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href="#Family_and_public_life_(1852–1859)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family and public life (1852–1859)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_public_life_(1852–1859)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illness_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illness_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Illness and death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Illness and death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Illness_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Funeral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Funeral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Titles, styles, honours and arms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">8.2.1</span> <span>Military appointments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Foreign honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_prinsgemaal" title="Albert, prinsgemaal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Albert, prinsgemaal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfbeorht_%C3%86%C3%BEelingefnhlytta" title="Ælfbeorht Æþelingefnhlytta – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ælfbeorht Æþelingefnhlytta" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AC)" title="ألبرت (الأمير الزوج) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألبرت (الأمير الزوج)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_de_Saxonia-Coburgu-Gotha" title="Alberto de Saxonia-Coburgu-Gotha – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alberto de Saxonia-Coburgu-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsort_%C5%9Fahzad%C9%99_Albert" title="Konsort şahzadə Albert – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konsort şahzadə Albert" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%88_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="آلبرت ساکس کوبورق و قوتا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلبرت ساکس کوبورق و قوتا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алберт фон Сакс-Кобург-Гота – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алберт фон Сакс-Кобург-Гота" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_od_Saskokoburga_i_Gote" title="Albert od Saskokoburga i Gote – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Albert od Saskokoburga i Gote" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_von_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" title="Albert von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Albert von Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_de_Sax%C3%B2nia-Coburg_Gotha" title="Albert de Saxònia-Coburg Gotha – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Albert de Saxònia-Coburg Gotha" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sasko-Kobursko-Gothajsk%C3%BD" title="Albert Sasko-Kobursko-Gothajský – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Albert Sasko-Kobursko-Gothajský" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_o_Sachsen-Coburg_a_Gotha" title="Albert o Sachsen-Coburg a Gotha – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Albert o Sachsen-Coburg a Gotha" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prins_Albert_af_Sachsen-Coburg_og_Gotha" title="Prins Albert af Sachsen-Coburg og Gotha – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Prins Albert af Sachsen-Coburg og Gotha" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_von_Sachsen-Coburg_und_Gotha" title="Albert von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Albert von Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_(Saksi-Coburg-Gotha)" title="Albert (Saksi-Coburg-Gotha) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Albert (Saksi-Coburg-Gotha)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B2%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82-%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA_%26_%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Αλβέρτος της Σαξονίας-Κόμπουργκ & Γκότα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλβέρτος της Σαξονίας-Κόμπουργκ & Γκότα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_de_Sajonia-Coburgo_y_Gotha" title="Alberto de Sajonia-Coburgo y Gotha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alberto de Sajonia-Coburgo y Gotha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_de_Saksio-Koburgo_kaj_Gotao" title="Alberto de Saksio-Koburgo kaj Gotao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alberto de Saksio-Koburgo kaj Gotao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Saxonia-Coburg_eta_Gothakoa" title="Alberto Saxonia-Coburg eta Gothakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alberto Saxonia-Coburg eta Gothakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D9%88_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="آلبرت ساکس کوبورگ و گوتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلبرت ساکس کوبورگ و گوتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_de_Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha" title="Albert de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Albert de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberte_de_Saxonia-Coburgo_e_Gotha" title="Alberte de Saxonia-Coburgo e Gotha – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alberte de Saxonia-Coburgo e Gotha" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EC%97%AC%EC%99%95_%EB%B6%80%EA%B5%B0_%EC%95%A8%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8" title="영국 여왕 부군 앨버트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영국 여왕 부군 앨버트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A3_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Ալբերտ Սաքսեն Կոբուրգ Գոթացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալբերտ Սաքսեն Կոբուրգ Գոթացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Pangeran_Permaisuri_Britania_Raya" title="Albert, Pangeran Permaisuri Britania Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Albert, Pangeran Permaisuri Britania Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_de_Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha" title="Alberto de Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Alberto de Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_di_Sassonia-Coburgo-Gotha" title="Alberto di Sassonia-Coburgo-Gotha – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Alberto di Sassonia-Coburgo-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98,_%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9A_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%94-%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92-%D7%92%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%94" title="אלברט, נסיך סקסה-קובורג-גותה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלברט, נסיך סקסה-קובורג-גותה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪ್ರಿನ್ಸ್ ಆಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪ್ರಿನ್ಸ್ ಆಲ್ಬರ್ಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92-%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ალბერტ საქსენ-კობურგ-გოთელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალბერტ საქსენ-კობურგ-გოთელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_de_Gota" title="Albertus de Gota – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Albertus de Gota" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princis_Alberts" title="Princis Alberts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Princis Alberts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prinse_Albert_de_Saxe-Coburg_e_Gotha" title="Prinse Albert de Saxe-Coburg e Gotha – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Prinse Albert de Saxe-Coburg e Gotha" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_sz%C3%A1sz%E2%80%93coburg%E2%80%93gothai_herceg" title="Albert szász–coburg–gothai herceg – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albert szász–coburg–gothai herceg" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="الامير البرت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الامير البرت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_van_Saksen-Coburg_en_Gotha" title="Albert van Saksen-Coburg en Gotha – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Albert van Saksen-Coburg en Gotha" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88_(%E3%82%B6%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%90)" title="アルバート (ザクセン＝コーブルク＝ゴータ公子) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルバート (ザクセン＝コーブルク＝ゴータ公子)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_faan_Sachsen-Coburg_an_Gotha" title="Albert faan Sachsen-Coburg an Gotha – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Albert faan Sachsen-Coburg an Gotha" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_av_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" title="Albert av Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Albert av Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_av_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" title="Albert av Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Albert av Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_(ksi%C4%85%C5%BC%C4%99_Wielkiej_Brytanii_i_Irlandii)" title="Albert (książę Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Albert (książę Wielkiej Brytanii i Irlandii)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_de_Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" title="Alberto de Saxe-Coburgo-Gota – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alberto de Saxe-Coburgo-Gota" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Saksen-Koburg-Gotal%C4%B1" title="Albert Saksen-Koburg-Gotalı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Albert Saksen-Koburg-Gotalı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prin%C8%9Bul_Albert_de_Saxa-Coburg_%C8%99i_Gotha" title="Prințul Albert de Saxa-Coburg și Gotha – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Prințul Albert de Saxa-Coburg și Gotha" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Альберт Саксен-Кобург-Готский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альберт Саксен-Кобург-Готский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Prince_Consort" title="Albert, Prince Consort – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Albert, Prince Consort" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_(britsk%C3%BD_princ)" title="Albert (britský princ) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Albert (britský princ)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3_%D0%B8_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Алберт од Сакс-Кобург и Гота – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алберт од Сакс-Кобург и Гота" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_od_Sachsen-Coburga_i_Gothe" title="Albert od Sachsen-Coburga i Gothe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Albert od Sachsen-Coburga i Gothe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_(Viktorian_puoliso)" title="Albert (Viktorian puoliso) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Albert (Viktorian puoliso)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_av_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" title="Albert av Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Albert av Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_ng_Sahoniya,_Coburgo,_at_Gotha" title="Alberto ng Sahoniya, Coburgo, at Gotha – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Alberto ng Sahoniya, Coburgo, at Gotha" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="เจ้าชายอัลเบิร์ต พระราชสวามี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจ้าชายอัลเบิร์ต พระราชสวามี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_(Birle%C5%9Fik_Krall%C4%B1k_prensi)" title="Albert (Birleşik Krallık prensi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Albert (Birleşik Krallık prensi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Альберт Саксен-Кобург-Готський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альберт Саксен-Кобург-Готський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_x%E1%BB%A9_Sachsen-Coburg_v%C3%A0_Gotha" title="Albrecht xứ Sachsen-Coburg và Gotha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Albrecht xứ Sachsen-Coburg và Gotha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B" title="艾伯特親王 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="艾伯特親王" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="艾伯特亲王 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="艾伯特亲王" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%8E%98%E7%95%A2%E8%A6%AA%E7%8E%8B" title="亞厘畢親王 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞厘畢親王" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%B2%E7%8E%8B" title="阿尔伯特亲王 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿尔伯特亲王" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152245#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consort of Queen Victoria from 1840 to 1861</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Consort">Prince Consort</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Albert,_bust_length,_by_John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayal,_1860_(retouched)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of Prince Albert aged 41" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Prince_Albert%2C_bust_length%2C_by_John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayal%2C_1860_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Prince_Albert%2C_bust_length%2C_by_John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayal%2C_1860_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Prince_Albert%2C_bust_length%2C_by_John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayal%2C_1860_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Prince_Albert%2C_bust_length%2C_by_John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayal%2C_1860_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Prince_Albert%2C_bust_length%2C_by_John_Jabez_Edwin_Mayal%2C_1860_%28retouched%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="452" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Photograph by <a href="/wiki/J._J._E._Mayall" class="mw-redirect" title="J. J. E. Mayall">J. J. E. Mayall</a>, May 1860</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Consort_of_the_British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Consort of the British monarch">Consort of the British monarch</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1840 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">14 December 1861</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1819-08-26</span>)</span>26 August 1819<br /><a href="/wiki/Schloss_Rosenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Schloss Rosenau">Schloss Rosenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">14 December 1861<span style="display:none">(1861-12-14)</span> (aged 42)<br /><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data">23 December 1861<br /><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Vault" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Vault">Royal Vault</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Chapel">St George's Chapel</a>;<br />18 December 1862<br /><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum,_Frogmore" title="Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore">Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="10 February 1840">1840</span>)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_German_Empress" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, German Empress">Victoria, German Empress</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alice,_Grand_Duchess_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine">Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Princess_Christian_of_Schleswig-Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein">Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice,_Princess_Henry_of_Battenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg">Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Franz August Karl Albert Emanuel</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> (until 1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (from 1826)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Albert%27s_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's signature"><img alt="Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Prince_Albert%27s_signature.svg/125px-Prince_Albert%27s_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Prince_Albert%27s_signature.svg/188px-Prince_Albert%27s_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Prince_Albert%27s_signature.svg/250px-Prince_Albert%27s_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</b> (Franz August Karl Albert Emanuel;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861) was the husband of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. As such, he was <a href="/wiki/Consort_of_the_British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Consort of the British monarch">consort of the British monarch</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert" title="Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert">their marriage</a> on 10 February 1840 until <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Illness_and_death">his death</a> in 1861. Victoria granted him the title <a href="/wiki/Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Consort">Prince Consort</a> in 1857. </p><p>Albert was born in the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_duchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon duchy">Saxon duchy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a> to a family connected to many of Europe's ruling monarchs. At the age of 20, he married Victoria, his first cousin, with whom he had nine children. Initially, he felt constrained by his role as consort, which did not afford him power or responsibilities. He gradually developed a reputation for supporting public causes, such as <a href="/wiki/Educational_reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational reform">educational reform</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Abolition of slavery">abolition of slavery</a> worldwide, and he was entrusted with running the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_household" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's household">Queen's household</a>, office and estates. He was heavily involved with the organisation of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a> of 1851, which was a resounding success. </p><p>Victoria came to depend more and more on Albert's support and guidance. He aided the development of Britain's <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> by persuading his wife to be less partisan in her dealings with the <a href="/wiki/British_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British parliament">British parliament</a>, but he actively disagreed with the <a href="/wiki/Interventionist_foreign_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Interventionist foreign policy">interventionist foreign policy</a> pursued during <a href="/wiki/Lord_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Palmerston">Lord Palmerston</a>'s tenure as <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Foreign Secretary (United Kingdom)">Foreign Secretary</a>. Albert died in 1861 at the age of 42, devastating Victoria so much that she entered into a deep state of mourning and <a href="/wiki/Black#Mourning" title="Black">wore black</a> for the rest of her life. On the day of <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria">her death</a> in 1901, their eldest son succeeded as <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, named after the <a href="/wiki/Ducal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducal">ducal</a> house to which Albert belonged. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg,_duchess_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha,_with_her_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg%2C_duchess_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha%2C_with_her_children.jpg/220px-Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg%2C_duchess_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha%2C_with_her_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg%2C_duchess_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha%2C_with_her_children.jpg/330px-Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg%2C_duchess_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha%2C_with_her_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg%2C_duchess_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha%2C_with_her_children.jpg/440px-Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg%2C_duchess_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha%2C_with_her_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>Albert (left) with his elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest</a>, and mother, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg_(1800%E2%80%931831)" title="Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1800–1831)">Louise</a>, shortly before her exile from court</figcaption></figure> <p>Prince Albert was born on 26 August 1819 at <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Rosenau" class="mw-redirect" title="Schloss Rosenau">Schloss Rosenau</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Coburg" title="Coburg">Coburg</a>, Germany, the second son of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_III,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Ernest III, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a>, and his first wife, <a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse19832Weintraub199720Weir1996305_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse19832Weintraub199720Weir1996305-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His first cousin and future wife, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a>, had been born earlier in the same year with the assistance of the same midwife, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_von_Siebold" title="Charlotte von Siebold">Charlotte von Siebold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199720_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199720-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was baptised into the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Lutheran Evangelical Church</a> on 19 September 1819 in the Marble Hall at Schloss Rosenau, with water taken from the local river, the <a href="/wiki/Itz" title="Itz">Itz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199721_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199721-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His godparents were his paternal grandmother, the <a href="/wiki/Countess_Augusta_Reuss_of_Ebersdorf" title="Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf">Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a>; his maternal grandfather, the <a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor of Austria</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Casimir,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Albert Casimir, Duke of Teschen">Duke of Teschen</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_von_Mensdorff-Pouilly" title="Emmanuel von Mensdorff-Pouilly">Emanuel, Count of Mensdorff-Pouilly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes19681Hobhouse19832_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes19681Hobhouse19832-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1825, Albert's great-uncle, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_IV,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Frederick IV, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a>, died, which led to a realignment of the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_duchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon duchies">Saxon duchies</a> the following year; and Albert's father became the first reigning duke of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albert and his elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest</a>, spent their youth in close companionship, which was marred by their parents' turbulent marriage and eventual separation and divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199725–28_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199725–28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After their mother was exiled from court in 1824, she married her lover, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Hanstein,_Count_of_P%C3%B6lzig_and_Beiersdorf" title="Alexander von Hanstein, Count of Pölzig and Beiersdorf">Alexander von Hanstein, Count of Pölzig and Beiersdorf</a>. She presumably never saw her children again, and died of cancer at the age of 30 in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse19834Weintraub199725–28_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse19834Weintraub199725–28-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, their father <a href="/wiki/Avunculate_marriage" title="Avunculate marriage">married his niece</a> <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Marie of Württemberg">Princess Marie of Württemberg</a>; their marriage was not close, however, and Marie had little—if any—impact on her stepsons' lives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199740–41_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199740–41-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The brothers were educated privately at home by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Florsch%C3%BCtz" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Christoph Florschütz">Christoph Florschütz</a> and later studied in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a> was one of their tutors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198316_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198316-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like many other German princes, Albert attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a>, where he studied law, political economy, philosophy and the history of art. He played music and he excelled at sport, especially <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencing</a> and riding.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199760–62_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199760–62-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tutors at Bonn included the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Hermann_Fichte" title="Immanuel Hermann Fichte">Fichte</a> and the poet <a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_Schlegel" title="August Wilhelm Schlegel">Schlegel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes196815Weintraub199756–60_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes196815Weintraub199756–60-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage">Marriage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert" title="Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert">Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Albert_-_Partridge_1840.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Prince_Albert_-_Partridge_1840.jpg/220px-Prince_Albert_-_Partridge_1840.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Prince_Albert_-_Partridge_1840.jpg/330px-Prince_Albert_-_Partridge_1840.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Prince_Albert_-_Partridge_1840.jpg/440px-Prince_Albert_-_Partridge_1840.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1215" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Partridge_(artist)" title="John Partridge (artist)">John Partridge</a>, 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>The idea of marriage between Albert and his first cousin Victoria was first documented in an 1821 letter from his paternal grandmother, the Dowager Duchess of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, who said that he was "the pendant to the pretty cousin".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198315_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198315-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1836, this idea had also arisen in the mind of their ambitious uncle <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold</a>, who had been <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Belgians" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Belgians">King of the Belgians</a> since 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198315–16Weintraub199743–49_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198315–16Weintraub199743–49-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this time, Victoria was the <a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">heir presumptive</a> to the British throne. Her father, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a>, the fourth son of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, had died when she was an infant, and her elderly uncle, King <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">William IV</a>, had no surviving legitimate children. Her mother, the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Duchess of Kent</a>, was the sister of both Albert's father—the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha—and King Leopold. Leopold arranged for his sister, Victoria's mother, to invite the Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and his two sons to visit her in May 1836, with the purpose of meeting Victoria. William IV, however, disapproved of any match with the Coburgs, and instead favoured the suit of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_of_the_Netherlands" title="Prince Alexander of the Netherlands">Prince Alexander</a>, second son of the <a href="/wiki/William_II_of_the_Netherlands" title="William II of the Netherlands">Prince of Orange</a>. Victoria was well aware of the various matrimonial plans and critically appraised a parade of eligible princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199743–49_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199743–49-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She wrote, "[Albert] is extremely handsome; his hair is about the same colour as mine; his eyes are large and blue, and he has a beautiful nose and a very sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of his countenance is his expression, which is most delightful."<sup id="cite_ref-vic_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vic-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alexander, on the other hand, she described as "very plain".<sup id="cite_ref-vic_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vic-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold to thank him "for the prospect of <i>great</i> happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199751_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199751-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the parties did not undertake a formal engagement, both the family and their retainers widely assumed that the match would take place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199753,_58,_64,_65_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199753,_58,_64,_65-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victoria came to the throne on 20 June 1837, aged 18. Her letters of the time show interest in Albert's education for the role he would have to play, although she resisted attempts to rush her into marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199762_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199762-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the winter of 1838–1839, the prince visited Italy, accompanied by the Coburg family's confidential adviser, <a href="/wiki/Baron_Stockmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Stockmar">Baron Stockmar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198317–18Weintraub199767_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198317–18Weintraub199767-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bookplate-Prince_Albert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bookplate-Prince_Albert.jpg/220px-Bookplate-Prince_Albert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bookplate-Prince_Albert.jpg/330px-Bookplate-Prince_Albert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bookplate-Prince_Albert.jpg/440px-Bookplate-Prince_Albert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Armorial</a> <a href="/wiki/Bookplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bookplate">bookplate</a> of Prince Albert</figcaption></figure> <p>Albert returned to the United Kingdom with Ernest in October 1839 to visit Victoria, with the objective of settling the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194942Weintraub199777–81_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194942Weintraub199777–81-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert and Victoria felt mutual affection and the Queen proposed to him on 15 October 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194942–43Hobhouse198320Weintraub199777–81_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194942–43Hobhouse198320Weintraub199777–81-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victoria's intention to marry was declared formally to the <a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Most_Honourable_Privy_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council">Privy Council</a> on 23 November,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194945Hobhouse198321Weintraub199786_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194945Hobhouse198321Weintraub199786-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the couple married on 10 February 1840 at the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Royal" title="Chapel Royal">Chapel Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Palace" title="St James's Palace">St James's Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194952Hobhouse198324_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194952Hobhouse198324-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just before the marriage, Albert was naturalised by an Act of Parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-LG19826_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG19826-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and granted the style of <i>Royal Highness</i> by an <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LG1840_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG1840-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially Albert was not popular with the British public; he was perceived to be from an impoverished and undistinguished minor state, barely larger than a small English county.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194945_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194945-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Melbourne">Lord Melbourne</a>, advised the Queen against granting her husband the title of "<a href="/wiki/King_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="King Consort">King Consort</a>"; Parliament also objected to Albert being created a <a href="/wiki/British_peerage" class="mw-redirect" title="British peerage">peer</a>—partly because of anti-German sentiment and a desire to exclude Albert from any political role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199788_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199788-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert's religious views provided a small amount of controversy when the marriage was debated in Parliament: although as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Lutheran Evangelical Church</a> Albert was a Protestant, the non-<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a> nature of his church was considered worrisome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbecasis-Phillips2004_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbecasis-Phillips2004-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of greater concern, however, was that some of Albert's family were Roman Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy200128–31_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200128–31-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Melbourne led a <a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">minority government</a> and the opposition took advantage of the marriage to weaken his position further. They opposed a British peerage for Albert and granted him a smaller annuity than previous consorts,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub19978–9,_89_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub19978–9,_89-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> £30,000 instead of the usual £50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194947Hobhouse198323–24_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194947Hobhouse198323–24-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert claimed that he had no need of a British peerage, writing: "It would almost be a step downwards, for as a Duke of Saxony, I feel myself much higher than a Duke of York or Kent."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the next seventeen years, Albert was formally titled "HRH Prince Albert" until, on 25 June 1857, Victoria formally granted him the title <a href="/wiki/Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Consort">Prince Consort</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LG1857_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG1857-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Victoria explained, in a letter to Lord Palmerston on 15 March 1857, that she was: "... inclined ... to content herself by simply giving her husband by Letters Patent the title of 'Prince Consort' which can injure no one while it will give him an <i>English title</i> consistent with his position, & avoid his being treated by Foreign Courts as a <i>junior Member</i> of the house <i>of Saxe-Coburg</i>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consort_of_the_Queen">Consort of the Queen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consort of the Queen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg/220px-Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg/330px-Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg/440px-Prince_Albert_-_Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_1842.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Winterhalter</a>, 1842</figcaption></figure> <p>The position in which Albert was placed by his marriage, while one of distinction, also offered considerable difficulties; in his own words, "I am very happy and contented; but the difficulty in filling my place with the proper dignity is that I am only the husband, not the master in the house."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Queen's household was run by her former governess,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baroness_Lehzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Baroness Lehzen">Baroness Lehzen</a>. Albert referred to her as the "House Dragon", and manoeuvred to dislodge the Baroness from her position.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194959–74_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194959–74-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within two months of the marriage, Victoria was pregnant. Albert started to take on public roles; he became President of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_the_Extinction_of_the_Slave_Trade_and_for_the_Civilization_of_Africa" title="Society for the Extinction of the Slave Trade and for the Civilization of Africa">Society for the Extinction of Slavery</a> (slavery was still lawful in most parts of the world beyond the British Empire); and helped Victoria privately with her government paperwork.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997102–105_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997102–105-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1840, while on a public carriage ride, Albert and the pregnant Victoria were shot at by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Oxford" title="Edward Oxford">Edward Oxford</a>, who was later judged insane. Neither Albert nor Victoria was hurt, and Albert was praised in the newspapers for his courage and coolness during the attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997106–107_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997106–107-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was gaining public support as well as political influence, which showed itself practically when, in August, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Regency_Act_1840" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency Act 1840">Regency Act 1840</a> to designate him <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> in the event of Victoria's death before their child reached the age of majority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997107_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997107-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their first child, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria</a>, named after her mother, was born in November. Eight other children would follow over the next seventeen years. All nine children survived to adulthood, which was remarkable for the era; biographer <a href="/wiki/Hermione_Hobhouse" title="Hermione Hobhouse">Hermione Hobhouse</a> credited the healthy running of the nursery on Albert's "enlightened influence".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198328_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198328-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1841, he successfully removed the nursery from Lehzen's pervasive control, and in September 1842, Lehzen left Britain permanently—much to Albert's relief.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194973–74_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194973–74-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert,_Prince_Consort_(1819_-_1861)_-_Victoria,_Princess_Royal_-_ABDAG007377_-_Aberdeen_City_Council_(Archives,_Gallery_and_Museums_Collection).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_%281819_-_1861%29_-_Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal_-_ABDAG007377_-_Aberdeen_City_Council_%28Archives%2C_Gallery_and_Museums_Collection%29.jpg/220px-Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_%281819_-_1861%29_-_Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal_-_ABDAG007377_-_Aberdeen_City_Council_%28Archives%2C_Gallery_and_Museums_Collection%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_%281819_-_1861%29_-_Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal_-_ABDAG007377_-_Aberdeen_City_Council_%28Archives%2C_Gallery_and_Museums_Collection%29.jpg/330px-Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_%281819_-_1861%29_-_Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal_-_ABDAG007377_-_Aberdeen_City_Council_%28Archives%2C_Gallery_and_Museums_Collection%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_%281819_-_1861%29_-_Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal_-_ABDAG007377_-_Aberdeen_City_Council_%28Archives%2C_Gallery_and_Museums_Collection%29.jpg/440px-Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_%281819_-_1861%29_-_Victoria%2C_Princess_Royal_-_ABDAG007377_-_Aberdeen_City_Council_%28Archives%2C_Gallery_and_Museums_Collection%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Etching by Queen Victoria and Albert of their first child, Victoria, the Princess Royal</figcaption></figure> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841 general election</a>, Melbourne was replaced as prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a>, who appointed Albert chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_commission" title="Royal commission">royal commission</a> in charge of redecorating the new <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster" title="Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a>. The Palace had <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Parliament" title="Burning of Parliament">burned down seven years before</a>, and was being rebuilt. The commission was set up to promote the fine arts in Britain as a patron and purchaser of pictures and sculpture. The commission's work was slow, and the palace's architect, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barry" title="Charles Barry">Charles Barry</a>, took many decisions out of the commissioners' hands by decorating rooms with ornate furnishings that were treated as part of the architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes196848–55Fulford1949212–213Hobhouse198382–88_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes196848–55Fulford1949212–213Hobhouse198382–88-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert was more successful as a private patron and collector. Among his notable acquisitions were early German and Italian paintings—such as <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a>'s <i>Apollo and Diana</i> and <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>'s <i>St Peter Martyr</i>—and contemporary pieces from <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Franz Xaver Winterhalter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Landseer" title="Edwin Landseer">Edwin Landseer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Gruner" title="Ludwig Gruner">Ludwig Gruner</a>, of Dresden, assisted Albert in buying artworks of the highest quality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1907162–170_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1907162–170-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albert and Victoria were shot at again on both 29 and 30 May 1842, but were unhurt. The culprit, John Francis, was detained and condemned to death,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although he was later reprieved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997134–135_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997134–135-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the couple's early unpopularity came about because of their stiffness and adherence to protocol in public, though in private the couple were more easy-going.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes1968172Fulford194995–104Weintraub1997141_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes1968172Fulford194995–104Weintraub1997141-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1844, Victoria and Albert were apart for the first time since their marriage when he returned to Coburg on the death of his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes196860Weintraub1997154_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes196860Weintraub1997154-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Osborne_House_c1910_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17296.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Osborne_House_c1910_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17296.jpg/220px-Osborne_House_c1910_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17296.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Osborne_House_c1910_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17296.jpg/330px-Osborne_House_c1910_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17296.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Osborne_House_c1910_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17296.jpg/440px-Osborne_House_c1910_-_Project_Gutenberg_eText_17296.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a>, Isle of Wight, UK</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1844, Albert had managed to modernise the royal finances and, through various economies, had sufficient capital to purchase <a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a> as a private residence for their growing family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194979Hobhouse1983131Weintraub1997158_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194979Hobhouse1983131Weintraub1997158-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next few years a house modelled in the style of an Italianate villa was built to the designs of Albert and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cubitt" title="Thomas Cubitt">Thomas Cubitt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes196861–71Fulford194979Hobhouse1983121Weintraub1997181_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes196861–71Fulford194979Hobhouse1983121Weintraub1997181-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert laid out the grounds, and improved the estate and farm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983127,_131_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983127,_131-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert managed and improved the other royal estates; his <a href="/wiki/Model_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Model farm">model farm</a> at <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire" title="Windsor, Berkshire">Windsor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shaw_Farm,_Windsor" title="Shaw Farm, Windsor">Shaw Farm</a>) was admired by his biographers,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194988–89Hobhouse1983121–127_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194988–89Hobhouse1983121–127-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and under his stewardship the revenues of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cornwall" title="Duchy of Cornwall">Duchy of Cornwall</a>—the hereditary property of the Prince of Wales—steadily increased.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike many landowners who approved of child labour and opposed Peel's repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Corn_Laws" title="Corn Laws">Corn Laws</a>, Albert supported moves to raise working ages and free up trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949116_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949116-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846, Albert was rebuked by <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Bentinck" title="Lord George Bentinck">Lord George Bentinck</a> when he attended the debate on the Corn Laws in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> to give tacit support to Peel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949116Hobhouse198339–40_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949116Hobhouse198339–40-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Peel's premiership, Albert's authority behind, or beside, the throne became more apparent. He had access to all the Queen's papers, was drafting her correspondence<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198336–37_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198336–37-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was present when she met her ministers; he would even see them alone in her absence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949118_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949118-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The clerk of the Privy Council, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Greville_(diarist)" title="Charles Greville (diarist)">Charles Greville</a>, wrote of him: "He is King to all intents and purposes."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1847, Victoria and Albert spent a rainy holiday in the west of Scotland at <a href="/wiki/Loch_Laggan" title="Loch Laggan">Loch Laggan</a>, but heard from their doctor, <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Clark">Sir James Clark</a>, that Clark's son had enjoyed dry, sunny days farther east at <a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a>. The tenant of Balmoral, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Gordon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Gordon">Sir Robert Gordon</a>, died suddenly in early October, and Albert began negotiations to take over the lease from the owner, <a href="/wiki/James_Duff,_4th_Earl_Fife" title="James Duff, 4th Earl Fife">the Earl Fife</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997189–191_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997189–191-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May the following year, Albert leased Balmoral, which he had never visited. In September 1848 he, his wife and their older children went there for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997193,_212,_214,_203,_206_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997193,_212,_214,_203,_206-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They came to relish the privacy it afforded.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reformer_and_innovator">Reformer and innovator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reformer and innovator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Albert_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Prince_Albert_1848.jpg/170px-Prince_Albert_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Prince_Albert_1848.jpg/255px-Prince_Albert_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Prince_Albert_1848.jpg/340px-Prince_Albert_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1416" /></a><figcaption>Early <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hand-colouring" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-colouring">hand-colouring</a>, 1848</figcaption></figure><p> According to historian <a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a>, regarding the Prince and home affairs: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His influence over the Queen was on the whole liberal; he greatly admired Peel, was a strong free-trader, and took more interest in scientific and commercial progress, and less in sport and fashion than was at all popular in the best society.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1847, Albert was elected <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> after a <a href="/wiki/1847_University_of_Cambridge_Chancellor_election" title="1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election">close contest</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Edward_Herbert,_2nd_Earl_of_Powis" title="Edward Herbert, 2nd Earl of Powis">Earl of Powis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949195–196Hobhouse198365Weintraub1997182–184_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949195–196Hobhouse198365Weintraub1997182–184-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert used his position as chancellor to campaign successfully for reformed and more modern university curricula by expanding the subjects taught beyond the traditional mathematics and classics to include modern history and the natural sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949198–199Hobhouse198365Weintraub1997187,_207_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949198–199Hobhouse198365Weintraub1997187,_207-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions spread throughout Europe in 1848</a> as a result of a widespread economic crisis. Throughout the year, Victoria and Albert complained about Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a>'s independent foreign policy, which they believed further destabilised Continental European powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949119–128Weintraub1997193,_212,_214_and_264–265_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949119–128Weintraub1997193,_212,_214_and_264–265-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert was concerned for many of his royal relatives, a number of whom were deposed by revolutionaries. He and Victoria, who gave birth to their daughter <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Louise</a> during that year, spent some time away from London in the relative safety of <a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne</a>. Although there were sporadic demonstrations in England, no effective revolutionary action took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997192–201_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997192–201-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albert gained public acclaim when he expressed paternalistic yet well-meaning and philanthropic views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997192–201_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997192–201-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an 1848 speech to the <a href="/wiki/Labourer%27s_Friend_Society" title="Labourer's Friend Society">Society for the Improvement of the Condition of the Labouring Classes</a>, of which he was president, he expressed his "sympathy and interest for that class of our community who have most of the toil and fewest of the enjoyments of this world".<sup id="cite_ref-spe_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spe-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the "duty of those who, under the blessings of Divine Providence, enjoy station, wealth, and education" to assist those less fortunate than themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-spe_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spe-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Palace_from_the_northeast_from_Dickinson%27s_Comprehensive_Pictures_of_the_Great_Exhibition_of_1851._1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crystal_Palace_from_the_northeast_from_Dickinson%27s_Comprehensive_Pictures_of_the_Great_Exhibition_of_1851._1854.jpg/220px-Crystal_Palace_from_the_northeast_from_Dickinson%27s_Comprehensive_Pictures_of_the_Great_Exhibition_of_1851._1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crystal_Palace_from_the_northeast_from_Dickinson%27s_Comprehensive_Pictures_of_the_Great_Exhibition_of_1851._1854.jpg/330px-Crystal_Palace_from_the_northeast_from_Dickinson%27s_Comprehensive_Pictures_of_the_Great_Exhibition_of_1851._1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Crystal_Palace_from_the_northeast_from_Dickinson%27s_Comprehensive_Pictures_of_the_Great_Exhibition_of_1851._1854.jpg/440px-Crystal_Palace_from_the_northeast_from_Dickinson%27s_Comprehensive_Pictures_of_the_Great_Exhibition_of_1851._1854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4027" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Exhibition of 1851">Great Exhibition of 1851</a> was housed in <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">the Crystal Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park, London</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>His progressive and relatively liberal ideas were expressed by his support of emancipation, technological progress, science education, the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, and the welfare of the working classes. Albert led reforms in university education, welfare and the royal finances, and supported the campaign against slavery. He also had a special interest in applying science and art to manufacturing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949216–217Hobhouse198389–108_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949216–217Hobhouse198389–108-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition_of_1851" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Exhibition of 1851">Great Exhibition of 1851</a> arose from the annual exhibitions of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Arts">Society of Arts</a>, of which Albert was president from 1843, and owed most of its success to his efforts to promote it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949219–220_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949219–220-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851" title="Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851">Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851</a>, and had to fight for every stage of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Brougham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Brougham">Lord Brougham</a> fulminated against the proposal to hold the exhibition in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949220_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949220-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents of the exhibition prophesied that foreign rogues and revolutionists would overrun England, subvert the morals of the people, and destroy their faith.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949217–222_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949217–222-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert thought such talk absurd and quietly persevered, trusting always that British manufacturing would benefit from exposure to the best products of foreign countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victoria opened the exhibition on 1 May 1851 in a specially designed and built glass building known as <a href="/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace" title="The Crystal Palace">the Crystal Palace</a>. It proved a colossal success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949222Hobhouse1983110_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949222Hobhouse1983110-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A surplus of £180,000 was used to purchase land in <a href="/wiki/South_Kensington" title="South Kensington">South Kensington</a> on which to establish educational and cultural institutions, including the <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Science_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="The Science Museum">Science Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> and what would later be named the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983110_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983110-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area was referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Albertopolis" title="Albertopolis">Albertopolis</a>" by sceptics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes1968120Hobhouse1983xWeintraub1997263_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes1968120Hobhouse1983xWeintraub1997263-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_public_life_(1852–1859)"><span id="Family_and_public_life_.281852.E2.80.931859.29"></span>Family and public life (1852–1859)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family and public life (1852–1859)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert_1854.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert_1854.jpg/170px-Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert_1854.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert_1854.jpg/255px-Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert_1854.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert_1854.jpg/340px-Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert_1854.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1145" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, 1854</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1852, <a href="/wiki/John_Camden_Neild" title="John Camden Neild">John Camden Neild</a>, an eccentric miser, left Victoria an unexpected legacy, which Albert used to obtain the <a href="/wiki/Freehold_(Scots_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freehold (Scots law)">freehold</a> of Balmoral. As usual, he embarked on an extensive programme of improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983145_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983145-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, he was appointed to several of the offices left vacant by the death of <a href="/wiki/The_Duke_of_Wellington" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duke of Wellington">the Duke of Wellington</a>, including the mastership of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_House" title="Trinity House">Trinity House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards#Colonels-in-Chief" title="Grenadier Guards">the colonelcy of the Grenadier Guards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997270–274,_281–282_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997270–274,_281–282-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With Wellington's death, Albert was able to propose and campaign for modernisation of the army, which was long overdue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198342–43,_47–50Weintraub1997274–276_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198342–43,_47–50Weintraub1997274–276-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thinking that the military was unready for war and that Christian rule was preferable to Islamic rule, Albert counselled a diplomatic solution to conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman empires</a>. Palmerston was more bellicose, and favoured a policy that would prevent further Russian expansion.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Palmerston was manoeuvred out of the cabinet in December 1853, but at about the same time a Russian fleet attacked the Ottoman fleet at anchor <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop" title="Battle of Sinop">at Sinop</a>. The London press depicted the attack as a criminal massacre, and Palmerston's popularity surged as Albert's fell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997288–293_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997288–293-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within two weeks, Palmerston was re-appointed a minister. As public outrage at the Russian action continued, false rumours circulated that Albert had been arrested for treason and was being held prisoner in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949156–157Weintraub1997294–302_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949156–157Weintraub1997294–302-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By March 1854, Britain and Russia were embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>. Albert devised a master plan for winning the war by laying <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">siege to Sevastopol</a> while starving Russia economically, which became the Allied strategy after the Tsar decided to fight a purely defensive war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2012153–154_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2012153–154-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early British optimism soon faded as the press reported that British troops were ill-equipped and mismanaged by aged generals using out-of-date tactics and strategy. The conflict dragged on as the Russians were as poorly prepared as their opponents. The Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Aberdeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Aberdeen">Lord Aberdeen</a>, resigned, and Palmerston succeeded him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997303–322,_328_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997303–322,_328-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A negotiated settlement eventually put an end to the war by the March 1856 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris</a>. During the war, Albert arranged the marriage of his fourteen-year-old daughter, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Prince Frederick William of Prussia</a>, but Albert delayed the marriage until Victoria was seventeen. Albert hoped that his daughter and son-in-law would be a liberalising influence in the enlarging but very conservative <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997326,_330_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997326,_330-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG/300px-Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG/450px-Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG/600px-Queen_Victoria_Prince_Albert_and_their_nine_children.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Prince Albert, Queen Victoria and their nine children, 1857. Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Alice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Arthur</a>, Albert (Prince Consort), <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward (Prince of Wales)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Leopold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Louise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> with <a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Beatrice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Helena</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinestone198136_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinestone198136-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Albert promoted many public educational institutions. Chiefly at meetings in connection with them, he spoke of the need for better schooling.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198363_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198363-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collection of his speeches was published in 1857. Recognised as a supporter of education and technological progress, he was invited to speak at scientific meetings, such as the memorable address he delivered as president of the <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a> when it met at <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a> in 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarbySmith198384Hobhouse198361–62Weintraub1997232_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarbySmith198384Hobhouse198361–62Weintraub1997232-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His espousal of science met with clerical opposition; he and <a href="/wiki/Henry_John_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" title="Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a> unsuccessfully recommended a knighthood for Charles Darwin, after the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i>, which was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Bishop of Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997232_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997232-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H.R.H._Albert,_Prince_Consort_-_John_Phillip_-_ABDCC001042.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/H.R.H._Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_-_John_Phillip_-_ABDCC001042.jpg/220px-H.R.H._Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_-_John_Phillip_-_ABDCC001042.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/H.R.H._Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_-_John_Phillip_-_ABDCC001042.jpg/330px-H.R.H._Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_-_John_Phillip_-_ABDCC001042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/H.R.H._Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_-_John_Phillip_-_ABDCC001042.jpg/440px-H.R.H._Albert%2C_Prince_Consort_-_John_Phillip_-_ABDCC001042.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Phillip" title="John Phillip">John Phillip</a>, 1859</figcaption></figure> <p>Albert continued to devote himself to the education of his family and the management of the royal household.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His children's governess, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lyttelton,_Baroness_Lyttelton" title="Sarah Lyttelton, Baroness Lyttelton">Lady Lyttelton</a>, thought him unusually kind and patient, and described him joining in family games with enthusiasm.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He felt keenly the departure of his eldest daughter for Prussia when she married her fiancé at the beginning of 1858,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was disappointed that his eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">the Prince of Wales</a>, did not respond well to the intense educational programme that Albert had designed for him.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the age of seven, the Prince of Wales was expected to take six hours of instruction, including an hour of German and an hour of French every day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949255_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949255-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Prince of Wales failed at his lessons, Albert caned him.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporal punishment was common at the time, and was not thought unduly harsh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949260_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949260-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert's biographer <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Roger Fulford</a> wrote that the relationships between the family members were "friendly, affectionate and normal ... there is no evidence either in the Royal Archives or in the printed authorities to justify the belief that the relations between the Prince and his eldest son were other than deeply affectionate".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949261–262_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949261–262-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Philip_Magnus-Allcroft,_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Philip Magnus-Allcroft, 2nd Baronet">Philip Magnus</a> wrote in his biography of Albert's eldest son that Albert "tried to treat his children as equals; and they were able to penetrate his stiffness and reserve because they realised instinctively not only that he loved them but that he enjoyed and needed their company".<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albert was a talented amateur musician and composer. For his wedding, he composed a <a href="/wiki/Duet" title="Duet">duet</a>, <i>Die Liebe hat uns nun vereint</i> ("Love has now united us"). <a href="/wiki/Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> described Albert playing the Buckingham Palace organ "so charmingly and clearly and correctly that it would have done credit to any professional". After tuition from <a href="/wiki/George_Elvey" title="George Elvey">George Elvey</a>, the organist at St George's Chapel, Windsor, Albert composed several choral pieces for <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> worship, including settings of the <i><a href="/wiki/Te_Deum" title="Te Deum">Te Deum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Jubilate" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilate">Jubilate</a></i>, and an <a href="/wiki/Anthem" title="Anthem">anthem</a>, <i>Out of the Deep</i>. His secular compositions included a <a href="/wiki/Cantata" title="Cantata">cantata</a>, <i>L'Invocazione all'armonia</i>, and <i>Melody for the Violin</i>, which <a href="/wiki/Yehudi_Menuhin" title="Yehudi Menuhin">Yehudi Menuhin</a> later described as "pleasant music without presumption".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Illness_and_death">Illness and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Illness and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Albert_405130.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Prince_Albert_405130.jpg/170px-Prince_Albert_405130.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Prince_Albert_405130.jpg/255px-Prince_Albert_405130.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Prince_Albert_405130.jpg/340px-Prince_Albert_405130.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_Prince_Albert" title="Portrait of Prince Albert">Portrait of Prince Albert</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Winterhalter</a>, 1859</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1859, Albert fell seriously ill with stomach cramps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2012182_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2012182-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His steadily worsening medical condition led to a sense of despair; the biographer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Rhodes_James" title="Robert Rhodes James">Robert Rhodes James</a> describes Albert as having lost "the will to live".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1983269_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes_James1983269-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert later had an accidental brush with death during a trip to Coburg in October 1860, when he was driving alone in a carriage drawn by four horses that suddenly bolted. As the horses continued to gallop toward a wagon waiting at a railway crossing, Albert jumped for his life from the carriage. One of the horses was killed in the collision, and Albert was badly shaken though his only physical injuries were cuts and bruises. He confided in his brother and eldest daughter that he sensed that his time had come.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997392–393_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997392–393-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Victoria's mother and Albert's aunt, the Duchess of Kent, died in March 1861, and Victoria was grief-stricken. Albert took on most of the Queen's duties despite his continuing chronic stomach trouble.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last public event over which he presided was the opening of the Royal Horticultural Gardens on 5 June 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2012198_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2012198-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, Victoria and Albert visited the <a href="/wiki/Curragh_Camp" title="Curragh Camp">Curragh Camp</a>, Ireland, where the Prince of Wales was attending army manoeuvres. At the Curragh, the Prince of Wales was introduced by his fellow officers to <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Clifden" title="Nellie Clifden">Nellie Clifden</a>, an Irish actress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997404_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997404-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By November, Victoria and Albert had returned to Windsor, and the Prince of Wales had returned to Cambridge, where he was a student. Two of Albert's young cousins, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">King Pedro V of Portugal</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Ferdinand of Portugal">Ferdinand</a>, died of <a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">typhoid fever</a> within five days of each other in early November.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997405_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997405-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On top of that news, Albert was informed that gossip was spreading in <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">gentlemen's clubs</a> and the foreign press that the Prince of Wales was involved with Nellie Clifden.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert and Victoria were horrified by their son's indiscretion and feared blackmail, scandal or pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997406_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997406-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Albert was ill and at a low ebb, he travelled to Cambridge to see the Prince of Wales on 25 November<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and discuss the indiscreet affair.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his final weeks, Albert suffered from pains in his back and legs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2012203_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2012203-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in November 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair"><i>Trent</i> Affair</a>—the forcible removal of <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> envoys from a British ship, the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Trent" title="RMS Trent">RMS <i>Trent</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> forces during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>—threatened war between the United States and Britain. The British government prepared an ultimatum and readied a military response. Albert was gravely ill but intervened to defuse the crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a few hours, he revised the British demands in a manner that allowed the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln administration">Lincoln administration</a> to surrender the Confederate commissioners who had been seized from the <i>Trent</i> and to issue a public apology to London without losing face. The key idea, based on a suggestion from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, was to give Washington the opportunity to deny that it had officially authorised the seizure and thereby to apologise for the captain's mistake.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> On 9 December, one of Albert's doctors, <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Jenner,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir William Jenner, 1st Baronet">William Jenner</a>, diagnosed him with typhoid fever. Albert died at 10:50 p.m. on 14 December 1861 in the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Room_(Windsor_Castle)" title="Blue Room (Windsor Castle)">Blue Room</a> at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>, in the presence of the Queen and five of their nine children.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was 42 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporary diagnosis was typhoid fever, but modern writers have pointed out that Albert's ongoing stomach pain, which left him ill for at least two years before his death, may indicate that a chronic disease such as <a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> kidney failure or <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominal cancer">abdominal cancer</a> was the cause of death.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post-mortem_portrait_of_Albert,_Prince_Consort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Post-mortem_portrait_of_Albert%2C_Prince_Consort.jpg/220px-Post-mortem_portrait_of_Albert%2C_Prince_Consort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Post-mortem_portrait_of_Albert%2C_Prince_Consort.jpg/330px-Post-mortem_portrait_of_Albert%2C_Prince_Consort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Post-mortem_portrait_of_Albert%2C_Prince_Consort.jpg/440px-Post-mortem_portrait_of_Albert%2C_Prince_Consort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>The Prince Consort in his deathbed, December 1861</figcaption></figure> <p>The Queen's grief was overwhelming, and the tepid feelings that the public had for Albert were replaced by sympathy.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The widowed Victoria never recovered from Albert's death; she entered into a deep state of mourning and wore black for the rest of her life. Albert's rooms in all his houses were kept as they had been even with hot water brought in the morning and linen and towels changed daily.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such practices were common in the houses of the very rich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997438_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997438-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funeral">Funeral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Funeral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Albert's funeral was held on 23 December 1861 at <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Chapel,_Windsor_Castle" title="St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle">St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His body was temporarily entombed in the chapel's Royal Vault.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year after his death, his remains were deposited at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum,_Frogmore" title="Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore">Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore</a>, which remained incomplete until 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sarcophagus, in which both he and Victoria were eventually laid, was carved from the largest block of granite that had ever been quarried in Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarbySmith198325_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarbySmith198325-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Albert's request for no effigies of him to be raised, many public monuments were erected all over the country and across the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarbySmith19832,_6,_58–84_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarbySmith19832,_6,_58–84-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most notable are the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a> in London. The plethora of memorials erected to Albert became so great that <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a> told a friend that he sought an "inaccessible cave" to escape from them.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Memorial,_London_-_May_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Albert_Memorial%2C_London_-_May_2008.jpg/220px-Albert_Memorial%2C_London_-_May_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Albert_Memorial%2C_London_-_May_2008.jpg/330px-Albert_Memorial%2C_London_-_May_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Albert_Memorial%2C_London_-_May_2008.jpg/440px-Albert_Memorial%2C_London_-_May_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5806" data-file-height="5992" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park, London</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Albert_Hall.jpg/220px-Albert_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Albert_Hall.jpg/330px-Albert_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Albert_Hall.jpg/440px-Albert_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>After Albert's death, Victoria withdrew from public life and her seclusion eroded some of Albert's work in attempting to remodel the monarchy as a national institution by setting a moral, if not political, example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997441–443_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997441–443-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert is credited with introducing the principle that the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a> should remain above politics.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before his marriage to Victoria, she supported the <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whigs</a>. For example, early in her reign, Victoria had managed to <a href="/wiki/Bedchamber_crisis" title="Bedchamber crisis">thwart the formation of a Tory government</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Peel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Peel">Sir Robert Peel</a> by refusing to accept substitutions that Peel wanted to make among her ladies-in-waiting.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Albert showed a keen interest in the improvement of army training, and was involved in the establishment and development of <a href="/wiki/Aldershot" title="Aldershot">Aldershot</a> in Hampshire as a garrison town and training base in the 1850s. A wooden <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pavilion,_Aldershot" title="Royal Pavilion, Aldershot">Royal Pavilion</a> was built there in which he and Victoria would often stay when they attended military reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198348–49_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198348–49-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albert established and endowed the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Consort%27s_Library" title="Prince Consort's Library">Prince Consort's Library</a> at Aldershot, which still exists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198353_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198353-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biographies published after his death were typically heavy on eulogy. <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Martin" title="Theodore Martin">Theodore Martin</a>'s five-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum opus">magnum opus</a></i> was authorised and supervised by Queen Victoria, and her influence shows in its pages. Nevertheless, it is an accurate and exhaustive account.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949ix–x_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949ix–x-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lytton_Strachey" title="Lytton Strachey">Lytton Strachey</a>'s <i>Queen Victoria</i> (1921) was more critical, but it was discredited in part by mid-20th-century biographers such as <a href="/wiki/Hector_Bolitho" title="Hector Bolitho">Hector Bolitho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Roger Fulford</a>, who, unlike Strachey, had access to Victoria's journal and letters.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular myths about Prince Albert, such as the claim that he introduced <a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree" title="Christmas tree">Christmas trees</a> to Britain, are dismissed by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2008_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2008-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent biographers such as <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Stanley Weintraub</a> portray Albert as a figure in a tragic romance who died too soon and was mourned by his lover for a lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2009 film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Victoria" title="The Young Victoria">The Young Victoria</a></i>, Albert, played by <a href="/wiki/Rupert_Friend" title="Rupert Friend">Rupert Friend</a>, is made into a heroic character. In the fictionalised depiction of the 1840 shooting, he is struck by a bullet, which did not happen in real life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJurgensen2009_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJurgensen2009-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnight2009_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnight2009-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles,_styles,_honours_and_arms"><span id="Titles.2C_styles.2C_honours_and_arms"></span>Titles, styles, honours and arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Titles, styles, honours and arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titles_and_styles">Titles and styles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Titles and styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg/220px-Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg/330px-Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg/440px-Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Albert robed as a <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross">Knight Grand Cross</a> of <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">the Bath</a>, 1842</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, Albert was styled "His <a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a> Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" in the months before his marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-LG19826_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG19826-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was granted the style of <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a></i> on 6 February 1840,<sup id="cite_ref-LG1840_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG1840-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and given the title of Prince Consort on 25 June 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-LG1857_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG1857-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_honours">British honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: British honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>KG</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Royal Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter</a>, <i>16 December 1839</i><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>GCB</b>: <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Most_Honourable_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath">Knight Grand Cross of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath</a> (Military), <i>6 March 1840</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Great Master, <i>25 May 1847</i><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>GCMG</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George" title="Order of St Michael and St George">Knight Grand Cross of the Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George</a>, <i>15 January 1842</i><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_138-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>KT</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Thistle" title="Order of the Thistle">Extra Knight of the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle</a>, <i>17 January 1842</i><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_138-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>KP</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St_Patrick" title="Order of St Patrick">Extra and Principal Knight of the Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick</a>, <i>20 January 1842</i><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_138-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>KSI</b>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Star_of_India" title="Order of the Star of India">Extra Knight of the Most Exalted Order of the Star of India</a>, <i>25 June 1861</i><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_appointments">Military appointments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Military appointments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Field Marshal">Field Marshal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>, <i>8 February 1840</i><sup id="cite_ref-regiments_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regiments-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel-in-chief" title="Colonel-in-chief">Colonel-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/11th_(Prince_Albert%27s_Own)_Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars">11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars</a>, <i>30 April 1840 – 1842</i><sup id="cite_ref-regiments_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regiments-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Fusilier_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Fusilier Guards">Scots Fusilier Guards</a>, <i>25 April 1842 – 1852</i><sup id="cite_ref-regiments_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regiments-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain-general" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain-general">Captain-general</a> and Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company" title="Honourable Artillery Company">Honourable Artillery Company</a>, <i>1843</i><sup id="cite_ref-regiments_142-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regiments-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constable_and_Governor_of_Windsor_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Constable and Governor of Windsor Castle">Constable and Governor of Windsor Castle</a>, <i>1843</i><sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colonel-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/60th_(The_King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps)_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="60th (The King's Royal Rifle Corps) Regiment of Foot">60th (The King's Royal Rifle Corps) Regiment of Foot</a>, <i>15 August 1850 – 1852</i><sup id="cite_ref-regiments_142-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regiments-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">1st Grenadier Guards</a>, <i>23 August 1852</i><sup id="cite_ref-regiments_142-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regiments-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colonel-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Rifle_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle Brigade">Rifle Brigade</a>, <i>23 September 1852</i><sup id="cite_ref-regiments_142-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-regiments-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_honours">Foreign honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Foreign honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order" title="Saxe-Ernestine House Order">Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order</a>, <i>February 1836</i><sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Agraciamentos_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Agraciamentos-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Christ_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Christ (Portugal)">Grand Cross of the Royal Military Order of Our Lord Jesus Christ</a>, <i>23 April 1836</i></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Sash_of_the_Two_Orders" title="Sash of the Two Orders">Sash of the Two Orders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Order_of_Aviz" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Aviz">Aviz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._James_of_the_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. James of the Sword">St. James</a>), <i>30 September 1857</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword</a>, <i>25 November 1858</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold</a>, <i>18 November 1839</i> – wedding gift<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Rue_Crown" title="Order of the Rue Crown">Knight of the Rue Crown</a>, <i>1839</i><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach" title="Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach">Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Falcon" title="Order of the White Falcon">Grand Cross of the White Falcon</a>, <i>13 January 1840</i><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1810%E2%80%9373)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1810–73)">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Knights_of_the_Golden_Fleece" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Knights of the Golden Fleece">Knight</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Golden Fleece</a>, <i>27 April 1841</i> – invested by the Duke of Wellington on behalf of Queen <a href="/wiki/Isabella_II" title="Isabella II">Isabella II</a><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Black_Eagle" title="Order of the Black Eagle">Knight of the Black Eagle</a>, <i>30 January 1842</i><sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Eagle" title="Order of the Red Eagle">Knight of the Red Eagle, 1st Class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Supreme Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Knight of the Annunciation</a>, <i>13 December 1842</i><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Netherlands_Lion" title="Order of the Netherlands Lion">Grand Cross of the Netherlands Lion</a>, <i>1842</i><sup id="cite_ref-Naotaka_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naotaka-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Elephant" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>10 January 1843</i><sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Andrew" title="Order of St. Andrew">Knight of St. Andrew</a>, <i>1 July 1843</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Alexander_Nevsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Alexander Nevsky">Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky</a>, <i>1 July 1843</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Eagle_(Russian_Empire)" title="Order of the White Eagle (Russian Empire)">Knight of the White Eagle</a>, <i>1 July 1843</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Anna" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Anna">Knight of St. Anna, 1st Class</a>, <i>1 July 1843</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Cross_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour">Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour</a>, <i>5 September 1843</i><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Stephen_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Stephen of Hungary">Grand Cross of the Royal Hungarian Order of St. Stephen</a>, <i>1843</i><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Crown_(W%C3%BCrttemberg)" title="Order of the Crown (Württemberg)">Grand Cross of the Württemberg Crown</a>, <i>1843</i><sup id="cite_ref-Württemberg1858_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Württemberg1858-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Baden</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Knight of the <a href="/wiki/House_Order_of_Fidelity" title="House Order of Fidelity">House Order of Fidelity</a>, <i>1845</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Z%C3%A4hringer_Lion" title="Order of the Zähringer Lion">Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion</a>, <i>1845</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Hubert" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Hubert">Knight of St. Hubert</a>, <i>1845</i><sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Sicilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit" title="Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit">Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit</a>, <i>1846</i><sup id="cite_ref-Naotaka_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naotaka-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Hannover1859_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hannover1859-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George_(Hanover)" title="Order of St. George (Hanover)">Knight of St. George</a>, <i>1853</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Guelphic_Order" title="Royal Guelphic Order">Grand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Order</a>, <i>1853</i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Malta" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Order of Malta">Military Order of Malta</a>: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion<sup id="cite_ref-Handbuch_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handbuch-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden-Norway">Sweden-Norway</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Seraphim" title="Order of the Seraphim">Knight of the Seraphim</a>, <i>12 February 1856</i><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Medjidie" title="Order of the Medjidie">Order of the Medjidie, 1st Class</a> in Diamonds, <i>1856</i><sup id="cite_ref-Naotaka_152-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Naotaka-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/255px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg/340px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha as granted in 1840</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon his marriage to Queen Victoria in 1840, Prince Albert received a personal <a href="/wiki/Grant_of_arms" title="Grant of arms">grant of arms</a>, being the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a> <a href="/wiki/Cadency" title="Cadency">differenced</a> by a white three-point <a href="/wiki/Label_(heraldry)" title="Label (heraldry)">label</a> with a red cross in the centre, <a href="/wiki/Quartering_(heraldry)" title="Quartering (heraldry)">quartered</a> with his ancestral <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Saxony" title="Coat of arms of Saxony">arms of Saxony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LG1840_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG1840-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoudaMaclagan199930,_32_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoudaMaclagan199930,_32-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">blazoned</a>: "Quarterly, 1st and 4th, the Royal Arms, with overall a label of three points <a href="/wiki/Argent" title="Argent">Argent</a> charged on the centre with cross <a href="/wiki/Gules" title="Gules">Gules</a>; 2nd and 3rd, <a href="/wiki/Barry_(heraldry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry (heraldry)">Barry</a> of ten <a href="/wiki/Or_(heraldry)" title="Or (heraldry)">Or</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sable_(heraldry)" title="Sable (heraldry)">Sable</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Crancelin" title="Crancelin">crown of rue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bend_(heraldry)" title="Bend (heraldry)">bend</a> <a href="/wiki/Vert_(heraldry)" title="Vert (heraldry)">Vert</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974239_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974239-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arms are unusual, being described by S. T. Aveling as a "singular example of quartering differenced arms, [which] is not in accordance with the rules of Heraldry, and is in itself an heraldic contradiction."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvelingBoutell1890285_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvelingBoutell1890285-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to his marriage Albert used the arms of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">his father</a> undifferenced, in accordance with German custom. </p><p>Albert's <a href="/wiki/Garter_stall_plate" title="Garter stall plate">Garter stall plate</a> displays his arms surmounted by a royal crown with six crests for the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; these are from left to right: 1. "A bull's head caboshed Gules armed and ringed Argent, crowned Or, the rim <a href="/wiki/Chequy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chequy">chequy</a> Gules and Argent" for <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a>. 2. "Out of a coronet Or, two buffalo horns Argent, attached to the outer edge of five branches <a href="/wiki/Fess" title="Fess">fesswise</a> each with three linden leaves Vert" for <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>. 3. "Out of a coronet Or, a pyramidal chapeau charged with the arms of Saxony ensigned by a plume of peacock feathers Proper out of a coronet also Or" for <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a>. 4. "A bearded man in profile couped below the shoulders clothed <a href="/wiki/Variation_of_the_field#Barry,_Paly,_Bendy" title="Variation of the field">paly</a> Argent and Gules, the pointed coronet similarly paly terminating in a plume of three peacock feathers" for <a href="/wiki/Meissen" title="Meissen">Meissen</a>. 5. "A demi griffin displayed Or, winged Sable, collared and langued Gules" for <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_J%C3%BClich" title="Duchy of Jülich">Jülich</a>. 6. "Out of a coronet Or, a panache of peacock feathers Proper" for <a href="/wiki/Berg_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg (state)">Berg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974309–310_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974309–310-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Supporters" class="mw-redirect" title="Supporters">supporters</a> were the crowned <a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn" title="The Lion and the Unicorn">lion of England and the unicorn of Scotland</a> (as in the Royal Arms) charged on the shoulder with a label as in the arms. Albert's personal motto is the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Treu und Fest</i></span> (Loyal and Sure).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974241_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974241-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This motto was also used by <a href="/wiki/11th_Hussars" title="11th Hussars">Prince Albert's Own or the 11th Hussars</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Descendants of Queen Victoria">Descendants of Queen Victoria</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th style="width: 10em;">Birth </th> <th style="width: 10em;">Death </th> <th>Notes<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1996306–321_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1996306–321-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, Princess Royal</a> </td> <td>21 November 1840 </td> <td>5 August 1901 </td> <td>married 1858, Crown Prince Frederick, <i>later</i> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III, German Emperor</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>9 November 1841 </td> <td>6 May 1910 </td> <td>married 1863, <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Princess Alexandra of Denmark</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Princess Alice</a> </td> <td>25 April 1843 </td> <td>14 December 1878 </td> <td>married 1862, Prince Louis, <i>later</i> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_IV,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse_and_by_Rhine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine">Ludwig IV, Grand Duke of Hesse and by Rhine</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> </td> <td>6 August 1844 </td> <td>30 July 1900 </td> <td>married 1874, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchess_Marie_Alexandrovna_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia">Grand Duchess Marie Alexandrovna of Russia</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Princess Helena</a> </td> <td>25 May 1846 </td> <td>9 June 1923 </td> <td>married 1866, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Christian_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein">Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise</a> </td> <td>18 March 1848 </td> <td>3 December 1939 </td> <td>married 1871, <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_Marquess_of_Lorne" class="mw-redirect" title="John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne">John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne</a>, <i>later</i> 9th Duke of Argyll; no issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> </td> <td>1 May 1850 </td> <td>16 January 1942 </td> <td>married 1879, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_Margaret_of_Prussia" title="Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia">Princess Louise Margaret of Prussia</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a> </td> <td>7 April 1853 </td> <td>28 March 1884 </td> <td>married 1882, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_Waldeck_and_Pyrmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont">Princess Helena of Waldeck and Pyrmont</a>; had issue </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Princess Beatrice</a> </td> <td>14 April 1857 </td> <td>26 October 1944 </td> <td>married 1885, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry_of_Battenberg" title="Prince Henry of Battenberg">Prince Henry of Battenberg</a>; had issue </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Prince Albert's 42 grandchildren included four reigning monarchs: King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a> of the United Kingdom; <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>, German Emperor; <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Louis,_Grand_Duke_of_Hesse" title="Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse">Ernest Louis, Grand Duke of Hesse</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, and five consorts of monarchs: <a href="/wiki/Empress_Alexandra_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Alexandra of Russia">Empress Alexandra of Russia</a> and Queens <a href="/wiki/Maud_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Maud of Norway">Maud of Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Prussia" title="Sophia of Prussia">Sophia of Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Eugenie_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Eugenie of Spain">Victoria Eugenie of Spain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marie_of_Romania" title="Marie of Romania">Marie of Romania</a>. Albert's many descendants include royalty and nobility throughout Europe. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg/650px-Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="650" height="513" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg/975px-Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg/1300px-Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter_Family_of_Queen_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption>Victoria and Albert's family in 1846 by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Franz Xaver Winterhalter</a>. <i>Left to right</i>: <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Alfred</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unbreeched" class="mw-redirect" title="Unbreeched">unbreeched</a> at two years); <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">the Prince of Wales</a>; <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">the Queen</a>; Prince Albert; and Princesses <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Alice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Helena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268078990">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px;border-left:var(--color-base,#000)solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha<sup id="cite_ref-ad_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ad-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Frederick,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Sophie_Antoinette_of_Brunswick-Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel">Princess Sophie Antoinette of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_XXIV,_Count_Reuss_of_Ebersdorf" title="Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf">Heinrich XXIV, Count Reuss of Ebersdorf</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Countess_Augusta_Reuss_of_Ebersdorf" title="Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf">Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Countess_Karoline_Ernestine_of_Erbach-Sch%C3%B6nberg" title="Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg">Countess Karoline Ernestine of Erbach-Schönberg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fcc;">1. <b>Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</b></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Augustus,_Duke_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" title="Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Charlotte_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen">Princess Charlotte of Saxe-Meiningen</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg">Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Francis_I" title="Frederick Francis I">Frederick Francis I</a>, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Louise_Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding: 2px 4px 2px 4px;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg_(1756%E2%80%931808)" title="Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1756–1808)">Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(servant)" title="John Brown (servant)">John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_coupled_cousins" title="List of coupled cousins">List of coupled cousins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Memorial_Museum" title="Royal Albert Memorial Museum">Royal Albert Memorial Museum</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The children present were Edward, Alice, Louise, Helena and Arthur. Victoria was in Germany, Leopold in France and Alfred at sea. Beatrice, the youngest, remained outside of the room.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDunn2017" class="citation news cs1">Dunn, Charlotte (21 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/prince-albert">"Prince Albert"</a>. <i>The Royal Family</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=Prince+Albert&rft.date=2017-09-21&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fprince-albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse19832Weintraub199720Weir1996305-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse19832Weintraub199720Weir1996305_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 2; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFWeir1996">Weir 1996</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199720-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199720_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199721-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199721_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes19681Hobhouse19832-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes19681Hobhouse19832_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmes1968">Ames 1968</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="#CITEREFMontgomery-Massingberd1977">Montgomery-Massingberd 1977</a>, pp. 259–273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199725–28-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199725–28_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 25–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse19834Weintraub199725–28-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse19834Weintraub199725–28_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 4; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 25–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199740–41-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199740–41_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198316-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198316_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199760–62-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199760–62_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes196815Weintraub199756–60-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes196815Weintraub199756–60_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmes1968">Ames 1968</a>, p. 15; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 56–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198315-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198315_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198315–16Weintraub199743–49-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198315–16Weintraub199743–49_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 15–16; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 43–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199743–49-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199743–49_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 43–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vic-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vic_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vic_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Victoria quoted in <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199751-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199751_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199753,_58,_64,_65-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199753,_58,_64,_65_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 53, 58, 64, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199762-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199762_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198317–18Weintraub199767-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198317–18Weintraub199767_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 17–18; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194942Weintraub199777–81-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194942Weintraub199777–81_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 77–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194942–43Hobhouse198320Weintraub199777–81-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194942–43Hobhouse198320Weintraub199777–81_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 42–43; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 20; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 77–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194945Hobhouse198321Weintraub199786-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194945Hobhouse198321Weintraub199786_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 45; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194952Hobhouse198324-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194952Hobhouse198324_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 52; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG19826-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LG19826_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LG19826_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette19826" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19826/page/302">"No. 19826"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 14 February 1840. p. 302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+19826&rft.pages=302&rft.date=1840-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F19826%2Fpage%2F302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG1840-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LG1840_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LG1840_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LG1840_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette19821" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/19821/page/241">"No. 19821"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 7 February 1840. p. 241.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+19821&rft.pages=241&rft.date=1840-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F19821%2Fpage%2F241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194945-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194945_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199788-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub199788_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbecasis-Phillips2004-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbecasis-Phillips2004_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbecasis-Phillips2004">Abecasis-Phillips 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphy200128–31-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphy200128–31_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphy2001">Murphy 2001</a>, pp. 28–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub19978–9,_89-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub19978–9,_89_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 8–9, 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194947Hobhouse198323–24-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194947Hobhouse198323–24_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 47; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 23–24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFJagow1938">Jagow 1938</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG1857-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LG1857_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LG1857_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette22015" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/22015/page/2195">"No. 22015"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 26 June 1857. p. 2195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+22015&rft.pages=2195&rft.date=1857-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F22015%2Fpage%2F2195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert to William von Lowenstein, May 1840, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Or more properly "Lady Attendant".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194959–74-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194959–74_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 59–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997102–105-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997102–105_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 102–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997106–107-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997106–107_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 106–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997107-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997107_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198328-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198328_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194973–74-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194973–74_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes196848–55Fulford1949212–213Hobhouse198382–88-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes196848–55Fulford1949212–213Hobhouse198382–88_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmes1968">Ames 1968</a>, pp. 48–55; <a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 212–213; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 82–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmes1968">Ames 1968</a>, pp. 132–146, 200–222; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 70–78. The <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery" title="National Gallery">National Gallery</a>, London, received 25 paintings in 1863 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/collectors/prince-albert-and-the-gallery">presented by Queen Victoria at the Prince Consort's wish</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508005427/https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/collectors/prince-albert-and-the-gallery">Archived</a> 8 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. See <a href="#External_links">external links</a> for works in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECust1907162–170-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECust1907162–170_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCust1907">Cust 1907</a>, pp. 162–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Old Bailey Proceedings Online</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18420613-1758">Trial of John Francis</a>. (t18420613-1758, 13 June 1842).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997134–135-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997134–135_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 134–135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes1968172Fulford194995–104Weintraub1997141-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes1968172Fulford194995–104Weintraub1997141_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmes1968">Ames 1968</a>, p. 172; <a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 95–104; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes196860Weintraub1997154-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes196860Weintraub1997154_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmes1968">Ames 1968</a>, p. 60; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194979Hobhouse1983131Weintraub1997158-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194979Hobhouse1983131Weintraub1997158_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 131; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes196861–71Fulford194979Hobhouse1983121Weintraub1997181-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes196861–71Fulford194979Hobhouse1983121Weintraub1997181_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmes1968">Ames 1968</a>, pp. 61–71; <a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 79; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 121; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983127,_131-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983127,_131_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 127, 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford194988–89Hobhouse1983121–127-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford194988–89Hobhouse1983121–127_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 88–89; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 121–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub2004_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub2004">Weintraub 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949116-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949116_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949116Hobhouse198339–40-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949116Hobhouse198339–40_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 116; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198336–37-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198336–37_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949118-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949118_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greville's diary volume V, p. 257 quoted in <a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997189–191-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997189–191_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 189–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997193,_212,_214,_203,_206-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997193,_212,_214,_203,_206_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 193, 212, 214, 203, 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extracts from the Queen's journal of the holidays were published in 1868 as <i>Leaves from the Journal of Our Life in the Highlands</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. M. Trevelyan, British history in the nineteenth century and after 1782–1919 (1937) p. 299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949195–196Hobhouse198365Weintraub1997182–184-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949195–196Hobhouse198365Weintraub1997182–184_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 195–196; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 65; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 182–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949198–199Hobhouse198365Weintraub1997187,_207-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949198–199Hobhouse198365Weintraub1997187,_207_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 198–199; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 65; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 187, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949119–128Weintraub1997193,_212,_214_and_264–265-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949119–128Weintraub1997193,_212,_214_and_264–265_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 119–128; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 193, 212, 214 and 264–265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997192–201-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997192–201_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997192–201_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 192–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spe-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spe_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spe_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The text of the speech was widely reproduced, e.g. "The Condition of the Labouring Classes". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, 19 May 1848, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949216–217Hobhouse198389–108-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949216–217Hobhouse198389–108_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 216–217; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 89–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949219–220-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949219–220_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 219–220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949220-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949220_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949217–222-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949217–222_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 217–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949222Hobhouse1983110-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949222Hobhouse1983110_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 222; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983110-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983110_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmes1968120Hobhouse1983xWeintraub1997263-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmes1968120Hobhouse1983xWeintraub1997263_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmes1968">Ames 1968</a>, p. 120; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. x; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983145-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse1983145_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997270–274,_281–282-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997270–274,_281–282_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 270–274, 281–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198342–43,_47–50Weintraub1997274–276-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198342–43,_47–50Weintraub1997274–276_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 42–43, 47–50; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 274–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 128, 153–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997288–293-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997288–293_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 288–293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949156–157Weintraub1997294–302-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949156–157Weintraub1997294–302_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 156–157; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 294–302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStewart2012153–154-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStewart2012153–154_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStewart2012">Stewart 2012</a>, pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997303–322,_328-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997303–322,_328_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 303–322, 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997326,_330-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997326,_330_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, pp. 326, 330.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinestone198136-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinestone198136_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFinestone1981">Finestone 1981</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198363-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHobhouse198363_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDarbySmith198384Hobhouse198361–62Weintraub1997232-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDarbySmith198384Hobhouse198361–62Weintraub1997232_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarbySmith1983">Darby & Smith 1983</a>, p. 84; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 61–62; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997232-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeintraub1997232_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 71–105; <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 26–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lady Lyttelton's journal quoted in <a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 95 and her correspondence quoted in <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 252; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 253–257; <a href="#CITEREFWeintraub1997">Weintraub 1997</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949255-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949255_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 255.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diary of Sir James Clark quoted in <a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949260-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949260_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, p. 260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFulford1949261–262-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFulford1949261–262_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFulford1949">Fulford 1949</a>, pp. 261–262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Philip_Magnus-Allcroft,_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Philip Magnus-Allcroft, 2nd Baronet">Magnus, Philip</a> (1964) <i>King Edward VII</i>, pp. 19–20, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFHobhouse1983">Hobhouse 1983</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreen2021" class="citation web cs1">Green, Andrew (23 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.classical-music.com/features/articles/prince-albert-how-music-shaped-the-life-and-death-of-queen-victorias-consort/">"Prince Albert: how music shaped the life and death of Queen Victoria's consort"</a>. <i>classical-music.com</i>. BBC Music Magazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notizia+storica+del+nobilissimo+ordine+supremo+della+santissima+Annunziata.+Sunto+degli+statuti%2C+catalogo+dei+cavalieri&rft.place=Florence&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Eredi+Botta&rft.date=1869&rft.aulast=Cibrario&rft.aufirst=Luigi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ2aP6enNFoYC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Naotaka-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Naotaka_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naotaka_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Naotaka_152-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKimizuka2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kimizuka, Naotaka (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T13tPAAACAAJ"><i>女王陛下のブルーリボン: ガーター勲章とイギリス外交</i></a> [<i>Her Majesty The Queen's Blue Ribbon: The Order of the Garter and British Diplomacy</i>] (in Japanese). Tokyo: NTT Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4757140738" title="Special:BookSources/978-4757140738"><bdi>978-4757140738</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A5%B3%E7%8E%8B%E9%99%9B%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%AE%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E3%83%B3%3A+%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E5%8B%B2%E7%AB%A0%E3%81%A8%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AE%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=NTT+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-4757140738&rft.aulast=Kimizuka&rft.aufirst=Naotaka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT13tPAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJørgen_Pedersen2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jørgen Pedersen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ"><i>Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009</i></a> (in Danish). Odense: Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 470. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7674-434-2"><bdi>978-87-7674-434-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riddere+af+Elefantordenen%2C+1559%E2%80%932009&rft.place=Odense&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Syddansk+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-87-7674-434-2&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgen+Pedersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dglw-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSergey_Semenovich_Levin2003" class="citation book cs1">Sergey Semenovich Levin (2003). "Lists of Knights and Ladies". <i>Order of the Holy Apostle Andrew the First-called (1699–1917). Order of the Holy Great Martyr Catherine (1714–1917)</i>. Moscow. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lists+of+Knights+and+Ladies&rft.btitle=Order+of+the+Holy+Apostle+Andrew+the+First-called+%281699%E2%80%931917%29.+Order+of+the+Holy+Great+Martyr+Catherine+%281714%E2%80%931917%29&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Sergey+Semenovich+Levin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="M._et_B._Wattel" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">M. & B. Wattel (2009). <i>Les Grand' Croix de la Légion d'honneur de 1805 à nos jours. Titulaires français et étrangers</i> (in French). Paris: Archives & Culture. p. 523. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35077-135-9"><bdi>978-2-35077-135-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Grand%27+Croix+de+la+L%C3%A9gion+d%27honneur+de+1805+%C3%A0+nos+jours.+Titulaires+fran%C3%A7ais+et+%C3%A9trangers&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=523&rft.pub=Archives+%26+Culture&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-35077-135-9&rft.au=M.+%26+B.+Wattel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">"A Szent István Rend tagjai"</a> (in Hungarian), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101222022855/http://tornai.com/rendtagok.htm">Archived</a> 22 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Württemberg1858-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Württemberg1858_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWürttemberg1858" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Württemberg (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AFwAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA31">"Königliche Orden"</a>. <i>Königlich-Württembergisches Hof- und Staats-Handbuch: 1858</i> (in German). Stuttgart: Guttenberg. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6nigliche+Orden&rft.btitle=K%C3%B6niglich-W%C3%BCrttembergisches+Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch%3A+1858&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Guttenberg&rft.date=1858&rft.au=W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAFwAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Großherzogliche Orden", <i>Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogthums Baden</i> (in German), Karlsruhe, 1858, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1871744">33</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.blb-karlsruhe.de/blbihd/periodical/pageview/1871758">47</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gro%C3%9Fherzogliche+Orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staats-Handbuch+des+Gro%C3%9Fherzogthums+Baden&rft.place=Karlsruhe&rft.pages=33%2C+47&rft.date=1858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Königliche Orden". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BjBRAAAAcAAJ"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1846</i></a> (in German). Munich: Landesamt. 1846. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_BjBRAAAAcAAJ/page/n46">9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6nigliche+Orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+des+K%C3%B6nigreichs+Bayern%3A+1846&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Landesamt&rft.date=1846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_BjBRAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannover1859-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hannover1859_160-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStaat_Hannover1859" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Staat Hannover (1859). "Königliche Orden". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LgdTAAAAcAAJ"><i>Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1859</i></a> (in German). Hannover: Berenberg. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LgdTAAAAcAAJ/page/n54">37</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_LgdTAAAAcAAJ/page/n89/mode/2up">73</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=K%C3%B6nigliche+Orden&rft.btitle=Hof-+und+Staatshandbuch+f%C3%BCr+das+K%C3%B6nigreich+Hannover%3A+1859&rft.place=Hannover&rft.pages=37%2C+73&rft.pub=Berenberg&rft.date=1859&rft.au=Staat+Hannover&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_LgdTAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette21851" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/21851/page/624">"No. 21851"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 19 February 1856. p. 624.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+21851&rft.pages=624&rft.date=1856-02-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F21851%2Fpage%2F624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoudaMaclagan199930,_32-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoudaMaclagan199930,_32_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLoudaMaclagan1999">Louda & Maclagan 1999</a>, pp. 30, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974239-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974239_163-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvelingBoutell1890285-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvelingBoutell1890285_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvelingBoutell1890">Aveling & Boutell 1890</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974309–310-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974309–310_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, pp. 309–310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974241-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchesPinches1974241_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPinchesPinches1974">Pinches & Pinches 1974</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeir1996306–321-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeir1996306–321_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeir1996">Weir 1996</a>, pp. 306–321.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ad-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ad_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huberty, M., Giraud, A., Magdelaine, F. & B. (1976–1994). <i>L'Allemagne Dynastique, Vols I-VII</i>. Le Perreux, France: Alain Giraud</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbecasis-Phillips2004" class="citation book cs1">Abecasis-Phillips, John (2004). "Prince Albert and the Church – Royal versus Papal Supremacy in the Hampden Controversy". In Davis, John (ed.). <i>Prinz Albert – Ein Wettiner in Großbritannien / Prince Albert – A Wettin in Great Britain</i>. Munich: de Gruyter. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-21422-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-21422-6"><bdi>978-3-598-21422-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prince+Albert+and+the+Church+%E2%80%93+Royal+versus+Papal+Supremacy+in+the+Hampden+Controversy&rft.btitle=Prinz+Albert+%E2%80%93+Ein+Wettiner+in+Gro%C3%9Fbritannien+%2F+Prince+Albert+%E2%80%93+A+Wettin+in+Great+Britain&rft.place=Munich&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E110&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3-598-21422-6&rft.aulast=Abecasis-Phillips&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmes1968" class="citation book cs1">Ames, Winslow (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princealbertvict0000ames"><i>Prince Albert and Victorian Taste</i></a></span>. London: Chapman and Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Albert+and+Victorian+Taste&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Ames&rft.aufirst=Winslow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincealbertvict0000ames&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2008" class="citation journal cs1">Armstrong, Neil (2008). "England and German Christmas Festlichkeit, c. 1800–1914". <i>German History</i>. <b>26</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">486–</span>503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghn047">10.1093/gerhis/ghn047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+History&rft.atitle=England+and+German+Christmas+Festlichkeit%2C+c.+1800%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E486-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgerhis%2Fghn047&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvelingBoutell1890" class="citation book cs1">Aveling, S. T.; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Boutell" title="Charles Boutell">Boutell, Charles</a> (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/heraldryancient00avelgoog#page/n311/mode/2up"><i>Heraldry, Ancient and Modern: Including Boutell's Heraldry</i></a> (2nd ed.). London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry%2C+Ancient+and+Modern%3A+Including+Boutell%27s+Heraldry&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne+%26+Co&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Aveling&rft.aufirst=S.+T.&rft.au=Boutell%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fheraldryancient00avelgoog%23page%2Fn311%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCust1907" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Cust" title="Lionel Cust">Cust, Lionel</a> (1907). "The Royal Collection of Pictures". <i>The Cornhill Magazine</i>. New Series. <b>XXII</b>: <span class="nowrap">162–</span>170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cornhill+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Royal+Collection+of+Pictures&rft.volume=XXII&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Cust&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDarbySmith1983" class="citation book cs1">Darby, Elizabeth; Smith, Nicola (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultofprinceco00darb"><i>The Cult of the Prince Consort</i></a>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03015-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03015-0"><bdi>978-0-300-03015-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cult+of+the+Prince+Consort&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03015-0&rft.aulast=Darby&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Smith%2C+Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcultofprinceco00darb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinestone1981" class="citation book cs1">Finestone, Jeffrey (1981). <i>The Last Courts of Europe</i>. London: The Vendome Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-015-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-015-2"><bdi>978-0-86565-015-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Courts+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Vendome+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-86565-015-2&rft.aulast=Finestone&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFulford1949" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Fulford" title="Roger Fulford">Fulford, Roger</a> (1949). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princeconsort0000fulf"><i>The Prince Consort</i></a></span>. London: Macmillan Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prince+Consort&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Fulford&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinceconsort0000fulf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHobhouse1983" class="citation book cs1">Hobhouse, Hermione (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princealberthisl0000hobh"><i>Prince Albert: His Life and Work</i></a>. London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-11142-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-11142-0"><bdi>978-0-241-11142-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prince+Albert%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-241-11142-0&rft.aulast=Hobhouse&rft.aufirst=Hermione&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincealberthisl0000hobh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJagow1938" class="citation book cs1">Jagow, Kurt, ed. (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.174741"><i>The Letters of the Prince Consort, 1831–61</i></a>. London: John Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+the+Prince+Consort%2C+1831%E2%80%9361&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.174741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJurgensen2009" class="citation news cs1">Jurgensen, John (4 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704107104574572273134498780">"Victorian Romance: When the dour queen was young and in love"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Victorian+Romance%3A+When+the+dour+queen+was+young+and+in+love&rft.date=2009-12-04&rft.aulast=Jurgensen&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052748704107104574572273134498780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight2009" class="citation news cs1">Knight, Chris (17 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/news/a-duchess-a-reader-and-a-man-named-alistair">"A Duchess, a reader and a man named Alistair"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Post" title="National Post">National Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-84820-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-84820-6"><bdi>978-0-316-84820-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lines+of+Succession%3A+Heraldry+of+the+Royal+Families+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-316-84820-6&rft.aulast=Louda&rft.aufirst=Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rft.au=Maclagan%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1874–1880" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Martin" title="Theodore Martin">Martin, Theodore</a> (1874–1880). <i>The Life of H. R. H. the Prince Consort</i>. 5 volumes, authorised by Queen Victoria.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+H.+R.+H.+the+Prince+Consort&rft.series=5+volumes%2C+authorised+by+Queen+Victoria&rft.date=1874%2F1880&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery-Massingberd1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Massingberd" title="Hugh Massingberd">Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh</a>, ed. (1977). <i>Burke's Royal Families of the World</i> (1st ed.). London: Burke's Peerage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85011-023-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85011-023-4"><bdi>978-0-85011-023-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Royal+Families+of+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-85011-023-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2001" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, James (2001). <i>Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria</i>. Washington DC: Catholic University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1076-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1076-6"><bdi>978-0-8132-1076-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abject+Loyalty%3A+Nationalism+and+Monarchy+in+Ireland+During+the+Reign+of+Queen+Victoria&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1076-6&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinchesPinches1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Pinches" title="John Pinches">Pinches, John Harvey</a>; Pinches, Rosemary (1974). <i>Heraldry Today: The Royal Heraldry of England</i>. Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900455-25-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900455-25-4"><bdi>978-0-900455-25-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heraldry+Today%3A+The+Royal+Heraldry+of+England&rft.place=Slough%2C+Buckinghamshire&rft.pub=Hollen+Street+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-900455-25-4&rft.aulast=Pinches&rft.aufirst=John+Harvey&rft.au=Pinches%2C+Rosemary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRhodes_James1983" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes James, Robert (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princealbertbiog00jame"><i>Albert, Prince Consort: A Biography</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-40763-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-40763-6"><bdi>0-394-40763-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert%2C+Prince+Consort%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-394-40763-6&rft.aulast=Rhodes+James&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprincealbertbiog00jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStewart2012" class="citation book cs1">Stewart, Jules (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertlife0000stew"><i>Albert: A Life</i></a></span>. London; New York: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-977-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-977-7"><bdi>978-1-84885-977-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/760284773">760284773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert%3A+A+Life&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F760284773&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-977-7&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Jules&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbertlife0000stew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Weintraub, Stanley</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertuncrownedk0000wein"><i>Albert: Uncrowned King</i></a>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5756-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7195-5756-9"><bdi>978-0-7195-5756-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert%3A+Uncrowned+King&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-5756-9&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbertuncrownedk0000wein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeintraub2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Weintraub" title="Stanley Weintraub">Weintraub, Stanley</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/274">"Albert [Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha] (1819–1861)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online, January 2008 ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F274">10.1093/ref:odnb/274</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albert+%5BPrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha%5D+%281819%E2%80%931861%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online%2C+January+2008&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F274&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeir1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_Weir_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alison Weir (historian)">Weir, Alison</a> (1996). <i>Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy</i> (Revised ed.). London: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7448-5"><bdi>978-0-7126-7448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain%27s+Royal+Families%3A+The+Complete+Genealogy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7448-5&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Eyck, Frank. <i>The Prince Consort: a political biography</i> (Chatto, 1959), a scholarly study <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tomyfatherteache0000unse">online</a>.</li> <li>Haspel, Paul. "England's Unsung Hero of the American Civil War" <i>North & South: The Official Magazine of the Civil War Society</i> (July 2007), 10#2 pp 48–52; how Prince Albert aided the peaceful resolution of the 'Trent' affair in 1861.</li> <li>Hough, Richard. <i>Victoria & Albert: Their Love & Their Tragedies</i> (1996)</li> <li>Lalumia, Christine. "Scrooge and Albert" <i>History Today</i> (2001) 51#12 pp. 23–29.</li> <li>LeMay, G. H. L. "Prince Albert and the British Constitution" <i>History Today</i> (1953) 3#6 pp. 411–416.</li> <li>Rappaport, Helen. <i>Magnificent obsession: Victoria, Albert and the death that changed the monarchy</i> (Random House, 2011).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Richardson" title="Joanna Richardson">Richardson, Joanna</a>. <i>Victoria and Albert: A Study of a Marriage</i> (J. M. Dent, 1977).</li> <li>Walton, Oliver. "Distant patron: Prince Albert and the Development of the Coburg-Gotha Economy." <i>Acta Oeconomica Pragensia</i> 2008.1 (2008): 117–130. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aop.vse.cz/pdfs/aop/2008/01/11.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Albert, Prince Consort">Albert, Prince Consort</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/prince-albert">Prince Albert</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/people/prince-albert-prince-consort-1819-61#/type/subject">Prince Albert</a> at the official website of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection_Trust" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Collection Trust">Royal Collection Trust</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person.php?LinkID=mp00061">Portraits of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery,_London" title="National Portrait Gallery, London">National Portrait Gallery, London</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152245#P1816" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/51301">Works by Albert, Prince Consort</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Albert (prince consort)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Albert_(prince_consort)">"Albert (Francis Charles Augustus Albert Emmanuel)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">495–</span>496.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Albert+%28Francis+Charles+Augustus+Albert+Emmanuel%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E495-%3C%2Fspan%3E496&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrince+Albert+of+Saxe-Coburg+and+Gotha" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/albert_prince.shtml">Prince Albert (1819–1861)</a>, BBC History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_OPA">UK Parliamentary Archives, Oaths of Prince Albert, Duke of Saxe, Prince of Saxe Coburg and Gotha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210418010636/https://archives.parliament.uk/collections/getrecord/GB61_OPA">Archived</a> 18 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Wettin" title="House of Wettin">House of Wettin</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 26 August 1819</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 14 December 1861</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #65BCFF"><a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British royalty</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a> </b><br /><small><i><b>as queen consort </b></i></small> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Prince_consort_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince consort of the United Kingdom">Prince consort of the United Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(created "<a href="/wiki/Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Consort">Prince Consort</a>" 1857)</span> </b><br />1840–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra of Denmark</a> </b><br /><small><i><b>as queen consort </b></i></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Philpot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Philpot (page does not exist)">Philip Philpot</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/11th_(Prince_Albert%27s_Own)_Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars">11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars</a> </b><br />1840–1842 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Benjamin_Clifton" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Benjamin Clifton">Sir Arthur Benjamin Clifton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Ludlow,_3rd_Earl_Ludlow" title="George Ludlow, 3rd Earl Ludlow">George Ludlow, 3rd Earl Ludlow</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Scots_Fusilier_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Fusilier Guards">Scots Fusilier Guards</a> </b><br />1842–1852 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Prince George, Duke of Cambridge</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel of the <a href="/wiki/Grenadier_Guards" title="Grenadier Guards">Grenadier Guards</a> </b><br />1852–1861 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Colonel-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Rifle_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifle Brigade">Rifle Brigade</a> </b><br />1852–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Colborne,_1st_Baron_Seaton" title="John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton">John Colborne, 1st Baron Seaton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FF9966;">Court offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Seymour-Conway,_3rd_Marquess_of_Hertford" title="Francis Seymour-Conway, 3rd Marquess of Hertford">Francis Seymour-Conway, 3rd Marquess of Hertford</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Warden_of_the_Stannaries" title="Lord Warden of the Stannaries">Lord Warden of the Stannaries</a> </b><br />1842–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_5th_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne">Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_3rd_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland">Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of the University of Cambridge">Chancellor of the University of Cambridge</a> </b><br />1847–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_7th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire">William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Great_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Masters of the Order of the Bath">Great Master of the Order of the Bath</a> </b><br />1847–1861<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting 1843–1847</span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward, Prince of Wales</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha78" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Template:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Template talk:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Queen_Victoria_and_Prince_Albert" title="Wedding of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_University_of_Cambridge_Chancellor_election" title="1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election">1847 University of Cambridge Chancellor election</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_v_Strange" title="Prince Albert v Strange">Prince Albert v Strange</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Exhibition" title="Great Exhibition">Great Exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission_for_the_Exhibition_of_1851" title="Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851">Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_visits_to_Manchester_and_Salford_during_the_reign_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Royal visits to Manchester and Salford during the reign of Queen Victoria">Visits to Manchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="Victoria, Princess Royal">Victoria, German Empress</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Alice of the United Kingdom">Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Helena_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Helena of the United Kingdom">Helena, Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Beatrice_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom">Beatrice, Princess Henry of Battenberg</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise_of_Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg_(1800%E2%80%931831)" title="Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg (1800–1831)">Princess Louise of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descendants_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Descendants of Queen Victoria">Descendants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descendants_of_Queen_Victoria_and_of_King_Christian_IX" title="Royal descendants of Queen Victoria and of King Christian IX">Royal descendants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eponyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_helmet" title="Albert helmet">Albert helmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_shako" title="Albert shako">Albert shako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Lock" title="Albert Lock">Albert Lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)" title="Lake Albert (Africa)">Lake Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Saskatchewan" title="Prince Albert, Saskatchewan">Prince Albert, Saskatchewan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert%27s_Model_Cottage" title="Prince Albert's Model Cottage">Prince Albert's Model Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Consort_Essay" title="Prince Consort Essay">Prince Consort Essay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Consort%27s_Library" title="Prince Consort's Library">Prince Consort's Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_Pavilions,_Royal_Prince_Alfred_Hospital" title="Victoria & Albert Pavilions, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital">Victoria & Albert Pavilions, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saxegothaea" title="Saxegothaea">Saxegothaea</a></i></li> <li>Museums <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Memorial_Museum" title="Royal Albert Memorial Museum">Royal Albert Memorial Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li>Regiments <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_(Prince_Albert%27s_Own)_Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars">11th (Prince Albert's Own) Hussars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert%27s_Light_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert's Light Infantry">Prince Albert's Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert%27s_Own_Leicestershire_Regiment_of_Yeomanry_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert's Own Leicestershire Regiment of Yeomanry Cavalry">Prince Albert's Own Leicestershire Regiment of Yeomanry Cavalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_Consort%27s_Own_Rifle_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prince Consort's Own Rifle Brigade">The Prince Consort's Own Rifle Brigade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixty_Years_a_Queen" title="Sixty Years a Queen"><i>Sixty Years a Queen</i> (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_in_Dover_(1936_film)" title="Victoria in Dover (1936 film)"><i>Victoria in Dover</i> (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_the_Great" title="Victoria the Great"><i>Victoria the Great</i> (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixty_Glorious_Years" title="Sixty Glorious Years"><i>Sixty Glorious Years</i> (1938)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_in_Dover_(1954_film)" title="Victoria in Dover (1954 film)"><i>Victoria in Dover</i> (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Victoria" title="The Young Victoria"><i>The Young Victoria</i> (2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Happy_and_Glorious_(TV_series)" title="Happy and Glorious (TV series)"><i>Happy and Glorious</i> (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Regina_(film)" title="Victoria Regina (film)"><i>Victoria Regina</i> (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Victoria_(1963_film)" title="The Young Victoria (1963 film)"><i>The Young Victoria</i> (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_%26_Albert_(TV_serial)" title="Victoria & Albert (TV serial)"><i>Victoria & Albert</i> (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Victoria" title="Looking for Victoria"><i>Looking for Victoria</i> (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(British_TV_series)" title="Victoria (British TV series)"><i>Victoria</i> (2016–2019)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Regina_(play)" title="Victoria Regina (play)"><i>Victoria Regina</i> (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_and_Albert" title="I and Albert"><i>I and Albert</i> (1972)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Statues and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial" title="Albert Memorial">Albert Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Clock,_Barnstaple" title="Albert Clock, Barnstaple">Albert Clock, Barnstaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial_Clock,_Belfast" title="Albert Memorial Clock, Belfast">Albert Memorial Clock, Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_Great_Exhibition" title="Memorial to the Great Exhibition">Memorial to the Great Exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Memorial,_Swanage" title="Prince Albert Memorial, Swanage">Prince Albert Memorial, Swanage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)</a></li> <li>Statues <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Albert,_Prince_Consort,_North_Inch" title="Statue of Albert, Prince Consort, North Inch">North Inch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Albert,_Prince_Consort,_Balmoral_Castle" title="Statue of Albert, Prince Consort, Balmoral Castle">Balmoral</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Queen_Victoria" title="The Marriage of Queen Victoria"><i>The Marriage of Queen Victoria</i> (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Christening_of_the_Prince_of_Wales" title="The Christening of the Prince of Wales"><i>The Christening of the Prince of Wales</i> (1845)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Opening_of_the_Great_Exhibition_by_Queen_Victoria" title="The Opening of the Great Exhibition by Queen Victoria"><i>The Opening of the Great Exhibition by Queen Victoria</i> (1851–52)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Victoria,_Princess_Royal" title="The Marriage of Victoria, Princess Royal"><i>The Marriage of Victoria, Princess Royal</i> (1860)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Order_of_Victoria_and_Albert" title="Royal Order of Victoria and Albert">Royal Family Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Mausoleum,_Frogmore" title="Royal Mausoleum, Frogmore">Mausoleum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="English,_Scottish_and_British_royal_consorts223" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_consort" title="Template:British consort"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_consort" title="Template talk:British consort"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_consort" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British consort"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="English,_Scottish_and_British_royal_consorts223" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_English_royal_consorts" title="List of English royal consorts">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_royal_consorts" title="List of Scottish royal consorts">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_royal_consorts" title="List of British royal consorts">British</a> royal consorts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">Royal consorts in England until 1603</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">Royal consorts in Scotland until 1603</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_Shaftesbury" title="Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury">Ælfgifu of Shaftesbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelfl%C3%A6d_of_Damerham" title="Æthelflæd of Damerham">Æthelflæd of Damerham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_(wife_of_Eadwig)" title="Ælfgifu (wife of Eadwig)">Ælfgifu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfthryth_(wife_of_Edgar)" title="Ælfthryth (wife of Edgar)">Ælfthryth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86lfgifu_of_York" title="Ælfgifu of York">Ælfgifu of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigrid_the_Haughty" title="Sigrid the Haughty">Sigrid the Haughty</a>/<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awi%C4%99tos%C5%82awa" title="Świętosława">Świętosława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ealdgyth_(wife_of_Edmund_Ironside)" title="Ealdgyth (wife of Edmund Ironside)">Ealdgyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy" title="Emma of Normandy">Emma of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex" title="Edith of Wessex">Edith of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Mercia" title="Edith of Mercia">Edith of Mercia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Flanders" title="Matilda of Flanders">Matilda of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Scotland" title="Matilda of Scotland">Matilda of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adeliza_of_Louvain" title="Adeliza of Louvain">Adeliza of Louvain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_I,_Countess_of_Boulogne" title="Matilda I, Countess of Boulogne">Matilda of Boulogne</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Plantagenet,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Aquitaine" title="Eleanor of Aquitaine">Eleanor of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England_and_Hungary" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England and Hungary">Margaret of France</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengaria_of_Navarre" title="Berengaria of Navarre">Berengaria of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Isabella of Angoulême">Isabella of Angoulême</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Castile" title="Blanche of Castile">Blanche of Castile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Provence" title="Eleanor of Provence">Eleanor of Provence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_of_Castile" title="Eleanor of Castile">Eleanor of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_France,_Queen_of_England" title="Margaret of France, Queen of England">Margaret of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_France" title="Isabella of France">Isabella of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_of_Hainault" title="Philippa of Hainault">Philippa of Hainault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Bohemia" title="Anne of Bohemia">Anne of Bohemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_of_Valois" title="Isabella of Valois">Isabella of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_England" title="Joan of Navarre, Queen of England">Joan of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Valois" title="Catherine of Valois">Catherine of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Anjou" title="Margaret of Anjou">Margaret of Anjou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Woodville" title="Elizabeth Woodville">Elizabeth Woodville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Neville" title="Anne Neville">Anne Neville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Boleyn" title="Anne Boleyn">Anne Boleyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Seymour" title="Jane Seymour">Jane Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Cleves" title="Anne of Cleves">Anne of Cleves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Howard" title="Catherine Howard">Catherine Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Parr" title="Catherine Parr">Catherine Parr</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_Guildford_Dudley" title="Lord Guildford Dudley">Guildford Dudley</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding: 0 0.5em; text-align:center;width:50%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gruoch" title="Gruoch">Gruoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingibiorg_Finnsdottir" title="Ingibiorg Finnsdottir">Ingibiorg Finnsdottir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Margaret_of_Scotland" title="Saint Margaret of Scotland">Margaret of Wessex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethelreda_(daughter_of_Gospatric)" title="Ethelreda (daughter of Gospatric)">Ethelreda of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybilla_of_Normandy" title="Sybilla of Normandy">Sybilla of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud,_Countess_of_Huntingdon" title="Maud, Countess of Huntingdon">Maud of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_de_Beaumont" title="Ermengarde de Beaumont">Ermengarde de Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_England,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Joan of England, Queen of Scotland">Joan of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_de_Coucy" title="Marie de Coucy">Marie de Coucy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_England" title="Margaret of England">Margaret of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Dreux,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland">Yolande de Dreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Burgh" title="Elizabeth de Burgh">Elizabeth de Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_of_the_Tower" title="Joan of the Tower">Joan of the Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Drummond,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret Drummond, Queen of Scotland">Margaret Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemia_de_Ross" title="Euphemia de Ross">Euphemia de Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabella_Drummond" title="Anabella Drummond">Anabella Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaufort,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots">Joan Beaufort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guelders" title="Mary of Guelders">Mary of Guelders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Denmark,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland">Margaret of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tudor" title="Margaret Tudor">Margaret Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_of_Valois" title="Madeleine of Valois">Madeleine of Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Guise" title="Mary of Guise">Mary of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stuart,_Lord_Darnley" title="Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley">Henry Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hepburn,_4th_Earl_of_Bothwell" title="James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell">James Hepburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_Royal_consorts_in_England_and_Scotland_after_the_Union_of_the_Crowns_from_160390"> <ul><li><b>Royal consorts in England and Scotland after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a> from 1603</b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Denmark" title="Anne of Denmark">Anne of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Maria_of_France" title="Henrietta Maria of France">Henrietta Maria of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Braganza" title="Catherine of Braganza">Catherine of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Modena" title="Mary of Modena">Mary of Modena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">George of Denmark and Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="*_British_royal_consorts_after_the_Acts_of_Union_170763"> <ul><li><b>British royal consorts after the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1707" title="Acts of Union 1707">Acts of Union 1707</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Denmark" title="Prince George of Denmark">George of Denmark and Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Ansbach" title="Caroline of Ansbach">Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_of_Saxe-Meiningen" title="Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen">Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_of_Denmark" title="Alexandra of Denmark">Alexandra of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Mary of Teck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Philip of Greece and Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Camilla Shand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Spouses of debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld332" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Template:Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Template talk:Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations are numbered from the union of <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg" title="Saxe-Coburg">Saxe-Coburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Saalfeld" title="Saxe-Saalfeld">Saxe-Saalfeld</a> in 1699</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Christian Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Christian Ernst II</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Josias,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Francis Josias</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Frederick,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Ernest Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Ernest Frederick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Francis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Ferdinand</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>**</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand II of Portugal">Ferdinand II of Portugal</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince August</a>**</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Leopold</a>**</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><small><i>* prince of Saxe-Saalfeld until 1699</i><br /><i>** became prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1826</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Template:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Template talk:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forefather</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Francis, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Duke Francis I</a>*</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_I,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest I, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Ernest I</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Ferdinand</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">King Leopold I of the Belgians</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_II,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Ernest II</a>*</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert, Prince Consort of the United Kingdom</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha-Koh%C3%A1ry" title="House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry">Koháry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Portugal" title="Ferdinand II of Portugal">King Ferdinand II of Portugal and the Algarves</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince August</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Leopold</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe,_Crown_Prince_of_Belgium" title="Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium">Crown Prince Louis Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">King Leopold II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders">Prince Philippe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Alfred I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza-Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_V_of_Portugal" title="Pedro V of Portugal">King Pedro V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_I_of_Portugal" title="Luís I of Portugal">King Luís I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Jo%C3%A3o,_Duke_of_Beja" title="Infante João, Duke of Beja">Infante João</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Fernando_of_Portugal" title="Infante Fernando of Portugal">Infante Fernando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Augusto,_Duke_of_Coimbra" title="Infante Augusto, Duke of Coimbra">Infante Augusto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philipp_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Philipp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_August_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Ludwig August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Brabant" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Brabant">Prince Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Prince Baudouin of Belgium">Prince Baudouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_I_of_Belgium" title="Albert I of Belgium">King Albert I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Hereditary Prince Alfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Duke Charles Edward I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_I_of_Portugal" title="Carlos I of Portugal">King Carlos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso,_Duke_of_Porto" title="Afonso, Duke of Porto">Infante Afonso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold_Clement_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Leopold Clement of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Leopold Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Peter_August_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Peter August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Peter August</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_August_Leopold_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince August Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Joseph_Ferdinand_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Joseph Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Joseph Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ludwig_Gaston_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Ludwig Gaston of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Ludwig Gaston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Tsar Boris III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiril,_Prince_of_Preslav" title="Kiril, Prince of Preslav">Prince Kiril</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_III_of_Belgium" title="Leopold III of Belgium">King Leopold III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Prince Charles, Count of Flanders">Prince Charles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prince John of the United Kingdom">Prince John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Windsor,_2nd_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Alastair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Leopold,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hubertus_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(pilot)" title="Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (pilot)">Prince Hubertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Josias,_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Friedrich Josias, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Friedrich Josias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Prince Luís Filipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_of_Portugal" title="Manuel II of Portugal">King Manuel II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Rainer_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Rainer of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philipp_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(1901%E2%80%931985)" title="Prince Philipp of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1901–1985)">Prince Philipp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Tsar Simeon II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium" title="Baudouin of Belgium">King Baudouin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_II_of_Belgium" title="Albert II of Belgium">King Albert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexandre_of_Belgium" title="Prince Alexandre of Belgium">Prince Alexandre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas,_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Andreas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Johannes_Heinrich_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Johannes Heinrich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardam,_Prince_of_Tarnovo" title="Kardam, Prince of Tarnovo">Prince Kardam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyril,_Prince_of_Preslav" title="Kyril, Prince of Preslav">Prince Kyril</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_of_Belgium" title="Philippe of Belgium">King Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Laurent_of_Belgium" title="Prince Laurent of Belgium">Prince Laurent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ducal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hubertus,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Hubertus, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Hubertus</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Koháry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Johannes_Heinrich_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha#_Life" title="Prince Johannes Heinrich of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Johannes</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Saxe-Coburg-Gotha" title="Boris Saxe-Coburg-Gotha">Prince Boris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gabriel_of_Belgium" title="Prince Gabriel of Belgium">Prince Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Emmanuel_of_Belgium" title="Prince Emmanuel of Belgium">Prince Emmanuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>*Titled as Princes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld before 11 February 1826</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_princes853" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_princes" title="Template:British princes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_princes" title="Template talk:British princes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_princes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British princes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_princes853" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_prince" title="British prince">British princes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The generations indicate descent from <a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">George I</a>, who formalised the use of the titles <i>prince</i> and <i>princess</i> for members of the British royal family.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Frederick, Prince of Wales">Frederick, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince George William of Great Britain">Prince George William</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cumberland" title="Prince William, Duke of Cumberland">Prince William, Duke of Cumberland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Cumberland_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn">Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Frederick of Great Britain">Prince Frederick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">King George IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">King William IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_King_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover">King Ernest Augustus of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Adolphus,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge">Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Octavius_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Octavius of Great Britain">Prince Octavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alfred_of_Great_Britain" title="Prince Alfred of Great Britain">Prince Alfred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prince Albert</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V_of_Hanover" title="George V of Hanover">King George V of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">Prince George, Duke of Cambridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince Ernest Augustus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert_Victor,_Duke_of_Clarence_and_Avondale" title="Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale">Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Alexander_John_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Alexander John of Wales">Prince Alexander John of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur of Connaught</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Edward,_Duke_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince George William of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Crown_Prince_of_Hanover#Issue" title="Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover">Prince Christian of Hanover</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Augustus,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick">Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">King Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">King George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_John_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prince John of the United Kingdom">Prince John</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alastair_Windsor,_2nd_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Alastair Windsor, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Johann_Leopold,_Hereditary_Prince_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Hubertus_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(pilot)" title="Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (pilot)">Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ernest_Augustus_of_Hanover_(born_1914)" title="Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover (born 1914)">Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_William_of_Hanover" title="Prince George William of Hanover">Prince George William of Hanover</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_of_Gloucester" title="Prince William of Gloucester">Prince William of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Richard,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Michael_of_Kent" title="Prince Michael of Kent">Prince Michael of Kent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">King Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James,_Earl_of_Wessex" title="James, Earl of Wessex">James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales" title="Prince George of Wales">Prince George of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis_of_Wales" title="Prince Louis of Wales">Prince Louis of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Archie_of_Sussex" title="Prince Archie of Sussex">Prince Archie of Sussex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_1"><sup>1</sup></span> Not a British prince by birth, but created <a href="/wiki/Prince_consort" title="Prince consort">Prince Consort</a>. <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_2"><sup>2</sup></span> Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom.<br /><i>Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Template:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Template talk:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellors of the University of Cambridge">Chancellors of the University of Cambridge</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_of_Wetheringsett" title="Richard of Wetheringsett">Richard of Wetheringsett</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_de_Hotton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh de Hotton (page does not exist)">Hugh de Hotton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reginald_Gerninghall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reginald Gerninghall (page does not exist)">Reginald Gerninghall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hepworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hepworth (page does not exist)">Stephen Hepworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Ludham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Ludham (page does not exist)">William de Ludham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Gedney&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Gedney (page does not exist)">Richard de Gedney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dryfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dryfield (page does not exist)">Richard Dryfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Asgarby" title="John de Asgarby">John de Asgarby</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Hooke_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Hooke (academic) (page does not exist)">John Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_de_Fulbourn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roger de Fulbourn (page does not exist)">Roger de Fulbourn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_de_Gisleham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew de Gisleham (page does not exist)">Andrew de Gisleham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sheringham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sheringham (page does not exist)">Thomas Sheringham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hepworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hepworth (page does not exist)">Stephen Hepworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_de_Leicester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph de Leicester (page does not exist)">Ralph de Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Boyton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Boyton (page does not exist)">Henry de Boyton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Bradenham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Bradenham (page does not exist)">John de Bradenham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Sheringham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Sheringham (page does not exist)">Thomas de Sheringham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Hepworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Hepworth (page does not exist)">Stephen Hepworth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Haslingfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Haslingfield (page does not exist)">Stephen Haslingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_de_Segrace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen de Segrace (page does not exist)">Stephen de Segrace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Haslingfield&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Haslingfield (page does not exist)">Stephen Haslingfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Ashton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Ashton (page does not exist)">Richard de Ashton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Northburgh" title="Roger Northburgh">Roger Northburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Badew" title="Richard Badew">Richard de Badew</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Foxton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Foxton (page does not exist)">Thomas de Foxton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Winwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Winwick (page does not exist)">Robert de Winwick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Winwick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Winwick (page does not exist)">Robert de Winwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_de_Langley" title="John de Langley">John de Langley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Mildenhall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Mildenhall (page does not exist)">Robert de Mildenhall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Herwarden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Herwarden (page does not exist)">Henry de Herwarden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Harling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Harling (page does not exist)">Richard Harling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_de_Claydon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert de Claydon (page does not exist)">Robert de Claydon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Northwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Northwood (page does not exist)">Thomas de Northwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Northwood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Northwood (page does not exist)">Thomas de Northwood</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Crakhall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Crakhall (page does not exist)">John de Crakhall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Grantchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Grantchester (page does not exist)">Thomas de Grantchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Lymbergh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Lymbergh (page does not exist)">William de Lymbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Harling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Harling (page does not exist)">Richard Harling</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_of_Grantchester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony of Grantchester (page does not exist)">Anthony of Grantchester</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Tynkell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Tynkell (page does not exist)">William Tynkell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sutton_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sutton (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Thomas Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_de_Wetherset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard de Wetherset (page does not exist)">Richard de Wetherset</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_de_Haynton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael de Haynton (page does not exist)">Michael de Haynton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_de_Causton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael de Causton (page does not exist)">Michael de Causton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Gotham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Gotham (page does not exist)">William de Gotham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_de_Stewkley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas de Stewkley (page does not exist)">Thomas de Stewkley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Donwich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Donwich (page does not exist)">John de Donwich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adam_de_Lakenheath&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adam de Lakenheath (page does not exist)">Adam de Lakenheath</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Donwich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Donwich (page does not exist)">John de Donwich</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_de_Gotham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William de Gotham (page does not exist)">William de Gotham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Scrope_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Scrope (chancellor) (page does not exist)">Richard Scrope</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eudo_Zouche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eudo Zouche (page does not exist)">Eudo Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cavendish" title="John Cavendish">John Cavendish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Zouche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Zouche (page does not exist)">Guy Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Bromyard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Bromyard (page does not exist)">John de Bromyard</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Neketon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John of Neketon (page does not exist)">John of Neketon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Burgh_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Burgh (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">John de Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Hetherset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Hetherset (page does not exist)">Thomas Hetherset</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Burgh_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Burgh (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">John de Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Colvile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Colvile (page does not exist)">William Colvile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dereham_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dereham (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">Richard Dereham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Colvile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Colvile (page does not exist)">William Colvile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_de_Neketon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John de Neketon (page does not exist)">John de Neketon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Colvile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Colvile (page does not exist)">William Colvile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guy_Zouche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guy Zouche (page does not exist)">Guy Zouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Billingford" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Billingford">Richard Billingford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Dereham_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Dereham (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">Richard Dereham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Billingford" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Billingford">Richard Billingford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_le_Scrope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen le Scrope (page does not exist)">Stephen le Scrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rickingale" title="John Rickingale">John de Rickingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Cobham" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Cobham">Thomas of Cobham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fitzhugh" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Fitzhugh">Robert Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wymbell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wymbell (page does not exist)">William Wymbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Lumley" title="Marmaduke Lumley">Marmaduke Lumley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Holeroke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Holeroke (page does not exist)">John Holeroke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Lascells&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Lascells (page does not exist)">William Lascells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Billingford" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Billingford">Richard Billingford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Cawdray&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Cawdray (page does not exist)">Richard Cawdray</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Langton_(bishop_of_St_Davids)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Langton (bishop of St Davids) (page does not exist)">John Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicholas_Kenton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicholas Kenton (page does not exist)">Nicholas Kenton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Langton_(bishop_of_St_Davids)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Langton (bishop of St Davids) (page does not exist)">John Langton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Ascogh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Ascogh (page does not exist)">Robert Ascogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Close" title="Nicholas Close">Nicholas Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Percy_(bishop)" title="William Percy (bishop)">William Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Booth" title="Lawrence Booth">Lawrence Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wilflete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wilflete (page does not exist)">William Wilflete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodlark" title="Robert Woodlark">Robert Woodlark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Scroope" title="Richard Scroope">Richard Scroope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodlark" title="Robert Woodlark">Robert Woodlark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Booth_(bishop)" title="John Booth (bishop)">John Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wilflete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wilflete (page does not exist)">William Wilflete</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Harrison_(chancellor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Harrison (chancellor) (page does not exist)">John Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Wilflete&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Wilflete (page does not exist)">William Wilflete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Story" title="Edward Story">Edward Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham (or Scot)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Story" title="Edward Story">Edward Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Boynton_(Cambridge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Boynton (Cambridge) (page does not exist)">John Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cosyn" title="Thomas Cosyn">Thomas Cosyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blythe_(bishop)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Blythe (bishop)">John Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fitzhugh_(dean)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Fitzhugh (dean)">George Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rotherham" title="Thomas Rotherham">Thomas Rotherham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foxe" title="Richard Foxe">Richard Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Fitzhugh_(dean)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Fitzhugh (dean)">George Fitzhugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ruthall" title="Thomas Ruthall">Thomas Ruthall (or Rowthall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fisher" title="John Fisher">John Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cromwell" title="Thomas Cromwell">Thomas Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Seymour,_1st_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset">Edward Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dudley,_1st_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland">The Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gardiner" title="Stephen Gardiner">Stephen Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Pole" title="Reginald Pole">Reginald Pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">The Lord Burghley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">The Earl of Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury">The Earl of Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton">The Earl of Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk">The Earl of Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham">The Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rich,_1st_Earl_of_Holland" title="Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland">The Earl of Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">The Earl of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John" title="Oliver St John">Oliver St John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">The Duke of Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Villiers,_2nd_Duke_of_Buckingham" title="George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham">The Duke of Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">The Duke of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Monck,_2nd_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle">The Duke of Albemarle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour,_6th_Duke_of_Somerset" title="Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset">The Duke of Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pelham-Holles,_1st_Duke_of_Newcastle" title="Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle">The Duke of Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_FitzRoy,_3rd_Duke_of_Grafton" title="Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton">The Duke of Grafton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_William_Frederick,_Duke_of_Gloucester_and_Edinburgh" title="Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh">HRH The Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pratt,_1st_Marquess_Camden" title="John Pratt, 1st Marquess Camden">The Marquess Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Percy,_3rd_Duke_of_Northumberland" title="Hugh Percy, 3rd Duke of Northumberland">The Duke of Northumberland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">HRH The Prince Consort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_7th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="William Cavendish, 7th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Cavendish,_8th_Duke_of_Devonshire" title="Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire">The Duke of Devonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">The Lord Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Balfour" title="Arthur Balfour">The Earl of Balfour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Baldwin" title="Stanley Baldwin">The Earl Baldwin of Bewdley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Smuts" title="Jan Smuts">Jan Smuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">The Lord Tedder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">The Lord Adrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">HRH The Duke of Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sainsbury" class="mw-redirect" title="David Sainsbury">The Lord Sainsbury of Turville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath60" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Template:Grand Masters of the Order of the Bath"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Template talk:Grand Masters of the Order of the Bath"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grand_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grand Masters of the Order of the Bath"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Masters_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath60" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">Great Masters of the Order of the Bath</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_2nd_Duke_of_Montagu" title="John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu">John Montagu, 2nd Duke of Montagu</a> (1725–1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a> (1767–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">Prince William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews</a> (1827–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex</a> (1837–1843)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert, Prince Consort</a> (1843–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Albert Edward, Prince of Wales</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a> (1901–1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a> (1942–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles, Prince of Wales</a> (1974–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG/80px-CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG/120px-CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG/160px-CivilKnightsGrandCrossoftheBath.JPG 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152245#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152245#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q152245#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123200804">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/25395950">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1774332/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhMpcjcWXWF3qByfG9FKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11864758X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80056905">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120375275">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120375275">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Albert <principe consorte di Gran Bretagna>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V260481">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35002592">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700022&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1589574">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1486874">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068869096">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90380028">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000047653&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt7bg5mf201xvzz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810608600505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/107632">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007257526905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058530076406706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/prinz-albert-zu-sachsen-coburg-und-gotha/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500013694">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/12fc27d5-f46d-4c95-b17f-5c81303a13b6">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/914">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/6890/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/287">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_11864758X">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/a0127">BMLO</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/785417">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/11864758X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11864758X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/058596755">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10581031">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6s00234">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6k364gb">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/35210">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/26045">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&oldid=1278208523">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha&oldid=1278208523</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prince_Albert_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Category:Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1819_births" title="Category:1819 births">1819 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1861_deaths" title="Category:1861 deaths">1861 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Coburg" title="Category:People from Coburg">People from Coburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:House_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha_(United_Kingdom)" title="Category:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)">House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Princes_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Category:Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princes of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_princes" title="Category:British princes">British princes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_British_people" title="Category:19th-century British people">19th-century British people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th_Hussars_officers" title="Category:11th Hussars officers">11th Hussars officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_field_marshals" title="Category:British field marshals">British field marshals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_royal_consorts" title="Category:British royal consorts">British royal consorts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_Protestants" title="Category:German Protestants">German Protestants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Protestants" title="Category:British Protestants">British Protestants</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_Cambridge" title="Category:Chancellors of the University of Cambridge">Chancellors of the University of Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emigrants_from_the_German_Confederation_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Emigrants from the German Confederation to the United Kingdom">Emigrants from the German Confederation to the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grenadier_Guards_officers" title="Category:Grenadier Guards officers">Grenadier Guards officers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Honorary_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh" title="Category:Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh">Honorary Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Category:Presidents of the Zoological Society of London">Presidents of the Zoological 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