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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">David Walden</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American computer scientist (1942–2022)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">David Walden</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:IMP_Walden.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/IMP_Walden.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="94" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="67" data-file-height="94" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">June 7, 1942<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Longview,_Washington" title="Longview, Washington">Longview, Washington</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 27, 2022 (aged 79)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/East_Sandwich,_Massachusetts" title="East Sandwich, Massachusetts">East Sandwich, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Computer scientist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Packet switching technologies for <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Sara Elizabeth Cowles</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1966)<wbr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>David Corydon Walden</b> (June 7, 1942 – April 27, 2022) was an American computer scientist and <a href="/wiki/Internet_pioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet pioneer">Internet pioneer</a> who contributed to the engineering development of the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, a precursor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. He specifically contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processor</a>, which was the <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">node</a> for the ARPANET. Walden was a contributor to <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>'s <i>Annals of the History of Computing</i> and was a member of the <a href="/wiki/TeX_Users_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="TeX Users Group">TeX Users Group</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Walden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walden was born on June 7, 1942, to Velva (née Diede) and Clarence Walden in <a href="/wiki/Longview,_Washington" title="Longview, Washington">Longview, Washington</a>. His mother was an elementary school teacher while his father was a high school teacher. His family moved to the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a> when he was aged four. He started out at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, before dropping out with poor grades and subsequently moving to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University" title="San Francisco State University">San Francisco State University</a>, where he obtained a degree in Mathematics. While at San Francisco State University, he took a course in <a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">numerical analysis</a>, a field of mathematics, that triggered his interest in computers, and he worked on an <a href="/wiki/IBM_1620" title="IBM 1620">IBM 1620</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibm_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibm computer">computer</a>, the university's only computer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Walden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMP_Team.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IMP_Team.jpg/300px-IMP_Team.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IMP_Team.jpg/450px-IMP_Team.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IMP_Team.jpg/600px-IMP_Team.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption>IMP team in 1969 (left to right): Truett Thatch, Bill Bartell (Honeywell), Dave Walden, Jim Geisman, Robert Kahn, Frank Heart, Ben Barker, Marty Thorpe, Will Crowther, and Severo Ornstein Not pictured: Bernie Cosell</figcaption></figure> <p>Walden started his career working as a <a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">programmer</a> at the space communications division of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>'s <a href="/wiki/MIT_Lincoln_Laboratory" title="MIT Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved to join <a href="/wiki/Bolt_Beranek_%26_Newman" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolt Beranek & Newman">Bolt Beranek & Newman (BBN)</a> in 1967. It was here that he was part of the seven-member engineering team that developed the <a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet switching</a> technology that powered the <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>, one of the first general purpose <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer networks</a> that was a precursor of the modern internet. During his time at BBN, the group of engineers developed the <a href="/wiki/Interface_Message_Processor" title="Interface Message Processor">Interface Message Processor</a>, that formed the packet switching basis for the network, developed the hardware, wrote the software, and even acted as the <a href="/wiki/Network_operations_center" title="Network operations center">Network Operations Center</a> for the network.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, Walden's efforts focused on developing the packet switching and routing software for the IMP.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He developed what became known as the "Walden message switching protocol",<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:22_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was acknowledged by <a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Bob Kahn</a> in their seminal 1974 paper on internetworking, <i>A Protocol For Packet Network Intercommunication.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>Walden briefly moved to Norway to work at <a href="/wiki/Norsk_Data" title="Norsk Data">Norsk Data Elektronikk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, developing the LFK network, a Norwegian packet switching network, between 1970 and 1971, before returning to the United States to continue working with BBN.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walden was the system architect and Norsk Data's project manager in building out this network.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Toward the latter part of his career, Walden focused on <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">management research</a> and wrote extensively on the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/TeX_Users_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="TeX Users Group">TeX Users Group</a> and contributed to content related to digital typesetting and publishing.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had also served as the group's director and treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walden received a honorary doctorate from the San Francisco State University in 2014, for his contributions to the ARPANET.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walden was the co-founder of Center for Quality of Management and a contributor to <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Computer_Society" title="IEEE Computer Society">IEEE Computer Society</a>'s Annals of the History of Computing and a member of its History Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Walden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Walden married Sara Elizabeth Cowles, an educational administrator, in 1966. The couple had a son. Walden died of <a href="/wiki/Mantle_cell_lymphoma" title="Mantle cell lymphoma">mantle cell lymphoma</a> at his house in <a href="/wiki/East_Sandwich,_Massachusetts" title="East Sandwich, Massachusetts">East Sandwich, Massachusetts</a>, on April 27, 2022. He was aged 79.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Select_publications">Select publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Walden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Select publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalden2003" class="citation web cs1">Walden, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_imp_walden.htm">"Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later - Internet History"</a>. <i>LivingInternet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LivingInternet&rft.atitle=Looking+back+at+the+ARPANET+effort%2C+34+years+later+-+Internet+History&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Walden&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Fi%2Fii_imp_walden.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalden2014" class="citation journal cs1">Walden, David (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6828556">"The Arpanet IMP Program: Retrospective and Resurrection"</a>. <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 28–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2014.30">10.1109/MAHC.2014.30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16932766">16932766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=The+Arpanet+IMP+Program%3A+Retrospective+and+Resurrection&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=28-39&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16932766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2014.30&rft.aulast=Walden&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F6828556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldenRaymond_S_Nickerson2011" class="citation book cs1">Walden, David; Raymond S Nickerson, eds. (2011). <i>A culture of innovation: insider accounts of computing and live at BBN</i>. East Sandwich, MA: Waterside Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9789737-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9789737-0-4"><bdi>978-0-9789737-0-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/778116299">778116299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+culture+of+innovation%3A+insider+accounts+of+computing+and+live+at+BBN&rft.place=East+Sandwich%2C+MA&rft.pub=Waterside+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F778116299&rft.isbn=978-0-9789737-0-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalden1993" class="citation book cs1">Walden, David (1993). <i>A new American TQM: four practical revolutions in management</i>. et al. Cambridge, MA: Productivity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56327-032-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56327-032-1"><bdi>978-1-56327-032-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27897718">27897718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+American+TQM%3A+four+practical+revolutions+in+management&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Productivity+Press&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27897718&rft.isbn=978-1-56327-032-1&rft.aulast=Walden&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalden2001" class="citation book cs1">Walden, David (2001). <i>Four practical revolutions in management: systems for creating unique organizational capability</i>. et al. Portland, OR: Productivity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56327-217-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56327-217-2"><bdi>978-1-56327-217-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45487580">45487580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+practical+revolutions+in+management%3A+systems+for+creating+unique+organizational+capability&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.pub=Productivity+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45487580&rft.isbn=978-1-56327-217-2&rft.aulast=Walden&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Walden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">List of Internet pioneers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Walden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHafner2022" class="citation news cs1">Hafner, Katie (May 3, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/03/technology/david-walden-dead.html">"David Walden, Computer Scientist at Dawn of Internet, Dies at 79"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=David+Walden%2C+Computer+Scientist+at+Dawn+of+Internet%2C+Dies+at+79&rft.date=2022-05-03&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F05%2F03%2Ftechnology%2Fdavid-walden-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tryengineering.org/profile/david-walden/">"David Walden"</a>. TryEngineering.org Powered by IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Walden&rft.pub=TryEngineering.org+Powered+by+IEEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftryengineering.org%2Fprofile%2Fdavid-walden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calstate.edu:443/impact-of-the-csu/alumni/Honorary-Degrees/Pages/David-Walden.aspx">"David Walden"</a>. www.calstate.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Walden&rft.pub=www.calstate.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.calstate.edu%3A443%2Fimpact-of-the-csu%2Falumni%2FHonorary-Degrees%2FPages%2FDavid-Walden.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102702119"><i>Walden, David C. oral history</i></a>. Gardner Hendrie (interviewer), David Walden (interviewee), Marc Weber (interviewer). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Computer History Museum. June 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walden%2C+David+C.+oral+history&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Computer+History+Museum&rft.date=2009-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fcollections%2Fcatalog%2F102702119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livinginternet.com/i/ii_imp_walden.htm">"Dave Walden, Looking back at the ARPANET effort, 34 years later - Internet History"</a>. LivingInternet<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dave+Walden%2C+Looking+back+at+the+ARPANET+effort%2C+34+years+later+-+Internet+History&rft.pub=LivingInternet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livinginternet.com%2Fi%2Fii_imp_walden.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walden, D. C, "A System tor Interprocess Communication in a Resource Sharing Computer Network," Com. of ACM, April 1972, pp 221-230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/Legacy/SP/nbsspecialpublication500-21v1.pdf">"DESIGN ALTERNATIVES FOR COMPUTER NETWORK SECURITY"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. January 1978. <q>The discussion will generally be limited to ARPA-like protocols (CRO-71), but will also consider suggested variations such as Walden's message-switching protocol. ... At the same time, the basic protocol selection should be reviewed to see if the message-switching protocol of Walden might be better suited for a secure net. He discusses the handling of "ports" as capabilities (in an access control sense) but does not consider the potential problems of controlling the establishment of end-to-end communications paths (i.e., setting up the encipherment keys). Since the "connections" in his scheme would only exist for the flow of one message, the dialog-oriented approach that we have taken for the SC might not apply. [*The notion of connection appears to be prerequisite for end-to-end encipherment (using a separate encryption key for each dialog), and to implement the explicit opening and closing of a particular communication path. However, end-to-end protection is possible by a combination of encipherment and other protection means.] In contrast, the current ARPA net protocol is connection-oriented (a connection is created by control commands for use during a dialog) and therefore seems to fit well with our scheme. However, the intuitive appeal of using a message-oriented protocol for a message-switched network deserves additional attention.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DESIGN+ALTERNATIVES+FOR+COMPUTER+NETWORK+SECURITY&rft.date=1978-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnvlpubs.nist.gov%2Fnistpubs%2FLegacy%2FSP%2Fnbsspecialpublication500-21v1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenzie2011" class="citation journal cs1">McKenzie, Alexander (2011). "INWG and the Conception of the Internet: An Eyewitness Account". <i>IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 66–71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9">10.1109/MAHC.2011.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-1547">1934-1547</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206443072">206443072</a>. <q>At the New York meeting, a small team of engineers (E. Aupperle, V. Cerf, B. Kahn, A. McKenzie, R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, et al.) with implementation experience in ARPANET (US), Cyclades (F), MERIT (US), and NPL (UK) created a first draft of an International Transmission Protocol (ITP). ... Specifically noted were the Walden Message-Switching Protocol, ARPA H-H Protocol, NPL High-Level Protocol, CYCLADES Protocol, and EPSS Protocol.... Perhaps the only historical difference that would have occurred if DARPA had switched to the INWG 96 protocol is that rather than Cerf and Kahn being routinely cited as "fathers of the Internet," maybe Cerf, Scantlebury, Zimmermann, and I would have been.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Annals+of+the+History+of+Computing&rft.atitle=INWG+and+the+Conception+of+the+Internet%3A+An+Eyewitness+Account&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=66-71&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206443072%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-1547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAHC.2011.9&rft.aulast=McKenzie&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCerfKahn1974" class="citation journal cs1">Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall06/cos561/papers/cerf74.pdf">"A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Transactions on Communications</i>. <b>22</b> (5): 637–648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOM.1974.1092259">10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1558-0857">1558-0857</a>. <q>The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Communications&rft.atitle=A+Protocol+for+Packet+Network+Intercommunication&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=637-648&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCOM.1974.1092259&rft.issn=1558-0857&rft.aulast=Cerf&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Kahn%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.princeton.edu%2Fcourses%2Farchive%2Ffall06%2Fcos561%2Fpapers%2Fcerf74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/an/2002/03/man2002030079/13rRUB7a18Z">"CSDL | IEEE Computer Society"</a>. www.computer.org. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fmahc.2002.10007">10.1109/mahc.2002.10007</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=CSDL+%7C+IEEE+Computer+Society&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fmahc.2002.10007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fcsdl%2Fmagazine%2Fan%2F2002%2F03%2Fman2002030079%2F13rRUB7a18Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYumpu.com" class="citation web cs1">Yumpu.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531011653/https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/24649874/remembering-the-lfk-network-walden-family">"Remembering the LFK Network - Walden Family"</a>. <i>yumpu.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/24649874/remembering-the-lfk-network-walden-family">the original</a> on May 31, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yumpu.com&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+LFK+Network+-+Walden+Family&rft.au=Yumpu.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fview%2F24649874%2Fremembering-the-lfk-network-walden-family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerryDavid_Walden2009" class="citation book cs1">Berry, Karl; David Walden, eds. (2009). <i>TEX people: interviews form the world of TEX</i>. Portland, OR: TEX Users Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9824626-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9824626-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9824626-0-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/709838881">709838881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TEX+people%3A+interviews+form+the+world+of+TEX&rft.place=Portland%2C+OR&rft.pub=TEX+Users+Group&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F709838881&rft.isbn=978-0-9824626-0-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tug.org/pipermail/tex-announce/2022/000189.html">"[tex-announce] May22 TUG news: war, David Walden, TUG'22, TUGboat, TeX Live, CTAN - tex-announce mailing list - TeX Users Group"</a>. <i>tug.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tug.org&rft.atitle=%5Btex-announce%5D+May22+TUG+news%3A+war%2C+David+Walden%2C+TUG%2722%2C+TUGboat%2C+TeX+Live%2C+CTAN+-+tex-announce+mailing+list+-+TeX+Users+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftug.org%2Fpipermail%2Ftex-announce%2F2022%2F000189.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Walden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Walden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZMEqTsSnMI"><span class="plainlinks">David Walden – Remembering the BBN ARPANET Project</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.walden-family.com/">David Walden Family</a> – Collection of Resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alexmckenzie.weebly.com/david-corydon-waldens-five-careers.html">David Corydon Walden's Five Careers</a> - biography done by his longtime co-worker, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_A._McKenzie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander A. McKenzie (page does not exist)">Alexander A. McKenzie</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing" title="IEEE Annals of the History of Computing">IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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