CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Dopamine agonist - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e5342ecd-f65e-4818-85ba-2852db96359a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Dopamine_agonist","wgTitle":"Dopamine agonist","wgCurRevisionId":1258845848,"wgRevisionId":1258845848,"wgArticleId":4054142,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2024","Dopamine agonists"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Dopamine_agonist","wgRelevantArticleId":4054142,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q600203","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader", "ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dopamine.svg/1200px-Dopamine.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="492"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dopamine.svg/800px-Dopamine.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="328"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dopamine.svg/640px-Dopamine.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="263"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Dopamine agonist - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_agonist"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamine_agonist"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Dopamine_agonist rootpage-Dopamine_agonist skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dopamine+agonist" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dopamine+agonist" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Dopamine+agonist" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Dopamine+agonist" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Medical uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medical uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Parkinson's_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parkinson's_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Parkinson's disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parkinson's_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Treatment_of_depression_in_Parkinson's_patients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_of_depression_in_Parkinson's_patients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Treatment of depression in Parkinson's patients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_of_depression_in_Parkinson's_patients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyperprolactinemia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperprolactinemia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hyperprolactinemia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperprolactinemia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restless_leg_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restless_leg_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Restless leg syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restless_leg_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adverse_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adverse_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Adverse effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adverse effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adverse_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Side effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Interactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacokinetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacokinetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pharmacokinetics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pharmacokinetics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacokinetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ergolines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergolines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ergolines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergolines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bromocriptine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bromocriptine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Bromocriptine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bromocriptine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pergolide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pergolide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Pergolide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pergolide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-ergolines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-ergolines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Non-ergolines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-ergolines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pramipexole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pramipexole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Pramipexole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pramipexole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ropinirole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ropinirole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Ropinirole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ropinirole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotigotine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotigotine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Rotigotine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotigotine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanism of action subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bromocriptine_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bromocriptine_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bromocriptine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bromocriptine_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pramipexole_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pramipexole_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Pramipexole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pramipexole_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure–activity_relationship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure–activity_relationship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Structure–activity relationship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure–activity_relationship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure–activity relationship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure–activity_relationship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crossing_the_blood_brain_barrier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing_the_blood_brain_barrier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Crossing the blood brain barrier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossing_the_blood_brain_barrier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dopamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dopamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Dopamine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dopamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ergoline_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ergoline_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Ergoline derivatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ergoline_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bromocriptine_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bromocriptine_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span><i>Bromocriptine</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bromocriptine_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-ergoline_derivatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-ergoline_derivatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Non-ergoline derivatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-ergoline_derivatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Apomorphine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apomorphine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span><i>Apomorphine</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apomorphine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotigotine_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotigotine_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span><i>Rotigotine</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotigotine_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Members</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Members-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Members subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Partial_agonist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Partial_agonist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Partial agonist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Partial_agonist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agonists_of_full/unknown_efficacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agonists_of_full/unknown_efficacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Agonists of full/unknown efficacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agonists_of_full/unknown_efficacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_class_of_drugs:_Indirect_agonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_class_of_drugs:_Indirect_agonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Related class of drugs: Indirect agonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_class_of_drugs:_Indirect_agonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dopamine agonist</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ناهضات الدوبامين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ناهضات الدوبامين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonista_de_la_dopamina" title="Agonista de la dopamina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Agonista de la dopamina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminagonist" title="Dopaminagonist – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dopaminagonist" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آگونیست دوپامین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آگونیست دوپامین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agoniste_de_la_dopamine" title="Agoniste de la dopamine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agoniste de la dopamine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%84%ED%8C%8C%EB%AF%BC_%EC%9E%91%EC%9A%A9%EC%A0%9C" title="도파민 작용제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="도파민 작용제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonisti_dopaminergici" title="Agonisti dopaminergici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Agonisti dopaminergici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אגוניסטים לדופמין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגוניסטים לדופמין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonista_de_dopamina" title="Agonista de dopamina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agonista de dopamina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agonist_dopamina" title="Agonist dopamina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Agonist dopamina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminski_agonist" title="Dopaminski agonist – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Dopaminski agonist" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminski_agonist" title="Dopaminski agonist – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dopaminski agonist" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopaminagonist" title="Dopaminagonist – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dopaminagonist" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dopamin_agonisti" title="Dopamin agonisti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dopamin agonisti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q600203#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonist" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Dopamine_agonist" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonist"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_agonist"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Dopamine_agonist" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Dopamine_agonist" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&oldid=1258845848" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Dopamine_agonist&id=1258845848&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDopamine_agonist"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDopamine_agonist"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Dopamine_agonist&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dopamine_agonists" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q600203" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Compound that activates dopamine receptors</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">dopamine antagonist</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Dopamine agonist</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dopamine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Skeletal structure diagram of dopamine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dopamine.svg/280px-Dopamine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dopamine.svg/420px-Dopamine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Dopamine.svg/560px-Dopamine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="210" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The skeletal structure of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperprolactinemia">hyperprolactinemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N04BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code N04BC">N04BC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Biological target</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine receptors</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">External links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D010300">D010300</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q600203" class="extiw" title="d:Q600203">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>dopamine agonist</b> is a compound that activates <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> receptors. There are two families of <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopamine receptors">dopamine receptors</a>, D<sub>1</sub>-like and D<sub>2</sub>-like. They are all <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein-coupled receptors">G protein-coupled receptors</a>. D<sub>1</sub>- and D<sub>5</sub>-receptors belong to the <a href="/wiki/D1-like" class="mw-redirect" title="D1-like">D<sub>1</sub>-like</a> family and the <a href="/wiki/D2-like" class="mw-redirect" title="D2-like">D<sub>2</sub>-like</a> family includes D<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>3</sub> and D<sub>4</sub> receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dopamine agonists are primarily used in the treatment of the motor symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, and to a lesser extent, in <a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia" title="Hyperprolactinaemia">hyperprolactinemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spencer_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also used off-label in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">clinical depression</a>. <a href="/wiki/Impulse_control_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse control disorder">Impulse control disorders</a> are associated with the use of dopamine agonists for whatever condition.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:202304_G_protein-coupled_receptor.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/202304_G_protein-coupled_receptor.svg/220px-202304_G_protein-coupled_receptor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/202304_G_protein-coupled_receptor.svg/330px-202304_G_protein-coupled_receptor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/202304_G_protein-coupled_receptor.svg/440px-202304_G_protein-coupled_receptor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="G protein-coupled receptors">G protein-coupled receptors</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parkinson's_disease"><span id="Parkinson.27s_disease"></span>Parkinson's disease</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parkinson's disease"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> are mainly used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>  The cause of Parkinson's is not fully known but genetic factors, for example specific <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">genetic mutations</a>, and environmental triggers have been linked to the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Parkinson's disease <a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">dopaminergic neurons</a> that produce the <a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">neurotransmitter</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">dopamine</a> in the brain slowly break down and can eventually die. With decreasing levels of dopamine the brain can't function properly and causes abnormal brain activity, which ultimately leads to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26236139_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26236139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dopamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dopamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/220px-Dopamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dopamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/330px-Dopamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Dopamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png/440px-Dopamine-based-on-xtal-3D-bs-17.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2116" /></a><figcaption>dopamine</figcaption></figure> <p>There are two fundamental ways of treating Parkinson's disease, either by replacing dopamine or mimicking its effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dopamine agonists act directly on the dopamine receptors and mimic dopamine's effect.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dopamine agonists have two subclasses: <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">ergoline</a> and non-ergoline agonists. Both subclasses target dopamine D<sub>2</sub>-type receptors. Types of ergoline agonists are <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a> and examples of non-ergoline agonists are <a href="/wiki/Pramipexole" title="Pramipexole">pramipexole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">ropinirole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">rotigotine</a>. Ergoline agonists are much less used nowadays because of the risk of <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> formation in heart valves.<sup id="cite_ref-Antonini_Poewe_2007_pp._826–829_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antonini_Poewe_2007_pp._826–829-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treatment_of_depression_in_Parkinson's_patients"><span id="Treatment_of_depression_in_Parkinson.27s_patients"></span>Treatment of depression in Parkinson's patients</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Treatment of depression in Parkinson's patients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">Depressive symptoms</a> and disorders are common in patients with Parkinson's disease and can affect their quality of life.<sup id="cite_ref-Barone,_P._2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barone,_P._2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increased anxiety can accentuate the symptoms of Parkinson's and is therefore essential to treat. Instead of conventional antidepressant medication in treating depression, treatment with dopamine agonists has been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21319866_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21319866-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is mainly thought that dopamine agonists help with treating depressive symptoms and disorders by alleviating motor complications, which is one of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease.  Although preliminary evidence of clinical trials has shown interesting results, further research odds crucial to establish the anti-depressive effects of dopamine agonists in treating depressive symptoms and disorders in those with Parkinson's.<sup id="cite_ref-Barone,_P._2011_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barone,_P._2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperprolactinemia">Hyperprolactinemia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hyperprolactinemia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dopamine" title="Dopamine">Dopamine</a> is a prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIFs) since it lowers the prolactin-releasing factors (PRFs) synthesis and secretion through D<sub>2</sub>-like receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is why dopamine agonists are the first-line treatment in <a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia" title="Hyperprolactinaemia">hyperprolactinaemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ergoline-derived agents, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a> are mostly used in treatment. Research shows that these agents reduce the size of <a href="/wiki/Prolactinoma" title="Prolactinoma">prolactinomas</a> by suppressing the hypersecretion of <a href="/wiki/Prolactin" title="Prolactin">prolactin</a> resulting in normal <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonadal</a> function.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restless_leg_syndrome">Restless leg syndrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Restless leg syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous clinical trials have been performed to assess the use of dopamine agonists for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS). RLS is identified by the strong urge to move and is a dopamine-dependent disorder. RLS symptoms decrease with the use of drugs that stimulate dopamine receptors and increase dopamine levels, such as dopamine agonists.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20206780_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20206780-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dopamine agonists are mainly used to treat <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, but also <a href="/wiki/Hyperprolactinaemia" title="Hyperprolactinaemia">hyperprolactinemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Restless_legs_syndrome" title="Restless legs syndrome">restless legs syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The side effects are predominantly collected from studies of Parkinson's disease, where dopamine agonists are commonly used as a first-line treatment with <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">levodopa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dopamine agonists are divided into two subgroups or drug classes, first-generation and newer agents. Ergoline derived agonists comprise the first generation; more widely used today are the non-ergoline derived agents. Ergoline derived agonists are generally less selective and tend to show interactions with receptors other than dopamine receptors, which can cause more side effects. <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">cabergoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a> are examples of ergoline derived agonists. Non-ergoline agonists include <a href="/wiki/Pramipexole" title="Pramipexole">pramipexole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">ropinirole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">rotigotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piribedil" title="Piribedil">piribedil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">apomorphine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common adverse effects are <a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">constipation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headaches</a>. Other serious side effects are <a href="/wiki/Hallucination" title="Hallucination">hallucinations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_edema" title="Peripheral edema">peripheral edema</a>, gastrointestinal ulcers, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_fibrosis" title="Pulmonary fibrosis">pulmonary fibrosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dopamine agonists have been linked to cardiac problems, with side effects such as <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a>, congestive heart failure, cardiac fibrosis, <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_effusion" title="Pericardial effusion">pericardial effusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tachycardia" title="Tachycardia">tachycardia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A high risk for <a href="/wiki/Valvular_heart_disease" title="Valvular heart disease">valvular heart disease</a> has been established in association with ergot-derived agonists especially in elderly patients with hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some studies, almost 30% of patients are reported to have suffered from <a href="/wiki/Somnolence" title="Somnolence">somnolence</a> and sleep attacks when using dopamine agonists. Daytime sleepiness, <a href="/wiki/Insomnia" title="Insomnia">insomnia</a> and other sleep disturbances are also frequently associated with the use of these drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Impulse_control_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse control disorder">Impulse control disorder</a>, which manifests in behaviors such as gambling, hypersexuality, compulsive shopping or binge eating, can be another serious adverse effect of dopamine agonists.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After long-term use of dopamine agonists a <a href="/wiki/Withdrawal_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Withdrawal syndrome">withdrawal syndrome</a> may occur when discontinuing the drug or reducing the dose. The following side effects are possible: anxiety, panic attacks, <a href="/wiki/Dysphoria" title="Dysphoria">dysphoria</a>, depression, agitation, irritability, suicidal ideation, fatigue, <a href="/wiki/Orthostatic_hypotension" title="Orthostatic hypotension">orthostatic hypotension</a>, nausea, vomiting, <a href="/wiki/Diaphoresis" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaphoresis">diaphoresis</a>, generalised pain and drug cravings. For some individuals, these withdrawal symptoms are short-lived, and they make a full recovery. For others, a <a href="/wiki/Protracted_withdrawal_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Protracted withdrawal syndrome">protracted withdrawal syndrome</a> may occur with symptoms persisting for months or years.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23686524_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23686524-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactions">Interactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dopamine agonists <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">interact</a> with a number of <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a> but there is little evidence that they <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">interact</a> with other <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's</a> drugs. In most cases there is no reason not to co-administer Parkinson's drugs, but there have been indications that the concurrent use of dopamine agonists with <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA</a> can cause <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, and therefore in these cases it is recommended that either the dopamine agonist(s) be discontinued or the dose of <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA</a> reduced. Since ergot-dopamine <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> have antihypertensive qualities it is wise to monitor <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> when using dopamine agonists with <a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">antihypertensive</a> drugs to ensure that the patient does not get <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>. That includes the drug <a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">sildenafil</a> which is commonly used to treat <a href="/wiki/Erectile_dysfunction" title="Erectile dysfunction">erectile dysfunction</a> but also used for <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypertension" title="Pulmonary hypertension">pulmonary hypertension</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is evidence that suggests that since ergot dopamine agonists are <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> by <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> enzyme concentration rises with the use of CYP3A4 inhibitors. For example, in one study <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a> was given with a CYP3A4 inhibitor and the <a href="/wiki/Area_under_the_curve_(pharmacokinetics)" title="Area under the curve (pharmacokinetics)">AUC</a> (area under the curve) increased 268%. <a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</a> is a non-ergot derived dopamine <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a> and concomitant use with a CYP1A2 inhibitor can result in a higher concentration of ropinirole. When discontinuing the <a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a> inhibitor, if using both drugs, there is a chance that a dose adjustment for ropinirole is needed. There is also evidence the dopamine agonists inhibit various <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome_P450" title="Cytochrome P450">CYP enzymes</a> and therefore they may inhibit the metabolism of certain drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pharmacokinetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pharmacokinetics is the study of how a drug moves through the body, involving four main processes: absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Absorption refers to how the drug enters the bloodstream after administration. Distribution describes how the drug spreads throughout the body's tissues and organs. Metabolism involves the breakdown of the drug, typically in the liver. Finally, excretion is how the drug or its metabolites are eliminated from the body, often through urine or feces (Gibaldi & Perrier, 1982).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ergolines">Ergolines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ergolines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bromocriptine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)" title="Absorption (pharmacology)">Absorption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a> <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral dose</a> is approximately 28%; however, only 6% reaches the systemic circulation unchanged, due to a substantial <a href="/wiki/First_pass_effect" title="First pass effect">first-pass effect</a>. Bromocriptine reaches mean peak plasma levels after about 1–1.5 hours after a single oral dose. The drug has high <a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">protein binding</a>, ranging from 90-96% bound to serum <a href="/wiki/Albumin" title="Albumin">albumin</a>. Bromocriptine is <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> by <a href="/wiki/CYP3A4" title="CYP3A4">CYP3A4</a> and excreted primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> via biliary secretion. Metabolites and parent drugs are mostly <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excreted</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, but also 6% via the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a>. It has a <a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">half-life</a> of 2–8 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pergolide">Pergolide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pergolide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">Pergolide</a> has a long half-life of about 27 hours and reaches a mean peak plasma level in about 2–3 hours after a single oral dose. The protein binding is 90% and the drug is mainly metabolized in the liver by CYP3A4 and <a href="/wiki/CYP2D6" title="CYP2D6">CYP2D6</a>. The major route of excretion is through the kidneys.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Drug </th> <th>Maintenance </th> <th>Half-life </th> <th>Protein binding </th> <th>Peak plasma </th> <th>Metabolism </th> <th>Excretion </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bromocriptine </td> <td> <p>Oral, 2.5–40 mg/day <br /> </p> </td> <td>2–8 hours </td> <td>90-96% </td> <td>1-1,5 hours </td> <td> <p>Hepatic, via CYP3A4, 93% first-pass metabolism <br /> </p> </td> <td>Bile, 94-98% <p>Renal, 2-6% </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pergolide </td> <td> <p>Oral, 0.05 mg/day Usual response up to 0.1 mg per day <br /> </p> </td> <td>27 hours </td> <td>90% </td> <td>2–3 hours </td> <td>Extensively hepatic </td> <td>Renal, 50% <p>Fecal 50% </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-ergolines">Non-ergolines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Non-ergolines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pramipexole">Pramipexole</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pramipexole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pramipexole" title="Pramipexole">Pramipexole</a> reaches maximum plasma concentration 1–3 hours post-dose. It is about 15% bound to plasma proteins and the metabolism is minimal. Pramipexole has a long half-life, around 27 hours. The drug is mostly excreted in the urine, around 90%, but also in feces.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ropinirole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</a> is rapidly absorbed after a single oral dose, reaching plasma concentration in approximately 1–2 hours. The half-life is around 5–6 hours. Ropinirole is heavily metabolized by the liver and <a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a> studies show that the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> involved in the metabolism of ropinirole is <a href="/wiki/CYP1A2" title="CYP1A2">CYP1A2</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rotigotine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since <a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">rotigotine</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">transdermal patch</a> it provides continuous drug delivery over 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has a half-life of 3 hours and the protein binding is around 92% in vitro and 89.5% <a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">in vivo</a>. Rotigotine is extensively and rapidly metabolized in the liver and by the CYP enzymes. The drug is mostly excreted in urine (71%), but also in feces (23%).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Drug </th> <th>Maintenance </th> <th>Half-life </th> <th>Protein binding </th> <th>Peak plasma </th> <th>Metabolism </th> <th>Excretion </th></tr> <tr> <td>Pramipexole </td> <td> <p>Oral, 0.125 mg 3x/day (IR) Oral, 0.375 mg/day (ER) <br /> </p> </td> <td>8–12 hours </td> <td>15% </td> <td>1–3 hours </td> <td>Minimal < 10% </td> <td>Urine 90% <p>Fecal 2% </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ropinirole </td> <td> <p>Oral, 0.25 mg 3x/day (IR) Oral, 2 mg/day (ER) <br /> </p> </td> <td>5–6 hours </td> <td>10-40% </td> <td>1–2 hours </td> <td>Hepatic, via P450 CYP1A2 — can increase ↑ INR </td> <td>Renal > 88% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rotigotine </td> <td> <p>Transdermal, 2 – 4 mg/day <br /> </p> </td> <td>3 hours </td> <td> <p>92% <br /> </p> </td> <td>24 hours </td> <td>Hepatic (CYP-mediated). </td> <td>Urine 71% <p>Fecal 23% </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dopamine receptors are members of the <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">G protein-coupled receptors</a> superfamily with seven transmembrane domains. Dopamine receptors have five subtypes, D<sub>1</sub> through D<sub>5</sub>, the subtypes can be divided into two subclasses due to their mechanism of action on <a href="/wiki/Adenylyl_cyclase" title="Adenylyl cyclase">adenylate cyclase enzyme</a>, D<sub>1</sub>-like receptors (D<sub>1</sub> and D<sub>5</sub>) and D<sub>2</sub>-like receptors (D<sub>2</sub>, D<sub>3</sub> and D<sub>4</sub>). D<sub>1</sub>-like receptors are primarily coupled to Gα<sub>s/olf</sub> proteins and activates adenylate cyclase which increases intracellular levels of <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a>, they also activate the G<sub>βγ</sub> complex and the <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channels,_n-type" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium channels, n-type">N-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel</a>. D<sub>2</sub>-like receptors decrease intracellular levels of the second messenger cAMP by inhibiting adenylate cyclase.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bromocriptine_2">Bromocriptine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bromocriptine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a> is an ergot derivative, semi-synthetic. Bromocriptine is a D<sub>2</sub> receptor agonist and D<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist with a binding affinity to D<sub>2</sub> receptors of anterior pituitary cells, exclusively on lactotrophs. Bromocriptine stimulates Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase activity and/or cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> elevation and therefore reduction of prolactin which leads to no production of cAMP. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pramipexole_2">Pramipexole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pramipexole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pramipexole" title="Pramipexole">Pramipexole</a> is a highly active non-ergot D<sub>2</sub>-like receptor agonist with a higher binding affinity to D<sub>3</sub> receptors rather than D<sub>2</sub> or D<sub>4</sub> receptors. The mechanism of action of pramipexole is mostly unknown, it is thought to be involved in the activation of dopamine receptors in the area of the brain where the striatum and the substantia nigra is located. This stimulation of dopamine receptors in the striatum may lead to the better movement performance.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure–activity_relationship"><span id="Structure.E2.80.93activity_relationship"></span>Structure–activity relationship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Structure–activity relationship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Structure%E2%80%93activity_relationship" title="Structure–activity relationship">Structure–activity relationship</a></div> <p>When dealing with agonists it can be extremely complex to confirm relationships between structure and biological activity. Agonists generate responses from <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">living tissues</a>. Therefore, their activity depends both on their <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">efficacy</a> to activate receptors and their affinity to bind to receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crossing_the_blood_brain_barrier">Crossing the blood brain barrier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Crossing the blood brain barrier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many molecules are unable to cross the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a> (BBB). Molecules must be small, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">non-polar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lipophilicity" title="Lipophilicity">lipophilic</a> to cross over. Compounds without these qualities must have a specific transporter that can transport them over the BBB.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dopamine cannot diffuse across the BBB because of the <a href="/wiki/Catechol" title="Catechol">catechol</a> group, it is too polar and therefore unable to enter the brain. The catechol group is a dihydroxy <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> ring. </p><p>The synthesis of dopamine consists of three stages. The synthesis process starts with an amino acid, called <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine"><span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-tyrosine</a>. In the second stage <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA"><span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-DOPA</a> (levodopa) is formed by adding a phenol group to the benzene ring of <span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-tyrosine. The formation of <span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-DOPA from L-tyrosine is catalyzed by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. The third stage is the formation of dopamine by removing the carboxylic acid group from <span style="font-size:85%;">L</span>-DOPA, catalysed by the enzyme dopa decarboxylase.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Levodopa is also too polar to cross the blood brain barrier but it is an amino acid and has a specialized transporter called L-type amino acid transporter or <a href="/wiki/CD98" title="CD98">LAT-1</a> that helps it diffuse through the barrier.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11011012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11011012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dopamine">Dopamine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dopamine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When dopamine interacts with ATP, which is a component of some dopamine receptors, it has a significant preference for a trans-conformation of the dopamine molecule. The dopamine-ATP complex is stabilised by <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonding</a> between catechol hydroxyls and purine nitrogens and by <a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">electrostatic interactions</a> between the protonated <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> group of dopamine and a negative <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> group. Two conformers of dopamine have been identified as alpha- and beta-conformers in which the catechol ring is coplanar with the plane of the <a href="/wiki/Ethylamine" title="Ethylamine">ethylamine</a> side chain. They are substantial in agonist-receptor interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ergoline_derivatives">Ergoline derivatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ergoline derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Central dopaminergic agonist properties of semisynthetic <a href="/wiki/Ergoline" title="Ergoline">ergoline</a> derivatives lergotrile, <a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">pergolide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">lisuride</a> have been established. Some studies suggest that ergot alkaloids have the properties of mixed agonist-antagonist with regards to certain presynaptic and postsynaptic receptors. N-n-<a href="/wiki/Propyl_group" title="Propyl group">Propyl</a> groups (chemical formula: –CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>) frequently enhance dopamine agonist effects in the ergoline derivatives.</p><figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromocriptine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bromocriptine.svg/150px-Bromocriptine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bromocriptine.svg/225px-Bromocriptine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bromocriptine.svg/300px-Bromocriptine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1506" data-file-height="1417" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The (+)-<a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomer</a> displays notably diminished activity whereas the (-)-enantiomer possess potent dopamine agonist properties.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bromocriptine_3"><i>Bromocriptine</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bromocriptine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a> has an ergot alkaloid structure. Ergot alkaloids are divided into 2 groups; amino acid ergot alkaloids and amine ergot alkaloids, bromocriptine is part of the former group.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It contains a <a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogen</a> on the ergot structure which increases the affinity for the D<sub>2</sub>-receptor but often reduces the efficacy. The similarity between the dopamine structure and the ergoline ring in bromocriptine is likely the cause for its action on the dopamine receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has shown to have equal affinity for D<sub>2</sub>- and D<sub>3</sub>-receptor and much lower affinity for D<sub>1</sub>-receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apomorphine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Apomorphine.svg/150px-Apomorphine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Apomorphine.svg/225px-Apomorphine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Apomorphine.svg/300px-Apomorphine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-ergoline_derivatives">Non-ergoline derivatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Non-ergoline derivatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Non-ergoline dopamine receptor agonists have higher binding affinity to dopamine D<sub>3</sub>-receptors than dopamine D<sub>2</sub>-receptors. This binding affinity is related to D<sub>2</sub> and D<sub>3</sub> receptor homology, the homology between them has a high degree of sequence and is closest in their transmembrane domains, were they share around 75% of the amino acid.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotigotine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rotigotine.svg/150px-Rotigotine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rotigotine.svg/225px-Rotigotine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Rotigotine.svg/300px-Rotigotine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apomorphine"><i>Apomorphine</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Apomorphine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Catechol" title="Catechol">catechol</a> element and belongs to a class called <a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">β-phenylethylamines</a> and its main components are similar to the dopamine structure. The effect that apomorphine has on the dopamine receptors can also be linked to the similarities between its structure and dopamine.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a <a href="/wiki/Chirality" title="Chirality">chiral</a> molecule and thus can be acquired in both the R and S form, the R form is the one that is used in therapy. When apomorphine interacts with the dopamine receptor, or the <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> on the receptor, the catechol and nitrogen are important to stabilize the structure with hydrogen bonding. The position of the hydroxyl groups is also important and monohydroxy derivatives have been found to be less potent than the dihydroxy groups. There are a number of stability concerns with apomorphine such as oxidation and racemization.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rotigotine_2"><i>Rotigotine</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rotigotine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a> is a phenolic amine and thus has poor oral bioavailability and fast clearance from the body. Therefore, it has been formulated as a <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">transdermal patch</a>, first and foremost to prevent <a href="/wiki/First_pass_effect" title="First pass effect">first pass metabolism</a> in the liver.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of <b>dopamine agonists</b> include: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Partial_agonist">Partial agonist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Partial agonist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a> (Partial agonist of the D<sub>2</sub> family receptors - Trade name "Abilify" in the United States; atypical <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">Brexpiprazole</a> (Partial agonist of the D<sub>2</sub> family receptors - Trade name "Rexulti" in the United States; atypical <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">Cariprazine</a> (Partial agonist of the D<sub>2</sub> family receptors and D<sub>3</sub> receptor - Trade name "Vraylar" in the United States; atypical <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a> (a.k.a. PCP; partial agonist. Psychoactivity mainly due to <a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA antagonism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinpirole" title="Quinpirole">Quinpirole</a> (Partial agonist of the D<sub>2</sub> and D<sub>3</sub> family of receptors)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a> (chief active constituent of the psychedelic herb <a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">salvia divinorum</a>, the psychoactivity of which is mainly due to <a href="/wiki/Kappa-opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kappa-opioid receptor">Kappa-opioid receptor</a> agonism; partial agonist at the D<sub>2</sub> with an <a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">Intrinsic activity</a> of 40-60%, binding affinity of K<sub>i</sub>=5-10nM and <a href="/wiki/EC50" title="EC50">EC<sub>50</sub></a>=50-90nM)<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agonists_of_full/unknown_efficacy"><span id="Agonists_of_full.2Funknown_efficacy"></span>Agonists of full/unknown efficacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Agonists of full/unknown efficacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a> (Apokyn – used to treat <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a> & <a href="/wiki/Restless_leg_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Restless leg syndrome">Restless leg syndrome</a> ) – biased at the D1 receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25660762_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25660762-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a> (Parlodel – used to treat <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">PD</a>/<a href="/wiki/Restless_leg_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Restless leg syndrome">RLS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">Cabergoline</a> (Dostinex – used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciladopa" title="Ciladopa">Ciladopa</a> (used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrexidine" title="Dihydrexidine">Dihydrexidine</a> (used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapsoline" title="Dinapsoline">Dinapsoline</a> (used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxanthrine" title="Doxanthrine">Doxanthrine</a> (used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicriptine" title="Epicriptine">Epicriptine</a> (used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a> (used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">Pergolide</a> (used to treat PD/RLS) – previously available as Permax, but removed from the market in the USA on March 29, 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piribedil" title="Piribedil">Piribedil</a> (Pronoran and Trivastal – used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramipexole" title="Pramipexole">Pramipexole</a> (Mirapex and Sifrol – used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylnorapomorphine" title="Propylnorapomorphine">Propylnorapomorphine</a> (used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinagolide" title="Quinagolide">Quinagolide</a> (Norprolac – used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</a> (Requip<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a> (Neupro – used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxindole" title="Roxindole">Roxindole</a> (used to treat PD/RLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumanirole" title="Sumanirole">Sumanirole</a> (used to treat PD/RLS)</li></ul> <p>Some, such as <a href="/wiki/Fenoldopam" title="Fenoldopam">fenoldopam</a>, are selective for <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor_D1" title="Dopamine receptor D1">dopamine receptor D1</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10696081_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10696081-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_class_of_drugs:_Indirect_agonists">Related class of drugs: Indirect agonists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Related class of drugs: Indirect agonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two <a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">classes of drugs</a> that act as <a href="/wiki/Indirect_agonist" title="Indirect agonist">indirect agonists</a> of dopamine receptors: <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">dopamine reuptake inhibitors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agent" title="Dopamine releasing agent">dopamine releasing agents</a>. These are not considered dopamine agonists, since they have no specific agonist activity at dopamine <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a>, but they are nonetheless related. Indirect agonists are prescribed for a wider range of conditions than standard dopamine agonists. </p><p>The most commonly prescribed indirect agonists of dopamine receptors include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">Amphetamine</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Dextroamphetamine" title="Dextroamphetamine">dextroamphetamine</a> (used to treat <a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_hyperactivity_disorder" title="Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder">ADHD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupropion" title="Bupropion">Bupropion</a> (used to facilitate <a href="/wiki/Smoking_cessation" title="Smoking cessation">smoking cessation</a> and treat <a href="/wiki/Nicotine_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotine addiction">nicotine addiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">clinical depression</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisdexamfetamine" title="Lisdexamfetamine">Lisdexamfetamine</a> (used to treat ADHD and <a href="/wiki/Binge_eating_disorder" title="Binge eating disorder">binge eating disorder</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">Methylphenidate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dexmethylphenidate" title="Dexmethylphenidate">dexmethylphenidate</a> (used to treat ADHD and <a href="/wiki/Narcolepsy" title="Narcolepsy">narcolepsy</a>)</li></ul> <p>Other examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathinone" title="Cathinone">Cathinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">Caffeine</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">anesthetic</a> with no medical uses as a <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system_stimulant" class="mw-redirect" title="Central nervous system stimulant">central nervous system stimulant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> (used in rare circumstances to treat ADHD and <a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">obesity</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenethylamine" title="Phenethylamine">Phenethylamine</a> (endogenous <a href="/wiki/Trace_amine" title="Trace amine">trace amine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyramine" title="Tyramine"><i>p</i>-Tyramine</a> (endogenous <a href="/wiki/Trace_amine" title="Trace amine">trace amine</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the late 1960 <a href="/wiki/Levodopa" title="Levodopa">Levodopa</a> (L-DOPA) has been used to treat <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Parkinson's">Parkinson's</a> disease but there has always been a debate whether the treatment is worth the <a href="/wiki/Side_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Side effects">side effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1970 clinicians started using the dopamine agonist <a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">apomorphine</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA</a> to minimize the side effects caused by L-DOPA, the dopamine agonists bind to the dopamine receptor in the absence of dopamine. Apomorphine had limited use since it had considerable side effects and difficulty with administration. In 1974 <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">bromocriptine</a> was use widely after clinicians discovered its benefits in treating <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinsons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When using the two <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drug</a> classes together there is a possibility to reduce the amount of <a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA">L-DOPA</a> by 20-30% and thus keeping the fluctuating motor responses to a minimum.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dopamine agonists are often used in younger people as <a href="/wiki/Monotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotherapy">monotherapy</a> and as initial therapy instead of L-DOPA.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is important to know that there is a correlation between the two drugs, if l-DOPA doesn't work dopamine agonists are also ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The early dopamine agonists, such as bromocriptine, were ergot derived and activated the D<sub>2</sub>-receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They induced major side effects such as fibrosis of cardiac valves. It is considered that the reason they induced such side effects is that they activate many types of receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the major adverse effects of ergot-derived dopamine agonists, they are generally not used in modern medicine and have mostly been abandoned in favor of non-ergot agonists such as <a href="/wiki/Pramipexole" title="Pramipexole">pramipexole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">ropinirole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">rotigotine</a>. They do not induce as serious side effects although common side effects are <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>. Patients have also shown impaired impulse control such as <a href="/wiki/Overspending" title="Overspending">overspending</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypersexuality" title="Hypersexuality">hypersexuality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">Dopamine antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a></li> <li>Receptor <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_receptor_agonist" title="GABA receptor agonist">GABA receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">Dopaminergic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin agonist">Serotonin agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist">Adrenergic agonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sympathomimetic_drug" title="Sympathomimetic drug">sympathomimetic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasympathomimetic_drug" title="Parasympathomimetic drug">Parasympathomimetic drug</a> (acetylcholine agonist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_agonist" title="Histamine agonist">Histamine agonist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBorovac2016" class="citation journal cs1">Borovac JA (March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4797835">"Side effects of a dopamine agonist therapy for Parkinson's disease: a mini-review of clinical pharmacology"</a>. <i>The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine</i>. <b>89</b> (1): 37–47. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4797835">4797835</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27505015">27505015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Yale+Journal+of+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Side+effects+of+a+dopamine+agonist+therapy+for+Parkinson%27s+disease%3A+a+mini-review+of+clinical+pharmacology&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=37-47&rft.date=2016-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4797835%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27505015&rft.aulast=Borovac&rft.aufirst=JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4797835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvaMatternHäckerTomaz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Silva MA, Mattern C, Häcker R, Tomaz C, Huston JP, Schwarting RK (December 1997). "Increased neostriatal dopamine activity after intraperitoneal or intranasal administration of L-DOPA: on the role of benserazide pretreatment". <i>Synapse</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 294–302. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291098-2396%28199712%2927%3A4%3C294%3A%3Aaid-syn3%3E3.3.co%3B2-z">10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(199712)27:4<294::aid-syn3>3.3.co;2-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9372552">9372552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synapse&rft.atitle=Increased+neostriatal+dopamine+activity+after+intraperitoneal+or+intranasal+administration+of+L-DOPA%3A+on+the+role+of+benserazide+pretreatment&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=294-302&rft.date=1997-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28sici%291098-2396%28199712%2927%3A4%3C294%3A%3Aaid-syn3%3E3.3.co%3B2-z&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9372552&rft.aulast=Silva&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Mattern%2C+C&rft.au=H%C3%A4cker%2C+R&rft.au=Tomaz%2C+C&rft.au=Huston%2C+JP&rft.au=Schwarting%2C+RK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencerAnderton2024" class="citation journal cs1">Spencer H, Anderton RS (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11102119">"Trait Impulsivity as a Feature of Parkinson's Disease Treatment and Progression"</a>. <i>Parkinsons Dis</i>. <b>2024</b>: 8770997. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2024%2F8770997">10.1155/2024/8770997</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11102119">11102119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38766569">38766569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Parkinsons+Dis&rft.atitle=Trait+Impulsivity+as+a+Feature+of+Parkinson%27s+Disease+Treatment+and+Progression&rft.volume=2024&rft.pages=8770997&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11102119%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38766569&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2024%2F8770997&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Anderton%2C+RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11102119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowesMcCutcheonOwenMurray2017" class="citation journal cs1">Howes OD, McCutcheon R, Owen MJ, Murray RM (January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5675052">"The Role of Genes, Stress, and Dopamine in the Development of Schizophrenia"</a>. <i>Biological Psychiatry</i>. <b>81</b> (1): 9–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2016.07.014">10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.07.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5675052">5675052</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27720198">27720198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Genes%2C+Stress%2C+and+Dopamine+in+the+Development+of+Schizophrenia&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-20&rft.date=2017-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5675052%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27720198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biopsych.2016.07.014&rft.aulast=Howes&rft.aufirst=OD&rft.au=McCutcheon%2C+R&rft.au=Owen%2C+MJ&rft.au=Murray%2C+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5675052&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid26236139-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid26236139_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMaagdPhilip2015" class="citation journal cs1">DeMaagd G, Philip A (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517533">"Parkinson's Disease and Its Management: Part 1: Disease Entity, Risk Factors, Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, and Diagnosis"</a>. <i>P & T</i>. <b>40</b> (8): 504–32. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517533">4517533</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26236139">26236139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=P+%26+T&rft.atitle=Parkinson%27s+Disease+and+Its+Management%3A+Part+1%3A+Disease+Entity%2C+Risk+Factors%2C+Pathophysiology%2C+Clinical+Presentation%2C+and+Diagnosis&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=504-32&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4517533%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26236139&rft.aulast=DeMaagd&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Philip%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4517533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Antonini_Poewe_2007_pp._826–829-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Antonini_Poewe_2007_pp._826–829_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntoniniPoewe2007" class="citation journal cs1">Antonini, Angelo; Poewe, Werner (2007). "Fibrotic heart-valve reactions to dopamine-agonist treatment in Parkinson's disease". <i>The Lancet Neurology</i>. <b>6</b> (9). Elsevier BV: 826–829. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs1474-4422%2807%2970218-1">10.1016/s1474-4422(07)70218-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-4422">1474-4422</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17706566">17706566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39526238">39526238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Neurology&rft.atitle=Fibrotic+heart-valve+reactions+to+dopamine-agonist+treatment+in+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=826-829&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1474-4422&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39526238%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17706566&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1474-4422%2807%2970218-1&rft.aulast=Antonini&rft.aufirst=Angelo&rft.au=Poewe%2C+Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrooks2000" class="citation journal cs1">Brooks DJ (June 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736955">"Dopamine agonists: their role in the treatment of Parkinson's disease"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry</i>. <b>68</b> (6): 685–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.68.6.685">10.1136/jnnp.68.6.685</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1736955">1736955</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10811688">10811688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery%2C+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Dopamine+agonists%3A+their+role+in+the+treatment+of+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=685-9&rft.date=2000-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1736955%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10811688&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.68.6.685&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1736955&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barone,_P._2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barone,_P._2011_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barone,_P._2011_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarone2011" class="citation journal cs1">Barone P (March 2011). "Treatment of depressive symptoms in Parkinson's disease". <i>European Journal of Neurology</i>. <b>18</b> (Suppl 1): 11–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-1331.2010.03325.x">10.1111/j.1468-1331.2010.03325.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21255198">21255198</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5827695">5827695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+depressive+symptoms+in+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=11-5&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5827695%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21255198&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-1331.2010.03325.x&rft.aulast=Barone&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21319866-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21319866_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeentjens2011" class="citation journal cs1">Leentjens AF (February 2011). "The role of dopamine agonists in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review". <i>Drugs</i>. <b>71</b> (3): 273–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F11585380-000000000-00000">10.2165/11585380-000000000-00000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21319866">21319866</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38988462">38988462</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.atitle=The+role+of+dopamine+agonists+in+the+treatment+of+depression+in+patients+with+Parkinson%27s+disease%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-86&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38988462%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21319866&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F11585380-000000000-00000&rft.aulast=Leentjens&rft.aufirst=AF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenkwalder2005" class="citation cs2">Trenkwalder, Claudia (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50074-4">"Parkinsonism"</a>, <i>Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine</i>, Elsevier, pp. 801–810, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb0-72-160797-7%2F50074-4">10.1016/b0-72-160797-7/50074-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0797-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7216-0797-9"><bdi>978-0-7216-0797-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-02</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Principles+and+Practice+of+Sleep+Medicine&rft.atitle=Parkinsonism&rft.pages=801-810&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb0-72-160797-7%2F50074-4&rft.isbn=978-0-7216-0797-9&rft.aulast=Trenkwalder&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fb0-72-160797-7%2F50074-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManciniCasanuevaGiustina2008" class="citation journal cs1">Mancini, Tatiana; Casanueva, Felipe F.; Giustina, Andrea (2008-03-01). "Hyperprolactinemia and Prolactinomas". <i>Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America</i>. Pituitary Disorders. <b>37</b> (1): 67–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecl.2007.10.013">10.1016/j.ecl.2007.10.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0889-8529">0889-8529</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18226731">18226731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology+and+Metabolism+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Hyperprolactinemia+and+Prolactinomas&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-99&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft.issn=0889-8529&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18226731&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecl.2007.10.013&rft.aulast=Mancini&rft.aufirst=Tatiana&rft.au=Casanueva%2C+Felipe+F.&rft.au=Giustina%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerhelstAbsMaitervan_den_Bruel1999" class="citation journal cs1">Verhelst, Johan; Abs, Roger; Maiter, Dominique; van den Bruel, Annick; Vandeweghe, Mark; Velkeniers, Brigitte; Mockel, Jean; Lamberigts, Gerard; Petrossians, Patrick; Coremans, Peter; Mahler, Charles (1999-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.84.7.5810">"Cabergoline in the Treatment of Hyperprolactinemia: A Study in 455 Patients"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism</i>. <b>84</b> (7): 2518–2522. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem.84.7.5810">10.1210/jcem.84.7.5810</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-972X">0021-972X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10404830">10404830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+%26+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Cabergoline+in+the+Treatment+of+Hyperprolactinemia%3A+A+Study+in+455+Patients&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=2518-2522&rft.date=1999-07-01&rft.issn=0021-972X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10404830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem.84.7.5810&rft.aulast=Verhelst&rft.aufirst=Johan&rft.au=Abs%2C+Roger&rft.au=Maiter%2C+Dominique&rft.au=van+den+Bruel%2C+Annick&rft.au=Vandeweghe%2C+Mark&rft.au=Velkeniers%2C+Brigitte&rft.au=Mockel%2C+Jean&rft.au=Lamberigts%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Petrossians%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Coremans%2C+Peter&rft.au=Mahler%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fjcem.84.7.5810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterPiscitelliPolliFerrari1994" class="citation journal cs1">Webster, Jonathan; Piscitelli, Gabriella; Polli, Anna; Ferrari, Carlo I.; Ismail, Ikram; Scanlon, Maurice F. (1994-10-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199410063311403">"A Comparison of Cabergoline and Bromocriptine in the Treatment of Hyperprolactinemic Amenorrhea"</a>. <i>New England Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>331</b> (14): 904–909. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199410063311403">10.1056/NEJM199410063311403</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-4793">0028-4793</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7915824">7915824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+Comparison+of+Cabergoline+and+Bromocriptine+in+the+Treatment+of+Hyperprolactinemic+Amenorrhea&rft.volume=331&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=904-909&rft.date=1994-10-06&rft.issn=0028-4793&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7915824&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199410063311403&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Piscitelli%2C+Gabriella&rft.au=Polli%2C+Anna&rft.au=Ferrari%2C+Carlo+I.&rft.au=Ismail%2C+Ikram&rft.au=Scanlon%2C+Maurice+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJM199410063311403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20206780-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20206780_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZintzarasKitsiosPapathanasiouKonitsiotis2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zintzaras E, Kitsios GD, Papathanasiou AA, Konitsiotis S, Miligkos M, Rodopoulou P, Hadjigeorgiou GM (February 2010). "Randomized trials of dopamine agonists in restless legs syndrome: a systematic review, quality assessment, and meta-analysis". <i>Clinical Therapeutics</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 221–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2010.01.028">10.1016/j.clinthera.2010.01.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20206780">20206780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=Randomized+trials+of+dopamine+agonists+in+restless+legs+syndrome%3A+a+systematic+review%2C+quality+assessment%2C+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=221-37&rft.date=2010-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2010.01.028&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20206780&rft.aulast=Zintzaras&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Kitsios%2C+GD&rft.au=Papathanasiou%2C+AA&rft.au=Konitsiotis%2C+S&rft.au=Miligkos%2C+M&rft.au=Rodopoulou%2C+P&rft.au=Hadjigeorgiou%2C+GM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMooreGlenmullenMattison2014" class="citation journal cs1">Moore TJ, Glenmullen J, Mattison DR (December 2014). "Reports of pathological gambling, hypersexuality, and compulsive shopping associated with dopamine receptor agonist drugs". <i>JAMA Internal Medicine</i>. <b>174</b> (12): 1930–3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjamainternmed.2014.5262">10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5262</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25329919">25329919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Reports+of+pathological+gambling%2C+hypersexuality%2C+and+compulsive+shopping+associated+with+dopamine+receptor+agonist+drugs&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1930-3&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjamainternmed.2014.5262&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25329919&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Glenmullen%2C+J&rft.au=Mattison%2C+DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvernmoHärtterBurger2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kvernmo T, Härtter S, Burger E (August 2006). "A review of the receptor-binding and pharmacokinetic properties of dopamine agonists". <i>Clinical Therapeutics</i>. <b>28</b> (8): 1065–1078. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2006.08.004">10.1016/j.clinthera.2006.08.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16982285">16982285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Therapeutics&rft.atitle=A+review+of+the+receptor-binding+and+pharmacokinetic+properties+of+dopamine+agonists&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1065-1078&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.clinthera.2006.08.004&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16982285&rft.aulast=Kvernmo&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=H%C3%A4rtter%2C+S&rft.au=Burger%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeraltaWolfAlberSeppi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Peralta C, Wolf E, Alber H, Seppi K, Müller S, Bösch S, et al. (August 2006). "Valvular heart disease in Parkinson's disease vs. controls: An echocardiographic study". <i>Movement Disorders</i>. <b>21</b> (8): 1109–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmds.20887">10.1002/mds.20887</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16622856">16622856</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26909111">26909111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Movement+Disorders&rft.atitle=Valvular+heart+disease+in+Parkinson%27s+disease+vs.+controls%3A+An+echocardiographic+study&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1109-13&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26909111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16622856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmds.20887&rft.aulast=Peralta&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Wolf%2C+E&rft.au=Alber%2C+H&rft.au=Seppi%2C+K&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+S&rft.au=B%C3%B6sch%2C+S&rft.au=Wenning%2C+GK&rft.au=Pachinger%2C+O&rft.au=Poewe%2C+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wood LD (April 2010). "Clinical review and treatment of select adverse effects of dopamine receptor agonists in Parkinson's disease". <i>Drugs & Aging</i>. <b>27</b> (4): 295–310. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F11318330-000000000-00000">10.2165/11318330-000000000-00000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20359261">20359261</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21096318">21096318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs+%26+Aging&rft.atitle=Clinical+review+and+treatment+of+select+adverse+effects+of+dopamine+receptor+agonists+in+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=295-310&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21096318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20359261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F11318330-000000000-00000&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=LD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTholfsenLarsenSchulzTysnes2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tholfsen LK, Larsen JP, Schulz J, Tysnes OB, Gjerstad MD (July 2015). "Development of excessive daytime sleepiness in early Parkinson disease". <i>Neurology</i>. <b>85</b> (2): 162–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2FWNL.0000000000001737">10.1212/WNL.0000000000001737</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26085603">26085603</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17598980">17598980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=Development+of+excessive+daytime+sleepiness+in+early+Parkinson+disease&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=162-8&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17598980%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26085603&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2FWNL.0000000000001737&rft.aulast=Tholfsen&rft.aufirst=LK&rft.au=Larsen%2C+JP&rft.au=Schulz%2C+J&rft.au=Tysnes%2C+OB&rft.au=Gjerstad%2C+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23686524-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23686524_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNirenberg2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nirenberg MJ (August 2013). "Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome: implications for patient care". <i>Drugs & Aging</i>. <b>30</b> (8): 587–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40266-013-0090-z">10.1007/s40266-013-0090-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23686524">23686524</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207489653">207489653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs+%26+Aging&rft.atitle=Dopamine+agonist+withdrawal+syndrome%3A+implications+for+patient+care&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=587-92&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207489653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23686524&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40266-013-0090-z&rft.aulast=Nirenberg&rft.aufirst=MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJostBrück2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jost WH, Brück C (October 2002). "Drug interactions in the treatment of Parkinson's disease". <i>Journal of Neurology</i>. <b>249</b> (Suppl 3): III/24–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00415-002-1305-0">10.1007/s00415-002-1305-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12522568">12522568</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39469174">39469174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology&rft.atitle=Drug+interactions+in+the+treatment+of+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=249&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=III%2F24-9&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39469174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12522568&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00415-002-1305-0&rft.aulast=Jost&rft.aufirst=WH&rft.au=Br%C3%BCck%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeVane1983" class="citation journal cs1">DeVane, C. Lindsay (April 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bdd.2510040213">"Pharmacokinetics (2nd edn, revised and expanded), M. Gibaldi and D. Perrier (Vol. 15 of Drugs and the pharmaceutical sciences), Marcel Dekker, New York, 1982"</a>. <i>Biopharmaceutics & Drug Disposition</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 201. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbdd.2510040213">10.1002/bdd.2510040213</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0142-2782">0142-2782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biopharmaceutics+%26+Drug+Disposition&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetics+%282nd+edn%2C+revised+and+expanded%29%2C+M.+Gibaldi+and+D.+Perrier+%28Vol.+15+of+Drugs+and+the+pharmaceutical+sciences%29%2C+Marcel+Dekker%2C+New+York%2C+1982&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201&rft.date=1983-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbdd.2510040213&rft.issn=0142-2782&rft.aulast=DeVane&rft.aufirst=C.+Lindsay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1002%2Fbdd.2510040213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlin2003" class="citation journal cs1">Blin O (December 2003). "The pharmacokinetics of pergolide in Parkinson's disease". <i>Current Opinion in Neurology</i>. <b>16</b> (Suppl 1): S9-12. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00019052-200312001-00003">10.1097/00019052-200312001-00003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15180132">15180132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1734931">1734931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Opinion+in+Neurology&rft.atitle=The+pharmacokinetics+of+pergolide+in+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S9-12&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1734931%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15180132&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00019052-200312001-00003&rft.aulast=Blin&rft.aufirst=O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayeNicholls2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kaye CM, Nicholls B (October 2000). "Clinical pharmacokinetics of ropinirole". <i>Clinical Pharmacokinetics</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 243–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2165%2F00003088-200039040-00001">10.2165/00003088-200039040-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11069211">11069211</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9977681">9977681</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Pharmacokinetics&rft.atitle=Clinical+pharmacokinetics+of+ropinirole&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=243-54&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9977681%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11069211&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2165%2F00003088-200039040-00001&rft.aulast=Kaye&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Nicholls%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElshoffCawelloAndreasMathy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Elshoff JP, Cawello W, Andreas JO, Mathy FX, Braun M (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382528">"An update on pharmacological, pharmacokinetic properties and drug-drug interactions of rotigotine transdermal system in Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome"</a>. <i>Drugs</i>. <b>75</b> (5): 487–501. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40265-015-0377-y">10.1007/s40265-015-0377-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382528">4382528</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25795100">25795100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drugs&rft.atitle=An+update+on+pharmacological%2C+pharmacokinetic+properties+and+drug-drug+interactions+of+rotigotine+transdermal+system+in+Parkinson%27s+disease+and+restless+legs+syndrome&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=487-501&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4382528%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25795100&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40265-015-0377-y&rft.aulast=Elshoff&rft.aufirst=JP&rft.au=Cawello%2C+W&rft.au=Andreas%2C+JO&rft.au=Mathy%2C+FX&rft.au=Braun%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4382528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonUrsCaron2012" class="citation cs2">Peterson SM, Urs N, Caron MG (2012-01-01), Robertson D, Biaggioni I, Burnstock G, Low PA (eds.), "Chapter 13 - Dopamine Receptors", <i>Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System (Third Edition)</i>, Academic Press, pp. 67–70, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-386525-0.00013-5">10.1016/B978-0-12-386525-0.00013-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123865250" title="Special:BookSources/9780123865250"><bdi>9780123865250</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Primer+on+the+Autonomic+Nervous+System+%28Third+Edition%29&rft.atitle=Chapter+13+-+Dopamine+Receptors&rft.pages=67-70&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-386525-0.00013-5&rft.isbn=9780123865250&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Sean+M.&rft.au=Urs%2C+Nikhil&rft.au=Caron%2C+Marc+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rndsystems.com/pathways/dopamine-d1-receptor-family-signaling-pathways">"Dopamine D<sub>1</sub>-Like Receptor Family Signaling Pathways"</a>. <i>www.rndsystems.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.rndsystems.com&rft.atitle=Dopamine+D%3Csub%3E1%3C%2Fsub%3E-Like+Receptor+Family+Signaling+Pathways&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rndsystems.com%2Fpathways%2Fdopamine-d1-receptor-family-signaling-pathways&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWengWangZhuXu2019" class="citation journal cs1">Weng JJ, Wang LH, Zhu H, Xu WR, Wei YM, Wang ZY, et al. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6689661">"3 partial agonist pramipexole on neuroleptic-induced extrapyramidal symptoms and symptoms of schizophrenia: a stage-1 open-label pilot study"</a>. <i>Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment</i>. <b>15</b>: 2195–2203. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FNDT.S205933">10.2147/NDT.S205933</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6689661">6689661</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31496702">31496702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychiatric+Disease+and+Treatment&rft.atitle=3+partial+agonist+pramipexole+on+neuroleptic-induced+extrapyramidal+symptoms+and+symptoms+of+schizophrenia%3A+a+stage-1+open-label+pilot+study&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=2195-2203&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6689661%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31496702&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FNDT.S205933&rft.aulast=Weng&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Wang%2C+LH&rft.au=Zhu%2C+H&rft.au=Xu%2C+WR&rft.au=Wei%2C+YM&rft.au=Wang%2C+ZY&rft.au=Yu%2C+WJ&rft.au=Li%2C+HF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6689661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavikumarSridhar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ravikumar K, Sridhar B (May 2006). "Ropinirole hydrochloride, a dopamine agonist". <i>Acta Crystallographica Section C</i>. <b>62</b> (Pt 5): o265-7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006AcCrC..62O.265R">2006AcCrC..62O.265R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1107%2FS0108270106010535">10.1107/S0108270106010535</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16679599">16679599</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallographica+Section+C&rft.atitle=Ropinirole+hydrochloride%2C+a+dopamine+agonist&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=Pt+5&rft.pages=o265-7&rft.date=2006-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16679599&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1107%2FS0108270106010535&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006AcCrC..62O.265R&rft.aulast=Ravikumar&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Sridhar%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanks2009" class="citation journal cs1">Banks WA (June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697631">"Characteristics of compounds that cross the blood-brain barrier"</a>. <i>BMC Neurology</i>. <b>9</b> (Suppl 1): S3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2377-9-S1-S3">10.1186/1471-2377-9-S1-S3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2697631">2697631</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19534732">19534732</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Neurology&rft.atitle=Characteristics+of+compounds+that+cross+the+blood-brain+barrier&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=S3&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2697631%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19534732&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2377-9-S1-S3&rft.aulast=Banks&rft.aufirst=WA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2697631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBestNijhoutReed2009" class="citation journal cs1">Best JA, Nijhout HF, Reed MC (September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755466">"Homeostatic mechanisms in dopamine synthesis and release: a mathematical model"</a>. <i>Theoretical Biology & Medical Modelling</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1742-4682-6-21">10.1186/1742-4682-6-21</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2755466">2755466</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19740446">19740446</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Biology+%26+Medical+Modelling&rft.atitle=Homeostatic+mechanisms+in+dopamine+synthesis+and+release%3A+a+mathematical+model&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2755466%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19740446&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1742-4682-6-21&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Nijhout%2C+HF&rft.au=Reed%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2755466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11011012-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11011012_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKageyamaNakamuraMatsuoYamasaki2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kageyama T, Nakamura M, Matsuo A, Yamasaki Y, Takakura Y, Hashida M, et al. (October 2000). "The 4F2hc/LAT1 complex transports L-DOPA across the blood-brain barrier". <i>Brain Research</i>. <b>879</b> (1–2): 115–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0006-8993%2800%2902758-x">10.1016/s0006-8993(00)02758-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11011012">11011012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33605179">33605179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research&rft.atitle=The+4F2hc%2FLAT1+complex+transports+L-DOPA+across+the+blood-brain+barrier&rft.volume=879&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=115-21&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33605179%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11011012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0006-8993%2800%2902758-x&rft.aulast=Kageyama&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Nakamura%2C+M&rft.au=Matsuo%2C+A&rft.au=Yamasaki%2C+Y&rft.au=Takakura%2C+Y&rft.au=Hashida%2C+M&rft.au=Kanai%2C+Y&rft.au=Naito%2C+M&rft.au=Tsuruo%2C+T&rft.au=Minato%2C+N&rft.au=Shimohama%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannon1983" class="citation journal cs1">Cannon JG (1983). "Structure-activity relationships of dopamine agonists". <i>Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology</i>. <b>23</b>: 103–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.pa.23.040183.000535">10.1146/annurev.pa.23.040183.000535</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6347047">6347047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Pharmacology+and+Toxicology&rft.atitle=Structure-activity+relationships+of+dopamine+agonists&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=103-29&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.pa.23.040183.000535&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6347047&rft.aulast=Cannon&rft.aufirst=JG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdaKumeIzumiTakada-Takatori2008" class="citation journal cs1">Oda T, Kume T, Izumi Y, Takada-Takatori Y, Niidome T, Akaike A (November 2008). "Bromocriptine, a dopamine D(2) receptor agonist with the structure of the amino acid ergot alkaloids, induces neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells". <i>European Journal of Pharmacology</i>. <b>598</b> (1–3): 27–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2008.09.015">10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.09.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18835264">18835264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Bromocriptine%2C+a+dopamine+D%282%29+receptor+agonist+with+the+structure+of+the+amino+acid+ergot+alkaloids%2C+induces+neurite+outgrowth+in+PC12+cells&rft.volume=598&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.pages=27-31&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejphar.2008.09.015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18835264&rft.aulast=Oda&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Kume%2C+T&rft.au=Izumi%2C+Y&rft.au=Takada-Takatori%2C+Y&rft.au=Niidome%2C+T&rft.au=Akaike%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarksteinSeilerJatonBriner1992" class="citation journal cs1">Markstein R, Seiler MP, Jaton A, Briner U (March 1992). "Structure activity relationship and therapeutic uses of dopaminergic ergots". <i>Neurochemistry International</i>. Satellite Meeting of the XIth International Congress of Pharmacology. <b>20</b> (Suppl): 211S–214S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0197-0186%2892%2990241-I">10.1016/0197-0186(92)90241-I</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1365428">1365428</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27230073">27230073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurochemistry+International&rft.atitle=Structure+activity+relationship+and+therapeutic+uses+of+dopaminergic+ergots&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=Suppl&rft.pages=211S-214S&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27230073%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1365428&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0197-0186%2892%2990241-I&rft.aulast=Markstein&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Seiler%2C+MP&rft.au=Jaton%2C+A&rft.au=Briner%2C+U&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerachonSchwartzSokoloff1999" class="citation journal cs1">Perachon S, Schwartz JC, Sokoloff P (February 1999). "Functional potencies of new antiparkinsonian drugs at recombinant human dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptors". <i>European Journal of Pharmacology</i>. <b>366</b> (2–3): 293–300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0014-2999%2898%2900896-6">10.1016/S0014-2999(98)00896-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10082211">10082211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=Functional+potencies+of+new+antiparkinsonian+drugs+at+recombinant+human+dopamine+D1%2C+D2+and+D3+receptors&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=293-300&rft.date=1999-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0014-2999%2898%2900896-6&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10082211&rft.aulast=Perachon&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+JC&rft.au=Sokoloff%2C+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlataniaSalomoneLeggioDrago2012" class="citation journal cs1">Platania CB, Salomone S, Leggio GM, Drago F, Bucolo C (2012-09-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435408">"Homology modeling of dopamine D2 and D3 receptors: molecular dynamics refinement and docking evaluation"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (9): e44316. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...744316P">2012PLoSO...744316P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044316">10.1371/journal.pone.0044316</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435408">3435408</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22970199">22970199</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Homology+modeling+of+dopamine+D2+and+D3+receptors%3A+molecular+dynamics+refinement+and+docking+evaluation&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e44316&rft.date=2012-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3435408%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22970199&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0044316&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...744316P&rft.aulast=Platania&rft.aufirst=CB&rft.au=Salomone%2C+S&rft.au=Leggio%2C+GM&rft.au=Drago%2C+F&rft.au=Bucolo%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3435408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorkarMuHolm2018" class="citation journal cs1">Borkar N, Mu H, Holm R (2018-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7032113">"Challenges and trends in apomorphine drug delivery systems for the treatment of Parkinson's disease"</a>. <i>Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences</i>. Formulation strategies and manufacturing technologies to enhance non-invasive drug delivery. <b>13</b> (6): 507–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajps.2017.11.004">10.1016/j.ajps.2017.11.004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1818-0876">1818-0876</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7032113">7032113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32104425">32104425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Pharmaceutical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Challenges+and+trends+in+apomorphine+drug+delivery+systems+for+the+treatment+of+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=507-517&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7032113%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1818-0876&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32104425&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajps.2017.11.004&rft.aulast=Borkar&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Mu%2C+H&rft.au=Holm%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7032113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubramony2006" class="citation journal cs1">Subramony JA (2006). "Apomorphine in dopaminergic therapy". <i>Molecular Pharmaceutics</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 380–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fmp060012c">10.1021/mp060012c</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16889431">16889431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Pharmaceutics&rft.atitle=Apomorphine+in+dopaminergic+therapy&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=380-5&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fmp060012c&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16889431&rft.aulast=Subramony&rft.aufirst=JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisgaardJensenJørgensenBang-Andersen2014" class="citation journal cs1">Risgaard R, Jensen M, Jørgensen M, Bang-Andersen B, Christoffersen CT, Jensen KG, et al. (January 2014). "Synthesis and SAR study of a novel series of dopamine receptor agonists". <i>Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 381–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.bmc.2013.11.012">10.1016/j.bmc.2013.11.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24296012">24296012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bioorganic+%26+Medicinal+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+SAR+study+of+a+novel+series+of+dopamine+receptor+agonists&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=381-92&rft.date=2014-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.bmc.2013.11.012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24296012&rft.aulast=Risgaard&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Jensen%2C+M&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+M&rft.au=Bang-Andersen%2C+B&rft.au=Christoffersen%2C+CT&rft.au=Jensen%2C+KG&rft.au=Kristensen%2C+JL&rft.au=P%C3%BCschl%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeemanGuanHirbec2009" class="citation journal cs1">Seeman P, Guan HC, Hirbec H (2009). "Dopamine D2High receptors stimulated by phencyclidines, lysergic acid diethylamide, salvinorin A, and modafinil". <i>Synapse</i>. <b>63</b> (8): 698–704. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fsyn.20647">10.1002/syn.20647</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19391150">19391150</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17758902">17758902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Synapse&rft.atitle=Dopamine+D2High+receptors+stimulated+by+phencyclidines%2C+lysergic+acid+diethylamide%2C+salvinorin+A%2C+and+modafinil&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=698-704&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17758902%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19391150&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fsyn.20647&rft.aulast=Seeman&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Guan%2C+HC&rft.au=Hirbec%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25660762-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25660762_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConroyFreeSibley2015" class="citation journal cs1">Conroy JL, Free RB, Sibley DR (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5234767">"Identification of G protein-biased agonists that fail to recruit β-arrestin or promote internalization of the D1 dopamine receptor"</a>. <i>ACS Chemical Neuroscience</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 681–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facschemneuro.5b00020">10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5234767">5234767</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25660762">25660762</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Chemical+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Identification+of+G+protein-biased+agonists+that+fail+to+recruit+%CE%B2-arrestin+or+promote+internalization+of+the+D1+dopamine+receptor&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=681-92&rft.date=2015-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5234767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25660762&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facschemneuro.5b00020&rft.aulast=Conroy&rft.aufirst=JL&rft.au=Free%2C+RB&rft.au=Sibley%2C+DR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5234767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/press-release-fda-announces-voluntary-withdrawal-of-pergolide-products">FDA Announces Voluntary Withdrawal of Pergolide Products</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateraQuadriPelucchiDe_Amici2014" class="citation journal cs1">Matera C, Quadri M, Pelucchi S, De Amici M, Dallanoce C (April 17, 2014). "A convenient synthesis of 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)indolin-2-one, a useful intermediate for the preparation of both dopamine receptor agonists and protein kinase inhibitors". <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monatshefte_f%C3%BCr_Chemie_-_Chemical_Monthly" class="extiw" title="fr:Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly">Monatshefte für Chemie</a></i>. <b>145</b> (7): 1139–1144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00706-014-1211-z">10.1007/s00706-014-1211-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2434%2F236639">2434/236639</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84265684">84265684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatshefte+f%C3%BCr+Chemie&rft.atitle=A+convenient+synthesis+of+4-%282-hydroxyethyl%29indolin-2-one%2C+a+useful+intermediate+for+the+preparation+of+both+dopamine+receptor+agonists+and+protein+kinase+inhibitors&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1139-1144&rft.date=2014-04-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2434%2F236639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84265684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00706-014-1211-z&rft.aulast=Matera&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Quadri%2C+M&rft.au=Pelucchi%2C+S&rft.au=De+Amici%2C+M&rft.au=Dallanoce%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid10696081-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid10696081_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgPang2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ng SS, Pang CC (March 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571905">"In vivo venodilator action of fenoldopam, a dopamine D(1)-receptor agonist"</a>. <i>British Journal of Pharmacology</i>. <b>129</b> (5): 853–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0703119">10.1038/sj.bjp.0703119</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1571905">1571905</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10696081">10696081</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Pharmacology&rft.atitle=In+vivo+venodilator+action+of+fenoldopam%2C+a+dopamine+D%281%29-receptor+agonist&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=853-8&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1571905%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10696081&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.bjp.0703119&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=SS&rft.au=Pang%2C+CC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1571905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatanabeUramoto1986" class="citation journal cs1">Watanabe, H.; Uramoto, H. (June 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/002839088690208X">"Caffeine mimics dopamine receptor agonists without stimulation of dopamine receptors"</a>. <i>Neuropharmacology</i>. <b>25</b> (6): 577–581. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0028-3908%2886%2990208-X">10.1016/0028-3908(86)90208-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3748312">3748312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Caffeine+mimics+dopamine+receptor+agonists+without+stimulation+of+dopamine+receptors&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=577-581&rft.date=1986-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0028-3908%2886%2990208-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3748312&rft.aulast=Watanabe&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Uramoto%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2F002839088690208X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangTan2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang J, Tan LC (2016-04-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4876591">"Revisiting the Medical Management of Parkinson's Disease: Levodopa versus Dopamine Agonist"</a>. <i>Current Neuropharmacology</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 356–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174%2F1570159X14666151208114634">10.2174/1570159X14666151208114634</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4876591">4876591</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26644151">26644151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Neuropharmacology&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Medical+Management+of+Parkinson%27s+Disease%3A+Levodopa+versus+Dopamine+Agonist&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=356-63&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4876591%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26644151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2174%2F1570159X14666151208114634&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Tan%2C+LC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4876591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolosaMartíValldeoriolaMolinuevo1998" class="citation journal cs1">Tolosa E, Martí MJ, Valldeoriola F, Molinuevo JL (June 1998). "History of levodopa and dopamine agonists in Parkinson's disease treatment". <i>Neurology</i>. <b>50</b> (6 Suppl 6): S2–10, discussion S44–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1212%2Fwnl.50.6_suppl_6.s2">10.1212/wnl.50.6_suppl_6.s2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9633679">9633679</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:25603106">25603106</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurology&rft.atitle=History+of+levodopa+and+dopamine+agonists+in+Parkinson%27s+disease+treatment&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=6+Suppl+6&rft.pages=S2-10%2C+discussion+S44-8&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A25603106%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9633679&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1212%2Fwnl.50.6_suppl_6.s2&rft.aulast=Tolosa&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Mart%C3%AD%2C+MJ&rft.au=Valldeoriola%2C+F&rft.au=Molinuevo%2C+JL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolanArmstrongArmstrong2017" class="citation book cs1">Golan DE, Armstrong EJ, Armstrong AW (2017). <i>Principles of pharmacology - the pathophysiologic basis of drug therapy</i>. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer. pp. 214–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781451191004" title="Special:BookSources/9781451191004"><bdi>9781451191004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+pharmacology+-+the+pathophysiologic+basis+of+drug+therapy&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=214-215&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781451191004&rft.aulast=Golan&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Ehrin+J&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+April+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvanziUberBonfà2004" class="citation journal cs1">Avanzi M, Uber E, Bonfà F (June 2004). "Pathological gambling in two patients on dopamine replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease". <i>Neurological Sciences</i>. <b>25</b> (2): 98–101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10072-004-0238-z">10.1007/s10072-004-0238-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15221629">15221629</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21255326">21255326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neurological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Pathological+gambling+in+two+patients+on+dopamine+replacement+therapy+for+Parkinson%27s+disease&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=98-101&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21255326%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15221629&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10072-004-0238-z&rft.aulast=Avanzi&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Uber%2C+E&rft.au=Bonf%C3%A0%2C+F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADopamine+agonist" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Dopamine+Agonists">Dopamine+Agonists</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dopamine_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Dopamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Dopamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dopamine_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dopamine receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dopamine_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_receptor" title="Dopamine receptor">Dopamine receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/D1-like_receptor" title="D1-like receptor">D<sub>1</sub>-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Benzazepines</i>: <a href="/wiki/6-Br-APB" title="6-Br-APB">6-Br-APB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenoldopam" title="Fenoldopam">Fenoldopam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-38,393" title="SKF-38,393">SKF-38,393</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-77,434" title="SKF-77,434">SKF-77,434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-81,297" title="SKF-81,297">SKF-81,297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-82,958" title="SKF-82,958">SKF-82,958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-83,959" title="SKF-83,959">SKF-83,959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepipam" title="Trepipam">Trepipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelandopam" title="Zelandopam">Zelandopam</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Ergolines</i>: <a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">Cabergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CY-208,243" title="CY-208,243">CY-208,243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">Dihydroergocryptine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LEK-8829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEK-8829 (page does not exist)">LEK-8829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">Pergolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Dihydrexidine derivatives</i>: <a href="/wiki/A-77636" title="A-77636">A-77636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-86929" title="A-86929">A-86929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrogolide" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrogolide">Adrogolide (ABT-431, DAS-431)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrexidine" title="Dihydrexidine">Dihydrexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinapsoline" title="Dinapsoline">Dinapsoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoxyline" title="Dinoxyline">Dinoxyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxanthrine" title="Doxanthrine">Doxanthrine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Phenethylamines</i>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=BCO-001&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BCO-001 (page does not exist)">BCO-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA"><small>L</small>-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine"><small>L</small>-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine"><small>L</small>-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others</i>: <a href="/wiki/A-68930" title="A-68930">A-68930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocorypalmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocorypalmine (page does not exist)">Isocorypalmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuciferine" title="Nuciferine">Nuciferine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-6649751" class="mw-redirect" title="PF-6649751">PF-6649751</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF_6669571&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF 6669571 (page does not exist)">PF 6669571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylnorapomorphine" title="Propylnorapomorphine">Propylnorapomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-89,145" title="SKF-89,145">SKF-89,145</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SKF-89,626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SKF-89,626 (page does not exist)">SKF-89,626</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepholidine" title="Stepholidine">Stepholidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tavapadon" title="Tavapadon">Tavapadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">PAMs<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Tetrahydroisoquinolines</i>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=DETQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DETQ (page does not exist)">DETQ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DPTQ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DPTQ (page does not exist)">DPTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevidalen" title="Mevidalen">Mevidalen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Typical antipsychotics</i>: <a href="/wiki/Butaclamol" title="Butaclamol">Butaclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">Chlorprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol (flupenthixol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flupentixol/melitracen" title="Flupentixol/melitracen">+melitracen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine" title="Amitriptyline/perphenazine">+amitriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pifluthixol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pifluthixol (page does not exist)">Pifluthixol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothixene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiothixene">Thiothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine" title="Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine">+tranylcypromine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Atypical antipsychotics</i>: <a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">Clorotepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiapine" title="Clotiapine">Clotiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHA-clozapine" title="DHA-clozapine">DHA-clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">Fluperlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclozapine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norclozapine">Norclozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Norquetiapine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norquetiapine (page does not exist)">Norquetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine" title="Olanzapine/fluoxetine">+fluoxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tefludazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tefludazine (page does not exist)">Tefludazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zicronapine" title="Zicronapine">Zicronapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others</i>: <a href="/wiki/Berupipam" title="Berupipam">Berupipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopipam" title="Ecopipam">Ecopipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline" title="N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline">EEDQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odapipam" title="Odapipam">Odapipam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perlapine" title="Perlapine">Perlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCH-23390" title="SCH-23390">SCH-23390</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/D2-like_receptor" title="D2-like receptor">D<sub>2</sub>-like</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Adamantanes</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Aminotetralins</i>: <a href="/wiki/5-OH-DPAT" title="5-OH-DPAT">5-OH-DPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-OH-DPAT" title="7-OH-DPAT">7-OH-DPAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8-OH-PBZI" title="8-OH-PBZI">8-OH-PBZI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotigotine" title="Rotigotine">Rotigotine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UH-232" title="UH-232">UH-232</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Ergolines</i>: <a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabergoline" title="Cabergoline">Cabergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanoclavine" title="Chanoclavine">Chanoclavine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroergocryptine" title="Dihydroergocryptine">Dihydroergocryptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicriptine" title="Epicriptine">Epicriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergocornine" title="Ergocornine">Ergocornine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lergotrile" title="Lergotrile">Lergotrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisuride" title="Lisuride">Lisuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergolide" title="Pergolide">Pergolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Dihydrexidine derivatives</i>: <a href="/wiki/2-OH-NPA" title="2-OH-NPA">2-OH-NPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciladopa" title="Ciladopa">Ciladopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrexidine" title="Dihydrexidine">Dihydrexidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinoxyline" title="Dinoxyline">Dinoxyline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N,N-Propyldihydrexidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N,N-Propyldihydrexidine (page does not exist)">N,N-Propyldihydrexidine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Phenethylamines</i>: <a href="/wiki/Deoxyepinephrine" title="Deoxyepinephrine">Deoxyepinephrine (N-methyldopamine, epinine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopexamine" title="Dopexamine">Dopexamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etilevodopa" title="Etilevodopa">Etilevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibopamine" title="Ibopamine">Ibopamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-DOPA" title="L-DOPA"><small>L</small>-DOPA (levodopa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine"><small>L</small>-Phenylalanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine"><small>L</small>-Tyrosine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melevodopa" title="Melevodopa">Melevodopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XP21279" class="mw-redirect" title="XP21279">XP21279</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Atypical antipsychotics</i>: <a href="/wiki/Alentemol" title="Alentemol">Alentemol (U-66444B)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole" title="Aripiprazole">Aripiprazole</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole/sertraline" title="Aripiprazole/sertraline">+sertraline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aripiprazole_lauroxil" title="Aripiprazole lauroxil">Aripiprazole lauroxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifeprunox" title="Bifeprunox">Bifeprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brexpiprazole" title="Brexpiprazole">Brexpiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brilaroxazine" title="Brilaroxazine">Brilaroxazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariprazine" title="Cariprazine">Cariprazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-15063" title="F-15063">F-15063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumateperone" title="Lumateperone">Lumateperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclozapine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norclozapine">Norclozapine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others</i>: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A-412997" title="A-412997">A-412997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-670" title="ABT-670">ABT-670</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABT-724" title="ABT-724">ABT-724</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrafinil" title="Adrafinil">Adrafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplindore" title="Aplindore">Aplindore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apomorphine" title="Apomorphine">Apomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armodafinil" title="Armodafinil">Armodafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP-897" title="BP-897">BP-897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captodiame" title="Captodiame">Captodiame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP-226,269" title="CP-226,269">CP-226,269</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flibanserin" title="Flibanserin">Flibanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesulergine" title="Mesulergine">Mesulergine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modafinil" title="Modafinil">Modafinil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSU-6162" title="OSU-6162">OSU-6162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardoprunox" title="Pardoprunox">Pardoprunox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-128,907" title="PD-128,907">PD-128,907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-168,077" title="PD-168,077">PD-168,077</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-219,061" title="PF-219,061">PF-219,061</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-592,379" title="PF-592,379">PF-592,379</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piribedil" title="Piribedil">Piribedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramipexole" title="Pramipexole">Pramipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preclamol" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclamol">Preclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylnorapomorphine" title="Propylnorapomorphine">Propylnorapomorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukateine" title="Pukateine">Pukateine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinagolide" title="Quinagolide">Quinagolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinelorane" title="Quinelorane">Quinelorane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinpirole" title="Quinpirole">Quinpirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RDS-127" title="RDS-127">RDS-127</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro10-5824" title="Ro10-5824">Ro10-5824</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropinirole" title="Ropinirole">Ropinirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxindole" title="Roxindole">Roxindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvinorin_A" title="Salvinorin A">Salvinorin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SKF-83,959" title="SKF-83,959">SKF-83,959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumanirole" title="Sumanirole">Sumanirole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talipexole" title="Talipexole">Talipexole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umespirone" title="Umespirone">Umespirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAY-100,635" class="mw-redirect" title="WAY-100,635">WAY-100,635</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Typical antipsychotics</i>: <a href="/wiki/Acepromazine" title="Acepromazine">Acepromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetophenazine" title="Acetophenazine">Acetophenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaperone" title="Azaperone">Azaperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benperidol" title="Benperidol">Benperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromperidol" title="Bromperidol">Bromperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaclamol" title="Butaclamol">Butaclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butaperazine" title="Butaperazine">Butaperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloracizine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloracizine">Chloracizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorproethazine" title="Chlorproethazine">Chlorproethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorprothixene" title="Chlorprothixene">Chlorprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclindole" title="Ciclindole">Ciclindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopenthixol" title="Clopenthixol">Clopenthixol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clothixamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clothixamide (page does not exist)">Clothixamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopimozide" title="Clopimozide">Clopimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droperidol" title="Droperidol">Droperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluacizine" title="Fluacizine">Fluacizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluanisone" title="Fluanisone">Fluanisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flucindole" title="Flucindole">Flucindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluotracen" title="Fluotracen">Fluotracen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupentixol" title="Flupentixol">Flupentixol (flupenthixol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flupentixol/melitracen" title="Flupentixol/melitracen">+melitracen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluphenazine" title="Fluphenazine">Fluphenazine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluprothixene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluprothixene (page does not exist)">Fluprothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluspirilene" title="Fluspirilene">Fluspirilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homopipramol" title="Homopipramol">Homopipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenperone" title="Lenperone">Lenperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomepromazine" title="Levomepromazine">Levomepromazine (methotrimeprazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levosulpiride" title="Levosulpiride">Levosulpiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loxapine" title="Loxapine">Loxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoridazine" title="Mesoridazine">Mesoridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moperone" title="Moperone">Moperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naranol" title="Naranol">Naranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemonapride" title="Nemonapride">Nemonapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penfluridol" title="Penfluridol">Penfluridol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perathiepin" title="Perathiepin">Perathiepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perazine" title="Perazine">Perazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periciazine" title="Periciazine">Pericyazine (periciazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perphenazine" title="Perphenazine">Perphenazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amitriptyline/perphenazine" title="Amitriptyline/perphenazine">+amitriptyline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piflutixol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piflutixol (page does not exist)">Piflutixol (pifluthixol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipamperone" title="Pipamperone">Pipamperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preclamol" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclamol">Preclamol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochlorperazine" title="Prochlorperazine">Prochlorperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promazine" title="Promazine">Promazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prothipendyl" title="Prothipendyl">Prothipendyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiperone" title="Spiperone">Spiperone (spiroperidol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulforidazine" title="Sulforidazine">Sulforidazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">Sulpiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultopride" title="Sultopride">Sultopride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teflutixol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teflutixol (page does not exist)">Teflutixol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiopropazate" title="Thiopropazate">Thiopropazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioproperazine" title="Thioproperazine">Thioproperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiothixene" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiothixene">Thiothixene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timiperone" title="Timiperone">Timiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine" title="Tranylcypromine/trifluoperazine">+tranylcypromine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triflupromazine" title="Triflupromazine">Triflupromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluperidol" title="Trifluperidol">Trifluperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zetidoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zetidoline (page does not exist)">Zetidoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuclopenthixol" title="Zuclopenthixol">Zuclopenthixol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Atypical antipsychotics</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amisulpride" title="Amisulpride">Amisulpride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asenapine" title="Asenapine">Asenapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BL-1020" title="BL-1020">BL-1020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blonanserin" title="Blonanserin">Blonanserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpipramine" title="Carpipramine">Carpipramine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cinuperone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinuperone (page does not exist)">Cinuperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocapramine" title="Clocapramine">Clocapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clorotepine" title="Clorotepine">Clorotepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clotiapine" title="Clotiapine">Clotiapine (clothiapine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyamemazine" title="Cyamemazine">Cyamemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHA-clozapine" title="DHA-clozapine">DHA-clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixyrazine" title="Dixyrazine">Dixyrazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elopiprazole" title="Elopiprazole">Elopiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumezapine" title="Flumezapine">Flumezapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluperlapine" title="Fluperlapine">Fluperlapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gevotroline" title="Gevotroline">Gevotroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iloperidone" title="Iloperidone">Iloperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lurasidone" title="Lurasidone">Lurasidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazapertine" title="Mazapertine">Mazapertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melperone" title="Melperone">Melperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molindone" title="Molindone">Molindone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosapramine" title="Mosapramine">Mosapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocaperidone" title="Ocaperidone">Ocaperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olanzapine" title="Olanzapine">Olanzapine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Olanzapine/fluoxetine" title="Olanzapine/fluoxetine">+fluoxetine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paliperidone" title="Paliperidone">Paliperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perospirone" title="Perospirone">Perospirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperacetazine" title="Piperacetazine">Piperacetazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipotiazine" title="Pipotiazine">Pipotiazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piquindone" title="Piquindone">Piquindone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quetiapine" title="Quetiapine">Quetiapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remoxipride" title="Remoxipride">Remoxipride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">Risperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tefludazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tefludazine (page does not exist)">Tefludazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenilapine" title="Tenilapine">Tenilapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiospirone" title="Tiospirone">Tiospirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veralipride" title="Veralipride">Veralipride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zicronapine" title="Zicronapine">Zicronapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziprasidone" title="Ziprasidone">Ziprasidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zotepine" title="Zotepine">Zotepine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antiemetics/gastroprokinetics/sedatives</i>: <a href="/wiki/Aceprometazine" title="Aceprometazine">Aceprometazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AS-8112" title="AS-8112">AS-8112</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alimemazine" title="Alimemazine">Alimemazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alizapride" title="Alizapride">Alizapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzquinamide" title="Benzquinamide">Benzquinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromopride" title="Bromopride">Bromopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clebopride" title="Clebopride">Clebopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deudomperidone" title="Deudomperidone">Deudomperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eticlopride" title="Eticlopride">Eticlopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyzine" title="Hydroxyzine">Hydroxyzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itopride" title="Itopride">Itopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">Metoclopramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metopimazine" title="Metopimazine">Metopimazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiethylperazine" title="Thiethylperazine">Thiethylperazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trazpiroben" title="Trazpiroben">Trazpiroben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethobenzamide" title="Trimethobenzamide">Trimethobenzamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antidepressants</i>: <a href="/wiki/Amoxapine" title="Amoxapine">Amoxapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefazodone" title="Nefazodone">Nefazodone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opipramol" title="Opipramol">Opipramol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiomazine" title="Propiomazine">Propiomazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimipramine" title="Trimipramine">Trimipramine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others</i>: <a href="/wiki/3-PPP" title="3-PPP">3-PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpiropride" title="Alpiropride">Alpiropride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azapride" title="Azapride">Azapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromerguride" title="Bromerguride">Bromerguride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromocriptine" title="Bromocriptine">Bromocriptine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buspirone" title="Buspirone">Buspirone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmethoxyfallypride" title="Desmethoxyfallypride">Desmethoxyfallypride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline" title="N-Ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline">EEDQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-15063" title="F-15063">F-15063</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallypride" title="Fallypride">Fallypride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fananserin" title="Fananserin">Fananserin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenfluramine" title="Fenfluramine">Fenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodobenzamide" title="Iodobenzamide">Iodobenzamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocorypalmine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocorypalmine (page does not exist)">Isocorypalmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-741,626" title="L-741,626">L-741,626</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-745,870" title="L-745,870">L-745,870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levofenfluramine" title="Levofenfluramine">Levofenfluramine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LEK-8829&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LEK-8829 (page does not exist)">LEK-8829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metergoline" title="Metergoline">Metergoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metitepine" title="Metitepine">Metitepine (methiothepin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylspiperone" title="N-Methylspiperone">N-Methylspiperone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafadotride" title="Nafadotride">Nafadotride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuciferine" title="Nuciferine">Nuciferine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-99,194" title="PNU-99,194">PNU-99,194</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridopidine" title="Pridopidine">Pridopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raclopride" title="Raclopride">Raclopride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarizotan" title="Sarizotan">Sarizotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SB-277,011-A" title="SB-277,011-A">SB-277,011-A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seridopidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seridopidine (page does not exist)">Seridopidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonepiprazole" title="Sonepiprazole">Sonepiprazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxatrine" title="Spiroxatrine">Spiroxatrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepholidine" title="Stepholidine">Stepholidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SV-293&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SV-293 (page does not exist)">SV-293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terguride" title="Terguride">Terguride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiapride" title="Tiapride">Tiapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UH-232" title="UH-232">UH-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yohimbine" title="Yohimbine">Yohimbine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><small><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Adrenergic_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Adrenergic receptor modulators">Adrenergics</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Serotonin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Serotonin receptor modulators">Serotonergics</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_reuptake_inhibitors" title="Template:Monoamine reuptake inhibitors">Monoamine reuptake inhibitors</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_releasing_agents" title="Template:Monoamine releasing agents">Monoamine releasing agents</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_metabolism_modulators" title="Template:Monoamine metabolism modulators">Monoamine metabolism modulators</a></i></small></li> <li><small><i><a href="/wiki/Template:Monoamine_neurotoxins" title="Template:Monoamine neurotoxins">Monoamine neurotoxins</a></i></small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacomodulation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacomodulation" title="Template:Pharmacomodulation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharmacomodulation" title="Template talk:Pharmacomodulation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacomodulation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacomodulation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharmacomodulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacomodulation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a>: <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inducer" title="Enzyme inducer">Inducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Inhibitor</a></li></ul> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel</a>: <a href="/wiki/Channel_opener" title="Channel opener">Opener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_blocker" title="Channel blocker">Blocker</a></li></ul> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">Partial agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">Inverse agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">Positive allosteric modulator</a> (PAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative allosteric modulator">Negative allosteric modulator</a> (NAM)</li></ul> <ul><li>♦ <a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">Transporter</a> [<a href="/wiki/Reuptake" title="Reuptake">Reuptake</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transport" title="Reverse transport">Efflux</a>]: <a href="/wiki/Reuptake_enhancer" title="Reuptake enhancer">Enhancer</a> (RE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuptake_inhibitor" title="Reuptake inhibitor">Inhibitor</a> (RI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Releasing_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Releasing agent">Releaser</a> (RA)</li></ul> <ul><li>♦ Miscellaneous: <a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">see <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzyme_inhibition" title="Template:Enzyme inhibition">Enzyme inhibition</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">See <a href="/wiki/Template:Channel_blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Channel blockers">Ion channel modulators</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor</a> &<br /><a href="/wiki/Membrane_transport_protein" title="Membrane transport protein">transporter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_amine" title="Biogenic amine">BA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Monoamine_neurotransmitter" title="Monoamine neurotransmitter">M</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Adrenergic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic" title="Adrenergic">Adrenergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_agonist" title="Adrenergic agonist">Adrenergic receptor agonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-adrenergic_agonist" title="Alpha-adrenergic agonist">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta-adrenergic agonist">β</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta1-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta1-adrenergic agonist">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta2-adrenergic_agonist" title="Beta2-adrenergic agonist">2</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_antagonist" title="Adrenergic antagonist">Adrenergic receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha_blocker" title="Alpha blocker">α</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alpha-1_blocker" title="Alpha-1 blocker">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-2_blocker" title="Alpha-2 blocker">2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">β</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor">Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor</a> (NRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dopaminergic" title="Dopaminergic">Dopaminergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dopamine receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">Dopamine receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitor</a> (DRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histaminergic" title="Histaminergic">Histaminergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_agonist" title="Histamine agonist">Histamine receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Histamine antagonist">Histamine receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H<sub>1</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H3_receptor_antagonist" title="H3 receptor antagonist">H<sub>3</sub></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Serotonin" title="Serotonin">Serotonergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_receptor_agonist" title="Serotonin receptor agonist">Serotonin receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Serotonin antagonist">Serotonin receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/5-HT3_antagonist" title="5-HT3 antagonist">5-HT<sub>3</sub></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serotonin_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Serotonin reuptake inhibitor">Serotonin reuptake inhibitor</a> (SRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">AA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GABAergic" title="GABAergic">GABAergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GABA_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA agonist">GABA receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GABA antagonist">GABA receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABA_reuptake_inhibitor" title="GABA reuptake inhibitor">GABA reuptake inhibitor</a> (GRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glutamatergic" title="Glutamatergic">Glutamatergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino acid agonist">Glutamate receptor agonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampakine" title="Ampakine">AMPA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitatory amino acid antagonist">Glutamate receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitatory_amino_acid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitor">Glutamate reuptake inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cholinergic" title="Cholinergic">Cholinergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parasympathomimetic_drug" title="Parasympathomimetic drug">Acetylcholine receptor agonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_agonist" title="Muscarinic agonist">Muscarinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_agonist" title="Nicotinic agonist">Nicotinic</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Cholinesterase inhibitor">Cholinesterase inhibitor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticholinergic" title="Anticholinergic">Acetylcholine receptor antagonist</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_antagonist" title="Muscarinic antagonist">Muscarinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_antagonist" title="Nicotinic antagonist">Nicotinic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ganglionic_blocker" title="Ganglionic blocker">Ganglionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular-blocking_drug" title="Neuromuscular-blocking drug">Muscular</a>))</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system" title="Endocannabinoid system">Cannabinoidergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">Cannabinoid receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid_receptor_antagonist" title="Cannabinoid receptor antagonist">Cannabinoid receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_enhancer" title="Endocannabinoid enhancer">Endocannabinoid enhancer</a> (eCBE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocannabinoid_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor">Endocannabinoid reuptake inhibitor</a> (eCBRI)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Opioidergic" title="Opioidergic">Opioidergic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_modulator" title="Opioid modulator">Opioid modulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">Opioid receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_antagonist" title="Opioid antagonist">Opioid receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkephalinase_inhibitor" title="Enkephalinase inhibitor">Enkephalinase inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adenosine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Adenosine reuptake inhibitor">Adenosine reuptake inhibitor</a> (AdoRI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor_antagonist" title="Endothelin receptor antagonist">Endothelin receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NK1_receptor_antagonist" title="NK1 receptor antagonist">NK<sub>1</sub> receptor antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasopressin_receptor_antagonist" title="Vasopressin receptor antagonist">Vasopressin receptor antagonist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzyme_cofactors" title="Template:Enzyme cofactors">Enzyme cofactors</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursor</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Template:Amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Amino acids">Amino acids</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Drugs_which_induce_euphoria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Euphoriants" title="Template:Euphoriants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Euphoriants" title="Template talk:Euphoriants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Euphoriants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Euphoriants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Drugs_which_induce_euphoria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Drugs which induce <a href="/wiki/Euphoriant" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphoriant">euphoria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-Opioid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ-Opioid receptor">μ-Opioid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Opioid" title="Opioid">opioids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">heroin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocodone" title="Hydrocodone">hydrocodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxycodone" title="Oxycodone">oxycodone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">opium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kratom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kratom">kratom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#.CE.B12.CE.B4_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α<sub>2</sub>δ subunit</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">voltage-dependent calcium channels</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">blockers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">gabapentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">pregabalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">phenibut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">perampanel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CB1_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="CB1 receptor">CB<sub>1</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cannabinoid" title="Cannabinoid">cannabinoids</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocannabinol" title="Tetrahydrocannabinol">THC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">cannabis</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dopamine receptor agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levodopa" title="Levodopa">levodopa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_releasing_agent" title="Dopamine releasing agent">Dopamine releasing agents</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Amphetamine" title="Amphetamine">amphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/MDMA" title="MDMA">MDMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mephedrone" title="Mephedrone">mephedrone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dopamine_reuptake_inhibitor" title="Dopamine reuptake inhibitor">Dopamine reuptake inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylphenidate" title="Methylphenidate">methylphenidate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GABAA_receptor" title="GABAA receptor">GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Positive_allosteric_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive allosteric modulator">positive allosteric modulators</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Barbiturate" title="Barbiturate">barbiturates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzodiazepine" title="Benzodiazepine">benzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbamate" title="Carbamate">carbamates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">ethanol (alcohol)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">alcoholic drink</a>), <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonbenzodiazepine" title="Nonbenzodiazepine">nonbenzodiazepines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinazolinone" title="Quinazolinone">quinazolinones</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-Hydroxybutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid">GHB</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium_oxybate" title="Sodium oxybate">sodium oxybate</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Structural_analog" title="Structural analog">analogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids (corticosteroids)</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">dexamethasone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">prednisone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_agonist" title="Nicotinic agonist">nACh receptor agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arecoline" title="Arecoline">arecoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitric oxide donor">Nitric oxide prodrugs</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrite" title="Alkyl nitrite">alkyl nitrites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poppers" title="Poppers">poppers</a>))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor_antagonist" title="NMDA receptor antagonist">NMDA receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">DXM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">ketamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">methoxetamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">phencyclidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexin_antagonist" title="Orexin antagonist">Orexin receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Suvorexant" title="Suvorexant">suvorexant</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Drug_use" title="Template:Drug use">Recreational drug use</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&oldid=1258845848">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&oldid=1258845848</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dopamine_agonists" title="Category:Dopamine agonists">Dopamine agonists</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_September_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from September 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 23:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dopamine_agonist&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-jf9pb","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.881","walltime":"1.035","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4025,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":246059,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1429,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":226473,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 825.223 1 -total"," 50.50% 416.749 1 Template:Reflist"," 40.91% 337.579 45 Template:Cite_journal"," 23.22% 191.617 8 Template:Navbox"," 14.94% 123.314 1 Template:Dopaminergics"," 12.19% 100.604 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.20% 59.417 1 Template:Infobox_drug_class"," 6.84% 56.445 1 Template:Infobox"," 6.34% 52.290 2 Template:Pagetype"," 4.54% 37.445 1 Template:Clarify"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.500","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5979559,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-gb8dk","timestamp":"20241122141922","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Dopamine agonist","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dopamine_agonist","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q600203","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q600203","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-02-12T22:35:55Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T23:25:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2f\/Dopamine.svg","headline":"drug that binds to and activates dopamine receptors"}</script> </body> </html>