.</li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/progress"><code><progress></code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter"><code><meter></code></a></li> </ul> <p>For example, the date picker calendar, and the button on <select> that displays an options list when clicked, can't be styled using CSS alone.</p> <p>The articles <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling">Advanced form styling</a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls">How to build custom form controls</a> describe how to style these.</p> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> Some proprietary CSS pseudo-elements, such as <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/::-moz-range-track"><code>::-moz-range-track</code></a>, are capable of styling such internal components, but these aren't consistent across browsers, so aren't very reliable. We will mention these later.</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="styling_simple_form_widgets"><h2 id="styling_simple_form_widgets"><a href="#styling_simple_form_widgets">Styling simple form widgets</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>The "easy-to-style" widgets in the previous section may be styled using techniques from the articles <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form">Your first form</a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks">CSS building blocks</a>. There are also special selectors — <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes">UI pseudo-classes</a> — that enable styling based on the current state of the UI.</p> <p>We'll walk through an example at the end of this article — but first, here are some special aspects of form styling that are worth knowing about.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="fonts_and_text"><h3 id="fonts_and_text"><a href="#fonts_and_text">Fonts and text</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>CSS font and text features can be used easily with any widget (and yes, you can use <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face"><code>@font-face</code></a> with form widgets). However, browser behavior is often inconsistent. By default, some widgets do not inherit <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-family"><code>font-family</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-size"><code>font-size</code></a> from their parents. Many browsers use the system's default appearance instead. To make your forms' appearance consistent with the rest of your content, you can add the following rules to your stylesheet:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>button, input, select, textarea { font-family: inherit; font-size: 100%; } </code></pre></div> <p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/inherit"><code>inherit</code></a> property value causes the property value to match the computed value of the property of its parent element; inheriting the value of the parent.</p> <p>The screenshots below show the difference. On the left is the default rendering of an <code><input type="text"></code>, <code><input type="date"></code>, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select"><code><select></code></a>, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea"><code><textarea></code></a>, <code><input type="submit"></code>, and a <code><button></code> in Chrome on macOS, with the platform's default font style in use. On the right are the same elements, with our above style rule applied.</p> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms/forms_fontfamily.png" alt="Form controls with default and inherited font families. By default, some types are serif and others are sans serif. Inheriting should change the fonts of all to the parent's font family - in this case a paragraph. Oddly, input of type submit does not inherit from the parent paragraph." width="483" height="260" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>The defaults differed in a number of ways. Inheriting should change their fonts to that of the parent's font family — in this case, the default serif font of the parent container. They all do, with a strange exception — <code><input type="submit"></code> does not inherit from the parent paragraph in Chrome. Rather, it uses the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-family#values"><code>font-family: system-ui</code></a>. This is another reason to use <code><button></code> elements over their equivalent input types!</p> <p>There's a lot of debate as to whether forms look better using the system default styles, or customized styles designed to match your content. This decision is yours to make, as the designer of your site, or web application.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="box_sizing"><h3 id="box_sizing"><a href="#box_sizing">Box sizing</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>All text fields have complete support for every property related to the CSS box model, such as <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/width"><code>width</code></a>, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/height"><code>height</code></a>, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/padding"><code>padding</code></a>, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/margin"><code>margin</code></a>, and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border"><code>border</code></a>. As before, however, browsers rely on the system default styles when displaying these widgets. It's up to you to define how you wish to blend them into your content. If you want to keep the native look and feel of the widgets, you'll face a little difficulty if you want to give them a consistent size.</p> <p><strong>This is because each widget has its own rules for border, padding, and margin.</strong> To give the same size to several different widgets, you can use the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/box-sizing"><code>box-sizing</code></a> property along with some consistent values for other properties:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>input, textarea, select, button { width: 150px; padding: 0; margin: 0; box-sizing: border-box; } </code></pre></div> <p>In the screenshot below, the left column shows the default rendering of an <code><input type="radio"></code>, <code><input type="checkbox"></code>, <code><input type="range"></code>, <code><input type="text"></code>, <code><input type="date"></code>, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select"><code><select></code></a>, <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea"><code><textarea></code></a>, <code><input type="submit"></code>, and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/button"><code><button></code></a>. The right column on the other hand shows the same elements with our above rule applied to them. Notice how this lets us ensure that all of the elements occupy the same amount of space, despite the platform's default rules for each kind of widget.</p> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms/boxmodel_formcontrols1.png" alt="box model properties effect most input types." width="359" height="365" loading="lazy"> </p> <p>What may not be apparent via the screenshot is that the radio and checkbox controls still look the same, but they are centered in the 150px of horizontal space provided by the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/width"><code>width</code></a> property. Other browsers may not center the widgets, but they do adhere to the space allotted.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="legend_placement"><h3 id="legend_placement"><a href="#legend_placement">Legend placement</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/legend"><code><legend></code></a> element is okay to style, but it can be a bit tricky to control the placement of it. By default, it is always positioned over the top border of its <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/fieldset"><code><fieldset></code></a> parent, near the top left corner. To position it somewhere else, for example inside the fieldset somewhere, or near the bottom left corner, you need to rely on the positioning.</p> <p>Take the following example:</p><iframe width="100%" height="400" src="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/native-form-widgets/positioned-legend.html" loading="lazy"></iframe> <p>To position the legend in this manner, we used the following CSS (other declarations removed for brevity):</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>fieldset { position: relative; } legend { position: absolute; bottom: 0; right: 0; } </code></pre></div> <p>The <code><fieldset></code> needs to be positioned too, so that the <code><legend></code> is positioned relative to it (otherwise the <code><legend></code> would be positioned relative to the <code><body></code>).</p> <p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/legend"><code><legend></code></a> element is very important for accessibility — it will be spoken by assistive technologies as part of the label of each form element inside the fieldset — but using a technique like the one above is fine. The legend contents will still be spoken in the same way; it is just the visual position that has changed.</p> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> You could also use the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform"><code>transform</code></a> property to help you with positioning your <code><legend></code>. However, when you position it with for example a <code>transform: translateY();</code>, it moves but leaves an ugly gap in the <code><fieldset></code> border, which is not easy to get rid of.</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="a_specific_styling_example"><h2 id="a_specific_styling_example"><a href="#a_specific_styling_example">A specific styling example</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>Let's look at a concrete example of how to style an HTML form. We will build a fancy-looking "postcard" contact form; <a href="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/postcard-example/" class="external" target="_blank">see here for the finished version</a>.</p> <p>If you want to follow along with this example, make a local copy of our <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/html/forms/postcard-example/postcard-start.html" class="external" target="_blank">postcard-start.html file</a>, and follow the below instructions.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="the_html"><h3 id="the_html"><a href="#the_html">The HTML</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>The HTML is only slightly more involved than the example we used in <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form">the first article of this guide</a>; it just has a few extra IDs and a heading.</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">html</span></div><pre class="brush: html notranslate"><code><form> <h1>to: Mozilla</h1> <div id="from"> <label for="name">from:</label> <input type="text" id="name" name="user_name" /> </div> <div id="reply"> <label for="mail">reply:</label> <input type="email" id="mail" name="user_email" /> </div> <div id="message"> <label for="msg">Your message:</label> <textarea id="msg" name="user_message"></textarea> </div> <div class="button"> <button type="submit">Send your message</button> </div> </form> </code></pre></div> <p>Add the above code into the body of your HTML.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="organizing_your_assets"><h3 id="organizing_your_assets"><a href="#organizing_your_assets">Organizing your assets</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>This is where the fun begins! Before we start coding, we need three additional assets:</p> <ol> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms/background.jpg">The postcard background</a> — download this image and save it in the same directory as your working HTML file.</li> <li>A typewriter font: <a href="https://www.dafont.com/moms-typewriter.font?back=theme" class="external" target="_blank">The "Mom's Typewriter" font from dafont.com</a> — download the TTF file into the same directory as above.</li> <li>A hand-drawn font: <a href="https://www.dafont.com/journal.font" class="external" target="_blank">The "Journal" font from dafont.com</a> — download the TTF file into the same directory as above.</li> </ol> <p>Your fonts need some more processing before you start:</p> <ol> <li>Go to the fontsquirrel.com <a href="https://www.fontsquirrel.com/tools/webfont-generator" class="external" target="_blank">Webfont Generator</a>.</li> <li>Using the form, upload both your font files and generate a webfont kit. Download the kit to your computer.</li> <li>Unzip the provided zip file.</li> <li>Inside the unzipped contents you will find some font files (at the time of writing, two <code>.woff</code> files and two <code>.woff2</code> files; they might vary in the future.) Copy these files into a directory called fonts, in the same directory as before. We are using two different files for each font to maximize browser compatibility; see our <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts">Web fonts</a> article for a lot more information.</li> </ol></div></section><section aria-labelledby="the_css"><h3 id="the_css"><a href="#the_css">The CSS</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>Now we can dig into the CSS for the example. Add all the code blocks shown below inside the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/style"><code><style></code></a> element, one after another.</p> <h4 id="overall_layout">Overall layout</h4> <p>First, we prepare by defining our <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face"><code>@font-face</code></a> rules, and all the basic styles set on the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/body"><code><body></code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/form"><code><form></code></a> elements. If the fontsquirrel output was different from what we described above, you can find the correct <code>@font-face</code> blocks inside your downloaded webfont kit, in the <code>stylesheet.css</code> file (you'll need to replace the below <code>@font-face</code> blocks with them, and update the paths to the font files):</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>@font-face { font-family: "handwriting"; src: url("fonts/journal-webfont.woff2") format("woff2"), url("fonts/journal-webfont.woff") format("woff"); font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; } @font-face { font-family: "typewriter"; src: url("fonts/momot___-webfont.woff2") format("woff2"), url("fonts/momot___-webfont.woff") format("woff"); font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; } body { font: 1.3rem sans-serif; padding: 0.5em; margin: 0; background: #222; } form { position: relative; width: 740px; height: 498px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 1em; box-sizing: border-box; background: #fff url(background.jpg); /* we create our grid */ display: grid; grid-gap: 20px; grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr); grid-template-rows: 10em 1em 1em 1em; } </code></pre></div> <p>Notice that we've used some <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_grid_layout">CSS grid</a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout">Flexbox</a> to lay out the form. Using this we can easily position our elements, including the title and all the form elements:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>h1 { font: 1em "typewriter", monospace; align-self: end; } #message { grid-row: 1 / 5; } #from, #reply { display: flex; } </code></pre></div> <h4 id="labels_and_controls">Labels and controls</h4> <p>Now we can start working on the form elements themselves. First, let's ensure that the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/label"><code><label></code></a>s are given the right font:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>label { font: 0.8em "typewriter", sans-serif; } </code></pre></div> <p>The text fields require some common rules. In other words, we remove their <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border"><code>borders</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background"><code>backgrounds</code></a>, and redefine their <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/padding"><code>padding</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/margin"><code>margin</code></a>:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>input, textarea { font: 1.4em/1.5em "handwriting", cursive, sans-serif; border: none; padding: 0 10px; margin: 0; width: 80%; background: none; } </code></pre></div> <p>When one of these fields gains focus, we highlight them with a light grey, transparent, background (it is always important to have focus style, for usability and keyboard accessibility):</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>input:focus, textarea:focus { background: rgb(0 0 0 / 10%); border-radius: 5px; } </code></pre></div> <p>Now that our text fields are complete, we need to adjust the display of the single and multiple-line text fields to match, since they won't typically look the same using the defaults.</p> <h4 id="tweaking_the_text_areas">Tweaking the text areas</h4> <p><a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea"><code><textarea></code></a> elements default to being rendered as an inline-block element. The two important things here are the <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/resize"><code>resize</code></a> and <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow"><code>overflow</code></a> properties. While our design is a fixed-size design, and we could use the <code>resize</code> property to prevent users from resizing our multi-line text field, it is best to not prevent users from resizing a textarea if they so choose. The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow"><code>overflow</code></a> property is used to make the field render more consistently across browsers. Some browsers default to the value <code>auto</code>, while some default to the value <code>scroll</code>. In our case, it's better to be sure everyone will use <code>auto</code>:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>textarea { display: block; padding: 10px; margin: 10px 0 0 -10px; width: 100%; height: 90%; border-right: 1px solid; /* resize : none; */ overflow: auto; } </code></pre></div> <h4 id="styling_the_submit_button">Styling the submit button</h4> <p>The <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/button"><code><button></code></a> element is really convenient to style with CSS; you can do whatever you want, even using <a href="/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-elements">pseudo-elements</a>:</p> <div class="code-example"><div class="example-header"><span class="language-name">css</span></div><pre class="brush: css notranslate"><code>button { padding: 5px; font: bold 0.6em sans-serif; border: 2px solid #333; border-radius: 5px; background: none; cursor: pointer; transform: rotate(-1.5deg); } button:after { content: " >>>"; } button:hover, button:focus { background: #000; color: #fff; } </code></pre></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="the_final_result"><h3 id="the_final_result"><a href="#the_final_result">The final result</a></h3><div class="section-content"><p>And voilà! Your form should now look like this:</p> <p> <img src="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms/updated-form-screenshot.jpg" alt="The final look and layout of the form after applying all styling and tweaking to it as described above" width="740" height="497" loading="lazy"> </p> <div class="notecard note"> <p><strong>Note:</strong> If your example does not work quite as you expected and you want to check it against our version, you can find it on GitHub — see it <a href="https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/postcard-example/" class="external" target="_blank">running live</a> (also see <a href="https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/tree/main/html/forms/postcard-example" class="external" target="_blank">the source code</a>).</p> </div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="test_your_skills"><h2 id="test_your_skills"><a href="#test_your_skills">Test your skills</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>You've reached the end of this article, but can you remember the most important information? You can find some further tests to verify that you've retained this information before you move on — see <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Test_your_skills:_Styling_basics">Test your skills: Styling basics</a>.</p></div></section><section aria-labelledby="summary"><h2 id="summary"><a href="#summary">Summary</a></h2><div class="section-content"><p>As you can see, as long as we want to build forms with just text fields and buttons, it's easy to style them using CSS. <a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling">In the next article</a>, we will see how to handle form widgets which fall into the "bad" and "ugly" categories.</p><ul class="prev-next"> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls"><span class="button-wrap"> Previous </span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms"><span class="button-wrap"> Overview: Web form building blocks</span></a></li> <li><a class="button secondary" href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling"><span class="button-wrap"> Next </span></a></li> </ul></div></section><section aria-labelledby="advanced_topics"><h3 id="advanced_topics"><a href="#advanced_topics">Advanced Topics</a></h3><div class="section-content"><ul> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls">How to build custom form controls</a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li> <li><a href="/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls">Property compatibility table for form widgets</a></li> </ul></div></section></article><aside class="article-footer"><div class="article-footer-inner"><div class="svg-container"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="162" height="162" viewBox="0 0 162 162" fill="none" role="none"><mask id="b" fill="#fff"><path d="M97.203 47.04c8.113-7.886 18.004-13.871 28.906-17.492a78 78 0 0 1 33.969-3.39c11.443 1.39 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Metadata in HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/HTML_text_fundamentals\">HTML text fundamentals</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Creating_hyperlinks\">Creating hyperlinks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Advanced_text_formatting\">Advanced text formatting</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Document_and_website_structure\">Document and website structure</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Debugging_HTML\">Debugging HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Marking_up_a_letter\">Marking up a letter</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML/Structuring_a_page_of_content\">Structuring a page of content</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Multimedia and embedding</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding\">Multimedia and embedding</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Images_in_HTML\">Images in HTML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Video_and_audio_content\">Video and audio content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Other_embedding_technologies\">From object to iframe — other embedding technologies</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Adding_vector_graphics_to_the_Web\">Adding vector graphics to the web</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Responsive_images\">Responsive images</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Multimedia_and_embedding/Mozilla_splash_page\">Mozilla splash page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>HTML tables</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables\">HTML tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Basics\">HTML table basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Advanced\">HTML table advanced features and accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Tables/Structuring_planet_data\">Structuring planet data</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS\">CSS — Styling the web</a></li><li><details><summary>CSS first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps\">CSS first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/What_is_CSS\">What is CSS?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Getting_started\">Getting started with CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_is_structured\">How CSS is structured</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/How_CSS_works\">How CSS works</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps/Styling_a_biography_page\">Styling a biography page</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks\">CSS building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors\">CSS selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Type_Class_and_ID_Selectors\">Type, class, and ID selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Attribute_selectors\">Attribute selectors</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Pseudo-classes_and_pseudo-elements\">Pseudo-classes and pseudo-elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Selectors/Combinators\">Combinators</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_and_inheritance\">Cascade, specificity, and inheritance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Cascade_layers\">Cascade layers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/The_box_model\">The box model</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Backgrounds_and_borders\">Backgrounds and borders</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Handling_different_text_directions\">Handling different text directions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Overflowing_content\">Overflowing content</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Values_and_units\">CSS values and units</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Sizing_items_in_CSS\">Sizing items in CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Images_media_form_elements\">Images, media, and form elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Styling_tables\">Styling tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Advanced_styling_effects\">Advanced styling effects</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Debugging_CSS\">Debugging CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Organizing\">Organizing your CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Fundamental_CSS_comprehension\">Fundamental CSS comprehension</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/Creating_fancy_letterheaded_paper\">Creating fancy letterheaded paper</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks/A_cool_looking_box\">A cool-looking box</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Styling text</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text\">CSS styling text</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Fundamentals\">Fundamental text and font styling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_lists\">Styling lists</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Styling_links\">Styling links</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts\">Web fonts</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Typesetting_a_homepage\">Typesetting a community school homepage</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>CSS layout</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout\">CSS layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Introduction\">Introduction to CSS layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Normal_Flow\">Normal Flow</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Flexbox\">Flexbox</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Grids\">Grids</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Floats\">Floats</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Positioning\">Positioning</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Multiple-column_Layout\">Multiple-column layout</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Responsive_Design\">Responsive design</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Media_queries\">Beginner's guide to media queries</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Legacy_Layout_Methods\">Legacy layout methods</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Supporting_Older_Browsers\">Supporting older browsers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/CSS_layout/Fundamental_Layout_Comprehension\">Fundamental layout comprehension</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript\">JavaScript — Dynamic client-side scripting</a></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps\">JavaScript first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_is_JavaScript\">What is JavaScript?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/A_first_splash\">A first splash into JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/What_went_wrong\">What went wrong? Troubleshooting JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Variables\">Storing the information you need — Variables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Math\">Basic math in JavaScript — numbers and operators</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Strings\">Handling text — strings in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Useful_string_methods\">Useful string methods</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Arrays\">Arrays</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/First_steps/Silly_story_generator\">Silly story generator</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>JavaScript building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks\">JavaScript building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/conditionals\">Making decisions in your code — conditionals</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Looping_code\">Looping code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Functions\">Functions — reusable blocks of code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Build_your_own_function\">Build your own function</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Return_values\">Function return values</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Events\">Introduction to events</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Event_bubbling\">Event bubbling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Building_blocks/Image_gallery\">Image gallery</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introducing JavaScript objects</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects\">Introducing JavaScript objects</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Basics\">JavaScript object basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_prototypes\">Object prototypes</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object-oriented_programming\">Object-oriented programming</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Classes_in_JavaScript\">Classes in JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/JSON\">Working with JSON</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Object_building_practice\">Object building practice</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Objects/Adding_bouncing_balls_features\">Adding features to our bouncing balls demo</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Asynchronous JavaScript</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous\">Asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing\">Introducing asynchronous JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Promises\">How to use promises</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Implementing_a_promise-based_API\">How to implement a promise-based API</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Introducing_workers\">Introducing workers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Asynchronous/Sequencing_animations\">Sequencing animations</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web APIs</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs\">Client-side web APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Introduction\">Introduction to web APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Manipulating_documents\">Manipulating documents</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Fetching_data\">Fetching data from the server</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Third_party_APIs\">Third-party APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Drawing_graphics\">Drawing graphics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Video_and_audio_APIs\">Video and Audio APIs</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Client-side_web_APIs/Client-side_storage\">Client-side storage</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\">Web forms — Working with user data</a></li><li><details open=\"\"><summary>Web form building blocks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\">Web form building blocks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form\">Your first form</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_structure_a_web_form\">How to structure a web form</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Basic_native_form_controls\">Basic native form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML5_input_types\">The HTML5 input types</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\">Other form controls</a></li><li><em><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms\" aria-current=\"page\">Styling web forms</a></em></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling\">Advanced form styling</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes\">UI pseudo-classes</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Form_validation\">Client-side form validation</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_and_retrieving_form_data\">Sending form data</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Advanced web form techniques</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls\">How to build custom form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript\">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls\">CSS property compatibility table for form controls</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/HTML_forms_in_legacy_browsers\">HTML forms in legacy browsers</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility\">Accessibility — Make the web usable by everyone</a></li><li><details><summary>Accessibility guides</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility\">Accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/What_is_accessibility\">What is accessibility?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/HTML\">HTML: A good basis for accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/CSS_and_JavaScript\">CSS and JavaScript accessibility best practices</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/WAI-ARIA_basics\">WAI-ARIA basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Multimedia\">Accessible multimedia</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Mobile\">Mobile accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility/Accessibility_troubleshooting\">Assessment: Accessibility troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance\">Performance — Making websites fast and responsive</a></li><li><details><summary>Performance guides</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance\">Web performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/why_web_performance\">The \"why\" of web performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/What_is_web_performance\">What is web performance?</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Perceived_performance\">Perceived performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Measuring_performance\">Measuring performance</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/Multimedia\">Multimedia: Images</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/video\">Multimedia: video</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/JavaScript\">JavaScript performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/HTML\">HTML performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/CSS\">CSS performance optimization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Performance/business_case_for_performance\">The business case for web performance</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML\">MathML — Writing mathematics with MathML</a></li><li><details><summary>MathML first steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps\">MathML first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Getting_started\">Getting started with MathML</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Text_containers\">MathML Text Containers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Fractions_and_roots\">MathML fractions and roots</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Scripts\">MathML scripted elements</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Tables\">MathML tables</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/MathML/First_steps/Three_famous_mathematical_formulas\">Three famous mathematical formulas</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/../Games\">Games — Developing games for the web</a></li><li><details><summary>Guides and tutorials</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Introduction\">Introduction to game development for the Web</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Techniques\">Techniques for game development</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Tutorials\">Tutorials</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Games/Publishing_games\">Publishing games</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing\">Tools and testing</a></li><li><details><summary>Client-side web development tools</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools\">Understanding client-side web development tools</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Overview\">Client-side tooling overview</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Command_line\">Command line crash course</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Package_management\">Package management basics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Introducing_complete_toolchain\">Introducing a complete toolchain</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Understanding_client-side_tools/Deployment\">Deploying our app</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Introduction to client-side frameworks</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Introduction\">Introduction to client-side frameworks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Main_features\">Framework main features</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>React</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_getting_started\">Getting started with React</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_todo_list_beginning\">Beginning our React todo list</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_components\">Componentizing our React app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_events_state\">React interactivity: Events and state</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_interactivity_filtering_conditional_rendering\">React interactivity: Editing, filtering, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_accessibility\">Accessibility in React</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/React_resources\">React resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Ember</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_getting_started\">Getting started with Ember</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_structure_componentization\">Ember app structure and componentization</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_interactivity_events_state\">Ember interactivity: Events, classes and state</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_conditional_footer\">Ember Interactivity: Footer functionality, conditional rendering</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_routing\">Routing in Ember</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Ember_resources\">Ember resources and troubleshooting</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Vue</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_getting_started\">Getting started with Vue</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_first_component\">Creating our first Vue component</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_rendering_lists\">Rendering a list of Vue components</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_methods_events_models\">Adding a new todo form: Vue events, methods, and models</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_styling\">Styling Vue components with CSS</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_computed_properties\">Using Vue computed properties</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_conditional_rendering\">Vue conditional rendering: editing existing todos</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_refs_focus_management\">Vue refs and lifecycle methods for focus management</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Vue_resources\">Vue resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Svelte</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_getting_started\">Getting started with Svelte</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_Todo_list_beginning\">Starting our Svelte to-do list app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_variables_props\">Dynamic behavior in Svelte: working with variables and props</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_components\">Componentizing our Svelte app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_reactivity_lifecycle_accessibility\">Advanced Svelte: Reactivity, lifecycle, accessibility</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_stores\">Working with Svelte stores</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_TypeScript\">TypeScript support in Svelte</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Svelte_deployment_next\">Deployment and next steps</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Angular</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_getting_started\">Getting started with Angular</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_todo_list_beginning\">Beginning our Angular todo list app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_styling\">Styling our Angular app</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_item_component\">Creating an item component</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_filtering\">Filtering our to-do items</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Client-side_JavaScript_frameworks/Angular_building\">Building Angular applications and further resources</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Git and GitHub</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/GitHub\">Git and GitHub</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Cross browser testing</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing\">Cross browser testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Introduction\">Introduction to cross-browser testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Testing_strategies\">Strategies for carrying out testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/HTML_and_CSS\">Handling common HTML and CSS problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/JavaScript\">Handling common JavaScript problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Accessibility\">Handling common accessibility problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Feature_detection\">Implementing feature detection</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Automated_testing\">Introduction to automated testing</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Tools_and_testing/Cross_browser_testing/Your_own_automation_environment\">Setting up your own test automation environment</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side\">Server-side website programming</a></li><li><details><summary>First steps</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps\">Server-side website programming first steps</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Introduction\">Introduction to the server side</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Client-Server_overview\">Client-Server Overview</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Web_frameworks\">Server-side web frameworks</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/First_steps/Website_security\">Website security</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Django web framework (Python)</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django\">Django Web Framework (Python)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Introduction\">Django introduction</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/development_environment\">Setting up a Django development environment</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Django Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/skeleton_website\">Django Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Models\">Django Tutorial Part 3: Using models</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Admin_site\">Django Tutorial Part 4: Django admin site</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Home_page\">Django Tutorial Part 5: Creating our home page</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Generic_views\">Django Tutorial Part 6: Generic list and detail views</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Sessions\">Django Tutorial Part 7: Sessions framework</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Authentication\">Django Tutorial Part 8: User authentication and permissions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Forms\">Django Tutorial Part 9: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Testing\">Django Tutorial Part 10: Testing a Django web application</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/Deployment\">Django Tutorial Part 11: Deploying Django to production</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/web_application_security\">Django web application security</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Django/django_assessment_blog\">Assessment: DIY Django mini blog</a></li></ol></details></li><li><details><summary>Express Web Framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs\">Express web framework (Node.js/JavaScript)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Introduction\">Express/Node introduction</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/development_environment\">Setting up a Node development environment</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Tutorial_local_library_website\">Express Tutorial: The Local Library website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/skeleton_website\">Express Tutorial Part 2: Creating a skeleton website</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/mongoose\">Express Tutorial Part 3: Using a Database (with Mongoose)</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/routes\">Express Tutorial Part 4: Routes and controllers</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/Displaying_data\">Express Tutorial Part 5: Displaying library data</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/forms\">Express Tutorial Part 6: Working with forms</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Server-side/Express_Nodejs/deployment\">Express Tutorial Part 7: Deploying to production</a></li></ol></details></li><li class=\"section\"><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions\">Further resources</a></li><li><details><summary>Common questions</summary><ol><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions\">Common questions</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Howto\">Use HTML to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Howto\">Use CSS to solve common problems</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/JavaScript/Howto\">Solve common problems in your JavaScript code</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Web_mechanics\">Web mechanics</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Tools_and_setup\">Tools and setup</a></li><li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Common_questions/Design_and_accessibility\">Design and accessibility</a></li></ol></details></li></ol>","sidebarMacro":"LearnSidebar","body":[{"type":"prose","value":{"id":null,"title":null,"isH3":false,"content":"<ul class=\"prev-next\">\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Previous </span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Overview: Web form building blocks</span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Next </span></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>In the previous few articles, we showed how to create web forms in HTML. Now, we'll show how to style them in <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS\">CSS</a>.</p>\n<figure class=\"table-container\"><table>\n <tbody>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">Prerequisites:</th>\n <td>\n A basic understanding of\n <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/HTML/Introduction_to_HTML\">HTML</a> and\n <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/First_steps\">CSS</a>.\n </td>\n </tr>\n <tr>\n <th scope=\"row\">Objective:</th>\n <td>\n To understand the issues behind styling forms, and learn some of the\n basic styling techniques that will be useful to you.\n </td>\n </tr>\n </tbody>\n</table></figure>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"challenges_in_styling_form_widgets","title":"Challenges in styling form widgets","isH3":false,"content":""}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"history","title":"History","isH3":true,"content":"<p>In 1995, <a href=\"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1866\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">the HTML 2 specification</a> introduced form controls (a.k.a. \"form widgets\", or \"form elements\"). But CSS wasn't released until late 1996, and wasn't supported by most browsers until years afterward; so, in the interim, browsers relied on the underlying operating system to render form widgets.</p>\n<p>Even with CSS available, browser vendors were reluctant at first to make form elements stylable, because users were so accustomed to the looks of their respective browsers. But things have changed, and forms widgets are now mostly stylable, with a few exceptions.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"types_of_widgets","title":"Types of widgets","isH3":true,"content":"<h4 id=\"easy-to-style\">Easy-to-style</h4>\n<ol>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/form\"><code><form></code></a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/fieldset\"><code><fieldset></code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/legend\"><code><legend></code></a></li>\n <li>Single-line text <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input\"><code><input></code></a>s (e.g. type text, url, email), except for <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/search\"><code><input type=\"search\"></code></a>.</li>\n <li>Multi-line <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea\"><code><textarea></code></a></li>\n <li>Buttons (both <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input\"><code><input></code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/button\"><code><button></code></a>)</li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/label\"><code><label></code></a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/output\"><code><output></code></a></li>\n</ol>\n<h4 id=\"harder-to-style\">Harder-to-style</h4>\n<ul>\n <li>Checkboxes and radio buttons</li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/search\"><code><input type=\"search\"></code></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>The article <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling\">Advanced form styling</a> shows how to style these.</p>\n<h4 id=\"having_internals_cant_be_styled_in_css_alone\">Having internals can't be styled in CSS alone</h4>\n<ul>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/color\"><code><input type=\"color\"></code></a></li>\n <li>Date-related controls such as <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/datetime-local\"><code><input type=\"datetime-local\"></code></a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/range\"><code><input type=\"range\"></code></a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/input/file\"><code><input type=\"file\"></code></a></li>\n <li>Elements involved in creating dropdown widgets, including <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select\"><code><select></code></a>, <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/option\"><code><option></code></a>, <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/optgroup\"><code><optgroup></code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/datalist\"><code><datalist></code></a>.</li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/progress\"><code><progress></code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/meter\"><code><meter></code></a></li>\n</ul>\n<p>For example, the date picker calendar, and the button on <select> that displays an options list when clicked, can't be styled using CSS alone.</p>\n<p>The articles <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling\">Advanced form styling</a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls\">How to build custom form controls</a> describe how to style these.</p>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> Some proprietary CSS pseudo-elements, such as <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/::-moz-range-track\"><code>::-moz-range-track</code></a>, are capable of styling such internal components, but these aren't consistent across browsers, so aren't very reliable. We will mention these later.</p>\n</div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"styling_simple_form_widgets","title":"Styling simple form widgets","isH3":false,"content":"<p>The \"easy-to-style\" widgets in the previous section may be styled using techniques from the articles <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form\">Your first form</a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Building_blocks\">CSS building blocks</a>. There are also special selectors — <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/UI_pseudo-classes\">UI pseudo-classes</a> — that enable styling based on the current state of the UI.</p>\n<p>We'll walk through an example at the end of this article — but first, here are some special aspects of form styling that are worth knowing about.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"fonts_and_text","title":"Fonts and text","isH3":true,"content":"<p>CSS font and text features can be used easily with any widget (and yes, you can use <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face\"><code>@font-face</code></a> with form widgets). However, browser behavior is often inconsistent. By default, some widgets do not inherit <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-family\"><code>font-family</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-size\"><code>font-size</code></a> from their parents. Many browsers use the system's default appearance instead. To make your forms' appearance consistent with the rest of your content, you can add the following rules to your stylesheet:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>button,\ninput,\nselect,\ntextarea {\n font-family: inherit;\n font-size: 100%;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/inherit\"><code>inherit</code></a> property value causes the property value to match the computed value of the property of its parent element; inheriting the value of the parent.</p>\n<p>The screenshots below show the difference. On the left is the default rendering of an <code><input type=\"text\"></code>, <code><input type=\"date\"></code>, <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select\"><code><select></code></a>, <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea\"><code><textarea></code></a>, <code><input type=\"submit\"></code>, and a <code><button></code> in Chrome on macOS, with the platform's default font style in use. On the right are the same elements, with our above style rule applied.</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms/forms_fontfamily.png\" alt=\"Form controls with default and inherited font families. By default, some types are serif and others are sans serif. Inheriting should change the fonts of all to the parent's font family - in this case a paragraph. Oddly, input of type submit does not inherit from the parent paragraph.\" width=\"483\" height=\"260\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>The defaults differed in a number of ways. Inheriting should change their fonts to that of the parent's font family — in this case, the default serif font of the parent container. They all do, with a strange exception — <code><input type=\"submit\"></code> does not inherit from the parent paragraph in Chrome. Rather, it uses the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-family#values\"><code>font-family: system-ui</code></a>. This is another reason to use <code><button></code> elements over their equivalent input types!</p>\n<p>There's a lot of debate as to whether forms look better using the system default styles, or customized styles designed to match your content. This decision is yours to make, as the designer of your site, or web application.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"box_sizing","title":"Box sizing","isH3":true,"content":"<p>All text fields have complete support for every property related to the CSS box model, such as <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/width\"><code>width</code></a>, <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/height\"><code>height</code></a>, <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/padding\"><code>padding</code></a>, <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/margin\"><code>margin</code></a>, and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border\"><code>border</code></a>. As before, however, browsers rely on the system default styles when displaying these widgets. It's up to you to define how you wish to blend them into your content. If you want to keep the native look and feel of the widgets, you'll face a little difficulty if you want to give them a consistent size.</p>\n<p><strong>This is because each widget has its own rules for border, padding, and margin.</strong> To give the same size to several different widgets, you can use the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/box-sizing\"><code>box-sizing</code></a> property along with some consistent values for other properties:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>input,\ntextarea,\nselect,\nbutton {\n width: 150px;\n padding: 0;\n margin: 0;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>In the screenshot below, the left column shows the default rendering of an <code><input type=\"radio\"></code>, <code><input type=\"checkbox\"></code>, <code><input type=\"range\"></code>, <code><input type=\"text\"></code>, <code><input type=\"date\"></code>, <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/select\"><code><select></code></a>, <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea\"><code><textarea></code></a>, <code><input type=\"submit\"></code>, and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/button\"><code><button></code></a>. The right column on the other hand shows the same elements with our above rule applied to them. Notice how this lets us ensure that all of the elements occupy the same amount of space, despite the platform's default rules for each kind of widget.</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms/boxmodel_formcontrols1.png\" alt=\"box model properties effect most input types.\" width=\"359\" height=\"365\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<p>What may not be apparent via the screenshot is that the radio and checkbox controls still look the same, but they are centered in the 150px of horizontal space provided by the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/width\"><code>width</code></a> property. Other browsers may not center the widgets, but they do adhere to the space allotted.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"legend_placement","title":"Legend placement","isH3":true,"content":"<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/legend\"><code><legend></code></a> element is okay to style, but it can be a bit tricky to control the placement of it. By default, it is always positioned over the top border of its <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/fieldset\"><code><fieldset></code></a> parent, near the top left corner. To position it somewhere else, for example inside the fieldset somewhere, or near the bottom left corner, you need to rely on the positioning.</p>\n<p>Take the following example:</p><iframe width=\"100%\" height=\"400\" src=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/native-form-widgets/positioned-legend.html\" loading=\"lazy\"></iframe>\n<p>To position the legend in this manner, we used the following CSS (other declarations removed for brevity):</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>fieldset {\n position: relative;\n}\n\nlegend {\n position: absolute;\n bottom: 0;\n right: 0;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>The <code><fieldset></code> needs to be positioned too, so that the <code><legend></code> is positioned relative to it (otherwise the <code><legend></code> would be positioned relative to the <code><body></code>).</p>\n<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/legend\"><code><legend></code></a> element is very important for accessibility — it will be spoken by assistive technologies as part of the label of each form element inside the fieldset — but using a technique like the one above is fine. The legend contents will still be spoken in the same way; it is just the visual position that has changed.</p>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> You could also use the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/transform\"><code>transform</code></a> property to help you with positioning your <code><legend></code>. However, when you position it with for example a <code>transform: translateY();</code>, it moves but leaves an ugly gap in the <code><fieldset></code> border, which is not easy to get rid of.</p>\n</div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"a_specific_styling_example","title":"A specific styling example","isH3":false,"content":"<p>Let's look at a concrete example of how to style an HTML form. We will build a fancy-looking \"postcard\" contact form; <a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/postcard-example/\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">see here for the finished version</a>.</p>\n<p>If you want to follow along with this example, make a local copy of our <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/blob/main/html/forms/postcard-example/postcard-start.html\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">postcard-start.html file</a>, and follow the below instructions.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"the_html","title":"The HTML","isH3":true,"content":"<p>The HTML is only slightly more involved than the example we used in <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Your_first_form\">the first article of this guide</a>; it just has a few extra IDs and a heading.</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">html</span></div><pre class=\"brush: html notranslate\"><code><form>\n <h1>to: Mozilla</h1>\n\n <div id=\"from\">\n <label for=\"name\">from:</label>\n <input type=\"text\" id=\"name\" name=\"user_name\" />\n </div>\n\n <div id=\"reply\">\n <label for=\"mail\">reply:</label>\n <input type=\"email\" id=\"mail\" name=\"user_email\" />\n </div>\n\n <div id=\"message\">\n <label for=\"msg\">Your message:</label>\n <textarea id=\"msg\" name=\"user_message\"></textarea>\n </div>\n\n <div class=\"button\">\n <button type=\"submit\">Send your message</button>\n </div>\n</form>\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Add the above code into the body of your HTML.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"organizing_your_assets","title":"Organizing your assets","isH3":true,"content":"<p>This is where the fun begins! Before we start coding, we need three additional assets:</p>\n<ol>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms/background.jpg\">The postcard background</a> — download this image and save it in the same directory as your working HTML file.</li>\n <li>A typewriter font: <a href=\"https://www.dafont.com/moms-typewriter.font?back=theme\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">The \"Mom's Typewriter\" font from dafont.com</a> — download the TTF file into the same directory as above.</li>\n <li>A hand-drawn font: <a href=\"https://www.dafont.com/journal.font\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">The \"Journal\" font from dafont.com</a> — download the TTF file into the same directory as above.</li>\n</ol>\n<p>Your fonts need some more processing before you start:</p>\n<ol>\n <li>Go to the fontsquirrel.com <a href=\"https://www.fontsquirrel.com/tools/webfont-generator\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">Webfont Generator</a>.</li>\n <li>Using the form, upload both your font files and generate a webfont kit. Download the kit to your computer.</li>\n <li>Unzip the provided zip file.</li>\n <li>Inside the unzipped contents you will find some font files (at the time of writing, two <code>.woff</code> files and two <code>.woff2</code> files; they might vary in the future.) Copy these files into a directory called fonts, in the same directory as before. We are using two different files for each font to maximize browser compatibility; see our <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/CSS/Styling_text/Web_fonts\">Web fonts</a> article for a lot more information.</li>\n</ol>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"the_css","title":"The CSS","isH3":true,"content":"<p>Now we can dig into the CSS for the example. Add all the code blocks shown below inside the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/style\"><code><style></code></a> element, one after another.</p>\n<h4 id=\"overall_layout\">Overall layout</h4>\n<p>First, we prepare by defining our <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@font-face\"><code>@font-face</code></a> rules, and all the basic styles set on the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/body\"><code><body></code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/form\"><code><form></code></a> elements. If the fontsquirrel output was different from what we described above, you can find the correct <code>@font-face</code> blocks inside your downloaded webfont kit, in the <code>stylesheet.css</code> file (you'll need to replace the below <code>@font-face</code> blocks with them, and update the paths to the font files):</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>@font-face {\n font-family: \"handwriting\";\n src:\n url(\"fonts/journal-webfont.woff2\") format(\"woff2\"),\n url(\"fonts/journal-webfont.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n font-weight: normal;\n font-style: normal;\n}\n\n@font-face {\n font-family: \"typewriter\";\n src:\n url(\"fonts/momot___-webfont.woff2\") format(\"woff2\"),\n url(\"fonts/momot___-webfont.woff\") format(\"woff\");\n font-weight: normal;\n font-style: normal;\n}\n\nbody {\n font: 1.3rem sans-serif;\n padding: 0.5em;\n margin: 0;\n background: #222;\n}\n\nform {\n position: relative;\n width: 740px;\n height: 498px;\n margin: 0 auto;\n padding: 1em;\n box-sizing: border-box;\n background: #fff url(background.jpg);\n\n /* we create our grid */\n display: grid;\n grid-gap: 20px;\n grid-template-columns: repeat(2, 1fr);\n grid-template-rows: 10em 1em 1em 1em;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Notice that we've used some <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_grid_layout\">CSS grid</a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/CSS_flexible_box_layout\">Flexbox</a> to lay out the form. Using this we can easily position our elements, including the title and all the form elements:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>h1 {\n font:\n 1em \"typewriter\",\n monospace;\n align-self: end;\n}\n\n#message {\n grid-row: 1 / 5;\n}\n\n#from,\n#reply {\n display: flex;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<h4 id=\"labels_and_controls\">Labels and controls</h4>\n<p>Now we can start working on the form elements themselves. First, let's ensure that the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/label\"><code><label></code></a>s are given the right font:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>label {\n font:\n 0.8em \"typewriter\",\n sans-serif;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>The text fields require some common rules. In other words, we remove their <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/border\"><code>borders</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/background\"><code>backgrounds</code></a>, and redefine their <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/padding\"><code>padding</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/margin\"><code>margin</code></a>:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>input,\ntextarea {\n font:\n 1.4em/1.5em \"handwriting\",\n cursive,\n sans-serif;\n border: none;\n padding: 0 10px;\n margin: 0;\n width: 80%;\n background: none;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>When one of these fields gains focus, we highlight them with a light grey, transparent, background (it is always important to have focus style, for usability and keyboard accessibility):</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>input:focus,\ntextarea:focus {\n background: rgb(0 0 0 / 10%);\n border-radius: 5px;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<p>Now that our text fields are complete, we need to adjust the display of the single and multiple-line text fields to match, since they won't typically look the same using the defaults.</p>\n<h4 id=\"tweaking_the_text_areas\">Tweaking the text areas</h4>\n<p><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/textarea\"><code><textarea></code></a> elements default to being rendered as an inline-block element. The two important things here are the <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/resize\"><code>resize</code></a> and <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow\"><code>overflow</code></a> properties. While our design is a fixed-size design, and we could use the <code>resize</code> property to prevent users from resizing our multi-line text field, it is best to not prevent users from resizing a textarea if they so choose. The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/overflow\"><code>overflow</code></a> property is used to make the field render more consistently across browsers. Some browsers default to the value <code>auto</code>, while some default to the value <code>scroll</code>. In our case, it's better to be sure everyone will use <code>auto</code>:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>textarea {\n display: block;\n\n padding: 10px;\n margin: 10px 0 0 -10px;\n width: 100%;\n height: 90%;\n\n border-right: 1px solid;\n\n /* resize : none; */\n overflow: auto;\n}\n</code></pre></div>\n<h4 id=\"styling_the_submit_button\">Styling the submit button</h4>\n<p>The <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/button\"><code><button></code></a> element is really convenient to style with CSS; you can do whatever you want, even using <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/Pseudo-elements\">pseudo-elements</a>:</p>\n<div class=\"code-example\"><div class=\"example-header\"><span class=\"language-name\">css</span></div><pre class=\"brush: css notranslate\"><code>button {\n padding: 5px;\n font: bold 0.6em sans-serif;\n border: 2px solid #333;\n border-radius: 5px;\n background: none;\n cursor: pointer;\n transform: rotate(-1.5deg);\n}\n\nbutton:after {\n content: \" >>>\";\n}\n\nbutton:hover,\nbutton:focus {\n background: #000;\n color: #fff;\n}\n</code></pre></div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"the_final_result","title":"The final result","isH3":true,"content":"<p>And voilà! Your form should now look like this:</p>\n<p>\n <img src=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms/updated-form-screenshot.jpg\" alt=\"The final look and layout of the form after applying all styling and tweaking to it as described above\" width=\"740\" height=\"497\" loading=\"lazy\">\n</p>\n<div class=\"notecard note\">\n <p><strong>Note:</strong> If your example does not work quite as you expected and you want to check it against our version, you can find it on GitHub — see it <a href=\"https://mdn.github.io/learning-area/html/forms/postcard-example/\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">running live</a> (also see <a href=\"https://github.com/mdn/learning-area/tree/main/html/forms/postcard-example\" class=\"external\" target=\"_blank\">the source code</a>).</p>\n</div>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"test_your_skills","title":"Test your skills","isH3":false,"content":"<p>You've reached the end of this article, but can you remember the most important information? You can find some further tests to verify that you've retained this information before you move on — see <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Test_your_skills:_Styling_basics\">Test your skills: Styling basics</a>.</p>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"summary","title":"Summary","isH3":false,"content":"<p>As you can see, as long as we want to build forms with just text fields and buttons, it's easy to style them using CSS. <a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling\">In the next article</a>, we will see how to handle form widgets which fall into the \"bad\" and \"ugly\" categories.</p><ul class=\"prev-next\">\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Other_form_controls\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Previous </span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Overview: Web form building blocks</span></a></li>\n <li><a class=\"button secondary\" href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Advanced_form_styling\"><span class=\"button-wrap\"> Next </span></a></li>\n</ul>"}},{"type":"prose","value":{"id":"advanced_topics","title":"Advanced Topics","isH3":true,"content":"<ul>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/How_to_build_custom_form_controls\">How to build custom form controls</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Sending_forms_through_JavaScript\">Sending forms through JavaScript</a></li>\n <li><a href=\"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Property_compatibility_table_for_form_controls\">Property compatibility table for form widgets</a></li>\n</ul>"}}],"toc":[{"text":"Challenges in styling form widgets","id":"challenges_in_styling_form_widgets"},{"text":"Styling simple form widgets","id":"styling_simple_form_widgets"},{"text":"A specific styling example","id":"a_specific_styling_example"},{"text":"Test your skills","id":"test_your_skills"},{"text":"Summary","id":"summary"}],"summary":"As you can see, as long as we want to build forms with just text fields and buttons, it's easy to style them using CSS. In the next article, we will see how to handle form widgets which fall into the \"bad\" and \"ugly\" categories.","popularity":0.0039,"modified":"2024-10-25T00:08:46.000Z","other_translations":[{"locale":"de","title":"Styling von Webformularen","native":"Deutsch"},{"locale":"es","title":"Estilizando formularios HTML","native":"Español"},{"locale":"fr","title":"Mise en forme des formulaires HTML","native":"Français"},{"locale":"ja","title":"ウェブフォームへのスタイル設定","native":"日本語"},{"locale":"ru","title":"Стили HTML форм","native":"Русский"},{"locale":"zh-CN","title":"样式化 Web 表单","native":"中文 (简体)"}],"pageType":"learn-module-chapter","source":{"folder":"en-us/learn/forms/styling_web_forms","github_url":"https://github.com/mdn/content/blob/main/files/en-us/learn/forms/styling_web_forms/index.md","last_commit_url":"https://github.com/mdn/content/commit/baac7f2a43813a7930ff97b11d9c38b413f97c78","filename":"index.md"},"short_title":"Styling web forms","parents":[{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn","title":"Guides"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms","title":"Web form building blocks"},{"uri":"/en-US/docs/Learn/Forms/Styling_web_forms","title":"Styling web forms"}],"pageTitle":"Styling web forms - Learn web development | MDN","noIndexing":false}}</script></body></html>