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vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Emergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Formulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Organizing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organizing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crisis_and_consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crisis_and_consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Crisis and consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crisis_and_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baghdad_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baghdad_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Baghdad school</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baghdad_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisprudencial_and_theological_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudencial_and_theological_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Jurisprudencial and theological development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudencial_and_theological_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-School_of_Hillah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_of_Hillah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>School of Hillah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_of_Hillah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_of_Jabal_'Amil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_of_Jabal_'Amil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>School of Jabal 'Amil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_of_Jabal_'Amil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rising_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rising_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Rising to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rising_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-School_of_Isfahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_of_Isfahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>School of Isfahan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-School_of_Isfahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Akhbari-Usuli_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akhbari-Usuli_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Akhbari-Usuli controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akhbari-Usuli_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qom_school,_Iranian_Revolution_and_Islamic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qom_school,_Iranian_Revolution_and_Islamic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Qom school, Iranian Revolution and Islamic Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qom_school,_Iranian_Revolution_and_Islamic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theological_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theological_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theological doctrine</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theological_doctrine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theological doctrine subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theological_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unity_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unity_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Unity of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unity_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tawhid_of_the_Essence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tawhid_of_the_Essence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Tawhid of the Essence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tawhid_of_the_Essence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tawhid_of_the_attributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tawhid_of_the_attributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Tawhid of the attributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tawhid_of_the_attributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tawhid_of_Creatorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tawhid_of_Creatorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Tawhid of Creatorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tawhid_of_Creatorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tawhid_of_Lordship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tawhid_of_Lordship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Tawhid of Lordship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tawhid_of_Lordship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shirk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shirk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.5</span> <span>Shirk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shirk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justice_of_God" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Justice of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Justice_in_Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice_in_Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Justice in Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice_in_Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justice_in_Religious_Dispensation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice_in_Religious_Dispensation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Justice in Religious Dispensation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice_in_Religious_Dispensation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Justice_in_Recompense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Justice_in_Recompense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Justice in Recompense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Justice_in_Recompense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predestination_and_Free_Will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predestination_and_Free_Will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Predestination and Free Will</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predestination_and_Free_Will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holy_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Holy sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Prophethood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Prophethood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The Prophethood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Prophethood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Angel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Angel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revelation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revelation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Revelation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revelation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miracle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miracle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Miracle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miracle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imamah_and_Walayah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imamah_and_Walayah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Imamah and Walayah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imamah_and_Walayah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Succession_to_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Succession_to_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>The Succession to Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Succession_to_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ziyarat_and_Tawassul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ziyarat_and_Tawassul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Ziyarat and Tawassul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ziyarat_and_Tawassul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ismah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ismah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Ismah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ismah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_occultation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_occultation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>The occultation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_occultation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_day_of_resurrection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_day_of_resurrection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>The day of resurrection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_day_of_resurrection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_return_(Raj'a)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_return_(Raj'a)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>The return (Raj'a)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_return_(Raj'a)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_day_of_judgement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_day_of_judgement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>The day of judgement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_day_of_judgement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intercession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intercession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Intercession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intercession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shari'ah_(Furu_al-Din)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shari'ah_(Furu_al-Din)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shari'ah (Furu al-Din)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shari'ah_(Furu_al-Din)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shari'ah (Furu al-Din) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shari'ah_(Furu_al-Din)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shahada_(declaration_of_faith)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shahada_(declaration_of_faith)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Shahada (declaration of faith)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shahada_(declaration_of_faith)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Prayer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Fasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khums_and_zakah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khums_and_zakah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Khums and zakah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khums_and_zakah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hajj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hajj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Hajj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hajj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jihad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jihad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Jihad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jihad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tawalla_and_Tabarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tawalla_and_Tabarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Tawalla and Tabarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tawalla_and_Tabarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commanding_what_is_just_and_Forbidding_what_is_evil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commanding_what_is_just_and_Forbidding_what_is_evil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Commanding what is just and Forbidding what is evil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commanding_what_is_just_and_Forbidding_what_is_evil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clergy_and_taqlid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clergy_and_taqlid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Clergy and taqlid</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Clergy_and_taqlid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Clergy and taqlid subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Clergy_and_taqlid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Who_and_where" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Who_and_where"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Who and where</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Who_and_where-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dispute_over_Marja_al-taqlid_al-mutlaq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute_over_Marja_al-taqlid_al-mutlaq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Dispute over <i>Marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute_over_Marja_al-taqlid_al-mutlaq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Differences</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Differences-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Differences subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dissimulation_(Taqiyya)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissimulation_(Taqiyya)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Dissimulation (Taqiyya)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissimulation_(Taqiyya)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mut'ah:_Temporary_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mut'ah:_Temporary_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mut'ah: Temporary marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mut'ah:_Temporary_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisprudence_(Fiqh)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisprudence_(Fiqh)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Jurisprudence (Fiqh)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Jurisprudence_(Fiqh)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Jurisprudence (Fiqh) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Jurisprudence_(Fiqh)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Akhbari_and_Usuli_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Akhbari_and_Usuli_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Akhbari and Usuli schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Akhbari_and_Usuli_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_the_Guardianship_of_the_jurisprudent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_the_Guardianship_of_the_jurisprudent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Governance and the Guardianship of the jurisprudent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_the_Guardianship_of_the_jurisprudent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ijtihad_and_Taqlid_(accepting_a_scholar's_verdict)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ijtihad_and_Taqlid_(accepting_a_scholar's_verdict)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Ijtihad and Taqlid (accepting a scholar's verdict)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ijtihad_and_Taqlid_(accepting_a_scholar's_verdict)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calendar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Calendar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_scholars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_scholars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable scholars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_scholars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Twelver Shi'ism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شيعة اثنا عشرية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شيعة اثنا عشرية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_iki_imam_%C5%9Fi%C9%99liyi" title="On iki imam şiəliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="On iki imam şiəliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87" title="اون‌ایکی ایماملی شیعه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اون‌ایکی ایماملی شیعه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ইসনা আশারিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসনা আশারিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Шиғый-ун икеселәр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шиғый-ун икеселәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Дванайсетен имамизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дванайсетен имамизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvanaestoimamizam" title="Dvanaestoimamizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dvanaestoimamizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamisme" title="Imamisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imamisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isn%C3%A1_a%C5%A1ar%C3%ADja" title="Isná ašaríja – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Isná ašaríja" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zw%C3%B6lfer-Schia" title="Zwölfer-Schia – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zwölfer-Schia" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imam%C3%ADes" title="Imamíes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imamíes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekduimamismo" title="Dekduimamismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dekduimamismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamabitar_xiismo" title="Hamabitar xiismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hamabitar xiismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="شیعه دوازده‌امامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیعه دوازده‌امامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiisme_duod%C3%A9cimain" title="Chiisme duodécimain – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chiisme duodécimain" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EB%91%90_%EC%9D%B4%EB%A7%98%ED%8C%8C" title="열두 이맘파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열두 이맘파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3an_Sha_Biyu" title="Ƴan Sha Biyu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ƴan Sha Biyu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="द्वादशी शिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="द्वादशी शिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syiah_Dua_Belas_Imam" title="Syiah Dua Belas Imam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Syiah Dua Belas Imam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodecimani" title="Duodecimani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Duodecimani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="התריסריים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התריסריים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washia_Ithna_ashari" title="Washia Ithna ashari – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Washia Ithna ashari" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ei%C3%AEtiya_dozdeh_%C3%AEmaman" title="Şiîtiya dozdeh îmaman – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şiîtiya dozdeh îmaman" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tizenkettes_s%C3%ADa" title="Tizenkettes sía – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tizenkettes sía" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siisman%27_ny_roa_ambin%27_ny_folo" title="Siisman' ny roa ambin' ny folo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Siisman' ny roa ambin' ny folo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ഇസ്നാ അശരികൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്നാ അശരികൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="इस्ना अशरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इस्ना अशरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="اثنا عشريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اثنا عشريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syiah_Imam_Dua_Belas" title="Syiah Imam Dua Belas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syiah Imam Dua Belas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%82_%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%99%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC" title="၁၂ ပါး အေမာမ်ကို လက်ခံသော ရှီအာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၂ ပါး အေမာမ်ကို လက်ခံသော ရှီအာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E3%82%A4%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E6%B4%BE" title="十二イマーム派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="十二イマーム派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolver-sekten" title="Tolver-sekten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tolver-sekten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%CA%BBn_ikki_imom" title="Oʻn ikki imom – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Oʻn ikki imom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="شیعہ اثنا عشری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="شیعہ اثنا عشری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اثنا عشريه شيعه ګان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اثنا عشريه شيعه ګان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamizm" title="Imamizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Imamizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiismo_duodecimano" title="Xiismo duodecimano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Xiismo duodecimano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isna%C8%99arism" title="Isnașarism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Isnașarism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B-%D0%B4%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Шииты-двунадесятники – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шииты-двунадесятники" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twaler" title="Twaler – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Twaler" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelvers" title="Twelvers – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Twelvers" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="اثنا عشري – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اثنا عشري" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%DB%95_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85" title="شیعەی دوازدە ئیمام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شیعەی دوازدە ئیمام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Дванаестници – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дванаестници" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamet" title="Imamet – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imamet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaksitoista%C5%A1iialaisuus" title="Kaksitoistašiialaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaksitoistašiialaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamiterna" title="Imamiterna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Imamiterna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imamismo" title="Imamismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Imamismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பன்னிருவர், சியா இசுலாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பன்னிருவர், சியா இசுலாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taci%C9%9Bit_n_12_n_limamat" title="Taciɛit n 12 n limamat – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taciɛit n 12 n limamat" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Шигый-уникечеләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шигый-уникечеләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1" title="ชีอะฮ์สิบสองอิหม่าม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีอะฮ์สิบสองอิหม่าม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Шиъаи дувоздаҳимомӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шиъаи дувоздаҳимомӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onikiciler" title="Onikiciler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Onikiciler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Імаміти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Імаміти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%AB%D9%86%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%81" title="شیعہ اثنا عشریہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شیعہ اثنا عشریہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%BC%8A%E7%91%AA%E7%9B%AE%E6%B4%BE" title="十二伊瑪目派 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="十二伊瑪目派" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%BC%8A%E7%91%AA%E7%9B%AE%E6%B4%BE" title="十二伊瑪目派 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="十二伊瑪目派" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E4%BC%8A%E7%8E%9B%E7%9B%AE%E6%B4%BE" title="十二伊玛目派 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="十二伊玛目派" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of Shia Islam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the predominant sect of Shia Islam. 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;background:transparent;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia view of Fatimah">Fatimah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;"> The <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">ar-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">al-Taqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">al-Naqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Principles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalah_(Islam)" title="Adalah (Islam)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other beliefs</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate of the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">Wilayat al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Usul al-fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Amr bi-l maʿrūf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidding_what_is_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbidding what is evil">Nahy ani l-Munkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalli">Tawalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarri" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarri">Tabarri</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een Pilgrimage">Arba'een Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Holy cities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhimiya" title="Kadhimiya">Kadhimiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other related sects and groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li>Sufi orders and <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Ni'matullāhī">Ni'matullāhī</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scholarship</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Maraji" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Maraji">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">Hawza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ayatollahs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ayatollahs">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hojatoleslam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hojatoleslam">Hojatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hadith collections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Books" title="The Four Books">The Four Books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Kafi" title="Kitab al-Kafi">Kitab al-Kafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_La_Yahduruhu_al-Faqih" title="Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih">Man La Yahduruhu al-Faqih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahdhib_al-Ahkam" title="Tahdhib al-Ahkam">Tahdhib al-Ahkam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Istibsar" title="Al-Istibsar">Al-Istibsar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Other hadith collections <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Sulaym_ibn_Qays" title="The Book of Sulaym ibn Qays">Book of Sulaym ibn Qays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_al-Anwar" title="Bihar al-Anwar">Bihar al-Anwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C4%81%27il_al-Sh%C4%AB%CA%BFa" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasā'il al-Shīʿa">Wasā'il al-Shīʿa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_of_Certainty" title="Reality of Certainty">Reality of Certainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafatih_al-Jinan" title="Mafatih al-Jinan">Mafatih al-Jinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahifa_al-Sajjadiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya">Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sources of <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> and jurisprudence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hadith_books#Shia_collections" title="List of hadith books">Hadiths</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Infallibles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Ijma'">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">Reason</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#D6E1CB;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">List of Twelver Shia books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Criticism of Twelver Shi'ism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Twelvers" title="Template:Twelvers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Twelvers" title="Template talk:Twelvers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Twelvers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Twelvers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shia_Islam" title="Category:Shia Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/110px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/165px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg/220px-Ghadir_Logo_Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beliefs and practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophethood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Ismaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Twelver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Zaydi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_angels" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of angels">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgment Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Intercession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Four_Companions" title="The Four Companions">The Four Companions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%CA%BDeen_Pilgrimage" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage">Arbaʽeen Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_days_of_remembrance" title="Shia days of remembrance">Days of remembrance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Eid al-Ghadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Koshan" title="Omar Koshan">Omar Koshan</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">Verse of purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">Two weighty things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_of_the_mubahala" title="Event of the mubahala">Mubahala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_at_Fatimah%27s_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar at Fatimah's house">Fatimah's house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Persecution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam#Branches" title="Shia Islam">Branches and sects</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar Allah">Houthi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%CA%BDli_Ismailism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustaʽli Ismailism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Progressive Dawoodi Bohra">Progressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebtiahs_Bohra" title="Hebtiahs Bohra">Hebtiahs Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atba-i-Malak" class="mw-redirect" title="Atba-i-Malak">Atba-i-Malak Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alavi Bohra">Alavi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbi_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutbi Bohra">Qutbi Bohra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizari" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizari">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alevi">Alevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism and folk religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishiki</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Shi'a sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Kisa" title="Ahl al-Kisa">Ahl al-Kisa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Ali" title="Shia view of Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Fatima" title="Shia view of Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holy women</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadija_bint_Khuwaylid" title="Khadija bint Khuwaylid">Khadija bint Khuwaylid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Salama" title="Umm Salama">Umm Salama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaynab_bint_Ali" title="Zaynab bint Ali">Zaynab bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Kulthum_bint_Ali" title="Umm Kulthum bint Ali">Umm Kulthum bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Banin" title="Umm al-Banin">Umm al-Banin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Hasan" title="Fatima bint Hasan">Fatima bint Hasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Husayn" title="Ruqayya bint Husayn">Ruqayya bint Husayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubab_bint_Imra_al-Qais" title="Rubab bint Imra al-Qais">Rubab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrbanu" title="Shahrbanu">Shahrbanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatima_bint_Musa" title="Fatima bint Musa">Fatima bint Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakimah_Kh%C4%81t%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakimah Khātūn">Hakimah Khātūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narjis" title="Narjis">Narjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimah_bint_Asad" title="Fatimah bint Asad">Fatimah bint Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umm_Farwah_bint_al-Qasim" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim">Umm Farwah bint al-Qasim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruqayya_bint_Ali" title="Ruqayya bint Ali">Ruqayya bint Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyida_Nafisa" title="Sayyida Nafisa">Sayyida Nafisa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/16px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/24px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/32px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shia_Islam" title="Template talk:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shia_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shia Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Twelver Shīʿism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱثْنَا عَشَرِيَّة</span>; <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʾIthnā ʿAshariyya</i></span></i>), also known as <b>Imāmiyya</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِمَامِيَّة</span>), is the largest branch of <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shīʿa Islam</a>, comprising about 85% of all Shīas. The term <i>Twelver</i> refers to its adherents' belief in twelve divinely ordained leaders, known as <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">the Twelve Imams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱلْأَئِمَّة ٱلْٱثْنَا عَشَر</span>), and their belief that the last Imam, <a href="/wiki/Hujjat-Allah_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hujjat-Allah al-Mahdi">Imam al-Mahdi</a>, lives in <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">Occultation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">غَيْبَة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ghaybah</i></span>) and will reappear as <i>the promised <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">المهدي المنتظر</span>). </p><p>Twelvers believe that the Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">successors</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">theology of Twelvers</a>, the Twelve Imams are exemplary human individuals who not only rule over the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> (<i>Ummah</i>) with justice, but are also able to preserve and interpret the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> (<i>sharīʿa</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Quran" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Quran">esoteric meaning of the Qur'an</a>. The words and deeds (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سنة</span><i>, <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a></i>) of Muhammad and the Imams are a guide and model for the Muslim community to follow; as a result, Muhammad and the Imams must be free from error and sin, a doctrine known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">Ismah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عِصْمَة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'protection') or infallibility, and must be chosen by divine decree, or <i><a href="/wiki/Nass_(Islam)" title="Nass (Islam)">nass</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نَصّ</span>), through Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Globally, there are about 160 million Twelvers:<sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> half the Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>; a sizeable minority in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/UAE" class="mw-redirect" title="UAE">UAE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iran is the only country where Twelver Shi'ism is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twelvers share many tenets with other Shīʿīte sects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">belief in the Imamate</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Ismāʿīlī</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizārī</a> branches believe in a different number of Imams and, for the most part, a different path of succession regarding the Imamate. They also differ in the role and overall definition of an Imam. Twelvers are also distinguished from Ismāʿīlīs by their belief in Muhammad's status as the "Seal of the Prophets" (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">خاتم النبيين</span><i>, <a href="/wiki/Khatam_an-Nabiyyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatam an-Nabiyyin">Khatam an-Nabiyyin</a></i>), in rejecting the possibility of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abrogation" class="extiw" title="wikt:abrogation">abrogation</a> of <i>sharīʿa</i> laws, and in considering both esoteric and exoteric aspects of the Qur'an.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, share belief in the Twelve Imams with Twelvers, but their theological doctrines are markedly different. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rafidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafidah">Rafidah</a></div> <p>The term <i>Twelver</i> is based on the belief that twelve male descendants from the family of Muhammad, starting with <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib</a> and ending with <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>, are Imams who have religious and political authority.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Twelvers are also known by other names: </p> <ul><li><i>Shi'a</i> refers to a group of Muslims who believe that the succession to Muhammad must remain in his family for specific members who are designated by a divine appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tabatabai states that the word referred to the partisans of Ali at the time of Muhammad himself.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Ja'fari</i> refers exclusively to the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Juridical school</a> which is followed by Twelvers and <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Isma%27ilism" title="Nizari Isma'ilism">Nizaris</a>. The term is derived from the name of <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> who is considered by the Twelvers and Nizaris to be their sixth Imam who presented "a legal treatise".<sup id="cite_ref-Janin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ja'far al-Sadiq is also respected and referenced by the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> schools of jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Imami</i> or <i>Imamiyyah</i> or <i>Imamite</i> is a reference to the Twelver belief in the <a href="/wiki/Infallibility" title="Infallibility">infallibility</a> of the Imāms. Although the <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismā'īlīs</a> also share the concept of Imamate, this term is mostly used for the Twelvers who believe that the leadership of the community after Muhammad belongs to twelve subsequent successors including <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> that together comprise <a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">the Fourteen Infallibles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shia_Islam" title="History of Shia Islam">History of Shia Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_Shia_Islam" title="Origin of Shia Islam">Origin of Shia Islam</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imamate_era">Imamate era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Imamate era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twelver_imams_amongst_Shia">Twelver imams amongst Shia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Twelver imams amongst Shia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emergence">Emergence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Emergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 610, when Muhammad received the first revelation, Ali was 10 years old. At the time of Muhammad, some of the supporters of Ali, particularly Miqdad ibn al-Aswad, Salman the Persian, Abu Dharr al-Ghifari, and Ammar ibn Yasir were called the Shiites of Ali. The division of Islam into Shia and Sunni traces back to the crisis of the succession to Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The followers of Ali fought with some of the Quraysh and some of the companions of Muhammad like <a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Talha ibn Ubayd Allah">Talhah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr</a>. As most of his supporters were in Iraq, Ali moved the capital of Islam to Kufa and there began to fight against Mu'awiyah, who rejected giving allegiance to Ali.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The death of Husayn played an important role in the spread of Shi'ism in the regions of Iraq, Yemen and Persia. At the end of the first century, the influential leaders in the government established the city of <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> for the settlement of the Shia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formulation">Formulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Formulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Al-Baqir" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Al-Baqir">Muhammad Al-Baqir</a> was teacher of law for 20 years and a reporter of hadith. He also introduced the principle of <a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">Taqiyya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Baqir narrated many a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> about <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a> and other religious sciences which based the foundations for the Shia instructions. With change in political situations and a suitable conditions for the development of religious activities and the time of elaborating the religious sciences, <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> had an important role in forming the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shia_Fiqh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shia Fiqh (page does not exist)">Shia Jurisprudence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ja'far al-Sadiq and al-Baqir are the founders of the Imami Shiite school of religious law. Al-Sadiq acquired a noteworthy group of scholars around himself, comprising some of the most eminent jurists, traditionists, and theologians of the time. During his time, Shia developed in the theological and legal issues.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Muhammad al-Baqir and Ja'far al-Sadiq improved the position of the Shia and elaborated the intellectual basis of the interpretation and practice of Shiite Islam. Their teachings were the basis for the development of Shiite spirituality and religious rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organizing">Organizing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Organizing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the third/ninth century once again Shia flourished and it was due to the translation of scientific and philosophical books from other languages to Arabic, Al-Ma'mun giving freedom to the propagation of different religious views and his interest in intellectual debates. Under the rule of al-Ma'mun, Shia was free from the political pressures and was somehow at liberty. In the fourth/tenth century, the weaknesses in the Abbasid government and coming up the Buyid rulers caused the spread, strength and open propagation of the Shi'ism. From the fifth/eleventh to the ninth century many Shia kings appeared in the Islamic world who propagated the Shi'ism.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_and_consolidation">Crisis and consolidation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crisis and consolidation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baghdad_school">Baghdad school</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Baghdad school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the tenth century and the <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid</a> era, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> was the center of <a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> theologians. Their ideas about attribute and justice of God and human <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> affected Shia theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Nawbakhti" title="Al-Nawbakhti">Bani Nawbakht</a>, particularly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Sahl_Al-Nawbakhti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Sahl Al-Nawbakhti (page does not exist)">Abu Sahl Al-Nawbakhti</a> (d. 923–924),<sup id="cite_ref-Deba_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deba-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fuzed Mu'tazili theology with Imami system of thought. On the other hand, Imami <a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">traditionists</a> of Qom, particularly <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Babawayh" title="Ibn Babawayh">Ibn Babawayh</a> (d. 991), react to their theological ideas based on Twelve Imams' Hadiths. He tried to defend Imami ideas against Mu'tazili criticism regarding <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Anthropomorphism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Tashbih</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Kraemer_1992_74_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraemer_1992_74-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three prominent figures of Baghdad school were <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a> (d. 1022 CE), <a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a> (d. 1044) and <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Tusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh al-Tusi">Shaykh al-Tusi</a> (d. 1067).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al-Mufid was a Twelver theologian, <a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fiqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiqih">Fiqih</a> who used <a href="/wiki/Al-Nawbakhti" title="Al-Nawbakhti">Bani Nawbakht</a> as well as Baghdadi Mu'tazila ideas to form his theology while trying to adapt theological ideas with Twelve Imams' Hadith.<sup id="cite_ref-Deba_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deba-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Mu'tazila was dominant in Baghdad, he tries to distinguish Shia and Mu'tazila ideas and assert <a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">reason</a> needs <a href="/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">revelation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kraemer_1992_74_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kraemer_1992_74-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shaykh Tusi, founder of Shia Ijtihad, was the first to establish the bases of reasoning in Shia Jurisprudence. His book al-Mabsut is the first book of Ijtihad which derives the subordinates from the principles. Tusi bought the Shia religious law to a new period. The main point is that he recognized the needs of the community and preserved the principles.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By his debates and books, Al-Mufid, Sayyid-al Murtada and Shaykh al-Tusi in Iraq were the first to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Usul_al-fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-fiqh">Usul</a> of the Jurisprudence under the influence of the Shafe'i and Mu'tazili doctrines. Al- Kulayni and al-Sadduq, in Qom and Ray, were concerned with traditionalist approach.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_1989_284–285_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_1989_284–285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twelver Imams amongst other Shia imam with their early Imams are shown in the chart below. This also indicate twelvers amongst various other sects in the present world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jurisprudencial_and_theological_development">Jurisprudencial and theological development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jurisprudencial and theological development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="School_of_Hillah">School of Hillah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: School of Hillah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The beginner of this school, Ibn Idris al-Hilli (d. 1202), with his rationalistic tendency, detailed Shi'ite jurisprudence in his al-Sara'ir. Ibn Idris, with rejecting the validity of the isolate hadith, states rational faculty (<a href="/wiki/%27aql" class="mw-redirect" title="'aql">'aql</a>) as the fourth source of law in deducing legal norms before Quran and hadith.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martin2003_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2003-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the real Usuli doctrinal movement began by al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli (d. 1277) who brought up <a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">qiyas</a> (analogy) to jurisprudence. Ijtihad brought dynamism into Shia law.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2003_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2003-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhaqqiq_al-Hilli" title="Muhaqqiq al-Hilli">Muhaqqiq Hilli</a> and al-Hilli gave a definite shape to Shia jurisprudence and they separated the weak hadith from the sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_1988_230_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_1988_230-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to John Cooper, after al-Hilli, Imami theology and legal methodology became thoroughly infused with the terminology and style of philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1256 the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid dynasty</a> collapsed with <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">the invasion of Mongols to Baghdad</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">ruling of Mongols</a>, Shi'a were more free to develop and al-Hilla became the new learning center for Shia. Continuing the rationalistic tradition of the Baghdad School, defining reason as an important principle of Jurisprudence, al-Hillah school laid the theoretical foundation upon which the authority of Jurisprudents is based today.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second wave of the Usulies was shaped in the Mongol period when al-Hilli used the term Mujtahid, the one who deduces the ordinance on the basis of the authentic arguments of the religion. By Ijtihad, al-Hilli meant the disciplined reasoning on the basis of the shari'ah. By developing the principles of the Usul, he introduced more legal and logical norms which extended the meaning of the Usul beyond the four principle sources of Shari'ah.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_1989_284–285_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_1989_284–285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="School_of_Jabal_'Amil"><span id="School_of_Jabal_.27Amil"></span>School of Jabal 'Amil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: School of Jabal 'Amil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amili was the first who fully formulated the principles of the Ijtihad.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_1989_284–285_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_1989_284–285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rising_to_power">Rising to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rising to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="School_of_Isfahan">School of Isfahan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: School of Isfahan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1501 <a href="/wiki/Isma%27il_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'il I">Isma'il I</a> took the power in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and set up the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>. While most of the larger cities of Iran were Sunni, he declared Twelverism as the official religion of his empire. Many Shia scholars were brought to set up the Shia seminaries in Iran. One of those was Karaki who stated that, for the interest of Umma, it is necessary for a Shia scholar to be a legitimate leader to carry out the tasks of the Imam who is hidden. Under Safavids, religious authorities (<a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh al-Islam">Shaykh al-Islam</a>) were appointed for all major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karaki established a great seminary (<a href="/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">Hawza</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, consequently, Iran once again became center of Imami jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Suhrawardi tried to harmonize rational philosophy and intellectual intuition, but <a href="/wiki/Mir_Damad" title="Mir Damad">Mir Damad</a> is the founder of it.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mir Damad combined the teachings of Ibn Arabi, Suhrawardi, Ibn Sina and Nair al-Din and founded a new intellectual dimension in the texture of Shi'ism.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The scholars of the School of Isfahan integrated the philosophical, theological, and mystical traditions of Shi'ism into a metaphysical synthesis known as Divine Wisdom or theosophy(Persian:hikmat-i ilahi). The most important representative of the School of Isfahan was Mulla Sadra. Mulla Sadra produced his own synthesis of Muslim thought, including theology, peripatetic philosophy, philosophical mysticism, and Sufi studies, particularly the Sufism of Ibn al-'Arabi. Mulla Sadra trained eminent students, such as Mulla Muhsin Kashani and 'Abd al-Razzaq Lahiji who passed down the traditions of the School of Isfahan in later centuries in both Iran and India.<sup id="cite_ref-C2007_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Akhbari-Usuli_controversies">Akhbari-Usuli controversies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Akhbari-Usuli controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid">Safavid</a> era (1736), the Usuli School of thought was attacked by the <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> (traditionalist) trend whose founder was Mulla Muhammad Amin al-Astarabadi.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2003_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2003-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astarabadi attacked the idea of Ijtihad and called the Usulies as the enemies of religion. He recognized the hadith as the only source for the Islamic law and the understanding of the Quran.<sup id="cite_ref-C2007_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_Behbahani" title="Muhammad Baqir Behbahani">Muhammad Baqir Behbahani</a>, as the founder of a new stage in Shia Jurisprudence, took a new practical method.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_1989_284–285_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_1989_284–285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attacked the Akhbaris and their method was abandoned by Shia.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_1988_230_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_1988_230-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dominance of the Usuli over the <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> came in last half of the 18th century when Behbahani led Usulis to dominance and "completely routed the Akhbaris at Karbala and Najaf," so that "only a handful of Shi'i ulama have remained Akhbari to the present day."<sup id="cite_ref-momen127_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-momen127-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reestablishment of the <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> School led to the enhancement of the authority of the legal scholars in the <a href="/wiki/Qajar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qajar">Qajar</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-C2007_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C2007-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qom_school,_Iranian_Revolution_and_Islamic_Republic"><span id="Qom_school.2C_Iranian_Revolution_and_Islamic_Republic"></span>Qom school, Iranian Revolution and Islamic Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Qom school, Iranian Revolution and Islamic Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic">Islamic Republic</a></div> <p>During the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> called for the abolition of the western-backed <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">monarchy in Iran</a>. He was sent into exile in Iraq, where he continued his opposition to the Iranian regime. He further ordered the opposition to the Shah and led the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">1979 revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theological_doctrine">Theological doctrine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Theological doctrine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a></div> <p>Twelver theology, which mainly consists of five principles,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has formed over the course of history on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadiths</a> from Muhammad and the Twelve Imams (especially <a href="/wiki/Jafar_al-Sadiq" class="mw-redirect" title="Jafar al-Sadiq">Jafar al-Sadiq</a>), as well as in response to intellectual movements in the Muslim world and major events of the Twelver history, such as <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">the Battle of Karbala</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Occultation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Occultation">the occultation of the twelfth Imam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mystics, philosophers, and traditional scholars all have diverse opinions about the unity of God, free will, and Judgement Day, as stated by Jafaar Seedaan.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Care has been taken to mention the traditional view first and then mention other views as objectively as possible.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unity_of_God">Unity of God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Unity of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Hossein Nasr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>, the first Shia Imam is credited with establishing <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Islamic theology</a> and, among Muslims, his sermons contain the first philosophical proofs of God's unity (<a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ali is quoted as arguing that "unity of God" means that God has no like; is not subject to numeration; and is indivisible in neither reality nor imagination.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On another occasion, he is quoted saying: </p> <blockquote><p>The first step of religion is to accept, understand and realize him as the Lord ... The correct form of belief in his unity is to realize that he is so absolutely pure and above nature that nothing can be added to or subtracted from his being. That is, one should realize that there is no difference between his person and his attributes, and his attributes should not be differentiated or distinguished from his person.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Traditional Twelvers strictly believe that God is different from his creation and that both are separate entities.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Haydar_Amuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Haydar Amuli">Sayyid Haydar Amuli</a>, a prominent Shia mystic and philosopher, defines God as <i>alone</i> in being, name, attributes, actions, and theophanies. The totality of being, therefore, <i>is</i> God, <i>through</i> God, <i>comes from</i> God, and <i>returns to</i> God. God is not a <i>being</i> next to or above other beings; God <i>is</i> Being; the absolute act of Being (<i>wujud mutlaq</i>). The divine unitude does not have the meaning of an arithmetical <i>unity</i>, among, next to, or above other unities. For, if there were being other than he (i.e., creatural being), God would no longer be the <i>Unique</i>, i.e., the only one to be.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this Divine Essence is infinite, his qualities are the same as his essence. Essentially, there is one Reality, which is one and indivisible.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Twelver theology, Tawhid consists of several aspects, including Tawhid of the Essence, the attributes, the creatorship, the lordship and oneness in worship.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tawhid_of_the_Essence">Tawhid of the Essence</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tawhid of the Essence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tawhid of the essence of God means his essence is one and peerless.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding this, Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/112:1">112</a> states: Say, "He is Allah, [who is] One, Allah, the Eternal Refuge. He neither begets nor is born, Nor is there to Him any equivalent. "<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tawhid_of_the_attributes">Tawhid of the attributes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tawhid of the attributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tawhid of the attributes means God's attributes have no other reality than His essence.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali argues that "Every attribute testifies to its being other than the object to which it is attributed, and every such object in turn testifies to its being other than the attribute."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tawhid of the attributes means to deny the existence of any sort of multiplicity and combination in the Essence itself. A differentiation between the essence and the attributes or between the attributes implies a limitation in being.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional Twelvers believe that God's names are created by Him and are not His attributes. A name is a combination of created letters while attributes are what is implied by that name. It is stated in Al-Kafi that whoever worships God's names has committed disbelief in God, as they are not Him.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tawhid_of_Creatorship">Tawhid of Creatorship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tawhid of Creatorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al-Hur Al-Amilly states that God created everything except humans' actions.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some Twelvers, Tawhid of Creatorship means that there is no creator but God,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is the <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causes and effects</a> of the universe are not independent from God, just as the beings which are not independent in essence. There is no power except God, according to Motahari.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tawhid_of_Lordship">Tawhid of Lordship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tawhid of Lordship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tawhid of Lordship means the governance of the world and that human beings only belong to God. This oneness of lordship has two aspects: creative governance (<i>tadbir takwini</i>), and religious governance (<i>tadbir tashrii</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At last oneness in worship, i.e., God alone is deserved to be worshipped.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari">Morteza Motahhari</a>, oneness in worship means rejecting all kinds of counterfeit worship (such as worship of carnal desires, money or prestige), and as Quran says, every act of obedience to an order is worship.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shirk">Shirk</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Shirk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contrary to Tawhid is <a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">Shirk</a>. It is a belief that the world has more than one principle or pole. </p><p>According to the mystic and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari">Morteza Motahhari</a>, the distinction of theoretical Tawhid from Shirk is recognition of the idea that every reality and being in its essence, attributes and action are from him (from Him-ness (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">انّالله</span>)). Every supernatural action of the prophets is by God's permission as Quran points to it. Shirk in practice is to assume something as an end in itself, independent from God, but to assume it as a path to God (to Him-ness (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">انّاالیه</span>)) is Tawhid.<sup id="cite_ref-MM_61-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MM-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Justice_of_God">Justice of God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Justice of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ali insists that God is Just and he is the Justice Itself and the virtue of Justice flows from him to the souls of men. Since he is Justice, every thing he does is Just.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shiism considers Justice <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as innate to Divine nature, i.e. God can not act unjustly, because it is his nature to be just.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Justice_in_Creation">Justice in Creation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Justice in Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twelvers believe that God grants every existent what is appropriate for it as the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#20:50">20:50</a> states: Our Lord is He Who gave unto everything its nature, then guided it aright.<sup id="cite_ref-S_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Justice_in_Religious_Dispensation">Justice in Religious Dispensation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Justice in Religious Dispensation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>God guides each human through sending messengers and He does not impose upon them obligations that are beyond their capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-S_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Message of The Quran by Mohammad Asad, the interpretation of v 20:50 is as follows; He(Moses) replied (to Pharaoh); Our Sustainer is He who gives unto every thing [ that exists ] its true nature and form, and thereupon guides it [towards its fulfillment]. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Justice_in_Recompense">Justice in Recompense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Justice in Recompense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tabataba'i states that the Justice of God necessitates that the virtuous and evil people become separated; the virtuous have a good life and the evil have a wretched life. He will judge the beliefs and the deeds of all the people according to the truth and he will give every one his right due.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then the reality of every thing as it is will be revealed for the man. Through his faith and good deeds, he can get to friendship with God. The form of man's deeds are joined to his soul and accompany him which are the capital of his future life. The verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#96:8">96: 8</a> refers to getting back to God.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Predestination_and_Free_Will">Predestination and Free Will</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Predestination and Free Will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Twelvers' narrations, God does not create Humans' actions and instead they are fully created by humans. According to a narration by Musa Al-Khadhim, if God created humans' actions then He should not punish humans for it.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaafar Al-Subhani argues that the justice of God requires that humans' actions cannot be created by God, otherwise God would be a doer of evil actions.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Predestination is rejected in Shiism.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, some philosophers believe that all the existence is His creation including a human being and his actions. But actions have two dimensions. The first is committing the action by free will, the second is the creation of that action by God's will with which he gave the people the power to commit the action. Sadr al-Din Shirazi states that "God, may He be exalted, is far removed from doing any evil deeds and goes about His Kingdom at will."<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The view that God creates humans' actions is rejected by traditional Twelvers.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_sites">Holy sites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Holy sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"> <caption>Holiest sites in Twelver Shi'ism<sup id="cite_ref-worldatlas_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>sanctuary</th> <th>location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Haram_al-Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Haram al-Sharif">Al-Haram al-Sharif</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imam_Ali_Shrine" title="Imam Ali Shrine">Imam Ali Shrine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Imam Husayn Shrine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqi%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baqi'">Al-Baqi'</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jannat_al-Mu%27alla" title="Jannat al-Mu'alla">Jannat al-Mu'alla</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Zainab_Mosque,_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyidah Zainab Mosque, Damascus">Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al_Abbas_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Abbas Mosque">Al Abbas Mosque</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque" title="Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque">Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Saghir_Cemetery" title="Bab al-Saghir Cemetery">Bab al-Saghir Cemetery</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Imam_Reza_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam Reza Shrine">Imam Reza Shrine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Kadhimiya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Kadhimiya Mosque">Al-Kadhimiya Mosque</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Al-Askari_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Askari Mosque">Al-Askari Mosque</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarra" title="Samarra">Samarra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fatima_Masumeh_Shrine" title="Fatima Masumeh Shrine">Fatima Masumeh Shrine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Prophethood">The Prophethood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The Prophethood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> narrates from his fathers that Muhammad, in one of his sermons expressed that "[God] sent to people messengers so they might be His conclusive argument against His creatures and so His messengers to them might be witnesses against them. He sent among them prophets bearing good tidings and warning. "<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabataba%27i" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i">Tabataba'i</a> states that God has perfected the guidance of people through sending the prophets; When the doctrines and practices of the revealed law gets to its perfection, the prophecy comes to an end, too. That is why the Quran points out that Islam is the last and the most perfect religion and Muhammad is the "seal of the prophets", he adds.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Hilli states that "the Prophets are greater in merit than the angels, because the prophets have conflicts with rational power and they compel it to submit to reason. "<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Angel">Angel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Angel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belief in the existence of the angels is one of the articles of Iman. Unseen beings of a luminous and spiritual substance, angels act as intermediaries between God and the visible world. Although superior in substance, angels are inferior to mankind, because man can reflect the image of God. The verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#2:34">2:34</a> implies the superiority of the mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God revealed the Quran to Muhammad by Gabriel who was also his guide on <a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Mi'raj</a>. The angels record the deeds of men.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They follow the commands of God and do not precede him <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#21:27">21:27</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Izz al-Din Kashani discusses that the angels are different in degree and station. Some of them cling to the Threshold of Perfection, others manage the affairs of the creation. <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Al-Qazwini</a>, on the base of Quran and hadith, names them as the Bearers of the Throne, the Spirit, he governs all the affairs of the earth and heaven according to the principle of creation; <a href="/wiki/Israfil" title="Israfil">Israfil</a>, he places the spirits in the bodies and will blow the trumpet on the Last Day. <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Islam)">Gabriel</a>, who took the revelation to Muhammad. <a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azrael" title="Azrael">Azrael</a>, the angel of death. The cherubim (al-karrūbiyyūn) who just praise God. The angels of seven heavens and the Guardian angels, two of them are concerned with men. The Attendant angels, they bring blessings upon human. <a href="/wiki/Munkar_and_Nakir" title="Munkar and Nakir">Munkar and Nakir</a> who question the dead in the grave. The journeyers, <a href="/wiki/Harut_and_Marut" title="Harut and Marut">Harut and Marut</a> are also among them.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revelation">Revelation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Revelation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tabataba'i expresses that according to the thesis of general guidance, as the human reason cannot perceive the perfect law of happiness (Sa'adah) and he could not get it through the process of creation, there should be a general awareness of this law and it could be within the reach of every one. He adds there must be people who apprehend the real duties of life and bring them within the reach of human being. Tabataba'i refers to this power of perception, which is other than the reason and the sense, as the prophetic consciousness or the consciousness of revelation as the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#4:163">4: 163</a> points to this perception namely revelation.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tabataba'i describes that the reception of revelation, its preservation and its propagation are three principles of ontological guidance. What the prophets got through the revelation was religion which consists of doctrine and practice or method. He further adds that with passing of the time and gradual development of the society, the gradual development in the revealed law is apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By three ways the speech of God reaches to man, by revelation or divine inspiration; behind a veil, man can hear God's speech but can not hear him; or by a messenger, an angel conveys the inspiration to the man.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the verses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#72:26">72:26–28</a> two types of guardians protect the integrity of the revelation: an angel who protects the prophet against any kind of error, God who protects the angels and the prophets.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Miracle">Miracle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Miracle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tabataba'i defines the miracle as a supernatural event which is shown by the prophet and the friends of God as a challenge to prove the claim of the prophethood and it is by God's permission.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He states that the miracle should be according to the demands of the people of his own time.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He adds that miracle has an inseparable connection with the claim of the prophethood and it is beyond the intellect and thinking.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By miracle, al-Hilli means "the bringing into existence of something which is abnormal or the removal of something which normally exists, in a way which breaks through normality and which conforms to the claim (of prophethood which is made). "<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sobhani regards some differences between miracles and extraordinary acts. He notes that miracles are not teachable and they are done without any prior training. As they are derived from the infinite power of God, the miracles are indisputable. The miracles are of unlimited types. The miracles are often concerned with spiritual matters rather worldly matters.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imamah_and_Walayah">Imamah and Walayah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Imamah and Walayah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_Twelver_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a Twelver doctrine)">Imamah (Shi'a Twelver doctrine)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walayah_(Twelver_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walayah (Twelver doctrine)">Walayah (Twelver doctrine)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_writing2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mirror_writing2.jpg/220px-Mirror_writing2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mirror_writing2.jpg/330px-Mirror_writing2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Mirror_writing2.jpg/440px-Mirror_writing2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3163" data-file-height="1983" /></a><figcaption>18th century <a href="/wiki/Mirror_writing" title="Mirror writing">mirror writing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a>. Depicts the phrase 'Ali is the vicegerent of God' in both directions.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shia believe in the trilateral structure of authority; authority of God which is absolute and universal as the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#3:26">3: 26</a> implies, authority of Muhammad which is legitimized by the grace of God as the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#7:158">7: 158</a> points to it and the authority of the Imams who are blessed for the leadership of the community through Muhammad as the verses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#5:67">5: 67</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#5:3">5: 3</a> verifies according to Shia fundamental belief.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Shia, Imamah is the continuation of the prophetic mission.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia believe in the Twelve Imams who are divinely inspired descendants of Muhammad. They must meet these attributes: nass (designation by the previous Imam), <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">Ismah</a> (infallibility), ilm (divine knowledge), <a href="/wiki/Walayah_(Twelver_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Walayah (Twelver doctrine)">Walayah</a> (spiritual guidance).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to Muhammad, based on Twelver's belief.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed in Shi'a Islam that <a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">'Aql</a>, a divine wisdom, was the source of the souls of the prophets and imams and gave them esoteric knowledge, called Hikmah, and that their sufferings were a means of divine grace to their devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Imam was not the recipient of a <a href="/wiki/Wahy" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahy">divine revelation</a>, but has close relationship with God, through which God guides him, and the imam in turn guides the people. The Imamat, or belief in the divine guide is a fundamental belief in Shi'i Islam and is based on the concept that God would not leave humanity without access to divine guidance.<sup id="cite_ref-Imamat_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imamat-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Twelvers, there is always an Imam of the Age, who is the divinely appointed authority on all matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. Ali was the first Imam of this line, and in the Twelvers' view, the rightful successor to Muhammad, followed by male descendants of Muhammad (also known as Hasnain) through his daughter Fatimah. Each Imam was the son of the previous Imam, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Husayn_Ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Husayn Ibn Ali">Husayn Ibn Ali</a>, who was the brother of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Ibn_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Ibn Ali">Hasan Ibn Ali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The twelfth and final Imam is <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a>, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive, and <a href="/wiki/Major_Occultation" title="Major Occultation">in hiding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Imamat_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Imamat-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Shi'a Imams are seen as infallible. It is an important aspect of Shia theology that they are not prophets (<i>nabi</i>) nor messengers (<i><a href="/wiki/Messengers_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Messengers of Islam">rasul</a></i>), but instead carry out Muhammad's message.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Succession_to_Muhammad">The Succession to Muhammad</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: The Succession to Muhammad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></div> <p>Shia believe that with the death of Muhammad, his religious and political authority were inherited to the Imams.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia consider the Successor as the esoteric interpreter of the revelation and the Divine Law.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaydis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Frncis1984_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frncis1984-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shi'ites believe in the <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Imamate</a>, a principle by which rulers are <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imams</a> who are divinely chosen, <a href="/wiki/Infallibility" title="Infallibility">infallible</a> and sinless and must come from the <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i> regardless of majority opinion, <a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">shura</a> or election.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They claim that before his death, Muhammad had given many indications, in the <a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">event of Ghadir Khumm</a> in particular, that he considered <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, his cousin and son-in-law, as his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Twelvers, Ali and his eleven descendants, <a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Imams" class="mw-redirect" title="The Twelve Imams">the twelve Imams</a>, are believed to have been considered, even before their birth, as the only valid Islamic rulers appointed and decreed by God.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia Muslims believe that with the exception of Ali and <a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan</a>, all the caliphs following Muhammad's death were illegitimate and that Muslims had no obligation to follow them.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They hold that the only guidance that was left behind, as stated in the <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_two_weighty_things" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the two weighty things">two weighty things</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Muhammad's family</a> and offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter, due to their infallibility, are considered to be able to lead the Muslim community with justice and equity.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ziyarat_and_Tawassul">Ziyarat and Tawassul</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ziyarat and Tawassul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/220px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/330px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg/440px-Kerbela_Hussein_Moschee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2464" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imam_Husayn_Shrine" title="Imam Husayn Shrine">Imam Husayn Shrine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> took place</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Ziyarah</i> (literally: visit) is a religious practice that means to attend before religious leaders or their graves in order to express and indicate reverence/love and acquire spiritual blessings. The visitation of the imams is recommended even by Imams themselves and Shia scholars and jurists from an early period of Shia history.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popular destinations for Shi'a pilgrims include Najaf and Karbala in Iraq,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qom and Mashhad in Iran,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Zainab_Mosque,_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyidah Zainab Mosque, Damascus">Sayyidah Zaynab Mosque</a> in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Shi'is, the imams are revered because they had received inspiration and a degree of revelation from Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tawassul is an Arabic word originated from wa-sa-la- wasilat (Arabic: وسيلة-وسل). The wasilah is a means by which a person, goal or objective is approached, attained or achieved.<sup id="cite_ref-Julian_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julian-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Shi'is: to take advantage of factors to attain the goals is natural but these factors should not be taken as independent from God and should have been established in the Quran and hadith. This means can be anything which causes drawing proximity to God such as prayer, almsgiving.<sup id="cite_ref-Sobhani_2001_155-156_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sobhani_2001_155-156-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ismah">Ismah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Ismah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">Ismah</a></div> <p>In Shia theology Ismah means "impeccability", "immunity to sin" and "<a href="/wiki/Infallibility" title="Infallibility">infallibility</a>. "<sup id="cite_ref-al-Shaykh_al-Saduq_1982_151-152_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Shaykh_al-Saduq_1982_151-152-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Ismah is attributed to human beings, the concept means "the ability of avoiding acts of disobedience, in spite of having the power to commit them, "<sup id="cite_ref-al-Shaykh_al-Saduq_1982_151-152_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Shaykh_al-Saduq_1982_151-152-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As in Prophets and Imams, Ismah is a Divine grace<sup id="cite_ref-4nafar3_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4nafar3-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> realized by <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>'s preservation of the infallible, first by endowing them with pure constitution then, following in order, by blessing them with great excellences, giving them firm will against opponents, sending tranquility down upon them (<i>as-Sakinah</i>), and preserving their hearts and minds from sin.<sup id="cite_ref-al-Shaykh_al-Saduq_1982_151_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-al-Shaykh_al-Saduq_1982_151-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the theology of Twelvers, the successor of Muhammad is an infallible human individual who not only rules over the community with justice, but also is able to keep and interpret the Sharia and its <a href="/wiki/Esoteric_interpretation_of_the_Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric interpretation of the Qur'an">esoteric meaning</a>. The words and deeds of Muhammad and the imams are a guide and model for the community to follow; therefore, they must be free from error and sin, and must be chosen by divine decree, or <i><a href="/wiki/Nass_(Islam)" title="Nass (Islam)">nass</a></i>, through Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Twelvers the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, his daughter <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Zahra" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatima Zahra">Fatima Zahra</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">the Twelve Imams</a> are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">infallible</a> under the theological concept of <a href="/wiki/Ismah" title="Ismah">Ismah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, they have the power to commit sin but are able to avoid doing so by their nature The Infallibles are believed to follow only God's desire in their actions, because of their supreme righteousness, consciousness, and love for God.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also regarded as being immune to error: in practical matters, in calling people to religion, and in the perception of divine knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shias</a> believe that the Fourteen Infallibles are superior to the rest of creation, as well as to the other major <a href="/wiki/Prophets_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets in Islam">prophets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-harvnb|Algar|1990_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Algar|1990-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From historical viewpoint, <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Wilferd Madelung</a> claims that the purification of <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a>—the family of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>—is guaranteed by the <a href="/wiki/Verse_of_purification" title="Verse of purification">verse of purification</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Madelung_1998_51_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madelung_1998_51-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donaldson in his argument believed that the development of the Shi'ite theology in the period between the death of Muhammad and the disappearance of the Twelfth Imam originates the concept of Ismah which adds to its importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Donaldson_1933_334,_335_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donaldson_1933_334,_335-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ann_Lambton" title="Ann Lambton">Ann Lambton</a> claims that neither the term nor the concept of Ismah is in the Qur'an or in canonical Sunni <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>. It was apparently first used by the Imamiyyah, perhaps during the beginning of the second century of the Islamic calendar in which they maintained that the Imam must be immune from sin (ma'sum).<sup id="cite_ref-4nafar3_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4nafar3-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Algar" title="Hamid Algar">Hamid Algar</a>, the concept Ismah is encountered as early as the first half of the second century of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>. The Shia scholars of the fourth and the fifth centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> defined the infallibility of Muḥammad and the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> in an increasingly stringent form until the doctrine came to exclude their commission of any sin or inadvertent error, either before or after they assumed office.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_occultation">The occultation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: The occultation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_occultation" class="mw-redirect" title="The occultation">The occultation</a></div> <p>According to Twelvers, the conditions under the <a href="/wiki/Abbasids" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasids">Abbasids</a> caused <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a> to hide the birth of his son, al-Mahdi.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_day_of_resurrection">The day of resurrection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: The day of resurrection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By Shia theological doctrine, since the people have come from God, they will go back to God, and it is related to people's reaction to the prophecy.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They argue that according to the Quran, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#23:115">23: 115</a>, God, whose actions are the absolute truth, does not create a man without any purpose. While the quality of this world makes the recompense impossible, the Justice of God necessitates that every one be recompensed according to his own actions.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tabataba'i describes the death as a transfer from one stage of life to another eternal stage.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#21:47">21:47</a> points to the precision of the scales of justice by which the deeds and intentions of people are weighed.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_return_(Raj'a)"><span id="The_return_.28Raj.27a.29"></span>The return (Raj'a)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: The return (Raj'a)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twelvers believe in the return; the term refers to the revival of a group of Muslims back to this world after the appearance of Mahdi. The base of this belief derives from the revival of the dead in the past communities as mentioned in the Quran and the revival at the Day of Resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sobhani describes that Resurrection is both of body and spirit. Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/17:51">17: 51</a>, in response to those that ask "Who will restore us", answers: "He who brought you forth the first time. " In another place, verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/22:6">22: 5–6</a>, it is like the revival of the earth in the season of the spring after the winter. He adds the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#trans/en.sahih/36:79">36: 79</a> implies that the person who is raised up at the Resurrection is the one who was alive on the earth. The purpose of the Resurrection of the body and rejoining the soul is that it experience the rewards and punishments which are sensible and they can not be experienced with the lack of the body.The purpose of spiritual resurrection is to observe those rewards and punishments which are special to the spirit.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_day_of_judgement">The day of judgement</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: The day of judgement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>God will resurrect all human beings and they will stand before God to be questioned about their lives on the world.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this day people are two groups, people who receive their book by their right hand who are the people of paradise and their face is bright and the people who receive their book by their left hand who are the people of Hell and their face is dark.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#41:21">41:21</a> points out, on the Day of Judgement, the ears, eyes and skin of disbelievers will testify against them saying "Allah has caused us to speak – He causes all things to speak."<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intercession">Intercession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Intercession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Belief to the Intercession derives from the Quran, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#21:28">21: 28</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#10:3">10: 3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#53:26">53: 26</a> and Sunna. Muhammad, the angels, Imams and martyrs are among the intercessors by God's will. Muhammad has expressed that one of God's gifts to him is the right of intercession of those who have committed major sins.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Quran represents the sons of Jacob asked their father to intercede for them and their father promised to them that he will do it at the promised time.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shari'ah_(Furu_al-Din)"><span id="Shari.27ah_.28Furu_al-Din.29"></span>Shari'ah (Furu al-Din)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Shari'ah (Furu al-Din)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shari%27ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shari'ah">Shari'ah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancillaries_of_the_Faith" title="Ancillaries of the Faith">Ancillaries of the Faith</a></div> <p>According to Nasr, the root of the Shari'ah is Shr' which means road that all the men and women should follow. The Shari'ah or Divine Law of Islam is ritual, legal, ethical, and social aspects of Islam which is the concrete embodiment of the will of God. It governs the life of a Muslim from the cradle to the grave in order to get happiness in the Hereafter. He adds to get into Haqiqah, a Muslim should follow the Shari'ah which resides within the formal law. This interior part of the Shariah is Tariqah. The Shari'ah consists of Ibadat (worship) which is all the conjunctions that apply to the Islamic rites and muamalat which includes every kind of social, political and economic transactions. The Shari'ah divides all acts into five categories: obligatory(wajib), recommended(mandub), reprehensible or abominable(makruh), forbidden(haram) and acts toward which the Divine Law is indifferent(mubah). The evaluation of the act is on the base of the Shari'ah. God is the ultimate legislator (the Shari') and the roots of the Shari'ah is in the Quran. The Hadith and Sunnah are the second sources of the Shari'ah and the complements of the Quran. The Shari'ah has immutable principles but is applicable to new situations.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salat" class="mw-redirect" title="Salat">Salat</a> (Prayer) – meaning "connection", establish the five daily prayers, called <i>namāz</i> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a> (Fasting) – fasting during the holy month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_(calendar_month)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramadan (calendar month)">Ramadhan</a>, called <i>rūzeh</i> in Persian.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a> (Poor-rate) – <a href="/wiki/Charity_(practice)" title="Charity (practice)">charity</a>. <i>Zakat</i> means "to purify".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a> ("Fifth" of one's savings) – tax.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> (Pilgrimage) – performing the pilgrimage to <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihād</a> (Struggle) – struggling to please God. The greater, internal Jihad is the struggle against the evil within one's soul in every aspect of life, called <i>jihād akbār</i> or <i>jihād-un-Nafs</i>. The lesser, or external, jihad is the struggle against the evil of one's environment in every aspect of life, called <i>jihād asghār</i>. This is not to be mistaken with the common modern misconception that this means "<a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Holy War</a>". Writing the truth (<i>jihād bil qalam</i> "struggle of the pen") and speaking truth in front of an oppressor are also forms of jihād.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Commanding what is just</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidding_what_is_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbidding what is evil">Forbidding what is evil</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalla">Tawalla</a> – loving the <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> and their followers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarra">Tabarra</a> – dissociating oneself from the enemies of the Ahlu l-Bayt.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shahada_(declaration_of_faith)"><span id="Shahada_.28declaration_of_faith.29"></span>Shahada (declaration of faith)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Shahada (declaration of faith)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_faith" title="Declaration of faith">Declaration of faith</a></div> <p>While sharing the Unity of God and the divine guidance through his messenger Muhammad, Shia maintain that for the spiritual and moral guidance of the community, God instructed Muhammad to designate Ali as the leader of the community which was made public at Ghadir Khumm.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twelvers, along with Sunnis, agree that a single honest recitation of the shahādah in Arabic is all that is required for <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion#Islam" title="Religious conversion">a person to become a Muslim</a> according to most traditional schools.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vast majority of Twelvers often add <i>ʻAlīyun <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">waliyu</a> l-Lāh</i> (علي ولي الله "Ali is the vicegerent of God") at the end of the Shahādah. This testifies that ʻAlī is also the Leader of the Believers along with God and Muhammad, proof of which Shi'a theologians find in the Qur'an. <sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D55">5:55</a>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prayer">Prayer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Prayer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></div> <p>The canonical prayers are the most central rite of Islam which is incumbent on all Muslims, both male and female, from the age of adolescence until death. The prayers must be performed in the direction of the Ka'bah in Mecca five times a day: in the early morning, between dawn and sunrise; at noon; in the afternoon; at sunset; and at night before midnight. The call to prayer (adhan) and ritual ablution (wudu) are preceded before the prayer and it can be performed on any ritually clean ground whether outdoors or indoors as long as one has the permission of the owner. The units (rak'ah) of prayer are two in the morning, four at noon, four in the afternoon, three in the evening, and four at night. Shia perform prayers on especial occasions like fear, joy, thanksgiving and at the pilgrimages and at the end of Ramadan.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_1988_245_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_1988_245-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are minor differences between Sunnis and Twelvers in how the prayer ritual is performed. During the <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">purification ritual</a> in preparation for prayer (which consists of <a href="/wiki/Face_washing" title="Face washing">washing the face</a>, arms, feet, etc. and saying of some prayers), the Shīʻa view wiping the feet with wet hands as sufficient. Also, Shīʻa do not use their fingers to clean inside the ears during the ablution ritual. A prerequisite for purification is that one has to be clean before performing the purification ritual. </p><p>During prayer, it is the Jaʻfarī view that it is preferable to prostrate on earth, leaves that are not edible or wood, as these three things are considered purest by Muhammad in hadith specifically mentioning <i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i>. Hence many Shīʻa use a <i><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">turbah</a></i>, a small tablet of soil, often taken from the ground of a holy site, or wood during their daily prayers upon which they prostrate. </p><p>In the Jaʻfarī view, the hands are to be left hanging straight down the side during the standing position of the prayer. The Jaʻfarī consider the five daily prayers to be compulsory, though the Jaʻfarī consider it acceptable to pray the second and third prayer, and the fourth and fifth prayer, one after the other during the parts of the day where they believe the timings for these prayers to overlap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fasting">Fasting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Fasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Sawm</a></div> <p>Nasr describes that Fasting is abstaining oneself from food, drink and sexual intercourse from the dawn to the sunset during the month of Ramadan. The Fast also requires the abstaining one's mind and tongue away from evil thoughts and words. It is obligatory from the age of adolescence until the time one possesses the physical strength to undertake it. The fast is not obligatory for the sick, those travelling and breast-feeding mothers, but they must make up the lost days when possible.<sup id="cite_ref-N2007_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N2007-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tabataba'ei, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الصوم</span> (Fasting) means to abstain oneself from something, which later in the development of the religion was applied to abstaining from some particular things, from break of dawn up to sunset, with intention (niyyah,النّيّة). Fasting results in piety i.e., to abstain oneself from gratifying worldly matters, results in the perfection of the spirit. He adds, one should care about matters which take him away from his Lord: this is called piety. This abstinence from common lawful things causes him to abstain from unlawful things and to come nearer to God.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end of Ramadan comes with the prayer of the Eid after which a sum of money equal to the cost of all the meals not eaten by oneself and one's family during this month is usually given to the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-N2007_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N2007-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khums_and_zakah">Khums and zakah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Khums and zakah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></div> <p>The term <i>zakah</i> is related to the purity in Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the annual taxation of one's excess wealth at certain rates for different valuables. It is a form of social welfare program, by which wealth is redistributed and the accumulation of wealth in the hands of a small elite prevented. It is also seen as a ritual purification of one's wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khums" title="Khums">Khums</a> (<big><b>خمس</b></big>), meaning one fifth, is an annual tax of one-fifth which is levied on net income (after paying all expenses). This tax is to be spent on Muhammad, his family, orphans, the needy and the travelers. Half of the Khums is the share of the Imam which is his inheritance from Muhammad and at the absence of Imam, it is paid to <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a> as the representative of Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The items which are eligible for khums are seven: </p> <ol><li>the profit or the surplus of the income.</li> <li>the legitimate wealth which is mixed with some illegitimate wealth.</li> <li>mines and minerals.</li> <li>the precious stones obtained from sea by diving.</li> <li>treasures.</li> <li>the land which a dhimmi kafir buys from a Muslim.</li> <li>the spoils of war.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Khums is mandatory on seven assets: earned profits, net income (after paying all expenses), Zakat or alms is levied on crops, livestock, gold, silver and cash </p><p>In Islamic legal terminology, it means "one-fifth of certain items which a person acquires as wealth, and which must be paid as an Islamic tax". According to Shi'a, the items eligible for khums are referred to as <i>Ghanima</i> (الْغَنيمَة) in the Quran. The Arabic word Ghanima has two meanings </p> <ul><li>"spoils of war" or "war booty"</li> <li>gain or profit</li></ul> <p>The Sunni translate this word exclusively as "war booty" or "spoils of war".<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Twelvers hold the view that the word <i>Ghanima</i> has two meanings as mentioned above, the second meaning is illustrated by the common use of the Islamic banking term <i>al-ghunm bil-ghurm</i> meaning "gains accompany liability for loss or risk".<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, in a famous supplication, the supplication after the noon prayer, the person asks God to bestow on him His favors, one of those favors which the person asks is the benefit or gain from every act of righteousness, the word used here is <i>al-ghanima</i> (وَالْغَنيمَةَ مِنْ كُلِّ بِر ) this is in accordance with the second meaning of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hajj">Hajj</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Hajj"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></div> <p>Hajj is the supreme pilgrimage of the Muslim to the Ka'bah in Mecca. This rite involves circumambulation around the Ka'bah, certain movements, prayers, and the sacrifice of an animal in Mecca and adjoining holy areas according to Sunnah. Muslims believe that if the Hajj was performed by sincerity, their sins will be forgiven by God. It is performed in the month of Dhu'l-hijjah and is obligatory for all the Muslims who possess physical and financial ability. There is also lesser Hajj or hajj al-'umrah which is performed on the remaining of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jihad">Jihad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Jihad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></div> <p>According to Nasr, Jihad literally means effort but in the path of God in the whole of life.<sup id="cite_ref-nasr_2007_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasr_2007-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia associates the doctrine of Jihad directly to the Walayah or allegiance to the Imamah, i.e., it is Imam who can distinguish the situation which necessitates the Jihad and just this kind of Jihad may cause the entry to the paradise.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasr states that as equilibrium, both outward and inward, is the prerequisite for the spiritual flight, all Muslims should carry out Jihad against any outward and inward forces to maintain equilibrium. The outward Jihad is related to the defense of the Muslim world against non-Islamic forces. It also includes the defense of one's honor, family and rights and establishing justice in the whole environment. But this lesser jihad should be completed by a greater Jihad which is war against all forces that are against the nobility of the human. He adds that from the spiritual point of view all the pillars of Islam like Shahadah, prayer ... are the weapons for the practice of this inner Jihad. So inner Jihad is the path for the realization of the One who is the ultimate message of the Islam. This inner Jihad continues until every breath of man echoes that reality who is the origin of every thing and all things return to him.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nasr adds that every religious deed is Jihad because it is a striving between one's passionate soul(nafs) and the demands of the immortal spirit. Islam sees Jihad as a care against every thing which distracts one from God.<sup id="cite_ref-nasr_2007_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nasr_2007-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shia believe that Jihad as defense is legitimate not as aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jihad can not be done against the innocent and the enemy should be treated with Justice and kindness and Jihad should be carried out on the basis of truth not on the basis of anger. The killing of women, children, even animals and the destruction is forbidden in Jihad.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tawalla_and_Tabarra">Tawalla and Tabarra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Tawalla and Tabarra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tawalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawalla">Tawalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabarra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabarra">Tabarra</a></div> <p>Love of Muhammad is incumbent upon all Muslims and is the key for the love of God. To love God needs that God love the one and God does not love the one who does not love his messengers.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commanding_what_is_just_and_Forbidding_what_is_evil">Commanding what is just and Forbidding what is evil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Commanding what is just and Forbidding what is evil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Commanding_what_is_just" class="mw-redirect" title="Commanding what is just">Commanding what is just</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forbidding_what_is_evil" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbidding what is evil">Forbidding what is evil</a></div> <p>In addition to leading a virtuous life, a Muslim should enjoin all other Muslims to do the same and to avoid all vices prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clergy_and_taqlid">Clergy and taqlid</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Clergy and taqlid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Shia_clergy" title="Shia clergy">Shia clergy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a></div> <p>Generally, clergy in Twelver Shi'a have exerted much more authority in their religious community than the Sunni ulema in theirs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Usooli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usooli">Usooli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> believe that the study of <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a> is a continual process, and is necessary for identifying all of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>'s laws. Twelver Shia Muslims believe that the process of finding God's laws from the available Islamic literature will facilitate in dealing with any circumstance. They believe that they can interpret the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and the Twelver Shi'a traditions with the same authority as their predecessors. This process of <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i> has provided a means to deal with current issues from an Islamic perspective.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Starting in the 19th century, with the Usooli movement (who now make up the overwhelming majority of Twelver Shia clergy) Shia considered it obligatory for Muslims without expertise in Islamic jurisprudence to turn to a <i><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a></i> (an expert in Islamic jurisprudence) for "advice and guidance and as a model to be imitated"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985143_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985143-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Al-Islam-marja'_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Al-Islam-marja'-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when seeking to determine Islamically correct behavior,<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_139_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter_139-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during the occultation of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">the Mahdi</a>, (for the past 1000+ years). On "matters of belief" or <i>usulu 'din</i>, it is obligatory for Shi'a to train themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-AI_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AI-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usooli Shia believe the 12th Imam, ordered them to follow the scholars (<a href="/wiki/Fuqaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuqaha">Fuqaha</a>) who: "...guard their soul, protect their religion, and follow the commandments of their master (Allah)..." </p><p>Obedience to, or "imitation" of, a <i><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a></i> is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></i>. The mujtahid they follow or emulate is known as a <a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a> <a href="/wiki/Taqleed" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqleed">Taqleedi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-taqlid_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taqlid-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who imitate/emulate/obey him are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">muqallid</a></i>. Where a difference in opinion exists between the maraji', each of them provides their own opinion and the <i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">muqallid</a></i> (their followers) will follow their own marja's opinion on that subject.<sup id="cite_ref-m_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Who_and_where">Who and where</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Who and where"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several senior Grand Ayatollahs preside over <a href="/wiki/Hawza" title="Hawza">hawzas</a> (religious seminaries). The hawzas of Qom and <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> are the preeminent centers for the training of Shia <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">clergymen</a>. However, there are other smaller hawzas in many other cities around the world, the biggest ones being <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> (Iraq), <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> (Iran) and <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> (Iran). </p><p>There are 56 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Maraji" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maraji">Maraji</a> living worldwide as of 2023,<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly residing in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a> and Qom. The most prominent among them are <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Vahid_Khorasani" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Vahid Khorasani">Hossein Vahid Khorasani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mousa_Shubairi_Zanjani" title="Mousa Shubairi Zanjani">Mousa Shubairi Zanjani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Sadeq_Rohani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Sadeq Rohani">Sayyid Sadeq Rohani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naser_Makarem_Shirazi" title="Naser Makarem Shirazi">Naser Makarem Shirazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadiq_Hussaini_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi">Sadiq Hussaini Shirazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Noori_Hamedani" title="Hossein Noori Hamedani">Hossein Noori Hamedani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdollah_Javadi-Amoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdollah Javadi-Amoli">Abdollah Javadi-Amoli</a> in Qom; <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani" title="Ali al-Sistani">Ali al-Sistani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Fayadh" title="Muhammad al-Fayadh">Muhammad al-Fayadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Saeed_al-Hakim" title="Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim">Muhammad Saeed al-Hakim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bashir_al-Najafi" title="Bashir al-Najafi">Bashir al-Najafi</a> in Najaf. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dispute_over_Marja_al-taqlid_al-mutlaq">Dispute over <i>Marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Dispute over Marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1990s, the leading marja', <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Khoei" title="Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei">Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei</a>, died and <a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sistani" title="Ali al-Sistani">Ali al-Sistani</a>, "emerged" as the <i> marja al-mutlaq</i> or highest Marja' in the world of Shia Islam. According to Mohamad Bazzi, Al-Sistani's word "on religious matters carries the most weight" among Shia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bazzi-sistani-2014_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazzi-sistani-2014-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in 1994, the regime of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) declared it was the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> who was "the single marja˓ al-taqlid" or "undisputed marja˓".<sup id="cite_ref-Gleave_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gleave-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Mohamad Bazzi, this was a bid "to displace" Ali Sistani, the true <i>Marja al-taqlid al-mutlaq</i>, "and his allies in <a href="/wiki/Najaf" title="Najaf">Najaf</a>", but it "failed" because Khamenei "had modest religious credentials (he was only elevated to the rank of ayatollah after Khomeini's death, so he could assume the post of supreme leader). Faced with Baathist persecution and an Iranian power grab, Sistani was able to retain his position."<sup id="cite_ref-Bazzi-sistani-2014_178-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bazzi-sistani-2014-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gleave does not mention al-Sistani but states that Khamenei's "position as the Marja˓ al-taqlid" has "remained a matter of dispute".<sup id="cite_ref-Gleave_179-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gleave-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences">Differences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissimulation_(Taqiyya)"><span id="Dissimulation_.28Taqiyya.29"></span>Dissimulation (Taqiyya)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Dissimulation (Taqiyya)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">Taqiya</a></div> <p>By Shia, acting according to religion is incumbent on every one, but if the expression of a belief endanger one's life, honor and property, he can conceal his belief as the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#16:106">16: 106</a> implies. It is as a weapon for the weak before the tyrants.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If Dissimulation cause the disappearance of the religion or the fundamentals of the religion, it is forbidden and Muslims are to give up their lives but if there is no advantage in their being killed, it is to dissimulate. There is no place for Dissimulation regarding the teaching of the doctrines of the religion.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Shia has been a minority under the rule of regimes who were in hostility to their beliefs, they choose to be cautious to prevent their extinction.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Henry Corbin, states that "the practice was instituted by the Imams themselves, not only for reasons of personal safety, but as an attitude called for by the absolute respect for high doctrines: nobody has strictly the right to listen to them except those who are capable of listening to, and comprehending, the truth. "<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mut'ah:_Temporary_marriage"><span id="Mut.27ah:_Temporary_marriage"></span>Mut'ah: Temporary marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Mut'ah: Temporary marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></div> <p><b>Nikāḥ al-Mut'ah</b>, <a href="/wiki/Nikah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah">Nikah</a> el <a href="/wiki/Mut%27ah_(arabic_word)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mut'ah (arabic word)">Mut'a</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">نكاح المتعة</span>, also <i>Nikah Mut'ah</i> literally, "marriage of pleasure"),<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>sighah</i>, is a fixed-time <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> which, according to the <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a> Shia schools of Shari'a (Islamic law), is a marriage with a preset duration, after which the marriage is automatically dissolved. It has many conditions that can be considered as pre-requisite, similar to that of permanent marriage. However, it is regarded as <i><a href="/wiki/Haraam" class="mw-redirect" title="Haraam">haram</a></i> (prohibited) by Sunnis. This is a highly controversial <i>fiqh</i> topic; Sunnis and Shi'a hold diametrically opposed views on its permissibility. However, some <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslims">Sunni Muslims</a> recognize <a href="/wiki/Nikah_Misyar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikah Misyar">Nikah Misyar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mutah is claimed to have existed during the time of Muhammad, and during a portion of his time, it was not prohibited. On this basis, Shias believe that anything that was allowed during the time of Muhammad should remain allowed after. Mut'ah was allegedly practiced from the time of revelation to Muhammad until the time of Umar as the verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#70:29">70: 29</a> points to it.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisprudence_(Fiqh)"><span id="Jurisprudence_.28Fiqh.29"></span>Jurisprudence (Fiqh)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Jurisprudence (Fiqh)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari jurisprudence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of sharia</a></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ja'fari jurisprudence">Ja'fari jurisprudence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference between <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and Shīʻa Sharia results from a Shīʻa belief that Muhammad assigned ʻAlī to be the first ruler and the leader after him (the <i>Khalifa</i> or steward).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This difference resulted in the Shīʻa: </p> <ol><li>Following <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> from Muħammad and his descendants the 12 Imāms.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>This means some traditions accepted by Sunni—the "examples", verdicts, and <i>ahādīth</i> of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uthman_ibn_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthman ibn Affan">Uthman ibn Affan</a> (who are considered by Sunnīs to be the first three Caliphs) -- are not accepted by Shia.</li> <li>Attributing the concept of the <i>masūm</i> "infallibility" to the Twelve Imāms or <a href="/wiki/The_Fourteen_Infallibles" title="The Fourteen Infallibles">The Fourteen Infallibles</a> (including Muhammad and his daughter Fatimah) and accepting the examples and verdicts of this special group.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Akhbari_and_Usuli_schools">Akhbari and Usuli schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Akhbari and Usuli schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Akhbari reject the function of the Mujtahid, comparing to the authority of Imam. Mullah <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Amin_al-Astarabadi" title="Muhammad Amin al-Astarabadi">Muhammad Amin al-Astarabadi</a> (d. 1626–27) preached that the ijtihad was unnecessary as the instructions of the Imam were sufficient guidance for Muslims. Akhbaris rely only on the hadith of the prophet and the Imams. </p><p>On the other hand, Usulis depicted themselves as "a living continuous leadership of the believers" with "flexibility regarding legal and especially political questions", which they regard as necessary because the knowledge provided by hadith is non-systematic and purely doctrinal lacking rational judgement.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usuli implies the doctrine of Usul which means the <i>principle</i> of the Jurisprudence, and <i>Ilm al-Usul</i> concerns with establishing the legal standards on the basis of the four foundations of Quran, hadith, Ijma' and Aql. (Ijma' is the unanimous consensus.) Aql, in Shia Jurisprudence, is applied to four practical principles namely bara'at (immunity), ihtiyat (precaution), takhyir (selection), and istishab (continuity in the previous state) which are applied when other religious proofs are not applicable.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr_1989_284–285_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr_1989_284–285-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Governance_and_the_Guardianship_of_the_jurisprudent">Governance and the Guardianship of the jurisprudent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Governance and the Guardianship of the jurisprudent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurists" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists">Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-POV plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-POV" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutrality</a> of this article is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV_dispute" title="Wikipedia:NPOV dispute">disputed</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Twelver_Shi%27ism##" title="Talk:Twelver Shi'ism">talk page</a>. Please do not remove this message until <a href="/wiki/Template:POV#When_to_remove" title="Template:POV">conditions to do so are met</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first Shi'a regime, the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a> in Iran, propagated the Twelver faith, made Twelver's law the law of the land, and patronized Twelver scholarship. For this, Twelver <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a> "crafted a new theory of government" which held that while "not truly legitimate", the Safavid monarchy would be "blessed as the most desirable form of government during the period of awaiting" for Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth imam.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the Shi'a adhered to one of three approaches towards the state: either full participation in government, i.e., attempting to influence policies by becoming active in politics, or passive cooperation with it, i.e. minimal participation, or else most commonly, mere toleration of it, i.e. remaining aloof from it.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This changed with the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> where the Twelver <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> and his supporters established a new theory of governance for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> based on the idea that Islamic jurists are "legatees" of Muhammad and the Imams, that in the absence of an infallible Imam, a capable jurist (faqih) takes the responsibility of leadership of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khomeini believed himself to be just such a person and with the enormous support he had as the revolution's leader he became the <i>vali-e faqih</i> (guardian jurist) of the Islamic Republic of Iran. </p><p>While <a href="/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_(book_by_Khomeini)#Criticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">not all Twelvers</a> accept this theory, it is uniquely Twelver and the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Islamic Republic of Iran">constitution of Iran</a>, the largest Shi'a Muslim country, where the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> must be an <a href="/wiki/Faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqih">Islamic jurist</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Khomeini and his supporters taught that rather than being new, his theory was supported by Shi'i <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> and earlier scholars, (if properly understood), but had been deliberately suppressed by enemies of Islam. </p><p> According to Khomeini, the basis of this juristic authority is derived from the Imamate as the expansion of the prophecy and knowledge (ilm) which is also the basis for the religious and political authority of the Imam.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He taught that without Islamic government ruled by the leading jurist/faqih, Islam would whither and decline.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God's absolute authority is the foundation of Twelvers political thought, though every one who wishes to have authority must be assigned by Him.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As evidence for this theory he quoted Hakim (Wali) Ja'far as-Sadiq who Hadith relate as saying: "I have appointed him a hakim over you. If such a person orders (judges) according to our ruling and the person concerned does not accept it, then he has shown contempt for the ruling of God and rejects us; and he who rejects us, actually rejects Allah and such a person is close to association [Shirk] with Allah. "<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regarding the priority of the guardianship over all other religious law, Khomeini states that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The government, or the absolute guardianship (alwilayat al-mutlaqa) that is delegated to the noblest messenger of Allah, is the most important divine law and has priority over all other ordinances of the law. If the powers of the government be restricted to the framework of ordinances of the law then the delegation of the authority to Muhammad would be a senseless phenomenon. "<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Shaykh al-Saduq and Shaykh al-Tusi transmit the hadith that Muhammad al-Mahdi, in response to Ishaq ibn Yaqub, through Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Umari expresses that: "As for the events that may occur (al-hawadith al-waqi'a) [when you may need guidance] refer to the transmitters (ruwat) of our teachings who are my hujjah (proof) to you and I am the Proof of God (Hujjatullah) to you all. "<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ja'afar al-Sadiq, pointing to verse <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tanzil.net/#4:60">4: 60</a>, forbids referring to tyrannical government for all the times. "<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the idea of jurist authority is based on the belief that establishing an ideal society without any aid from God's revelation, is not possible.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Usuli Twelvers, Juristic authority emphasizes on the role of Shari'a in society.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Al-Murtaza, on certain conditions holding office on behalf of the true Leaders is obligatory: to enable the office to order what is right and forbid what is wrong, to protect the Shi'ites, the Shi'ites are threatened to death, otherwise.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khomeini and his followers taught that traditionally Twelver Shia consider <a href="/wiki/%27Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ali ibn Abi Talib">'Ali ibn Abi Talib</a> and the subsequent eleven Imams not only religious guides but political leaders, based on a hadith where Muhammad passes on his power to command Muslims to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi#Birth_and_early_life_according_to_Twelver_Shi'a" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Ali</a>. Since the last Imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi, went into "occultation" in 941 and is not expected back until end times, this left Shi'a without religiously sanctioned governance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ijtihad_and_Taqlid_(accepting_a_scholar's_verdict)"><span id="Ijtihad_and_Taqlid_.28accepting_a_scholar.27s_verdict.29"></span>Ijtihad and Taqlid (accepting a scholar's verdict)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Ijtihad and Taqlid (accepting a scholar's verdict)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marja%27_(Islamic_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marja' (Islamic law)">Marja' (Islamic law)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Usuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Usuli">Usuli</a></div> <p>The use of Ijtihad and Taqlid associates with a religious and judicial problem that its answer is not in the Quran and hadith. Regarding Ijtihad, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Halm" title="Heinz Halm">Halm</a> explains that while the religious material is limited, what procedure should be taken if a problem arises. Here human reason comes in; God gave reason to human to discover His Will. If no answer was given by tradition (<a href="/wiki/Ahadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahadith">naql</a>) the intellect (<a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">aql</a>) should come in. This rational effort to find the solutions for the temporary issues is called Ijtihad (making of an effort). It is derived form the word jihad which means the struggle for the attainment of God's Will on earth. The participle of ijtihad is mujtahid (the person who makes effort). They should master the Arabic language and be familiar with the foundations of Quran and hadith. They also should know the principles of Jurisprudence and logic. The remaining other believers, who are not expert, exercise taqlid which means authorization; that is common believers authorize the experts to make decisions for them. If the mujtahid make a mistake, the believer is not responsible for his error. Though ijtihad makes the Shia theology flexible.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traces of Ijtihad refers back to the time of Imams when they trained scholars to answer to the judicial problems of the people. As al-Baqir said to Aban ibn Taghlib: "Sit down at the door of the mosque and pronounce fatwa (judgement) to the people ..."<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr</a>, the mujtahids acted as the guard against tyrannical government and they had religious and social functions.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Karaki narrates a hadith from his teachers that the scholar is the guardian of the religion, successor of the Imam and he should draw conclusions from the sources by the reasoning.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendar">Calendar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Calendar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Special:EditPage/Twelver Shi'ism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Twelver+Shi%27ism%22">"Twelver Shi'ism"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Twelver+Shi%27ism%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Twelver+Shi%27ism%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Twelver+Shi%27ism%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Twelver+Shi%27ism%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Twelver+Shi%27ism%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Twelvers celebrate the following annual holidays:<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elias_211-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elias-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a> (عيد الفطر), which marks the end of <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> during the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> and falls on the first day of <a href="/wiki/Shawwal" title="Shawwal">Shawwal</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a>, which marks the end of the <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a> or pilgrimage to Mecca, starts on the 10th day of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a>.</li></ul> <p>The following holidays are observed by Twelvers unless otherwise noted: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a> or Remembrance of Muharram and <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Ashura" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Ashura">Ashurah</a> (عاشوراء) for Shia commemorate Imam Husayn ibn Ali's <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a>. Imam Husayn was grandson of Muhammad, who was killed by <a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid ibn Muawiyah</a>, the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate (and the first one by heredity). One group of Sunni Scholars have deemed Yazeed to be a kaafir (e.g. Sunni Scholar Ibn Jauzi in Wafa al-Wafa). Sunnis also commemorate Imam Husayn ibn Ali's <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrdom</a>, but do not engage in the spectacle displayed by Shi'as.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27een" class="mw-redirect" title="Arba'een">Arba'een</a> (Arabic word for forty) commemorates 40th day of Imam Husain's martydom (40th day is an auspicious day for any deceased as per Islam), remembering the suffering of Imam Husayn and his household, the women and children. After Husayn was killed, his household was marched over the desert, from <a href="/wiki/Karbala" title="Karbala">Karbala</a> (central Iraq) to Shaam (<a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>). Many children (some of whom were direct descendants of Muhammad) died of thirst and exposure along the route. Arba'een occurs on the 20th of <a href="/wiki/Safar" title="Safar">Safar</a>, 40 days after Ashurah.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Milad al-Nabi</a>, Muhammad's birth date, is celebrated by the Shia on the 17th of <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27_al-awwal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi' al-awwal">Rabi' al-awwal</a>, which coincides with the birth date of the sixth imam, Ja'far al-Sadiq.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27aban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sha'aban">Mid-Sha'aban</a> is the birth date of the 12th and final imam, Muhammad al-Mahdi. It is celebrated by Twelvers on the 15th of <a href="/wiki/Sha%27aban" class="mw-redirect" title="Sha'aban">Sha'aban</a>. Many Shia fast on this day to show gratitude.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Ghadeer" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid al-Ghadeer">Eid al-Ghadeer</a> celebrates <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rabigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Wadi Rabigh">Ghadir Khum</a>, the occasion when Muhammad <a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pond_of_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pond of Khumm">announced Ali's imamate</a> before a multitude of Muslims. Eid al-Ghadeer is held on the 18th of <a href="/wiki/Dhu_al-Hijjah" title="Dhu al-Hijjah">Dhu al-Hijjah</a>.</li> <li>Eid <a href="/wiki/Al-Mubahila" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mubahila">Al-Mubahila</a> celebrates a meeting between the Ahl al-Bayt (household of Muhammad) and a Christian deputation from <a href="/wiki/Najran" title="Najran">Najran</a>. Al-Mubahila is held on the 24th of Dhu al-Hijjah.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimiyya" title="Fatimiyya">Fatimiyya</a> commemorates the martyrdom Fatima ibn Muhammad, the daughter of Muhammad on 3rd Jamdi ul Akhar. The shia believes that Fatima was killed by group led by second caliph of <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun caliphate</a> <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar ibn Al Khattab</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_scholars">Notable scholars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Notable scholars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_marjas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of marjas">List of marjas</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Shi%27a_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam">List of Shi'a Muslim scholars of Islam</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a> are the supreme legal authority for Twelvers. Some of the historical and notable scholars include <a href="/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_Majlisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Baqir Majlisi">Muhammad Baqir Majlisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ya%27qub_al-Kulayni" title="Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni">Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-Kulayni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_al-Saduq" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh al-Saduq">Al-Shaykh al-Saduq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Al-Hilli</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bada%27" title="Bada'">Bada'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismaili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">List of Shia books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_Islamic_dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Shia Islamic dynasties">List of Shia Islamic dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" title="List of Shia Muslim scholars of Islam">List of Shia Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_Muslims" title="List of Shia Muslims">List of Shia Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_Muslims_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Shia Muslims flags">List of Shia Muslims flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_converts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Shia converts">List of Shia converts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Persecution of Shia Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rafidah">Rafidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaidiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaidiyyah">Zaidiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shia_holy_days" title="Twelver Shia holy days">Twelver Shia holy days</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Usul al-Din (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اصول الدین</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adl (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عدل</span>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTakroostaMohajeriMohammadiShakeri2019" class="citation journal cs1">Takroosta, Ali; Mohajeri, Parisa; Mohammadi, Taymour; Shakeri, Abbas; Ghasemi, AbdoulRasoul (2019-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jemr.10.37.105">"An Analysis of Oil Prices Considering the Political Risk of OPEC"</a>. <i>Journal of Research in Economic Modeling</i>. <b>10</b> (37): 105–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29252%2Fjemr.10.37.105">10.29252/jemr.10.37.105</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2228-6454">2228-6454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Research+in+Economic+Modeling&rft.atitle=An+Analysis+of+Oil+Prices+Considering+the+Political+Risk+of+OPEC&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=37&rft.pages=105-138&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29252%2Fjemr.10.37.105&rft.issn=2228-6454&rft.aulast=Takroosta&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft.au=Mohajeri%2C+Parisa&rft.au=Mohammadi%2C+Taymour&rft.au=Shakeri%2C+Abbas&rft.au=Ghasemi%2C+AbdoulRasoul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.29252%2Fjemr.10.37.105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeiss2006">Weiss 2006</a>, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldatlas-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldatlas_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldatlas_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawe2017" class="citation web cs1">Sawe, Benjamin Elisha (25 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/shia-islam-s-holiest-sites.html">"Shia Islam's Holiest Sites"</a>. <i>WorldAtlas</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldAtlas&rft.atitle=Shia+Islam%27s+Holiest+Sites&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft.aulast=Sawe&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Elisha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fshia-islam-s-holiest-sites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Atlas of the Middle East</i> (second ed.). Washington D.C.: National Geographic. 2008. pp. 80–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pages=80-81&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Bugnacki2014" class="citation web cs1">John Bugnacki (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americansecurityproject.org/four-charts-that-explain-shia-islam/">"Six Charts that Explain Shia Islam"</a>. <i>American Security Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Security+Project&rft.atitle=Six+Charts+that+Explain+Shia+Islam&rft.date=2014&rft.au=John+Bugnacki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americansecurityproject.org%2Ffour-charts-that-explain-shia-islam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Shia-women-too-can-initiate-divorce/articleshow/334804.cms">"Shia women too can initiate divorce"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. November 6, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-06-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Shia+women+too+can+initiate+divorce&rft.date=2006-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Flucknow%2FShia-women-too-can-initiate-divorce%2Farticleshow%2F334804.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_talaq-rights-proposed-for-shia-women_1062327">"Talaq rights proposed for Shia women"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=Obama%27s+Overtures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2009%2F20090725%2Fedit.htm%234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boloji.com/opinion/0360.htm">"Imperialism and Divide & Rule Policy"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boloji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boloji (page does not exist)">Boloji</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ahmadinejad+on+way%2C+NSA+says+India+to+be+impacted+if+Iran+%27wronged+by+others%27&rft.pub=Indian+Express&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indianexpress.com%2Fnews%2Fahmadinejad-on-way-nsa-says-india-to-be-impacted-if-iran-wronged-by-others%2F299498%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://merln.ndu.edu/archive/icg/shiitequestion.pdf">http://merln.ndu.edu/archive/icg/shiitequestion.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081217074450/http://merln.ndu.edu/archive/icg/shiitequestion.pdf">Archived</a> 2008-12-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> International Crisis Group. The Shiite Question in Saudi Arabia, Middle East Report No. 45, 19 Sep</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/iran/">"Iran"</a>. <i>United States Department of State</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabatabae'i1975">Tabatabae'i 1975</a>, pp. 74–75<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTabatabae'i1975 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampo2009">Campo 2009</a>, p. 676</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr">Nasr</a>, pp. 143–144<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNasr (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabataba'ei1975">Tabataba'ei 1975</a>, p. 34<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFTabataba'ei1975 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janin-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Janin_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahlmeyerJanin2015" class="citation book cs1">Kahlmeyer, André; Janin, Hunt (9 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtEdBgAAQBAJ&q=Ja%27fari+Twelver+Juridical+school++majority+of+Shias.&pg=PA25"><i>Islamic Law: The Sharia from Muhammad's Time to the Present</i></a>. McFarland. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476608815" title="Special:BookSources/9781476608815"><bdi>9781476608815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Law%3A+The+Sharia+from+Muhammad%27s+Time+to+the+Present&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2015-01-09&rft.isbn=9781476608815&rft.aulast=Kahlmeyer&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Janin%2C+Hunt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtEdBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DJa%2527fari%2BTwelver%2BJuridical%2Bschool%2B%2Bmajority%2Bof%2BShias.%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen2015">Momen 2015</a>, p. chapter 2<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMomen2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWynbrandt2014" class="citation book cs1">Wynbrandt, James (14 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=99M0zoSqsF0C&q=Imamiyyah+Twelver+Infallibles&pg=PA64"><i>A Brief History of Saudi Arabia</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438108308" title="Special:BookSources/9781438108308"><bdi>9781438108308</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Saudi+Arabia&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft.isbn=9781438108308&rft.aulast=Wynbrandt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D99M0zoSqsF0C%26q%3DImamiyyah%2BTwelver%2BInfallibles%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2013">Daftary 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2007">Nasr 2007</a>, p. 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, pp. 148–149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell2007">Cornell 2007</a>, p. 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPakatchi1988">Pakatchi 1988</a>, p. 159<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFPakatchi1988 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell2007">Cornell 2007</a>, pp. 221–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell2007">Cornell 2007</a>, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, pp. 151–152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1992">Kraemer 1992</a>, pp. 73 and 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deba-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deba_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deba_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakatchi" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pakatchi, Ahmad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/publication/entryview/4697">"امامیه"</a>. <i>دائره المعارف بزرگ اسلامی</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%87&rft.btitle=%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%87+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81+%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C&rft.aulast=Pakatchi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgie.org.ir%2Ffa%2Fpublication%2Fentryview%2F4697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kraemer_1992_74-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kraemer_1992_74_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kraemer_1992_74_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKraemer1992">Kraemer 1992</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2011">Black 2011</a>, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, pp. 234–235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr_1989_284–285-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_1989_284–285_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_1989_284–285_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_1989_284–285_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_1989_284–285_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_1989_284–285_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, pp. 284–285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994">Amir-Moezzi 1994</a>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin2003-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2003_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2003_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin2003_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin2003">Martin 2003</a>, p. 717<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMartin2003 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr_1988_230-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_1988_230_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_1988_230_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrLeaman2001">Nasr & Leaman 2001</a>, p. 1047</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1997">Halm 1997</a>, pp. 100–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1997">Halm 1997</a>, pp. 106–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaezi2004">Vaezi 2004</a>, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2000">Nasr 2000</a>, p. 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C2007-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C2007_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C2007_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C2007_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell2007">Cornell 2007</a>, p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-momen127-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-momen127_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell2007">Cornell 2007</a>, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Our way in intellectual debates, by Jafaar Seedaan, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2006">Nasr 2006</a>, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 114</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLakhaniShah_KazemiLewisohn2006">Lakhani, Shah Kazemi & Lewisohn 2006</a>, p. 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Our way in intellectual debates, by Jafaar Seedaan, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, pp. 20–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaruki1965">Faruki 1965</a>, p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampo2009">Campo 2009</a>, p. 678</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, pp. 21 and 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MM-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MM_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MM_61-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMotahari1985">Motahari 1985</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Kafi, by Al-Kullainy, the book of God's oneness, 'Who is worshipped' chapter, volume. 01 p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Fusool Al-Muhimahh Fi Usool Al-Aimahh, by Al-Hur Al-Amilli, volume. 01 p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2002">Nasr 2002</a>, p. 249</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabataba'ei1979">Tabataba'ei 1979</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-S-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-S_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-S_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arabic.al-shia.org/%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b8%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%b8%d9%85-3/">"مناظرة الإمام الكاظم(ع) مع أبي حنيفة في أن المعصية من فعل العبد – الشیعة"</a>. <i>Arabic.al-shia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Need of Religion</i>, by Sayyid Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrLeaman1996">Nasr & Leaman 1996</a>, pp. 253–258<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFNasrLeaman1996 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Our way in intellectual debates, by Jafaar Seedaan, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2008">Nasr 2008</a>, p. 601</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2008">Nasr 2008</a>, pp. 579–581</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2008">Nasr 2008</a>, p. 582</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2008">Nasr 2008</a>, pp. 583–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, pp. 128–129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, pp. 130–131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabataba'ei1984">Tabataba'ei 1984</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabataba'ei1986">Tabataba'ei 1986</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabataba'ei1983">Tabataba'ei 1983</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, pp. 67–68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDabashi1989">Dabashi 1989</a>, pp. 110–112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampo2009">Campo 2009</a>, pp. 678–679</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9067367/Shiite">"Shi'ite"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Imamate". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam and the Muslim world; vol. 1</i>. MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-865604-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-865604-0"><bdi>0-02-865604-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imamate&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+world%3B+vol.+1&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-02-865604-0&rft.aulast=Gleave&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sultanu%27l-Wa%27izin_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanu'l-Wa'izin Shirazi">Shirazi, Sultanu'l-Wa'izin</a>. 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BRILL. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35284-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35284-1"><bdi>978-90-04-35284-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Affect%2C+Emotion%2C+and+Subjectivity+in+Early+Modern+Muslim+Empires&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-35284-1&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Kishwar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dnyk_DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalbouisson2007" class="citation book cs1">Malbouisson, Cofie D. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HHFHe7Rf0JsC&pg=PA17"><i>Focus on Islamic Issues</i></a>. Nova Publishers. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60021-204-8"><bdi>978-1-60021-204-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focus+on+Islamic+Issues&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Nova+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60021-204-8&rft.aulast=Malbouisson&rft.aufirst=Cofie+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHHFHe7Rf0JsC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefon2009" class="citation book cs1">Stefon, Matt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zBaXys_EI40C&pg=PA57"><i>Islamic Beliefs and Practices</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=The+largest+contemporary+Muslim+pilgrimage+isn%27t+the+hajj+to+Mecca%2C+it%27s+the+Shiite+pilgrimage+to+Karbala+in+Iraq&rft.date=2020-09-09&rft.aulast=Szanto&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fthe-largest-contemporary-muslim-pilgrimage-isnt-the-hajj-to-mecca-its-the-shiite-pilgrimage-to-karbala-in-iraq-144542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2003" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Michael M.J. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/294908077"><i>Iran: from religious dispute to revolution</i></a>. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-18473-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-18473-5"><bdi>978-0-299-18473-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/294908077">294908077</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%3A+from+religious+dispute+to+revolution&rft.place=Madison%2C+WI&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F294908077&rft.isbn=978-0-299-18473-5&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=Michael+M.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F294908077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzanto2012" class="citation journal cs1">Szanto, Edith (May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/sayyida-zaynab-in-the-state-of-exception-shii-sainthood-as-qualified-life-in-contemporary-syria/922A924B95D7942F714DD764A8E1DDE7">"Sayyida Zaynab in the State of Exception: Shiʿi Sainthood as "Qualified Life" in Contemporary Syria"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>44</b> (2): 285–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743812000050">10.1017/S0020743812000050</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6380">1471-6380</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162260813">162260813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Sayyida+Zaynab+in+the+State+of+Exception%3A+Shi%CA%BFi+Sainthood+as+%22Qualified+Life%22+in+Contemporary+Syria&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=285-299&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162260813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1471-6380&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743812000050&rft.aulast=Szanto&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fsayyida-zaynab-in-the-state-of-exception-shii-sainthood-as-qualified-life-in-contemporary-syria%2F922A924B95D7942F714DD764A8E1DDE7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Julian-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Julian_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian,_Millie2008" class="citation journal cs1">Julian, Millie (2008). "Supplicating, Naming, offering:Tawassul in West Java". <i>Journal of Southeast Asian Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 107–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463408000052">10.1017/S0022463408000052</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145679335">145679335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Supplicating%2C+Naming%2C+offering%3ATawassul+in+West+Java&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107-122&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463408000052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145679335%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Julian%2C+Millie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sobhani_2001_155-156-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sobhani_2001_155-156_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, pp. 155–156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Shaykh_al-Saduq_1982_151-152-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-al-Shaykh_al-Saduq_1982_151-152_121-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-al-Shaykh_al-Saduq_1982_151-152_121-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFal-Shaykh_al-Saduq1982">al-Shaykh al-Saduq 1982</a>, pp. 151–152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4nafar3-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-4nafar3_122-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-4nafar3_122-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-al-Shaykh_al-Saduq_1982_151-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-al-Shaykh_al-Saduq_1982_151_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFal-Shaykh_al-Saduq1982">al-Shaykh al-Saduq 1982</a>, p. 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nasr (1979), p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Momen (1985), p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDabashi2006">Dabashi 2006</a>, p. 463</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCorbin1993">Corbin 1993</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, p. 326</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAnsariyan2007">Ansariyan 2007</a>, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-harvnb|Algar|1990-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-harvnb|Algar|1990_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlgar1990">Algar 1990</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAlgar1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madelung_1998_51-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Madelung_1998_51_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMadelung1998">Madelung 1998</a>, p. 15 and 51<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMadelung1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donaldson_1933_334,_335-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Donaldson_1933_334,_335_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonaldson1933">Donaldson 1933</a>, pp. 334, 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlgar1990">Algar 1990</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAlgar1990 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJasim1982">Jasim 1982</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJasim1982 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurataChittick1994">Murata & Chittick 1994</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeaman2006">Leaman 2006</a>, p. 228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, pp. 159–164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, pp. 122–124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeaman2006">Leaman 2006</a>, p. 705</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeaman2006">Leaman 2006</a>, pp. 198–705</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeaman2006">Leaman 2006</a>, p. 451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, pp. 133–134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2007">Nasr 2007</a>, pp. 75–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Momen, Moojan. <i>An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism</i>. 1987. pp. 176 – 181. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5">978-0-300-03531-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCornell2007">Cornell 2007</a>, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Zp_5IydPGgC&q=shahada+a+person+to+become+a+Muslim+sunni+shia&pg=PA38"><i>Illustrated Dictionary of the Muslim World</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761479291" title="Special:BookSources/9780761479291"><bdi>9780761479291</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+Dictionary+of+the+Muslim+World&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780761479291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Zp_5IydPGgC%26q%3Dshahada%2Ba%2Bperson%2Bto%2Bbecome%2Ba%2BMuslim%2Bsunni%2Bshia%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2007">Nasr 2007</a>, pp. 92–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr_1988_245-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasr_1988_245_151-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N2007-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-N2007_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-N2007_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2007">Nasr 2007</a>, pp. 93–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabataba'ei1982">Tabataba'ei 1982</a>, pp. 5–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2007">Nasr 2007</a>, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeaman2006">Leaman 2006</a>, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, pp. 179–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRizvi1992">Rizvi 1992</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/QURAN/8.htm">Surah 8. Spoils Of War, Booty</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamicbankingcourses.com/html/glossary.html">Glossary of Islamic Banking Terms</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/vol7/article7-7.html ...">Challenges Facing Islamic Banking</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Keys to Paradise, chapter 1, section 2 title "special prayers" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214080136/http://www.aljaafaria.com/Mafatih/">مفاتيح الجنان</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2007">Nasr 2007</a>, pp. 94–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nasr_2007-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nasr_2007_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nasr_2007_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2007">Nasr 2007</a>, pp. 91–96–97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, pp. 275–278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2002">Nasr 2002</a>, p. 262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2002">Nasr 2002</a>, pp. 264–267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasr2002">Nasr 2002</a>, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen1985143-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen1985143_170-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Al-Islam-marja'-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Al-Islam-marja'_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/ask/topics/4369/questions-about-Marja%27">"Ask a Question. Marja'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Al-Islam</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=Taqlid%3A+Meaning+and+Reality&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Farticles%2Ftaqlid-meaning-and-reality-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taqlid-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taqlid_174-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121217061928/http://shahemardan.org/knowledge-centre/25-laws-and-practices/107-what-is-taqleed-and-what-is-its-importance.html">"The Importance of Ijtihad and Taqlid"</a>. Shah e Mardan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shahemardan.org/knowledge-centre/25-laws-and-practices/107-what-is-taqleed-and-what-is-its-importance.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Importance+of+Ijtihad+and+Taqlid&rft.pub=Shah+e+Mardan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshahemardan.org%2Fknowledge-centre%2F25-laws-and-practices%2F107-what-is-taqleed-and-what-is-its-importance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-m-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-m_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080109030831/http://www.m-narjes.org/maaref/ahkam/tafkik/ahkam8.htm">"تکليف،تقليد و انتخاب مرجع تقليد براي بانوان"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.m-narjes.org/maaref/ahkam/tafkik/ahkam8.htm">the original</a> on 9 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%8C%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%B9+%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF+%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A+%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.m-narjes.org%2Fmaaref%2Fahkam%2Ftafkik%2Fahkam8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182120/http://iraq.iraq.ir/vb/showthread.php?t=253437">"List of Maraji (Updated) as of 2017"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iraq.iraq.ir/vb/showthread.php?t=253437">the original</a> on 2018-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Maraji+%28Updated%29+as+of+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firaq.iraq.ir%2Fvb%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D253437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahosein.com/vb/showthread.php?t=224096">"Another list of Maraji (2017)"</a>. 22 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819182053/https://www.yahosein.com/vb/showthread.php?t=224096">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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UK Muslims revive temporary marriages"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=I+do...+for+now.+UK+Muslims+revive+temporary+marriages&rft.date=2013-05-13&rft.aulast=Mahmood&rft.aufirst=Shabnam&rft.au=Nye%2C+Catrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-22354201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSobhani2001">Sobhani 2001</a>, p. 182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj_(translated_by_Aftab_Shahryar)2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj</a> (translated by Aftab Shahryar) (2004). <i>Sahih Muslim Abridged</i>. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaezi2004">Vaezi 2004</a>, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaezi2004">Vaezi 2004</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVaezi2004">Vaezi 2004</a>, p. 135</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlack2011">Black 2011</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHalm1997">Halm 1997</a>, pp. 102–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1988</a>, p. 229</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989">Nasr, Dabashi & Nasr 1989</a>, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr" class="citation web cs1">Barr, Sabrina. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/eid-al-adha-2019-when-date-holiday-uae-saudi-arabia-islam-festival-a9027196.html">"EID AL-ADHA 2019: WHEN IS IT, HOW IS IT CELEBRATED AND HOW TO WISH SOMEONE A HAPPY EID"</a>. <i>independent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811153557/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/eid-al-adha-2019-when-date-holiday-uae-saudi-arabia-islam-festival-a9027196.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=independent&rft.atitle=EID+AL-ADHA+2019%3A+WHEN+IS+IT%2C+HOW+IS+IT+CELEBRATED+AND+HOW+TO+WISH+SOMEONE+A+HAPPY+EID&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Flife-style%2Feid-al-adha-2019-when-date-holiday-uae-saudi-arabia-islam-festival-a9027196.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muslim.sg/articles/the-significance-of-hari-raya-aidiladha?type=articles">"The Significance of Hari Raya Aidiladha"</a>. <i>muslim.sg</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eid+al+%E2%80%93+Adha+Festival+of+Sacrifice&rft.pub=Missionislam.com&rft.au=Muslim+Information+Service+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.missionislam.com%2Fknowledge%2Feidaladha.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Shaykh_al-Saduq1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Babawayh" title="Ibn Babawayh">al-Shaykh al-Saduq</a> (1982). <i>A Shiite Creed</i>. Fyzee (3rd ed.). WOFIS. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37509593">37509593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shiite+Creed&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=WOFIS&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37509593&rft.au=al-Shaykh+al-Saduq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmir-Moezzi1994" class="citation book cs1">Amir-Moezzi, Mohammad Ali (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4g6Od9f1rFAC&pg=PA115"><i>The Divine Guide in Early Shi'ism: The Sources of Esotericism in Islam</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2122-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2122-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-2122-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Guide+in+Early+Shi%27ism%3A+The+Sources+of+Esotericism+in+Islam&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2122-2&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4g6Od9f1rFAC%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnsariyan2007" class="citation book cs1">Ansariyan, Hussein (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006183739/http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/general/ahl_al-bayt/"><i>Ahl Al-Bayt The Celestial Beings on the Earth</i></a>. Ansariyan Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-964-438-873-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-964-438-873-6"><bdi>978-964-438-873-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maaref-foundation.com/english/library/pro_ahl/general/ahl_al-bayt/">the original</a> on October 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahl+Al-Bayt+The+Celestial+Beings+on+the+Earth&rft.pub=Ansariyan+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-964-438-873-6&rft.aulast=Ansariyan&rft.aufirst=Hussein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maaref-foundation.com%2Fenglish%2Flibrary%2Fpro_ahl%2Fgeneral%2Fahl_al-bayt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArjomand1988" class="citation book cs1">Arjomand, Said Amir (1988). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turbanforcrownis00arjo"><i>Turban for the Crown: The Islamic Revolution in Iran</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504257-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504257-3"><bdi>0-19-504257-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turban+for+the+Crown%3A+The+Islamic+Revolution+in+Iran&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-504257-3&rft.aulast=Arjomand&rft.aufirst=Said+Amir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturbanforcrownis00arjo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2011" class="citation book cs1">Black, Antony (2011). <i>The history of Islamic political thought from the prophet to the present</i>. 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(2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5454-1"><bdi>978-0-8160-5454-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1&rft.aulast=Campo&rft.aufirst=Juan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOZbyz_Hr-eIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbin1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Corbin, Henry</a> (1993). <i>History of Islamic Philosophy, Translated by Liadain Sherrard, Philip Sherrard</i>. London; Kegan Paul International in association with Islamic Publications for The Institute of Ismaili Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7103-0416-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7103-0416-1"><bdi>0-7103-0416-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+Philosophy%2C+Translated+by+Liadain+Sherrard%2C+Philip+Sherrard&rft.pub=London%3B+Kegan+Paul+International+in+association+with+Islamic+Publications+for+The+Institute+of+Ismaili+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7103-0416-1&rft.aulast=Corbin&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2007" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Vincent J. (2007). <i>Voices of Islam</i>. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98732-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-98732-9"><bdi>978-0-275-98732-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+of+Islam&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-275-98732-9&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Vincent+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabashi1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Dabashi, Hamid</a> (1989). <i>Authority in Islam: from the rise of Muhammad to the establishment of the Umayyads</i>. New Brunswick, U.S.A.: Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-288-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88738-288-8"><bdi>978-0-88738-288-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Authority+in+Islam%3A+from+the+rise+of+Muhammad+to+the+establishment+of+the+Umayyads&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+U.S.A.&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-88738-288-8&rft.aulast=Dabashi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabashi2006" class="citation book cs1">Dabashi, Hamid (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sTFdNNQP4ewC"><i>Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundation of the Islamic Revolution in Iran</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4128-0516-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4128-0516-3"><bdi>1-4128-0516-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+of+Discontent%3A+The+Ideological+Foundation+of+the+Islamic+Revolution+in+Iran&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4128-0516-3&rft.aulast=Dabashi&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsTFdNNQP4ewC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2013" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (2013). <i>A history of Shi'i Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-524-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-524-9"><bdi>978-0-85773-524-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-524-9&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonaldson1933" class="citation book cs1">Donaldson, Dwight M. (1933). <i>The Shi'ite Religion: A History of Islam in Persia and Irak</i>. Burleigh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-18959-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-18959-4"><bdi>978-0-404-18959-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shi%27ite+Religion%3A+A+History+of+Islam+in+Persia+and+Irak&rft.pub=Burleigh+Press&rft.date=1933&rft.isbn=978-0-404-18959-4&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.aufirst=Dwight+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaruki1965" class="citation journal cs1">Faruki, Kemal (1965). "Tawhid and the doctrine of Ismah". <i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Studies">Islamic Studies</a></i>. <b>4</b> (1): 31–43. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20832784">20832784</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Tawhid+and+the+doctrine+of+Ismah&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-43&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20832784%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Faruki&rft.aufirst=Kemal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalm1997" class="citation book cs1">Halm, Heinz; translated from the German by Allison (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shiaislamfromrel0000halm"><i>Shi'a Islam: from religion to revolution</i></a></span> (2. printing ed.). Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-134-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-134-6"><bdi>978-1-55876-134-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27a+Islam%3A+from+religion+to+revolution&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.edition=2.+printing&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-134-6&rft.aulast=Halm&rft.aufirst=Heinz%3B+translated+from+the+German+by+Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshiaislamfromrel0000halm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraemer1992" class="citation book cs1">Kraemer, Joel L. (1992). <i>Humanism in the Renaissance of Islam: The Cultural Revival During the Buyid Age</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09736-0"><bdi>978-90-04-09736-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanism+in+the+Renaissance+of+Islam%3A+The+Cultural+Revival+During+the+Buyid+Age&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09736-0&rft.aulast=Kraemer&rft.aufirst=Joel+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakhaniShah_KazemiLewisohn2006" class="citation book cs1">Lakhani, M. Ali; Shah Kazemi, Reza; Lewisohn, Leonard (2006). <i>The Sacred Foundations of Justice in Islam: The Teachings of ʻAlī Ibn Abī Ṭālib</i>. World Wisdom, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-26-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933316-26-0"><bdi>978-1-933316-26-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sacred+Foundations+of+Justice+in+Islam%3A+The+Teachings+of+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+Ibn+Ab%C4%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib&rft.pub=World+Wisdom%2C+Inc&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-933316-26-0&rft.aulast=Lakhani&rft.aufirst=M.+Ali&rft.au=Shah+Kazemi%2C+Reza&rft.au=Lewisohn%2C+Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeaman2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Leaman, Oliver (2006). "Aya". <i>The Qur'an: an Encyclopedia</i>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32639-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32639-7"><bdi>0-415-32639-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aya&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+an+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-32639-7&rft.aulast=Leaman&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1">Momen, Moojan (1985). <i>An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: the History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03531-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam%3A+the+History+and+Doctrines+of+Twelver+Shi%27ism&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03531-5&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotahari1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morteza_Motahhari" title="Morteza Motahhari">Motahari, Morteza</a> (1985). <i>Fundamentals of Islamic thought: God, man, and the universe</i>. Mizan Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/909092922">909092922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Islamic+thought%3A+God%2C+man%2C+and+the+universe&rft.pub=Mizan+Press&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F909092922&rft.aulast=Motahari&rft.aufirst=Morteza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurataChittick1994" class="citation book cs1">Murata, Sachiko; Chittick, William (1994). <i>Vision of Islam: reflecting on the Hadith of Gabriel</i> (1st ed.). New York, NY: Paragon House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-516-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-516-9"><bdi>978-1-55778-516-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vision+of+Islam%3A+reflecting+on+the+Hadith+of+Gabriel&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Paragon+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-55778-516-9&rft.aulast=Murata&rft.aufirst=Sachiko&rft.au=Chittick%2C+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Hossein</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hamid_Dabashi" title="Hamid Dabashi">Dabashi, Hamid</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vali_Nasr" title="Vali Nasr">Nasr, Vali</a> (1988). <i>Shiʻism doctrines, thought, and spirituality</i>. Albany: SUNY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-887-06689-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-887-06689-4"><bdi>978-0-887-06689-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%CA%BBism+doctrines%2C+thought%2C+and+spirituality&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=SUNY&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-887-06689-4&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Hossein&rft.au=Dabashi%2C+Hamid&rft.au=Nasr%2C+Vali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrLeaman2001" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Leaman, Oliver (2001). <i>History of Islamic Philosophy</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25934-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-25934-7"><bdi>978-0-415-25934-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25934-7&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft.au=Leaman%2C+Oliver&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2002" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2002). <i>The heart of Islam enduring values for humanity</i>. Pymble, NSW: PerfectBound. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-051665-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-051665-8"><bdi>0-06-051665-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+heart+of+Islam+enduring+values+for+humanity&rft.place=Pymble%2C+NSW&rft.pub=PerfectBound&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-06-051665-8&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2006" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2006). <i>Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6799-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6799-2"><bdi>978-0-7914-6799-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Philosophy+from+Its+Origin+to+the+Present&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6799-2&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2000" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2000). <i>Ideals and realities of Islam</i> (New rev. ed.). Chicago, IL: ABC International Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930637-11-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930637-11-5"><bdi>978-1-930637-11-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ideals+and+realities+of+Islam&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.edition=New+rev.&rft.pub=ABC+International+Group&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-930637-11-5&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrDabashiNasr1989" class="citation book cs1">Nasr; Dabashi; Nasr (1989). <i>Expectation of the Millennium Shiʻism in History</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-07849-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-07849-6"><bdi>978-0-585-07849-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expectation+of+the+Millennium+Shi%CA%BBism+in+History&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-585-07849-6&rft.au=Nasr&rft.au=Dabashi&rft.au=Nasr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2007" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2007). <i>Islam religion, history, and civilization</i>. Pymble, NSW: HarperCollins e-books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-155642-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-155642-5"><bdi>978-0-06-155642-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+religion%2C+history%2C+and+civilization&rft.place=Pymble%2C+NSW&rft.pub=HarperCollins+e-books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-06-155642-5&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2008" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2008). <i>Islamic spirituality : foundations</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44262-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-44262-6"><bdi>978-0-415-44262-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+spirituality+%3A+foundations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-44262-6&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPakatchi2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pakatchi, Ahmad (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/article/223342/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82%20(%D8%B9)%D8%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85">"Ja'far al-Sadiq (a), Imam"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_Great_Islamic_Encyclopedia" title="Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia">Center for the Great Islamic Encyclopedia</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705055925/https://www.cgie.org.ir/fa/article/223342/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%82%20(%D8%B9)%D8%8C-%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ja%27far+al-Sadiq+%28a%29%2C+Imam&rft.btitle=Center+for+the+Great+Islamic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Pakatchi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cgie.org.ir%2Ffa%2Farticle%2F223342%2F%25D8%25AC%25D8%25B9%25D9%2581%25D8%25B1-%25D8%25B5%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AF%25D9%2582%2520%28%25D8%25B9%29%25D8%258C-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi1992" class="citation book cs1">Rizvi, Sayyid Muhammad (1992). <i>Khums, An Islamic Tax</i>. Ansaryan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khums%2C+An+Islamic+Tax&rft.pub=Ansaryan&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRizvi2004" class="citation book cs1">Rizvi, Sayyid Muhammad (2004). <i>Islam: Faith, Practice & History</i>. Ansariyan Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-964-438-620-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-964-438-620-6"><bdi>978-964-438-620-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Faith%2C+Practice+%26+History&rft.pub=Ansariyan+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-964-438-620-6&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Muhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachedina1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdulaziz_Sachedina" title="Abdulaziz Sachedina">Sachedina, Abdulaziz Abdulhussein</a> (1988). <i>The Just Ruler (al-sultān Al-ʻādil) in Shī'ite Islam: The Comprehensive Authority of the Jurist in Imamite Jurisprudence</i>. Oxford University Press US. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511915-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-511915-2"><bdi>978-0-19-511915-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Just+Ruler+%28al-sult%C4%81n+Al-%CA%BB%C4%81dil%29+in+Sh%C4%AB%27ite+Islam%3A+The+Comprehensive+Authority+of+the+Jurist+in+Imamite+Jurisprudence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-511915-2&rft.aulast=Sachedina&rft.aufirst=Abdulaziz+Abdulhussein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobhani2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Sobhani, Ja'far</a> (2001). <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah-Kazemi" title="Reza Shah-Kazemi">Shah-Kazemi, Reza</a> (ed.). <i>The Doctrines of Shi'ism: A Compendium of Imami Beliefs and Practices</i>. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-780-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-780-2"><bdi>978-1-86064-780-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrines+of+Shi%27ism%3A+A+Compendium+of+Imami+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-780-2&rft.aulast=Sobhani&rft.aufirst=Ja%27far&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabataba'ei1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei">Tabataba'ei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn</a> (1979). <i>Shi'ite Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hossein_Nasr" class="mw-redirect" title="Hossein Nasr">Hossein Nasr</a> (translator). SUNY press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-272-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-272-3"><bdi>0-87395-272-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pub=SUNY+press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-87395-272-3&rft.aulast=Tabataba%27ei&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabataba'ei1983" class="citation book cs1">Tabataba'ei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1983). <i>Al-Mīzān: an exegesis of the Qurʼān</i>. Vol. 1. WOFIS. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/311256759">311256759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-M%C4%ABz%C4%81n%3A+an+exegesis+of+the+Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n&rft.pub=WOFIS&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F311256759&rft.aulast=Tabataba%27ei&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabataba'ei1984" class="citation book cs1">Tabataba'ei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1984). <i>Al-Mīzān: an exegesis of the Qurʼān</i>. Vol. 2. WOFIS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-M%C4%ABz%C4%81n%3A+an+exegesis+of+the+Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n&rft.pub=WOFIS&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Tabataba%27ei&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabataba'ei1982" class="citation book cs1">Tabataba'ei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1982). <i>Al-Mīzān: an exegesis of the Qurʼān</i>. Vol. 3. WOFIS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-M%C4%ABz%C4%81n%3A+an+exegesis+of+the+Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n&rft.pub=WOFIS&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Tabataba%27ei&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabataba'ei1986" class="citation book cs1">Tabataba'ei, Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn (1986). <i>Al-Mīzān: an exegesis of the Qurʼān</i>. Vol. 6. WOFIS.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-M%C4%ABz%C4%81n%3A+an+exegesis+of+the+Qur%CA%BC%C4%81n&rft.pub=WOFIS&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Tabataba%27ei&rft.aufirst=Sayyid+Mohammad+Hosayn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaezi2004" class="citation book cs1">Vaezi, Ahmad (2004). <i>Shia political thought</i>. London: Islamic Centre of England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904934-01-1"><bdi>978-1-904934-01-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shia+political+thought&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Islamic+Centre+of+England&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-904934-01-1&rft.aulast=Vaezi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2006" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Bernard G. (2006). <i>The Spirit of Islamic Law</i>. University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2827-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2827-0"><bdi>978-0-8203-2827-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+Islamic+Law&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2827-0&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Bernard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATwelver+Shi%27ism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelver_Shi%27ism&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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/></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Twelver_Shiism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Twelver Shiism">Twelver Shiism</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://al-islam.org/twelve/7.htm">A brief introduction of Twelve Imams</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080329020223/http://www.balagh.net/english/shia/shia/10.htm#00011">A Brief History Of The Lives Of The Twelve Imams</a> a chapter of <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam (book)">Shi'a Islam (book)</a> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Husayn_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei">Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618012237/http://www.ummah.net/khoei/imam.htm#12">A Short History of the Lives of The Twelve Imams</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9043046/Ithna-Ashariyah">Ithna 'Ashariyah</a> An article by Encyclopædia Britannica online</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twelversmedia.com/">Twelver Media Source</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_theology" title="Template talk:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="FieldsTheologiansBooks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fields</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></li><li>Books</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">‘Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqqari_al-Tilmisani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani">Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">Al-Bahūtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="'Illish">'Illish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li> <li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/wiki/Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn 'Ata'">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li> <li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li> <li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li> <li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li> <li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li> <li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li> <li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li> <li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a> <ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" title="Zurarah ibn A'yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Jarud_al-Hamdani" title="Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani">Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_ibn_Zayd" title="Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd">Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_al-Rassi" title="Al-Qasim al-Rassi">Al-Qasim al-Rassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Qasim" title="Al-Mansur al-Qasim">Al-Mansur al-Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></i></li> <li><i>Tashih al-I'tiqad</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi'i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kullabiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'is</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Baktāshism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites<br />Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a> <ul><li>Hārbīyya <ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li> <li>Janāhiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li> <li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Sam‘ānīyya <ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawendis" title="Rawendis">Rawendis</a> <ul><li>Rezāmīyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a> <ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ajardi <ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li> <li>Maymunīyyah</li> <li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bayhasīyyah <ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn 'Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn<br />Muḥāmmad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al-<br />Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī <ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li> <li>Dhīmmīyya</li> <li>Hakāiqīyya</li> <li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li> <li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li> <li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li> <li>Maʿīyya</li> <li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li> <li>Nūnīyya</li> <li>Razīnīyya</li> <li>Sauwāqīyya</li> <li>Sūramīyya</li> <li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li> <li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li> <li>Wāhidīyya</li> <li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaylānīyya <ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li> <li>Yūnusīyya <ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li> <li>Gassānīyya <ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li> <li>Tūmanīyya <ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li> <li>Sawbānīyya <ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li> <li>Sālehīyya <ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li> <li>Shamrīyya <ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li> <li>Ubaydīyya <ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li> <li>Ziyādīyya <ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li> <li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li> <li>Sābit Kutna</li> <li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li> <li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li> <li>Umar ibn Zar</li> <li>Salm ibn Sālem</li> <li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li> <li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li> <li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li> <li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li> <li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jawārībīyya <ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li> <li>Hāshwīyya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a> <ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li> <li>Muʿāmmarīyya <ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li> <li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya <ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li> <li>Mānsūrīyya <ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li> <li>Mukhāmmīsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li> <li>Saba'īyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma'bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad<br />al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/wiki/Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mā’marīyya <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li> <li>Huzaylīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī <ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ikhshīdiyya</li> <li>Nazzāmīyya <ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li> <li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li> <li>Hābītīyya <ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sumamīyya <ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li> <li>Kā‘bīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br /><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim<br />beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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