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Exoplaneta – Wikipedie

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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pojmenování" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pojmenování"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pojmenování</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pojmenování-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Historie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rané_spekulace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rané_spekulace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Rané spekulace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rané_spekulace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vyvrácené_objevy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vyvrácené_objevy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vyvrácené objevy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vyvrácené_objevy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potvrzené_objevy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potvrzené_objevy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Potvrzené objevy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potvrzené_objevy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objevování_kandidátů_planet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objevování_kandidátů_planet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Objevování kandidátů planet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objevování_kandidátů_planet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metody_výzkumu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metody_výzkumu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Metody výzkumu</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metody_výzkumu-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Metody výzkumu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metody_výzkumu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Metody_objevování_exoplanet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metody_objevování_exoplanet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Metody objevování exoplanet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metody_objevování_exoplanet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vznik_a_vývoj_planet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vznik_a_vývoj_planet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vznik a vývoj planet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vznik_a_vývoj_planet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hvězdy_s_planetami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hvězdy_s_planetami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hvězdy s planetami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hvězdy_s_planetami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obecné_vlastnosti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obecné_vlastnosti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Obecné vlastnosti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Obecné_vlastnosti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Obecné vlastnosti</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Obecné_vlastnosti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barva_a_jasnost_planet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barva_a_jasnost_planet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Barva a jasnost planet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barva_a_jasnost_planet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magnetické_pole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetické_pole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Magnetické pole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetické_pole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desková_tektonika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desková_tektonika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Desková tektonika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desková_tektonika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vulkanismus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vulkanismus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Vulkanismus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vulkanismus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prstence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prstence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Prstence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prstence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Měsíce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Měsíce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Měsíce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Měsíce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmosféra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmosféra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>Atmosféra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmosféra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vázaná_rotace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vázaná_rotace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span>Vázaná rotace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vázaná_rotace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulturní_dopad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulturní_dopad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Kulturní dopad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulturní_dopad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Odkazy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Odkazy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poznámky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poznámky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Poznámky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poznámky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Související_články" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Související_články"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Související články</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Související_články-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externí_odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externí_odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Externí odkazy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externí_odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Exoplaneta</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 100 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-100" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">100 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoplaneet" title="Eksoplaneet – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eksoplaneet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta – aragonština" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Exoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8_%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="كوكب غير شمسي – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوكب غير شمسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_estrasolar" title="Planeta estrasolar – asturština" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Planeta estrasolar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzoplanet" title="Ekzoplanet – ázerbájdžánština" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ekzoplanet" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ázerbájdžánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзапланета – běloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Экзапланета" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="běloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзаплянэта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Экзаплянэта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Екзопланета – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Екзопланета" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9" title="বহির্গ্রহ – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বহির্গ্রহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezplanedenn" title="Ezplanedenn – bretonština" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ezplanedenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vansolarna_planeta" title="Vansolarna planeta – bosenština" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vansolarna planeta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_extrasolar" title="Planeta extrasolar – katalánština" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Planeta extrasolar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ھەسارە دەرەکییەکان – kurdština (sorání)" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھەسارە دەرەکییەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdština (sorání)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%AF%D1%A1%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Єѯѡпланита – staroslověnština" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єѯѡпланита" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="staroslověnština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзопланета – čuvaština" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Экзопланета" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planed_allheulol" title="Planed allheulol – velština" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Planed allheulol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Exoplanet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Exoplanet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BE%CF%89%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Εξωηλιακός πλανήτης – řečtina" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εξωηλιακός πλανήτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="řečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Exoplanet" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstersunsistema_planedo" title="Ekstersunsistema planedo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ekstersunsistema planedo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_extrasolar" title="Planeta extrasolar – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Planeta extrasolar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoplaneet" title="Eksoplaneet – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Eksoplaneet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Exoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranetas_essusolaris" title="Pranetas essusolaris – extremadurština" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Pranetas essusolaris" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremadurština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سیاره فراخورشیدی – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیاره فراخورشیدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="doporučený článek"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoplaneetta" title="Eksoplaneetta – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eksoplaneetta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplan%C3%A8te" title="Exoplanète – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Exoplanète" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiseaphl%C3%A1in%C3%A9ad" title="Eiseaphláinéad – irština" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Eiseaphláinéad" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_extrasolar" title="Planeta extrasolar – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Planeta extrasolar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planaid_neughrianagh" title="Planaid neughrianagh – manština" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Planaid neughrianagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A5-%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%99" title="כוכב לכת חוץ-שמשי – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוכב לכת חוץ-שמשי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="बहिर्ग्रह – hindština" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बहिर्ग्रह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstrasolarni_planeti" title="Ekstrasolarni planeti – chorvatština" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ekstrasolarni planeti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="chorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exobolyg%C3%B3" title="Exobolygó – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Exobolygó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AF%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Էկզոմոլորակ – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էկզոմոլորակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Exoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_luar_surya" title="Planet luar surya – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Planet luar surya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbara_ala_%E1%BB%8Dz%E1%BB%8D" title="Mbara ala ọzọ – igboština" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mbara ala ọzọ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igboština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneto" title="Exoplaneto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Exoplaneto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjarreikistjarna" title="Fjarreikistjarna – islandština" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fjarreikistjarna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta_extrasolare" title="Pianeta extrasolare – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pianeta extrasolare" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%96%E6%83%91%E6%98%9F" title="太陽系外惑星 – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="太陽系外惑星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planit_jaban_surya" title="Planit jaban surya – javánština" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Planit jaban surya" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ეგზოპლანეტა – gruzínština" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგზოპლანეტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtiweg_uffi%C9%A3" title="Amtiweg uffiɣ – kabylština" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Amtiweg uffiɣ" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзопланета – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Экзопланета" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9" title="ಸೌರಾತೀತ ಗ್ರಹ – kannadština" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೌರಾತೀತ ಗ್ರಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobrý článek"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EA%B3%84_%ED%96%89%EC%84%B1" title="외계 행성 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외계 행성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Экзопланет – komijština" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Экзопланет" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_extrasolaris" title="Planeta extrasolaris – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Planeta extrasolaris" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplan%C3%A9it" title="Exoplanéit – lucemburština" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Exoplanéit" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lucemburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetas_estrasolal" title="Planetas estrasolal – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Planetas estrasolal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneet" title="Exoplaneet – limburština" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Exoplaneet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egzoplaneta" title="Egzoplaneta – litevština" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Egzoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litevština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citplan%C4%93ta" title="Citplanēta – lotyština" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Citplanēta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lotyština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Вонсончева планета – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вонсончева планета" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%82" title="സൗരയൂഥേതരഗ്രഹം – malajálamština" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൗരയൂഥേതരഗ്രഹം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Экзопланет – mongolština" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Экзопланет" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9" title="परग्रह – maráthština" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="परग्रह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maráthština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_luar_suria" title="Planet luar suria – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Planet luar suria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%B1%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9D%E1%80%A0%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%82%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="နေစကြဝဠာပြင်ပဂြိုဟ် – barmština" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နေစကြဝဠာပြင်ပဂြိုဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="barmština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneet" title="Exoplaneet – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Exoplaneet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstrasolar_planet" title="Ekstrasolar planet – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ekstrasolar planet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoplanet" title="Eksoplanet – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Eksoplanet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta – okcitánština" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Exoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lafjoo_Sirna_biiftuun_Alaa" title="Lafjoo Sirna biiftuun Alaa – oromština" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Lafjoo Sirna biiftuun Alaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF" title="ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਸੂਰਜੀ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ – paňdžábština" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗ਼ੈਰ-ਸੂਰਜੀ ਗ੍ਰਹਿ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="paňdžábština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_pozas%C5%82oneczna" title="Planeta pozasłoneczna – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Planeta pozasłoneczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%88%DA%BA_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%92_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="سورجوں پرے پاندھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سورجوں پرے پاندھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="له لمریز نظام بهر سیاره – paštština" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="له لمریز نظام بهر سیاره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplaneta" title="Exoplaneta – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Exoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet%C4%83" title="Exoplanetă – rumunština" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exoplanetă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзопланета – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Экзопланета" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta_extrasulari" title="Pianeta extrasulari – sicilština" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pianeta extrasulari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekstrasolarni_planet" title="Ekstrasolarni planet – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ekstrasolarni planet" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A-%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%BB_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%84%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%9A" title="බහිෂ්-සෞර ග්‍රහලෝක – sinhálština" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බහිෂ්-සෞර ග්‍රහලෝක" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasolar_planet" title="Extrasolar planet – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Extrasolar planet" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasol%C3%A1rna_plan%C3%A9ta" title="Extrasolárna planéta – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Extrasolárna planéta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zunajoson%C4%8Dni_planet" title="Zunajosončni planet – slovinština" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zunajosončni planet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzoplaneti" title="Ekzoplaneti – albánština" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekzoplaneti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Екстрасоларне планете – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Екстрасоларне планете" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="doporučený článek"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Exoplanet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayari-nje" title="Sayari-nje – svahilština" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sayari-nje" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="புறக்கோள் – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புறக்கோள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%91%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Экзосайёра – tádžičtina" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Экзосайёра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tádžičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="nejlepší článek"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A" title="ดาวเคราะห์นอกระบบ – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวเคราะห์นอกระบบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksoplaneta" title="Eksoplaneta – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Eksoplaneta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tegezegen" title="Ötegezegen – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ötegezegen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Экзопланета – tatarština" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Экзопланета" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Екзопланета – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Екзопланета" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="بیرونی سیارہ – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیرونی سیارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekzosayyora" title="Ekzosayyora – uzbečtina" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ekzosayyora" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianeta_extraso%C5%82are" title="Pianeta extrasołare – benátština" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pianeta extrasołare" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="benátština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0nh_tinh_ngo%C3%A0i_H%E1%BB%87_M%E1%BA%B7t_Tr%E1%BB%9Di" title="Hành tinh ngoài Hệ Mặt Trời – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hành tinh ngoài Hệ Mặt Trời" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planeta_extrasolar" title="Planeta extrasolar – warajština" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Planeta extrasolar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%96%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="太阳系外行星 – čínština (dialekty Wu)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="太阳系外行星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="čínština (dialekty Wu)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%96%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="太陽系外行星 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太陽系外行星" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%96%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="太陽系外行星 – kantonština" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太陽系外行星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umzulendle" title="Umzulendle – zuluština" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umzulendle" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zuluština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q44559#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Planets_everywhere_(artist%E2%80%99s_impression).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Planets_everywhere_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg/220px-Planets_everywhere_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Planets_everywhere_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg/330px-Planets_everywhere_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Planets_everywhere_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg/440px-Planets_everywhere_%28artist%E2%80%99s_impression%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3621" data-file-height="2392" /></a><figcaption>Umělecká představa o četnosti planet v Mléčné dráze<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Confirmed_exoplanets_EPE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Confirmed_exoplanets_EPE.svg/220px-Confirmed_exoplanets_EPE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Confirmed_exoplanets_EPE.svg/330px-Confirmed_exoplanets_EPE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Confirmed_exoplanets_EPE.svg/440px-Confirmed_exoplanets_EPE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Počty ročně objevených exoplanet</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Exoplanet_Comparison_TrES-3_b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Exoplanet_Comparison_TrES-3_b.png/220px-Exoplanet_Comparison_TrES-3_b.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Exoplanet_Comparison_TrES-3_b.png/330px-Exoplanet_Comparison_TrES-3_b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Exoplanet_Comparison_TrES-3_b.png/440px-Exoplanet_Comparison_TrES-3_b.png 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Porovnání velikosti <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(planeta)" title="Jupiter (planeta)">Jupitera</a> a exoplanety <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=TrES-3b&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="TrES-3b (stránka neexistuje)">TrES-3b</a></span>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">TrES-3b</span> má oběžnou dobu pouze 31 hodin<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a je klasifikována jako <a href="/wiki/Hork%C3%A9_Jupitery" title="Horké Jupitery">horký Jupiter</a>, je velká a blízko hvězdě, což z&#160;ní činí planetu, kterou lze jednoduše objevit tranzitní metodou</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Exoplaneta</b>, též <b>extrasolární planeta</b>, je <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planeta</a> obíhající kolem jiné <a href="/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzda" title="Hvězda">hvězdy</a> než kolem <a href="/wiki/Slunce" title="Slunce">Slunce</a>. </p><p>První exoplaneta byla objevena v&#160;roce 1988, na své potvrzení musela počkat až do roku 2002; první potvrzená exoplaneta byla objevena v&#160;roce 1992. Do 31.&#160;října 2023 bylo objeveno 5521 exoplanet. Nalézají se ve 4070 <a href="/wiki/Planet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_soustava" title="Planetární soustava">planetárních soustavách</a>, z&#160;nichž 885 je vícenásobných.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nejvíce exoplanet objevil vesmírný teleskop <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(sonda)" title="Kepler (sonda)">Kepler</a>, aktivní především v&#160;letech 2009–2013. Má na svém kontě přes 2&#160;000 exoplanet a několik tisíc<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> planetárních kandidátů,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prvním zařízením specializovaným na hledání exoplanet je ešeletový spektrograf <a href="/w/index.php?title=HARPS&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="HARPS (stránka neexistuje)">HARPS</a> instalovaný na 3,6m teleskopu na <a href="/wiki/Evropsk%C3%A1_ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_observato%C5%99" title="Evropská jižní observatoř">ESO</a> observatoři <a href="/wiki/Observato%C5%99_La_Silla" title="Observatoř La Silla">La Silla</a> v&#160;<a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. Od roku 2004 objevil přes 130 exoplanet. </p><p>Podle dosavadních pozorování připadá v&#160;průměru na každou hvězdu nejméně jedna planeta, přičemž velké procento hvězd má více planet.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Přibližně jedna z&#160;pěti hvězd podobných Slunci<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>p 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> má planetu velikosti <a href="/wiki/Zem%C4%9B" title="Země">Země</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>p 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> v&#160;<a href="/wiki/Obyvateln%C3%A1_z%C3%B3na" title="Obyvatelná zóna">obyvatelné zóně</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>p 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Za předpokladu, že se v&#160;naší galaxii nachází 200 miliard hvězd,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>p 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> lze odhadnout, že v&#160;ní existuje 11 miliard potenciálně obyvatelných planet pozemského typu, a dalších 40 miliard, pokud zahrneme i planety obíhající okolo početných <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Červený trpaslík">červených trpaslíků</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jednou z&#160;nejméně hmotných známých planet je Draugr (<span style="white-space:nowrap">PSR B1257+12 A</span> nebo <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_B1257%2B12_b&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR B1257+12 b (stránka neexistuje)">PSR B1257+12 b</a></span>), která má dvojnásobek hmotnosti <a href="/wiki/M%C4%9Bs%C3%ADc" title="Měsíc">Měsíce</a> a obíhá okolo <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsaru</a>. Jedna z&#160;největších planet uvedených v&#160;<i>NASA Exoplanet Archive</i> je <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=DENIS-P_J082303.1-491201_b&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b (stránka neexistuje)">DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b</a></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> která má přibližně 29násobek hmotnosti <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(planeta)" title="Jupiter (planeta)">Jupiteru</a>. Podle definice IAU je na planetu příliš hmotná, je pravděpodobnější, že je <a href="/wiki/Hn%C4%9Bd%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Hnědý trpaslík">hnědým trpaslíkem</a>. Existují planety, které oběhnou svou hvězdu za několik hodin, a jiné, jejichž oběžná doba trvá tisíce let. Některé jsou tak daleko od své hvězdy, že je těžké zjistit, zda jsou na ni gravitačně vázané. Téměř všechny dosud zjištěné planety se nacházejí uvnitř Mléčné dráhy, ale existují i některé možné detekce extragalaktických planet. Nejbližší exoplaneta <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b" title="Proxima Centauri b">Proxima Centauri b</a> se nachází ve vzdálenosti 4,2 <a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%9Bteln%C3%BD_rok" title="Světelný rok">světelného roku</a> (1,3 <a href="/wiki/Parsek" title="Parsek">parseku</a>) od Země a obíhá okolo <a href="/wiki/Proxima_Centauri" title="Proxima Centauri">Proximy Centauri</a>, hvězdy nejblíže Slunci.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Objevy exoplanet zesílily zájem o hledání <a href="/wiki/Mimozemsk%C3%BD_%C5%BEivot" title="Mimozemský život">mimozemského života</a>. Zde se věnuje pozornost především planetám obíhajícím v&#160;obyvatelné zóně hvězdy, kde je možné, aby na jejich povrchu existovala voda v&#160;kapalném skupenství, která je na Zemi předpokladem života. Studium <a href="/wiki/Planet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_habitabilita" title="Planetární habitabilita">planetární habitability</a> se zabývá řadou faktorů, které ovlivňují obyvatelnost planety pro živé organismy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vedle exoplanet existují i <a href="/wiki/Toulav%C3%A1_planeta" title="Toulavá planeta">toulavé planety</a>, které neobíhají kolem žádné hvězdy a které se obvykle považují za samostatné objekty, zvláště pokud jsou plynnými obry. Příkladem je <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=WISE_0855-0714&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="WISE 0855-0714 (stránka neexistuje)">WISE 0855-0714</a></span>, která je <a href="/wiki/Hn%C4%9Bd%C3%BD_podtrpasl%C3%ADk" title="Hnědý podtrpaslík">hnědým podtrpaslíkem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Počet toulavých planet v&#160;naši galaxii se odhaduje v&#160;řádu miliard, pravděpodobně je jich mnohem více.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pojmenování"><span id="Pojmenov.C3.A1n.C3.AD"></span>Pojmenování</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editace sekce: Pojmenování" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Pojmenování"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konvence pro pojmenování exoplanet je rozšířením systému, který se používá pro označování vícenásobných hvězdných systémů, přijatého <a href="/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_astronomick%C3%A1_unie" title="Mezinárodní astronomická unie">Mezinárodní astronomickou unií</a> (IAU). Exoplanety obíhající jednu hvězdu se označují obvykle jménem nebo častěji označením hvězdy a přidáním malého písmena.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> První planeta objevená v&#160;systému je označena písmenem "b" (mateřská hvězda je označována "a") a další objevené planety se pojmenují vždy následujícím písmenem v&#160;abecedě. </p><p>Existuje předběžná norma schválená <a href="/wiki/Mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_astronomick%C3%A1_unie" title="Mezinárodní astronomická unie">IAU</a>, která řeší označování planet obíhajících okolo dvojhvězd(a trojhvězd). Tyto planety se pak jmenují; název hvězdy, název planety; příklady: <a href="/w/index.php?title=K2-288_Bb&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="K2-288 Bb (stránka neexistuje)">K2-288 Bb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfa_Centauri_Bb" title="Alfa Centauri Bb">Alfa Centauri Bb</a> (nepotvrzená), <a href="/wiki/Gliese_667_Cc" title="Gliese 667 Cc">Gliese 667 Cc</a>.<sup>&#x5b;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Ov%C4%9B%C5%99itelnost" title="Wikipedie:Ověřitelnost"><span class="doplnte-zdroj" title="Je potřeba doložit zdroj předchozího tvrzení">zdroj?</span></a>]</sup> </p><p>Omezený počet exoplanet má vlastní jména schválená IAU. Jiné standardy pro pojmenování exoplanet neexistují. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historie">Historie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editace sekce: Historie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Historie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rané_spekulace"><span id="Ran.C3.A9_spekulace"></span>Rané spekulace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editace sekce: Rané spekulace" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Rané spekulace"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vědci, filozofové a autoři science fiction se po celá staletí domnívali, že existují planety mimo naši <a href="/wiki/Slune%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_soustava" title="Sluneční soustava">sluneční soustavu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ale neexistoval žádný způsob jak je objevit, jakým způsobem zjistit jejich početnost či podobnost s planetami naší sluneční soustavy. </p><p>Víru v existenci exoplanet lze nalézt již v učení starořeckého filozofa <a href="/wiki/Epik%C3%BAros" title="Epikúros">Epikúra ze Samu</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap">341 př. n. l.</span> – <span style="white-space:nowrap">270 př. n. l.</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Vesmír_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vesmír-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse: collapse; display: block; background-color: transparent; overflow: auto;"> <tbody><tr style="font-family: &#39;Linux Libertine&#39;, Georgia, Times, serif;"> <td style="color: #aad; font-size: 400%; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: bottom; padding-bottom: .7ex; _padding-bottom: .6ex;">„ </td> <td style="font-size: 110%; font-style: italic; text-align: justify;">Existuje nekonečně mnoho světů, podobných tomu našemu, i naprosto odlišných. </td> <td style="color: #aad; font-size: 400%; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top; padding-top: .3ex;">“ </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: right;"><cite style="font-style: normal;">—&#160;<a href="/wiki/Epik%C3%BAros" title="Epikúros">Epikúros</a></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>V&#160;šestnáctém století italský filozof <a href="/wiki/Giordano_Bruno" title="Giordano Bruno">Giordano Bruno</a>, zastánce <a href="/wiki/Kopern%C3%ADkova_revoluce" class="mw-redirect" title="Koperníkova revoluce">Koperníkovy teorie</a>, vyslovil domněnku, že Země spolu s&#160;ostatními planetami obíhá okolo Slunce (<a href="/wiki/Heliocentrismus" title="Heliocentrismus">heliocentrismus</a>), a ostatní hvězdy se podobají Slunci a jsou též doprovázeny planetami.<sup id="cite_ref-Vesmír_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vesmír-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>V&#160;osmnáctém století <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> ve svém díle <i>„General Scholium“</i>, které uzavírá jeho <a href="/wiki/Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" title="Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Principii</a>, napsal: <i>„A pokud jsou pevné hvězdy centry jiných podobných systémů, tyto, formované s&#160;obdobným záměrem, musí být všechny podrobeny Jeho nadvládě“.</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>V roce 1952, více než 40 let předtím, než byl objeven první <a href="/wiki/Hork%C3%A9_Jupitery" title="Horké Jupitery">horký Jupiter</a>, napsal <a href="/wiki/Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a>, že neexistuje žádný přesvědčivý důvod, proč by se planety nemohly přiblížit ke své mateřské hvězdě více než je tomu ve sluneční soustavě, a navrhl, že by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dopplerovsk%C3%A1_spektroskopie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Dopplerovská spektroskopie (stránka neexistuje)">dopplerovská spektroskopie</a> spolu s&#160;tranzitní metodou mohla objevit super Jupitery na&#160;oběžných drahách v&#160;blízkosti hvězd.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vyvrácené_objevy"><span id="Vyvr.C3.A1cen.C3.A9_objevy"></span>Vyvrácené objevy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editace sekce: Vyvrácené objevy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vyvrácené objevy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>První pokusy o hledání exoplanet byly uskutečněny již v&#160;devatenáctém století. William Stephen Jacob z&#160;<a href="/wiki/Britsk%C3%A1_V%C3%BDchodoindick%C3%A1_spole%C4%8Dnost" title="Britská Východoindická společnost">Britské východoindické společnosti</a> na observatoři Madras ve východní Indii v&#160;roce 1855 oznámil, že z&#160;pozorování <a href="/wiki/Dvojhv%C4%9Bzda" title="Dvojhvězda">dvojhvězdy</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=70_Ophiuchi&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="70 Ophiuchi (stránka neexistuje)">70 Ophiuchi</a> usoudil, že oběžná dráha obou hvězd vykazuje anomálie a je <i>vysoce pravděpodobné</i>, že v&#160;tomto systému existuje <i>planetární těleso</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V&#160;osmdesátých letech dvacátého století Thomas J. J. See z&#160;<a href="/wiki/Chicagsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Chicagská univerzita">Chicagské univerzity</a> a United States Naval Observatory oznámil, že anomálie oběžné dráhy naznačují existenci tmavého tělesa v&#160;systému 70 Ophiuchi s&#160;36letou oběžnou dobou vůči jedné z&#160;hvězd.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Americký astronom <a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_Ray_Moulton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest Ray Moulton (stránka neexistuje)">Forest Ray Moulton</a> ale publikoval dokument, který dokazuje, že systém tří těles s&#160;těmito parametry oběžných drah by byl vysoce nestabilní.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Během padesátých a šedesátých let provedl <a href="/wiki/Peter_van_de_Kamp" title="Peter van de Kamp">Peter van de Kamp</a> z&#160;Swarthmore College další měření, týkající se tentokrát planet obíhajících <a href="/wiki/Barnardova_%C5%A1ipka" title="Barnardova šipka">Barnardovu hvězdu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Astronomové v&#160;současnosti považují všechny výše zmiňované zprávy o objevech exoplanet za chybné.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>V&#160;roce 1991 Andrew Lyne, M. Bailes a S. L. Shemar zveřejnili, že objevili planetu na oběžné dráze kolem <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsaru</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_1829-10&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR 1829-10 (stránka neexistuje)">PSR 1829-10</a></span>, pomocí variací periody rádiových impulsů pulsaru.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Zprávě se krátce dostalo velké pozornosti, ale Lyne a jeho tým ji brzy stáhli.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potvrzené_objevy"><span id="Potvrzen.C3.A9_objevy"></span>Potvrzené objevy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editace sekce: Potvrzené objevy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Potvrzené objevy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg/220px-444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg/330px-444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg/440px-444226main_exoplanet20100414-a-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Tři planety hvězdy HR 8799, jak je zobrazil Haleův dalekohled. Světlo z&#160;centrální hvězdy je zastíněno koronografem.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg/220px-Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg/330px-Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg/440px-Brown_dwarf_2M_J044144_and_planet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>2MASS J044144 je hnědý trpaslík s&#160;průvodcem 5 až 10násobku hmotnosti Jupiteru.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg/220px-The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg/330px-The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg/440px-The_Star_AB_Pictoris_and_its_Companion_-_Phot-14d-05-normal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Snímek AB Pictoris zobrazujícího společníka (vlevo dole), který je buď hnědým trpaslíkem nebo hmotnou planetou</figcaption></figure> <p>K&#160;31.&#160;říjnu 2023 bylo v&#160;Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia uvedeno celkem 5521 potvrzených exoplanet, včetně několika sporných potvrzených planet z&#160;konce 80.&#160;let 20.&#160;století.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Malá část exoplanet byla objevena přímým zobrazením, převážná většina z&#160;nich byla objevena nepřímými metodami, například tranzitní metodou či měřením radiální rychlosti hvězdy. </p><p>První zveřejněný objev, který získal následné potvrzení, byl oznámen v&#160;roce 1988 kanadskými astronomy Brucem Campbellem, G. A. H. Walkerem a Stephensonem Yangem z&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Victoria&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Victoria (stránka neexistuje)">University of Victoria</a> a <a href="/wiki/Univerzita_Britsk%C3%A9_Kolumbie" title="Univerzita Britské Kolumbie">University of British Columbia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Ačkoli byli opatrní při tvrzení o&#160;objevu planety, jejich měření radiální rychlosti naznačovalo existenci planety obíhající okolo hvězdy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gama_Cephei&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gama Cephei (stránka neexistuje)">Gama Cephei</a>. Částečně proto, že pozorování byla na hranici možností přístrojů té doby, astronomové zůstávali několik let skeptičtí ohledně pozorování hvězdy a dalších podobných pozorování. Byl předpoklad, že některé ze zdánlivých planet mohou být hnědými trpaslíky, objekty na pomezí mezi planetami a hvězdami. V&#160;roce 1990 byla publikována další pozorování, která podporovala existenci planety obíhající Gama Cephei,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> ale následná pozorování v&#160;roce 1992 znovu vyvolala vážné pochybnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Konečně v&#160;roce 2003 vylepšená technika umožnila potvrzení existence planety.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dne 9.&#160;ledna 1992 v&#160;rozhlasovém vysílání astronomové <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Wolszczan" title="Aleksander Wolszczan">Aleksander Wolszczan</a> a <a href="/wiki/Dale_Frail" title="Dale Frail">Dale Frail</a> oznámili objev dvou planet obíhajících okolo <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" title="Pulsar">pulsaru</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=PSR_1257%2B12&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="PSR 1257+12 (stránka neexistuje)">PSR 1257+12</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tento objev byl potvrzen a je obecně považován za&#160;první potvrzený objev exoplanet. Následná pozorování tyto výsledky potvrdila a potvrzení třetí planety v&#160;roce 1994 oživilo téma v&#160;populárním tisku.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Předpokládá se, že planety obíhající okolo pulsaru se zformovaly ze zbytků po výbuchu supernovy, jinak by byly <a href="/wiki/Chtonijsk%C3%A1_planeta" title="Chtonijská planeta">zbývajícími skalnatými jádry</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plynn%C3%BD_obr%C5%AF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plynný obrů (stránka neexistuje)">plynných obrů</a>, které přežily výbuch supernovy a poté se rozpadly na její oběžné dráze. </p><p>Dne 6.&#160;října 1995 oznámili <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> a <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> z&#160;<a href="/wiki/%C5%BDenevsk%C3%A1_univerzita" title="Ženevská univerzita">Ženevské univerzity</a> první definitivní detekci exoplanety obíhající <a href="/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_posloupnost" title="Hlavní posloupnost">hvězdu hlavní posloupnosti</a>, a to u&#160;nedaleké hvězdy <a href="/wiki/Spektr%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_klasifikace" title="Spektrální klasifikace">typu G</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi" title="51 Pegasi">51 Pegasi</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Exoplaneta byla objevena přístroji v&#160;Observatoire de Haute-Provence. Její detekce je považována za počátek moderní doby objevů exoplanet. Technologický pokrok, zejména ve <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopie" title="Spektroskopie">spektroskopii</a> s&#160;vysokým rozlišením, vedl k&#160;rychlému objevování mnoha nových exoplanet, astronomové mohli prokazovat existenci exoplanet nepřímo měřením jejich <a href="/wiki/Gravitace" title="Gravitace">gravitačního</a> vlivu na pohyb jejich hostitelských hvězd. Větší počet extrasolárních planet byl později objeven sledováním změny ve zdánlivé velikosti hvězdy při tranzitu planety, která ji obíhá (pokles jasu při <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99echod_(astronomie)" title="Přechod (astronomie)">přechodu</a> planety před hvězdou). </p><p>Většina prvních známých exoplanet byly značně hmotné planety obíhající velmi blízko své mateřské hvězdy. Tyto tzv. "<a href="/wiki/Hork%C3%A9_Jupitery" title="Horké Jupitery">horké Jupitery</a>" byly pro astronomy překvapením, protože tehdejší teorie vzniku planet naznačovaly, že obří planety by se měly tvořit jen ve větší vzdálenosti od mateřské hvězdy. Později byly nalezeny i další planety, a nakonec bylo zřejmé, že horké Jupitery netvoří většinu exoplanet. </p><p>V&#160;roce 1999 se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ypsilon_Andromedae&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ypsilon Andromedae (stránka neexistuje)">Ypsilon Andromedae</a> stala první hvězdou hlavní posloupnosti, o&#160;níž se ví, že ji obíhá několik planet.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Na oběžné dráze kolem hvězdy <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kepler-16b" title="Kepler-16b">Kepler-16</a></span> je první známá planeta, která obíhá kolem dvojhvězdy hlavní posloupnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dne 26. února 2014 NASA oznámila objev 715 potvrzených exoplanet u&#160;celkem 305 hvězd <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(sonda)" title="Kepler (sonda)">vesmírným dalekohledem Kepler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Tyto exoplanety byly zkontrolovány novou statistickou metodou, která byla nazvána „potvrzení díky mnohačetnosti“. Před zveřejněním těchto výsledků mezi potvrzenými planetami převažovali plynní obři velikosti srovnatelné s&#160;Jupiterem, případně ještě větší planety, které se dají snadněji objevit Naopak planety objevené sondou Kepler se svou velikostí většinou pohybují mezi velikostí <a href="/wiki/Neptun_(planeta)" title="Neptun (planeta)">Neptunu</a> a Země.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>23.&#160;července 2015 NASA oznámila objev planety <a href="/wiki/Kepler-452b" title="Kepler-452b">Kepler-452b</a> obíhající v&#160;obyvatelné zóně hvězdu typu G2 v&#160;malé vzdálenosti od Země.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objevování_kandidátů_planet"><span id="Objevov.C3.A1n.C3.AD_kandid.C3.A1t.C5.AF_planet"></span>Objevování kandidátů planet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editace sekce: Objevování kandidátů planet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Objevování kandidátů planet"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Od března 2014 identifikovala sonda Kepler více než 2900 planetárních kandidátů, z&#160;nichž některé jsou planetami pozemského typu nacházející se v&#160;obyvatelné zóně hvězdy, některé z&#160;nich navíc obíhají okolo hvězd podobných Slunci.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metody_výzkumu"><span id="Metody_v.C3.BDzkumu"></span>Metody výzkumu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editace sekce: Metody výzkumu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Metody výzkumu"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>První exoplaneta obíhající hvězdu hlavní posloupnosti byla objevena 6.&#160;října 1995 a dostala jméno <a href="/wiki/51_Pegasi_b" title="51 Pegasi b">51 Pegasi b</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Když exoplaneta přechází (tranzituje) před svou hvězdou, mohou astronomové posoudit některé její fyzikální vlastnosti z&#160;mezihvězdné vzdálenosti, včetně její hmotnosti a velikosti, což jim poskytne základní údaje pro modelování její fyzické struktury.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Někdy taková událost navíc umožňuje studovat dynamiku a chemické složení atmosféry exoplanety.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Statistické průzkumy a individuální posuzování planet jsou klíčem k&#160;řešení základních otázek v&#160;exoplanetologii.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Do května 2017 byly k&#160;objevu 3&#160;610 exoplanet využity různé techniky.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dokumentování vlastností velkého počtu exoplanet různého stáří, obíhajících <a href="/wiki/Spektr%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_klasifikace" title="Spektrální klasifikace">hvězdy různých typů</a>, přispěje k&#160;většímu porozumění – nebo lepším modelům – planetární formace (<a href="/wiki/Akrece_(astronomie)" title="Akrece (astronomie)">akrece</a>), geologické evoluce a migrace jejich oběžné dráhy,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> případně i jejich možné obyvatelnosti.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Studium atmosfér exoplanet je novým mezníkem ve vědě o&#160;exoplanetách.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metody_objevování_exoplanet"><span id="Metody_objevov.C3.A1n.C3.AD_exoplanet"></span>Metody objevování exoplanet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editace sekce: Metody objevování exoplanet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Metody objevování exoplanet"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Asi 97 procent všech potvrzených exoplanet bylo objeveno nepřímými detekčními metodami, zejména měřením radiální rychlosti hvězdy a tranzitní metodou.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pro úspěšné objevování nových planet nebo pro potvrzení již objevených planet se ukázaly jako vhodné následující metody:<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Přímé zobrazení – v&#160;některých případech lze exoplanetu přímo pozorovat, tato možnost se vztahuje spíše na velké planety v&#160;menších vzdálenostech od Země</li> <li>Radiální rychlost – v&#160;případech, kdy kolem hvězdy obíhá planeta tak hmotná, aby dokázala vychýlit společné těžiště celé hvězdné soustavy natolik, že hvězda se vzhledem k pozorovateli na Zemi od něj periodicky vzdaluje a přibližuje, což se projeví na frekvenci dopadajícího světla</li> <li>Efekt <a href="/wiki/Gravita%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_%C4%8Do%C4%8Dka" title="Gravitační čočka">gravitační čočky</a> – zakřivení světla dopadajícího k&#160;pozorovateli silným gravitačním polem hvězdy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarimetrie" title="Polarimetrie">Polarimetrie</a> – zkoumá stočení roviny polarizovaného světla</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrometrie#Hledání_exoplanet" title="Astrometrie">Astrometrie</a> – vychází z&#160;měření pozice hvězdy na obloze a její odchylky v&#160;důsledku gravitačního působení jejích případných planet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C5%99echod_(astronomie)" title="Přechod (astronomie)">Tranzitní</a> metoda – planeta z&#160;úhlu pohledu pozorovatele na Zemi přechází před hvězdou, což způsobí snížení jasu hvězdy (úbytek světla)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vznik_a_vývoj_planet"><span id="Vznik_a_v.C3.BDvoj_planet"></span>Vznik a vývoj planet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editace sekce: Vznik a vývoj planet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vznik a vývoj planet"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote">Související informace naleznete také v článcích&#32;<a href="/wiki/Akrece_(astronomie)" title="Akrece (astronomie)">Akrece (astronomie)</a>&#32;a <a href="/wiki/Mlhovinov%C3%A1_hypot%C3%A9za" title="Mlhovinová hypotéza">Mlhovinová hypotéza</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg/220px-OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg/330px-OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg/440px-OGLE-2007-BLG-349.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Umělecká představa planety obíhající okolo dvou hvězd<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Planety se formují po dobu několika desítek miliónů let vývoje hvězdy.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Existují hvězdy a planety, které pozorujeme ve fázi vzniku, ale na druhou stranu takové, jejichž stáří je odhadováno na deset miliard let. Na rozdíl od planet <a href="/wiki/Slune%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_soustava" title="Sluneční soustava">sluneční soustavy</a>, které můžeme pozorovat pouze v&#160;jejich současné podobě, nám umožňuje studium exoplanet jejich pozorování v&#160;různých fázích planetární evoluce. Když planety vznikají, mají <a href="/wiki/Vod%C3%ADk" title="Vodík">vodíkové</a> obálky, které chladnou a vyvíjejí se v&#160;průběhu času v&#160;závislosti na&#160;hmotnosti planety. Některé planety veškerý vodík nakonec ztratí. To znamená, že i planety pozemského typu mohou v&#160;raných fázích vývoje dosahovat velkých rozměrů.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Příkladem je <span style="white-space:nowrap">Kepler-51b</span>, jehož hmotnost je jen zhruba dvojnásobkem hmotnosti Země, ale je téměř tak veliký jako Saturn. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Kepler-51b</span> je poměrně mladá planeta, jejíž stáří je odhadováno na stovky milionů let.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hvězdy_s_planetami"><span id="Hv.C4.9Bzdy_s_planetami"></span>Hvězdy s planetami</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editace sekce: Hvězdy s planetami" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Hvězdy s planetami"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote">Související informace naleznete také v&#160;článku&#32;<a href="/wiki/Planet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_soustava" title="Planetární soustava">Planetární soustava</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Soubor:Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg/220px-Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg/330px-Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg/440px-Morgan-Keenan_spectral_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Morgan-Keenanova spektrální klasifikace hvězd</figcaption></figure> <p>V&#160;průměru existuje jedna planeta na každou hvězdu.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Přibližně jedna z&#160;pěti hvězd podobných Slunci má planetu „<i>velikosti Země“</i>, která obíhá v&#160;<a href="/wiki/Obyvateln%C3%A1_z%C3%B3na" title="Obyvatelná zóna">obyvatelné zóně</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Většina známých hvězd, u&#160;nichž byly objeveny exoplanety, se podobá <a href="/wiki/Slunce" title="Slunce">Slunci</a>, tj. jedná se o&#160;<a href="/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_posloupnost" title="Hlavní posloupnost">hvězdy hlavní posloupností</a> <a href="/wiki/Spektr%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_klasifikace" title="Spektrální klasifikace">spektrální klasifikace</a> F, G nebo K. U&#160;menších hvězd (<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Červený trpaslík">červených trpaslíků</a> spektrální kategorie M) je menší pravděpodobnost, že budou mít planety s&#160;dostatečnou hmotností, aby je bylo možno objevit měřením <a href="/wiki/Radi%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_rychlost" title="Radiální rychlost">radiální rychlosti</a> hvězdy.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Navzdory tomu několik planet u&#160;červených trpaslíků objevila kosmická sonda <a href="/wiki/Kepler_(sonda)" title="Kepler (sonda)">Kepler</a>, která k&#160;objevům menších planet podobných Zemi využívala <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tranzitn%C3%AD_metoda&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Tranzitní metoda (stránka neexistuje)">tranzitní metodu</a>. </p><p>Planety, obzvláště obří planety, se s&#160;vyšší pravděpodobností vyskytují u&#160;hvězd s&#160;vyšší <a href="/wiki/Metalicita" title="Metalicita">metalicitou</a> než Slunce, než u&#160;hvězd s&#160;nižší metalicitou.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Některé planety obíhají okolo jedné ze složek <a href="/wiki/Dvojhv%C4%9Bzda" title="Dvojhvězda">dvojhvězdy</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a bylo objeveno i několik planet, které obíhají společné těžiště obou složek dvojhvězdy. Je rovněž známo několik planet v&#160;<a href="/wiki/Trojhv%C4%9Bzda" title="Trojhvězda">trojhvězdách</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a jedna objevená planeta je součástí <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADcen%C3%A1sobn%C3%A1_hv%C4%9Bzda" title="Vícenásobná hvězda">čtyřhvězdy</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-64&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-64 (stránka neexistuje)">Kepler-64</a></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obecné_vlastnosti"><span id="Obecn.C3.A9_vlastnosti"></span>Obecné vlastnosti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editace sekce: Obecné vlastnosti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Obecné vlastnosti"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barva_a_jasnost_planet">Barva a jasnost planet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editace sekce: Barva a jasnost planet" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Barva a jasnost planet"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V&#160;roce 2013 byla poprvé určena barva exoplanety. Z&#160;měření <a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albeda</a> exoplanety <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HD_189733_b" title="HD 189733 b">HD 189733b</a></span> vyplývá, že planeta je azurově modrá.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Exoplaneta <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=GJ_504_b&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="GJ 504 b (stránka neexistuje)">GJ 504 b</a></span> má v oblasti viditelného spektra růžovofialovou barvu.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kappa_Andromedae_b&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kappa Andromedae b (stránka neexistuje)">Kappa Andromedae b</a></span>, pokud by byla pozorována z&#160;malé vzdálenosti, by vypadala načervenale.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzdn%C3%A1_velikost" title="Hvězdná velikost">Zdánlivá jasnost</a> planety závisí na tom, v&#160;jaké vzdálenosti se nachází pozorovatel, jakou má planeta odrazivost (<a href="/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a>) a kolik světla přijímá od své hvězdy (což zase závisí na tom, v&#160;jaké vzdálenosti je planeta od hvězdy a jakou jasnost má samotná hvězda). Planeta s&#160;nízkým albedem, která je blízko své hvězdy, se může jevit jasnější než planeta s&#160;vysokým albedem, která je však daleko od své mateřské hvězdy.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nejtemnější známou planetou z&#160;hlediska geometrického albeda je <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/TrES-2b" title="TrES-2b">TrES-2b</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Hork%C3%A9_Jupitery" title="Horké Jupitery">horký Jupiter</a>, který odráží méně než 1&#160;procento světla ze své hvězdy. Horké Jupitery se jeví poměrně tmavé kvůli přítomnosti sodíku a draslíku v&#160;jejich atmosféře, důvod temného zbarvení <span style="white-space:nowrap">TrES-2b</span> však není znám - může být způsobeno zatím neznámou chemickou látkou.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>U&#160;<a href="/wiki/Plynn%C3%BD_obr" title="Plynný obr">plynných obrů</a> geometrické albedo klesá se zvyšující se metalicitou a atmosférickou teplotou, pokud se neprojeví vliv planetární oblačnosti. Zvýšená oblačnost zvyšuje albedo ve viditelných vlnových délkách, ale snižuje ho u&#160;některých infračervených vlnových délek. Optické albedo se zvyšuje s&#160;věkem planety, protože starší planety mají vyšší oblačnost. Optické albedo oproti tomu klesá se zvyšující se hmotností, protože obří planety mají vyšší povrchovou gravitaci, což vede k&#160;nižší oblačnosti. Eliptické dráhy mohou rovněž způsobit velké kolísání ve složení atmosféry, což má opět významný vliv na jasnost planety.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>V&#160;infračerveném oboru spektra mladí a hmotní plynní obři vyzařují více tepelných emisí než odráží světla od své hvězdy. Takže, ačkoli optická jasnost je závislá na <a href="/wiki/M%C4%9Bs%C3%AD%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_f%C3%A1ze" title="Měsíční fáze">fázi</a> planety, není tomu tak vždy v&#160;blízké infračervené oblasti spektra.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Teplota plynných obrů klesá v&#160;čase a se vzdáleností od hvězdy. Snížení teploty zvyšuje optické albedo i bez oblačnosti. Při dostatečně nízké teplotě vznikají mračna vody, která dále zvyšují optické albedo. Při ještě nižších teplotách vznikají mračna amoniaku, což vede k&#160;největšímu albedu ve většině optických a blízkých infračervených vlnových délek.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnetické_pole"><span id="Magnetick.C3.A9_pole"></span>Magnetické pole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editace sekce: Magnetické pole" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Magnetické pole"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V&#160;roce 2014 bylo magnetické pole okolo exoplanety <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a></span> zjištěno podle způsobu jakým planeta ztrácí vodík. Byla to první nepřímá detekce magnetického pole u&#160;exoplanety. Magnetické pole <span style="white-space:nowrap">HD 209458 b</span> má intenzitu jedné desetiny magnetického pole Jupiteru.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interakce mezi magnetickým polem blízké planety a hvězdou může vytvářet na hvězdě skvrny podobným způsobem, jakým <a href="/wiki/Galileovy_m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileovy měsíce">Galileovy měsíce</a> vytváří <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_z%C3%A1%C5%99e" title="Polární záře">polární záře</a> na Jupiteru.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Rádiové emise těchto skvrn mohou být pozorovány pomocí rádiových dalekohledů, jako je <a href="/w/index.php?title=LOFAR&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="LOFAR (stránka neexistuje)">LOFAR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Pomocí rádiových emisí lze určit rychlost rotace planety, která je jinak obtížně zjistitelná.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zemské magnetické pole pravděpodobně vzniká díky tekutému kovovému jádru Země, ale ve hmotných <a href="/wiki/Superzem%C4%9B" title="Superzemě">superzemích</a> pod vysokým tlakem mohou vznikat jiné sloučeniny než jaké vznikají za pozemských podmínek. Tyto sloučeniny mohou mít větší viskozitu a vyšší teplotu tání, a mohou zabránit tomu, aby se vnitřek planety rozdělil do různých vrstev, a tak vedly k&#160;nediferencovaným plášťům bez jádra. Formy oxidu hořečnatého, jako je MgSi<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>, by mohly být tekutým kovem při tlacích a teplotách vyskytujících se v&#160;superzemi a mohly by vytvářet magnetické pole v&#160;pláštíi superzemě.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bylo zjištěno, že <a href="/wiki/Hork%C3%A9_Jupitery" title="Horké Jupitery">horké Jupitery</a> mají větší poloměr, než se očekávalo. To by mohlo být způsobeno interakcí mezi <a href="/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzdn%C3%BD_v%C3%ADtr" title="Hvězdný vítr">hvězdným větrem</a> a <a href="/wiki/Magnetosf%C3%A9ra" title="Magnetosféra">magnetosférou</a> planety, která <a href="/wiki/Jouleovo_teplo" title="Jouleovo teplo">vytváří elektrické proudy</a>, které planetu ohřívají a způsobují její rozpínání. Čím silnější je magnetické pole hvězdy, tím větší intenzitu má hvězdný vítr a tím vzniká i větší elektrický proud, který vede k&#160;většímu zahřívání a rozpínání planety. Teorie odpovídá pozorování, že hvězdná aktivita má přímou souvislost s&#160;nafouknutými planetárními poloměry.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desková_tektonika"><span id="Deskov.C3.A1_tektonika"></span>Desková tektonika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editace sekce: Desková tektonika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Desková tektonika"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V roce 2007 dospěly dva nezávislé týmy vědců k&#160;protikladným závěrům o&#160;pravděpodobnosti <a href="/wiki/Deskov%C3%A1_tektonika" title="Desková tektonika">deskové tektoniky</a> na větších <a href="/wiki/Superzem%C4%9B" title="Superzemě">superzemích</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> přičemž jeden tým vydal zprávu, že desková tektonika by byla krátkodobá nebo stagnující<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> a druhý tým vydal protichůdnou zprávu, že desková tektonika je velmi pravděpodobná na superzemích, i když planeta je suchá.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pokud superzemě mají 80krát více vody než Země, stanou se <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oce%C3%A1nsk%C3%A1_planeta&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Oceánská planeta (stránka neexistuje)">oceánskými planetami</a> se zcela zaplaveným povrchem. Nicméně pokud množství vody je menší než tato hranice, vodní cyklus přesune dostatek vody hluboko mezi oceány a plášť, a tím umožní existenci kontinentů.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vulkanismus">Vulkanismus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editace sekce: Vulkanismus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vulkanismus"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Velké změny povrchové teploty na planetě u&#160;hvězdy <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/55_Cancri" title="55 Cancri">55 Cancri</a></span> jsou připisovány možnému působení vulkanismu, který uvolňuje velká prachová oblaka zakrývající povrch planety a blokující tepelné emise.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prstence">Prstence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editace sekce: Prstence" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Prstence"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hvězdu <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1SWASP_J140747.93-394542.6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6 (stránka neexistuje)">1SWASP J140747.93-394542.6</a></span> obíhá objekt, který má mnohem větší <a href="/wiki/Planet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_prstenec" title="Planetární prstenec">prstence</a> než <a href="/wiki/Prstence_Saturnu" title="Prstence Saturnu">Saturn</a>. Hmotnost objektu však není známa; může se tak jednat jak o&#160;exoplanetu, tak o&#160;hnědého trpaslíka nebo hvězdu s&#160;malou hmotností.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jas optických obrazů <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fomalhaut_b" title="Fomalhaut b">Fomalhautu b</a></span> může být způsoben hvězdným světlem odrážejícím se od prstence s&#160;poloměrem odpovídajícím 20 až 40násobku poloměru Jupiteru, tedy zhruba poloměru oběžných drah <a href="/wiki/Galileovy_m%C4%9Bs%C3%ADce" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileovy měsíce">galileových měsíců</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prstence plynných obrů ve <a href="/wiki/Slune%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_soustava" title="Sluneční soustava">sluneční soustavě</a> jsou v&#160;jedné rovině s&#160;rovníkem planety. U&#160;exoplanet, které obíhají blízko své hvězdy, však <a href="/wiki/Slapov%C3%A1_s%C3%ADla" title="Slapová síla">slapové síly</a> hvězdy způsobí, že nejvzdálenější prstence planety se budou nacházet v&#160;orbitální rovině planety, zatímco nejvnitřnější prstence stále budou v&#160;jedné rovině s&#160;planetárním rovníkem. Má-li tedy taková planeta <a href="/wiki/Sklon_rota%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_osy" title="Sklon rotační osy">nakloněnou rotační osu</a>, odlišné sklony rovin vnitřních a vnějších prstenců povedou k&#160;vytvoření systému s "pokroucenými" prstenci.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Měsíce"><span id="M.C4.9Bs.C3.ADce"></span>Měsíce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editace sekce: Měsíce" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Měsíce"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>V prosinci roku 2013 byl oznámen kandidát na <a href="/wiki/Exom%C4%9Bs%C3%ADc" title="Exoměsíc">exoměsíc</a> u&#160;<a href="/wiki/Toulav%C3%A1_planeta" title="Toulavá planeta">toulavé planety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Dne 3.&#160;října 2018 byl oznámen objev prvního exoměsíce obíhajícího planetu <span style="white-space:nowrap">Kepler-1625b</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atmosféra"><span id="Atmosf.C3.A9ra"></span>Atmosféra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editace sekce: Atmosféra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Atmosféra"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Atmosféra byla zjištěna u&#160;několika exoplanet. Poprvé byla pozorována u&#160;planety <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/HD_209458_b" title="HD 209458 b">HD 209458 b</a></span> v&#160;roce 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=KIC_12557548_b&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="KIC 12557548 b (stránka neexistuje)">KIC 12557548 b</a> je malou planetou se skalnatým povrchem, která obíhá velmi blízko své hvězdy, a v&#160;okolí planety se nachází obrovský oblak prachu jako ohon u&#160;<a href="/wiki/Kometa" title="Kometa">komety</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Prach může pocházet se sopečných výbuchů a z&#160;planety uniká díky její nízké gravitaci, a díky malé vzdálenosti od hvězdy se postupně vypařuje. Nebo se jedná o kovy, které se kvůli malé vzdálenosti od hvězdy postupně vypařují a které poté zkondenzují na prach.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>V&#160;červnu 2015 vědci uvedli, že atmosféra planety <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GJ_436_b" title="GJ 436 b">GJ 436 b</a></span> se odpařuje vlivem záření hostitelské hvězdy<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>, což vede ke vzniku obrovského oblaku za planetou ve tvaru ohonu dlouhého 14×10<sup>6</sup>&#160;km. </p><p>V&#160;květnu roku 2017 byl zachycen odraz světla z&#160;ledových krystalů v&#160;atmosféře Země.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Technologie použitá k&#160;jeho detekci může být užitečná pro studium atmosfér vzdálených světů včetně exoplanet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vázaná_rotace"><span id="V.C3.A1zan.C3.A1_rotace"></span>Vázaná rotace</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Editace sekce: Vázaná rotace" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Vázaná rotace"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U&#160;planety s&#160;<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1zan%C3%A1_rotace" title="Vázaná rotace">vázanou rotaci</a> s&#160;rezonancí 1:1 její mateřská hvězda svítí stále na jednu polokouli, tato polokoule je proto velice horká, kdežto druhá polokoule se nachází v&#160;temnotě a je velice mrazivá. Taková planeta by mohla připomínat oční bulvu s&#160;horkou skvrnou.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Planety s&#160;<a href="/wiki/Excentricita_dr%C3%A1hy" title="Excentricita dráhy">excentrickou oběžnou dráhou</a> mohou být uzamčeny v&#160;jiné rezonanci. Rezonance 3:2 a 5:2 by vedly ke&#160;vzniku dvou horkých skvrn na&#160;východní i západní polokouli.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Planety s excentrickou oběžnou dráhou a se skloněnou <a href="/wiki/Ot%C3%A1%C4%8Den%C3%AD" title="Otáčení">osou rotace</a> mohou mít složitější pohyb své hvězdy na obloze.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote">Související informace naleznete také v článcích&#32;<a href="/wiki/Astrobiologie" title="Astrobiologie">Astrobiologie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Obyvateln%C3%A1_z%C3%B3na" title="Obyvatelná zóna">Obyvatelná zóna</a>&#32;a <a href="/wiki/Planet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_habitabilita" title="Planetární habitabilita">Planetární habitabilita</a>.</div> <p>Jak jsou objevovány další exoplanety, exoplanetologie má stále více objektů pro podrobnější studium extrasolárních světů a nakonec se bude zabývat perspektivou <a href="/wiki/Mimozemsk%C3%BD_%C5%BEivot" title="Mimozemský život">života na planetách</a> mimo <a href="/wiki/Slune%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_soustava" title="Sluneční soustava">sluneční soustavu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> V&#160;kosmických vzdálenostech může být život zjištěn pouze tehdy, vyvíjí-li se v&#160;planetárním měřítku a silně modifikuje planetární prostředí takovým způsobem, že tyto modifikace nelze vysvětlit klasickými fyzikálně-chemickými procesy (z&#160;rovnovážných procesů).<sup id="cite_ref-:8_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Například molekulární kyslík (O<sub>2</sub>) v&#160;<a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A9ra_Zem%C4%9B" title="Atmosféra Země">atmosféře Země</a> je výsledkem <a href="/wiki/Fotosynt%C3%A9za" title="Fotosyntéza">fotosyntézy</a> živých rostlin a mnoha dalších druhů mikroorganismů. Atmosférický kyslík proto může být jedním z&#160;indikátorů života na&#160;exoplanetách, ačkoli malé množství kyslíku může být rovněž produkováno nebiologickými prostředky.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Potenciálně obyvatelná planeta navíc musí obíhat stabilní <a href="/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzda" title="Hvězda">hvězdu</a> ve vzdálenosti, v&#160;níž mohou objekty s&#160;hmotností <a href="/wiki/Planeta" title="Planeta">planety</a> s&#160;dostatečným <a href="/wiki/Atmosf%C3%A9rick%C3%BD_tlak" title="Atmosférický tlak">atmosférickým tlakem</a> umožňovat existenci <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">kapalné vody</a> na svém povrchu.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kulturní_dopad"><span id="Kulturn.C3.AD_dopad"></span>Kulturní dopad</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Editace sekce: Kulturní dopad" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Kulturní dopad"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dne 9.&#160;května 2013 uspořádal <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Kongres Spojených států amerických">americký Kongres</a> slyšení dvou podvýborů <a href="/wiki/Sn%C4%9Bmovna_reprezentant%C5%AF_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Sněmovna reprezentantů Spojených států amerických">Sněmovny reprezentantů</a> Spojených států o objevech exoplanet: <i>Našli jsme jiné země?</i> vyvolaného objevem exoplanety <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62f" title="Kepler-62f">Kepler-62f</a></span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kepler-62e" title="Kepler-62e">Kepler-62e</a></span> a <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kepler-62c&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kepler-62c (stránka neexistuje)">Kepler-62c</a></span>. Zvláštní vydání časopisu Science, které vyšlo již dříve, popisuje objevy exoplanet.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=21" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poznámky"><span id="Pozn.C3.A1mky"></span>Poznámky</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=22" title="Editace sekce: Poznámky" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Poznámky"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">V této statistice 1 z 5 pojem <i>podobná Slunci</i> označuje hvězdu spektrálního typu G. Data pro hvězdy podobné Slunci nejsou k&#160;dispozici, takže tato statistika je extrapolací z&#160;dat o hvězdách typu K</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">V této statistice 1 z 5 pojem <i>velikost Země</i> znamená 1 až 2 poloměry Země</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">V této statistice 1 z&#160;5 pojem <i>obyvatelná zóna</i> označuje region s&#160;0,25 až 4násobkem slunečního toku na Zemi (odpovídá 0,5-2 AU pro Slunce).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Asi čtvrtina hvězd v&#160;naší galaxii jsou hvězdy spektrálního typu G a K. Počet hvězd v&#160;galaxii není přesně znám, ale za předpokladu 200 miliard hvězd bude mít Mléčná dráha asi 50 miliard hvězd podobných Slunci, z&#160;nichž asi jedna z&#160;pěti (22&#160;%) neboli 11 miliard mohou mít planety v&#160;obyvatelné zóně. Při započítání <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cerven%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Červený trpaslík">červených trpaslíků</a> by se počet obyvatelných planet zvýšil na 40 miliard.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference">Reference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=23" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="plainlinks"><i>V tomto článku byl použit <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:WikiProjekt_P%C5%99eklad/Rady" title="Wikipedie:WikiProjekt Překlad/Rady">překlad</a> textu z článku <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoplanet?oldid=782389293"><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">Exoplanet</span></a> na anglické Wikipedii.</i></span> </p> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">INFORMATION@ESO.ORG. Planet Population is Plentiful - Planets around stars are the rule rather than the exception. <i>www.eso.org</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120113070422/http://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1204/">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném dne&#160;2012-01-13. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=www.eso.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eso.org%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2Feso1204%2F&amp;rft.atitle=Planet+Population+is+Plentiful+-+Planets+around+stars+are+the+rule+rather+than+the+exception&amp;rft.aulast=information%40eso.org"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> ETD - Exoplanet Transit Database. <i>var2.astro.cz</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://var2.astro.cz/ETD/etd.php?STARNAME=TrES-3&amp;PLANET=b">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=var2.astro.cz&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvar2.astro.cz%2FETD%2Fetd.php%3FSTARNAME%3DTrES-3%26PLANET%3Db&amp;rft.atitle=ETD+-+Exoplanet+Transit+Database"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — Catalog Listing. <i>exoplanet.eu</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-28]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=exoplanet.eu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexoplanet.eu%2Fcatalog%2F&amp;rft.atitle=The+Extrasolar+Planet+Encyclopaedia+%E2%80%94+Catalog+Listing"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">COLEN, Jerry. Kepler. <i>NASA</i> [online]. NASA, 2013-11-05 [cit. 2017-06-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105082102/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném z&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/main/index.html">originálu</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fkepler%2Fmain%2Findex.html&amp;rft.atitle=Kepler&amp;rft.date=2013-11-05&amp;rft.aulast=Colen&amp;rft.aufirst=Jerry&amp;rft.pub=NASA"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">NORTHON, Karen. NASA Kepler Results Usher in a New Era of Astronomy. <i>NASA</i>. 2015-04-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/november/nasa-kepler-results-usher-in-a-new-era-of-astronomy/">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress%2F2013%2Fnovember%2Fnasa-kepler-results-usher-in-a-new-era-of-astronomy%2F&amp;rft.atitle=NASA+Kepler+Results+Usher+in+a+New+Era+of+Astronomy&amp;rft.date=2015-04-14&amp;rft.aulast=Northon&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">TENENBAUM, Peter; JENKINS, Jon M.; SEADER, Shawn. Detection of Potential Transit Signals in the First 12 Quarters of Kepler Mission Data. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series</i>. 2013, roč. 206, čís. 1, s. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0067-0049/206/i=1/a=5">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-28]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0067-0049">0067-0049</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F206%2F1%2F5">10.1088/0067-0049/206/1/5</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0067-0049%2F206%2F1%2F5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0067-0049%2F206%2Fi%3D1%2Fa%3D5&amp;rft.atitle=Detection+of+Potential+Transit+Signals+in+the+First+12+Quarters+of+Kepler+Mission+Data&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.volume=206&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.issn=0067-0049&amp;rft.aulast=Tenenbaum&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Jon+M.&amp;rft.au=Seader%2C+Shawn"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> "My God, it's full of planets! They should have sent a poet." - Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo. <i>phl.upr.edu</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150725135354/http://phl.upr.edu/press-releases/mygoditsfullofplanetstheyshouldhavesentapoet">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném dne&#160;2015-07-25.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=phl.upr.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphl.upr.edu%2Fpress-releases%2Fmygoditsfullofplanetstheyshouldhavesentapoet&amp;rft.atitle=%22My+God%2C+it%27s+full+of+planets%21+They+should+have+sent+a+poet.%22+-+Planetary+Habitability+Laboratory+%40+UPR+Arecibo"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CASSAN, A.; KUBAS, D.; BEAULIEU, J.-P. One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations. <i>Nature</i>. Roč. 481, čís. 7380, s. 167–169. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10684">Dostupné online</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature10684">10.1038/nature10684</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature10684&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%2Fnature10684&amp;rft.atitle=One+or+more+bound+planets+per+Milky+Way+star+from+microlensing+observations&amp;rft.volume=481&amp;rft.issue=7380&amp;rft.pages=167%E2%80%93169&amp;rft.aulast=Cassan&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Kubas%2C+D.&amp;rft.au=Beaulieu%2C+J.-P."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Milky Way may host billions of Earth-size planets. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. 2013-11-04. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/science/la-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105-story.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-28]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035">0458-3035</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fla-sci-earth-like-planets-20131105-story.html&amp;rft.atitle=Milky+Way+may+host+billions+of+Earth-size+planets&amp;rft.date=2013-11-04&amp;rft.issn=0458-3035"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> DENIS-P J082303.1-491201 b. <i>exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-28]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/DisplayOverview/nph-DisplayOverview?objname=DENIS-P+J082303.1-491201+b&amp;type=CONFIRMED_PLANET">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FDisplayOverview%2Fnph-DisplayOverview%3Fobjname%3DDENIS-P%2BJ082303.1-491201%2Bb%26type%3DCONFIRMED_PLANET&amp;rft.atitle=DENIS-P+J082303.1-491201+b"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">SAHLMANN, J.; LAZORENKO, P. F.; SÉGRANSAN, D. Astrometric orbit of a low-mass companion to an ultracool dwarf. <i>Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</i>. 2013-08-01, roč. 556. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2013/08/aa21871-13/aa21871-13.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-28]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361">0004-6361</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201321871">10.1051/0004-6361/201321871</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201321871&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Farticles%2Faa%2Fabs%2F2013%2F08%2Faa21871-13%2Faa21871-13.html&amp;rft.atitle=Astrometric+orbit+of+a+low-mass+companion+to+an+ultracool+dwarf&amp;rft.date=2013-08-01&amp;rft.volume=556&amp;rft.issn=0004-6361&amp;rft.aulast=Sahlmann&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Lazorenko%2C+P.+F.&amp;rft.au=S%C3%A9gransan%2C+D."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">ANGLADA-ESCUDÉ, Guillem; AMADO, Pedro J.; BARNES, John. A terrestrial planet candidate in a temperate orbit around Proxima Centauri. <i>Nature</i>. 2016-08-25, roč. 536, čís. 7617, s. 437–440. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v536/n7617/full/nature19106.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-28]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature19106">10.1038/nature19106</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature19106&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv536%2Fn7617%2Ffull%2Fnature19106.html&amp;rft.atitle=A+terrestrial+planet+candidate+in+a+temperate+orbit+around+Proxima+Centauri&amp;rft.date=2016-08-25&amp;rft.volume=536&amp;rft.issue=7617&amp;rft.pages=437%E2%80%93440&amp;rft.issn=0028-0836&amp;rft.aulast=Anglada-Escud%C3%A9&amp;rft.aufirst=Guillem&amp;rft.au=Amado%2C+Pedro+J.&amp;rft.au=Barnes%2C+John"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">OVERBYE, Dennis. So Many Earth-Like Planets, So Few Telescopes. <i>The New York Times</i>. 2015-01-06. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/07/science/space/as-ranks-of-goldilocks-planets-grow-astronomers-consider-whats-next.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-28]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F01%2F07%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fas-ranks-of-goldilocks-planets-grow-astronomers-consider-whats-next.html&amp;rft.atitle=So+Many+Earth-Like+Planets%2C+So+Few+Telescopes&amp;rft.date=2015-01-06&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Overbye&amp;rft.aufirst=Dennis"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">BEICHMAN, C.; GELINO, Christopher R.; KIRKPATRICK, J. Davy. WISE Y Dwarfs as Probes of the Brown Dwarf-Exoplanet Connection. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2014, roč. 783, čís. 2, s. 68. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/783/i=2/a=68">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-28]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F783%2F2%2F68">10.1088/0004-637X/783/2/68</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F783%2F2%2F68&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F783%2Fi%3D2%2Fa%3D68&amp;rft.atitle=WISE+Y+Dwarfs+as+Probes+of+the+Brown+Dwarf-Exoplanet+Connection&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.volume=783&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=68&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Beichman&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Gelino%2C+Christopher+R.&amp;rft.au=Kirkpatrick%2C+J.+Davy"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> A Guide to Lonely Planets in the Galaxy. <i>Phenomena</i> [online]. 2014-03-13 [cit. 2017-05-28]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313190543/http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/03/13/a-guide-to-lonely-planets-in-the-galaxy/">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném z&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2014/03/13/a-guide-to-lonely-planets-in-the-galaxy/">originálu</a> dne&#160;2014-03-13.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Phenomena&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphenomena.nationalgeographic.com%2F2014%2F03%2F13%2Fa-guide-to-lonely-planets-in-the-galaxy%2F&amp;rft.atitle=A+Guide+to+Lonely+Planets+in+the+Galaxy&amp;rft.date=2014-03-13"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">STRIGARI, Louis E.; BARNABE, Matteo; MARSHALL, Philip J. Nomads of the Galaxy. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2012-06-21, roč. 423, čís. 2, s. 1856–1865. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/423/2/1856/973767/Nomads-of-the-Galaxy">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-28]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2012.21009.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21009.x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2012.21009.x&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmnras%2Farticle%2F423%2F2%2F1856%2F973767%2FNomads-of-the-Galaxy&amp;rft.atitle=Nomads+of+the+Galaxy&amp;rft.date=2012-06-21&amp;rft.volume=423&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=1856%E2%80%931865&amp;rft.issn=0035-8711&amp;rft.aulast=Strigari&amp;rft.aufirst=Louis+E.&amp;rft.au=Barnabe%2C+Matteo&amp;rft.au=Marshall%2C+Philip+J."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> International Astronomical Union | IAU. <i>www.iau.org</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_exoplanets/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=www.iau.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fpublic%2Fthemes%2Fnaming_exoplanets%2F&amp;rft.atitle=International+Astronomical+Union+%7C+IAU"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> 1992 --"The Year the Milky Way's Planets Came to Life" (VIEW VIDEO). <i>The Daily Galaxy --Great Discoveries Channel</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170111202142/http://www.dailygalaxy.com/my_weblog/2017/01/exo-1992-the-year-the-milky-ways-planets-came-to-life.html">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném dne&#160;2017-01-11.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Galaxy+--Great+Discoveries+Channel&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailygalaxy.com%2Fmy_weblog%2F2017%2F01%2Fexo-1992-the-year-the-milky-ways-planets-came-to-life.html&amp;rft.atitle=1992+--%22The+Year+the+Milky+Way%27s+Planets+Came+to+Life%22+%28VIEW+VIDEO%29"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vesmír-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Vesmír_23-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vesmír_23-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">HOUDEK, František; 2015, 24 10; STRUČNĚ. Světy odjinud: 20 let od objevu první exoplanety - Vesmír. <i>Vesmír</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170620233033/http://vesmir.cz/2015/10/24/svety-odjinud-20-let-objevu-prvni-exoplanety/">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném dne&#160;2017-06-20.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Vesm%C3%ADr&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvesmir.cz%2F2015%2F10%2F24%2Fsvety-odjinud-20-let-objevu-prvni-exoplanety%2F&amp;rft.atitle=Sv%C4%9Bty+odjinud%3A+20+let+od+objevu+prvn%C3%AD+exoplanety+-+Vesm%C3%ADr&amp;rft.aulast=Houdek&amp;rft.aufirst=Franti%C5%A1ek&amp;rft.au=2015%2C+24+10&amp;rft.au=Stru%C4%8Dn%C4%9B%2C+"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">BRUCE., Brackenridge, J. <i>The key to Newton's dynamics&#160;: the Kepler problem and the "Principia"</i>. [s.l.]: University of California Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keytonewtonsdyna0000brac">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/0520202171" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/0520202171"><span class="&#73;SBN">0520202171</span></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/oclc/60191008">60191008</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&amp;rft.btitle=The+key+to+Newton%27s+dynamics+%3A+the+Kepler+problem+and+the+%22Principia%22&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeytonewtonsdyna0000brac&amp;rft.isbn=0520202171&amp;rft.aulast=Bruce.&amp;rft.aufirst=Brackenridge%2C+J.&amp;rft.pub=University+of+California+Press"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Otto Struve: Prognostications on Extrasolar Planets made in 1952. <i>w.astro.berkeley.edu</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-29].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=w.astro.berkeley.edu&amp;rft.atitle=Otto+Struve%3A+Prognostications+on+Extrasolar+Planets+made+in+1952"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">LUTHER, M. Discovery of a New Planet. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 1855-07-12, roč. 15, čís. 9, s. 228–230. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/15/9/228/2600991/Discovery-of-a-New-Planet">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F15.9.228">10.1093/mnras/15.9.228</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F15.9.228&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmnras%2Farticle%2F15%2F9%2F228%2F2600991%2FDiscovery-of-a-New-Planet&amp;rft.atitle=Discovery+of+a+New+Planet&amp;rft.date=1855-07-12&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=9&amp;rft.pages=228%E2%80%93230&amp;rft.issn=0035-8711&amp;rft.aulast=Luther&amp;rft.aufirst=M."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">SEE, T. J. J. Researches on the orbit of 70 Ophiuchi, and on a periodic perturbation in the motion of the system arising from the action of an unseen body. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. 1896-01-01, roč. 16, s. 17–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1896AJ.....16...17S">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256">0004-6256</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F102368">10.1086/102368</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F102368&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1896AJ.....16...17S&amp;rft.atitle=Researches+on+the+orbit+of+70+Ophiuchi%2C+and+on+a+periodic+perturbation+in+the+motion+of+the+system+arising+from+the+action+of+an+unseen+body&amp;rft.date=1896-01-01&amp;rft.volume=16&amp;rft.pages=17%E2%80%9323&amp;rft.issn=0004-6256&amp;rft.aulast=See&amp;rft.aufirst=T.+J.+J."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">SHERRILL, Thomas J. A Career of Controversy: The Anomaly of T.J.J. See. <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. 2016-07-22, roč. 30, čís. 1, s. 25–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/002182869903000102">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F002182869903000102">10.1177/002182869903000102</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1177%2F002182869903000102&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F002182869903000102&amp;rft.atitle=A+Career+of+Controversy%3A+The+Anomaly+of+T.J.J.+See&amp;rft.date=2016-07-22&amp;rft.volume=30&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=25%E2%80%9350&amp;rft.aulast=Sherrill&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+J."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">VAN DE KAMP, P. Alternate dynamical analysis of Barnard's star.. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. 1969-08-01, roč. 74, s. 757–759. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969AJ.....74..757V">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-6256">0004-6256</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F110852">10.1086/110852</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F110852&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1969AJ.....74..757V&amp;rft.atitle=Alternate+dynamical+analysis+of+Barnard%27s+star.&amp;rft.date=1969-08-01&amp;rft.volume=74&amp;rft.pages=757%E2%80%93759&amp;rft.issn=0004-6256&amp;rft.aulast=van+de+Kamp&amp;rft.aufirst=P."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">BOSS, Alan. <i>The crowded universe&#160;: the search for living planets</i>. 1. vyd. [s.l.]: Basic Books, 2009. 256&#160;s. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crowdeduniverses00boss">Dostupné online</a>. <span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Zdroje_knih/9780465009367" title="Speciální:Zdroje knih/9780465009367"><span class="&#73;SBN">9780465009367</span></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/oclc/636133890">636133890</a> S.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crowdeduniverses00boss/page/n41">31</a> až 32.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&amp;rft.btitle=The+crowded+universe+%3A+the+search+for+living+planets&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrowdeduniverses00boss&amp;rft.isbn=9780465009367&amp;rft.aulast=Boss&amp;rft.aufirst=Alan&amp;rft.pub=Basic+Books&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.edition=1&amp;rft.tpages=256&amp;rft.pages=%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrowdeduniverses00boss%2Fpage%2Fn41+31%5D+a%C5%BE+32"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">BAILES, M.; LYNE, A. G.; SHEMAR, S. L. A planet orbiting the neutron star PSR1829 - 10. <i>Nature</i>. 1991-07-01, roč. 352, s. 311–313. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Natur.352..311B">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F352311a0">10.1038/352311a0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F352311a0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1991Natur.352..311B&amp;rft.atitle=A+planet+orbiting+the+neutron+star+PSR1829+-+10&amp;rft.date=1991-07-01&amp;rft.volume=352&amp;rft.pages=311%E2%80%93313&amp;rft.issn=0028-0836&amp;rft.aulast=Bailes&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Lyne%2C+A.+G.&amp;rft.au=Shemar%2C+S.+L."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">LYNE, A. G.; BAILES, M. No planet orbiting PS R1829-10. <i>Nature</i>. 1992-01-01, roč. 355, s. 213. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992Natur.355..213L">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F355213b0">10.1038/355213b0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F355213b0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1992Natur.355..213L&amp;rft.atitle=No+planet+orbiting+PS+R1829-10&amp;rft.date=1992-01-01&amp;rft.volume=355&amp;rft.pages=213&amp;rft.issn=0028-0836&amp;rft.aulast=Lyne&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+G.&amp;rft.au=Bailes%2C+M."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CAMPBELL, Bruce; WALKER, G. a. H.; YANG, S. A search for substellar companions to solar-type stars. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 1988-08-01, roč. 331, s. 902–921. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988ApJ...331..902C">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F166608">10.1086/166608</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F166608&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1988ApJ...331..902C&amp;rft.atitle=A+search+for+substellar+companions+to+solar-type+stars&amp;rft.date=1988-08-01&amp;rft.volume=331&amp;rft.pages=902%E2%80%93921&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Campbell&amp;rft.aufirst=Bruce&amp;rft.au=Walker%2C+G.+a.+H.&amp;rft.au=Yang%2C+S."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">LAWTON, A. T.; WRIGHT, P. A planetary system for Gamma Cephei?. <i>Journal of the British Interplanetary Society</i>. 1989-07-01, roč. 42, s. 335. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989JBIS...42..335L">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0007-084X">0007-084X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Interplanetary+Society&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1989JBIS...42..335L&amp;rft.atitle=A+planetary+system+for+Gamma+Cephei%3F&amp;rft.date=1989-07-01&amp;rft.volume=42&amp;rft.pages=335&amp;rft.issn=0007-084X&amp;rft.aulast=Lawton&amp;rft.aufirst=A.+T.&amp;rft.au=Wright%2C+P."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">WALKER, Gordon A. H.; BOHLENDER, David A.; WALKER, Andrew R. Gamma Cephei - Rotation or planetary companion?. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 1992-09-01, roč. 396, s. L91–L94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992ApJ...396L..91W">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F186524">10.1086/186524</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F186524&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1992ApJ...396L..91W&amp;rft.atitle=Gamma+Cephei+-+Rotation+or+planetary+companion%3F&amp;rft.date=1992-09-01&amp;rft.volume=396&amp;rft.pages=L91%E2%80%93L94&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Walker&amp;rft.aufirst=Gordon+A.+H.&amp;rft.au=Bohlender%2C+David+A.&amp;rft.au=Walker%2C+Andrew+R."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">HATZES, Artie P.; COCHRAN, William D.; ENDL, Michael. A Planetary Companion to&#160;? Cephei A. <i>The Astrophy&#160;sical Journal</i>. 2003, roč. 599, čís. 2, s. 1383. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/599/i=2/a=1383">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F379281">10.1086/379281</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophy%26nbsp%3Bsical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F379281&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F599%2Fi%3D2%2Fa%3D1383&amp;rft.atitle=A+Planetary+Companion+to+%3F+Cephei+A&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=599&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=1383&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Hatzes&amp;rft.aufirst=Artie+P.&amp;rft.au=Cochran%2C+William+D.&amp;rft.au=Endl%2C+Michael"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">WOLSZCZAN, A.; FRAIL, D. A. A planetary system around the millisecond pulsar PSR1257+12. <i>Nature</i>. 1992-01-09, roč. 355, čís. 6356, s. 145–147. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v355/n6356/abs/355145a0.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F355145a0">10.1038/355145a0</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F355145a0&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv355%2Fn6356%2Fabs%2F355145a0.html&amp;rft.atitle=A+planetary+system+around+the+millisecond+pulsar+PSR1257%2B12&amp;rft.date=1992-01-09&amp;rft.volume=355&amp;rft.issue=6356&amp;rft.pages=145%E2%80%93147&amp;rft.aulast=Wolszczan&amp;rft.aufirst=A.&amp;rft.au=Frail%2C+D.+A."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Scientists Uncover Evidence of New Planets Orbiting Star - The Tech. <i>tech.mit.edu</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517225034/http://tech.mit.edu/V114/N22/psr.22w.html">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném dne&#160;2013-05-17.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=tech.mit.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.mit.edu%2FV114%2FN22%2Fpsr.22w.html&amp;rft.atitle=Scientists+Uncover+Evidence+of+New+Planets+Orbiting+Star+-+The+Tech"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">MAYOR, Michel; QUELOZ, Didier. A Jupiter-mass companion to a solar-type star. <i>Nature</i>. 1995-11-01, roč. 378, s. 355–359. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Natur.378..355M">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F378355a0">10.1038/378355a0</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F378355a0&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1995Natur.378..355M&amp;rft.atitle=A+Jupiter-mass+companion+to+a+solar-type+star&amp;rft.date=1995-11-01&amp;rft.volume=378&amp;rft.pages=355%E2%80%93359&amp;rft.issn=0028-0836&amp;rft.aulast=Mayor&amp;rft.aufirst=Michel&amp;rft.au=Queloz%2C+Didier"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> 365 days: Nature's 10. <i>Nature</i>. 2013-12-19, roč. 504, čís. 7480, s. 357–365. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/365-days-nature-s-10-1.14367">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F504357a">10.1038/504357a</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F504357a&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F365-days-nature-s-10-1.14367&amp;rft.atitle=365+days%3A+Nature%27s+10&amp;rft.date=2013-12-19&amp;rft.volume=504&amp;rft.issue=7480&amp;rft.pages=357%E2%80%93365"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">LISSAUER, Jack J. 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(anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F19409&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv398%2Fn6729%2Ffull%2F398659a0.html&amp;rft.atitle=Three+planets+for+Upsilon+Andromedae&amp;rft.date=1999-04-22&amp;rft.volume=398&amp;rft.issue=6729&amp;rft.pages=659%E2%80%93659&amp;rft.issn=0028-0836&amp;rft.aulast=Lissauer&amp;rft.aufirst=Jack+J."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">DOYLE, Laurance R.; CARTER, Joshua A.; FABRYCKY, Daniel C. Kepler-16: A Transiting Circumbinary Planet. <i>Science</i>. 2011-09-16, roč. 333, čís. 6049, s. 1602–1606. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21921192?dopt=Abstract">PMID 21921192</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6049/1602">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1210923">10.1126/science.1210923</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21921192"><span class="&#80;MID">21921192</span></a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1210923&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F333%2F6049%2F1602&amp;rft.atitle=Kepler-16%3A+A+Transiting+Circumbinary+Planet&amp;rft.date=2011-09-16&amp;rft.volume=333&amp;rft.issue=6049&amp;rft.pages=1602%E2%80%931606&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.aulast=Doyle&amp;rft.aufirst=Laurance+R.&amp;rft.au=Carter%2C+Joshua+A.&amp;rft.au=Fabrycky%2C+Daniel+C."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_43-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">JOHNSON, Michele. NASA's Kepler Mission Announces a Planet Bonanza, 715 New Worlds. <i>NASA</i>. 2015-04-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/nasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza/">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fames%2Fkepler%2Fnasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza%2F&amp;rft.atitle=NASA%27s+Kepler+Mission+Announces+a+Planet+Bonanza%2C+715+New+Worlds&amp;rft.date=2015-04-13&amp;rft.aulast=Johnson&amp;rft.aufirst=Michele"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181229175029/https://www.nasa.gov/ames/kepler/nasas-kepler-mission-announces-a-planet-bonanza/">Archivováno</a> 29. 12. 2018 na <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Population of Known Alien Planets Nearly Doubles as NASA Discovers 715 New Worlds. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/24824-alien-planets-population-doubles-nasa-kepler.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F24824-alien-planets-population-doubles-nasa-kepler.html&amp;rft.atitle=Population+of+Known+Alien+Planets+Nearly+Doubles+as+NASA+Discovers+715+New+Worlds"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">AMOS, Jonathan. Kepler telescope bags huge haul of planets. <i>BBC News</i>. 2014-02-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-26362433">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-29]. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-26362433&amp;rft.atitle=Kepler+telescope+bags+huge+haul+of+planets&amp;rft.date=2014-02-26&amp;rft.aulast=Amos&amp;rft.aufirst=Jonathan"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">JOHNSON, Michele. NASA’s Kepler Mission Discovers Bigger, Older Cousin to Earth. <i>NASA</i>. 2015-07-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-kepler-mission-discovers-bigger-older-cousin-to-earth/">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fpress-release%2Fnasa-kepler-mission-discovers-bigger-older-cousin-to-earth%2F&amp;rft.atitle=NASA%E2%80%99s+Kepler+Mission+Discovers+Bigger%2C+Older+Cousin+to+Earth&amp;rft.date=2015-07-23&amp;rft.aulast=Johnson&amp;rft.aufirst=Michele"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Exoplanet Anniversary: From Zero to Thousands in 20 Years. <i>NASA/JPL</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4733">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA%2FJPL&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Ffeature%3D4733&amp;rft.atitle=Exoplanet+Anniversary%3A+From+Zero+to+Thousands+in+20+Years"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_48-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_48-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CHARBONNEAU, David. The Era of Comparative Exoplanetology. In: [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2008-05-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AAS...212.5401C">Dostupné online</a>. Svazek 212. S.&#160;54.01.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">DESERT, Jean-Michel; DEMING, Drake; KNUTSON, Heather. New Frontiers for Comparative Exoplanetology In the Era of Kepler. <i>Spitzer Proposal</i>. 2012-09-01, s. 90092. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012sptz.prop90092D">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Spitzer+Proposal&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2012sptz.prop90092D&amp;rft.atitle=New+Frontiers+for+Comparative+Exoplanetology+In+the+Era+of+Kepler&amp;rft.date=2012-09-01&amp;rft.pages=90092&amp;rft.aulast=Desert&amp;rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&amp;rft.au=Deming%2C+Drake&amp;rft.au=Knutson%2C+Heather"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_50-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_50-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> The Extrasolar Planet Encyclopaedia — Catalog Listing. <i>exoplanet.eu</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=exoplanet.eu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexoplanet.eu%2Fcatalog%2F&amp;rft.atitle=The+Extrasolar+Planet+Encyclopaedia+%E2%80%94+Catalog+Listing"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">KRAUS, Adam L.; IRELAND, Michael J. LkCa 15: A Young Exoplanet Caught at Formation?. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2012-01-20, roč. 745, čís. 1, s. 5. ArXiv: 1110.3808. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1110.3808">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F745%2F1%2F5">10.1088/0004-637X/745/1/5</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F745%2F1%2F5&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F1110.3808&amp;rft.atitle=LkCa+15%3A+A+Young+Exoplanet+Caught+at+Formation%3F&amp;rft.date=2012-01-20&amp;rft.volume=745&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=5&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Kraus&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam+L.&amp;rft.au=Ireland%2C+Michael+J."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_52-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_52-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_52-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_52-3"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">d</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">OLLIVIER, Marc; MAUREL, Marie-Christine. Planetary Environments and Origins of Life. <i>BIO Web of Conferences</i>. 2014, roč. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bio-conferences.org/articles/bioconf/abs/2014/01/bioconf_epov2012_00001/bioconf_epov2012_00001.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/2117-4458">2117-4458</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2Fbioconf%2F20140200001">10.1051/bioconf/20140200001</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=BIO+Web+of+Conferences&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1051%2Fbioconf%2F20140200001&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bio-conferences.org%2Farticles%2Fbioconf%2Fabs%2F2014%2F01%2Fbioconf_epov2012_00001%2Fbioconf_epov2012_00001.html&amp;rft.atitle=Planetary+Environments+and+Origins+of+Life&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.volume=2&amp;rft.issn=2117-4458&amp;rft.aulast=Ollivier&amp;rft.aufirst=Marc&amp;rft.au=Maurel%2C+Marie-Christine"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">MADHUSUDHAN, Nikku; AGÚNDEZ, Marcelino; MOSES, Julianne I. Exoplanetary Atmospheres—Chemistry, Formation Conditions, and Habitability. <i>Space Science Reviews</i>. 2016-12-01, roč. 205, čís. 1–4, s. 285–348. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11214-016-0254-3">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0038-6308">0038-6308</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11214-016-0254-3">10.1007/s11214-016-0254-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28057962"><span class="&#80;MID">28057962</span></a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Space+Science+Reviews&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2Fs11214-016-0254-3&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs11214-016-0254-3&amp;rft.atitle=Exoplanetary+Atmospheres%E2%80%94Chemistry%2C+Formation+Conditions%2C+and+Habitability&amp;rft.date=2016-12-01&amp;rft.volume=205&amp;rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&amp;rft.pages=285%E2%80%93348&amp;rft.issn=0038-6308&amp;rft.aulast=Madhusudhan&amp;rft.aufirst=Nikku&amp;rft.au=Ag%C3%BAndez%2C+Marcelino&amp;rft.au=Moses%2C+Julianne+I."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">OLLIVIER, M; ENCRENAZ, T. <i>Planetary Systems - Detection, Formation and Habitability of Extrasolar Planets</i>. Berlin: Springer, 2008.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitacemonografie&amp;rft.btitle=Planetary+Systems+-+Detection%2C+Formation+and+Habitability+of+Extrasolar+Planets&amp;rft.aulast=Ollivier&amp;rft.aufirst=M&amp;rft.au=Encrenaz%2C+T&amp;rft.place=Berlin&amp;rft.pub=Springer&amp;rft.date=2008"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">INFORMATION@ESO.ORG. Artist’s impression of exoplanet orbiting two stars. <i>www.spacetelescope.org</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic1619a/">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=www.spacetelescope.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacetelescope.org%2Fimages%2Fheic1619a%2F&amp;rft.atitle=Artist%E2%80%99s+impression+of+exoplanet+orbiting+two+stars&amp;rft.aulast=information%40eso.org"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">MAMAJEK, Eric E.; USUDA, Tomonori; TAMURA, Motohide. Initial Conditions of Planet Formation: Lifetimes of Primordial Disks. <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>. 2009-08-05, roč. 1158, čís. 1, s. 3–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aip.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.3215910">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0094-243X">0094-243X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.3215910">10.1063/1.3215910</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=AIP+Conference+Proceedings&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1063%2F1.3215910&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faip.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1063%2F1.3215910&amp;rft.atitle=Initial+Conditions+of+Planet+Formation%3A+Lifetimes+of+Primordial+Disks&amp;rft.date=2009-08-05&amp;rft.volume=1158&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=3%E2%80%9310&amp;rft.issn=0094-243X&amp;rft.aulast=Mamajek&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+E.&amp;rft.au=Usuda%2C+Tomonori&amp;rft.au=Tamura%2C+Motohide"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">RICE, W. K. M.; ARMITAGE, Philip J. On the Formation Timescale and Core Masses of Gas Giant Planets. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. 2003, roč. 598, čís. 1, s. L55. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/1538-4357/598/i=1/a=L55">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/1538-4357">1538-4357</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F380390">10.1086/380390</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F380390&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F1538-4357%2F598%2Fi%3D1%2Fa%3DL55&amp;rft.atitle=On+the+Formation+Timescale+and+Core+Masses+of+Gas+Giant+Planets&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.volume=598&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=L55&amp;rft.issn=1538-4357&amp;rft.aulast=Rice&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+K.+M.&amp;rft.au=Armitage%2C+Philip+J."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">YIN, Qingzhu; JACOBSEN, S. B.; YAMASHITA, K. A short timescale for terrestrial planet formation from Hf–W chronometry of meteorites. <i>Nature</i>. 2002-08-29, roč. 418, čís. 6901, s. 949–952. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6901/full/nature00995.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature00995">10.1038/nature00995</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Nature&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fnature00995&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv418%2Fn6901%2Ffull%2Fnature00995.html&amp;rft.atitle=A+short+timescale+for+terrestrial+planet+formation+from+Hf%E2%80%93W+chronometry+of+meteorites&amp;rft.date=2002-08-29&amp;rft.volume=418&amp;rft.issue=6901&amp;rft.pages=949%E2%80%93952&amp;rft.issn=0028-0836&amp;rft.aulast=Yin&amp;rft.aufirst=Qingzhu&amp;rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+S.+B.&amp;rft.au=Yamashita%2C+K."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">LAMMER, H.; STÖKL, A.; ERKAEV, N. V. Origin and loss of nebula-captured hydrogen envelopes from ‘sub’- to ‘super-Earths’ in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2014-04-21, roč. 439, čís. 4, s. 3225–3238. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/439/4/3225/1143994/Origin-and-loss-of-nebula-captured-hydrogen">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu085">10.1093/mnras/stu085</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstu085&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmnras%2Farticle%2F439%2F4%2F3225%2F1143994%2FOrigin-and-loss-of-nebula-captured-hydrogen&amp;rft.atitle=Origin+and+loss+of+nebula-captured+hydrogen+envelopes+from+%E2%80%98sub%E2%80%99-+to+%E2%80%98super-Earths%E2%80%99+in+the+habitable+zone+of+Sun-like+stars&amp;rft.date=2014-04-21&amp;rft.volume=439&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.pages=3225%E2%80%933238&amp;rft.issn=0035-8711&amp;rft.aulast=Lammer&amp;rft.aufirst=H.&amp;rft.au=St%C3%B6kl%2C+A.&amp;rft.au=Erkaev%2C+N.+V."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">JOHNSON, Robert E. Thermally Driven Atmospheric Escape. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2010, roč. 716, čís. 2, s. 1573. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/716/i=2/a=1573">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F716%2F2%2F1573">10.1088/0004-637X/716/2/1573</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F716%2F2%2F1573&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F716%2Fi%3D2%2Fa%3D1573&amp;rft.atitle=Thermally+Driven+Atmospheric+Escape&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft.volume=716&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=1573&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Johnson&amp;rft.aufirst=Robert+E."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">MASUDA, Kento. Very Low Density Planets around Kepler-51 Revealed with Transit Timing Variations and an Anomaly Similar to a Planet-Planet Eclipse Event. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2014, roč. 783, čís. 1, s. 53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/783/i=1/a=53">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F783%2F1%2F53">10.1088/0004-637X/783/1/53</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F783%2F1%2F53&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F783%2Fi%3D1%2Fa%3D53&amp;rft.atitle=Very+Low+Density+Planets+around+Kepler-51+Revealed+with+Transit+Timing+Variations+and+an+Anomaly+Similar+to+a+Planet-Planet+Eclipse+Event&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.volume=783&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=53&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Masuda&amp;rft.aufirst=Kento"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">PETIGURA, Erik A.; HOWARD, Andrew W.; MARCY, Geoffrey W. Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. 2013-11-26, roč. 110, čís. 48, s. 19273–19278. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24191033?dopt=Abstract">PMID 24191033</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/110/48/19273">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1319909110">10.1073/pnas.1319909110</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24191033"><span class="&#80;MID">24191033</span></a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1073%2Fpnas.1319909110&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F110%2F48%2F19273&amp;rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+Earth-size+planets+orbiting+Sun-like+stars&amp;rft.date=2013-11-26&amp;rft.volume=110&amp;rft.issue=48&amp;rft.pages=19273%E2%80%9319278&amp;rft.issn=0027-8424&amp;rft.aulast=Petigura&amp;rft.aufirst=Erik+A.&amp;rft.au=Howard%2C+Andrew+W.&amp;rft.au=Marcy%2C+Geoffrey+W."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180625122700/http://www.pnas.org/content/110/48/19273">Archivováno</a> 25. 6. 2018 na <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CUMMING, Andrew; BUTLER, R. Paul; MARCY, Geoffrey W. The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets. <i>Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific</i>. 2008-05-01, roč. 120, čís. 867, s. 531–554. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/588487">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/1538-3873">1538-3873</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F588487">10.1086/588487</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+the+Pacific&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F588487&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2Farticle%2F10.1086%2F588487&amp;rft.atitle=The+Keck+Planet+Search%3A+Detectability+and+the+Minimum+Mass+and+Orbital+Period+Distribution+of+Extrasolar+Planets&amp;rft.date=2008-05-01&amp;rft.volume=120&amp;rft.issue=867&amp;rft.pages=531%E2%80%93554&amp;rft.issn=1538-3873&amp;rft.aulast=Cumming&amp;rft.aufirst=Andrew&amp;rft.au=Butler%2C+R.+Paul&amp;rft.au=Marcy%2C+Geoffrey+W."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">BONFILS, X.; FORVEILLE, T.; DELFOSSE, X. The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. <i>Astronomy &amp; Astrophysics</i>. 2005-12-01, roč. 443, čís. 3, s. L15–L18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/abs/2005/45/aahh223/aahh223.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-6361">0004-6361</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200500193">10.1051/0004-6361:200500193</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Astronomy+%26+Astrophysics&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200500193&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aanda.org%2Farticles%2Faa%2Fabs%2F2005%2F45%2Faahh223%2Faahh223.html&amp;rft.atitle=The+HARPS+search+for+southern+extra-solar+planets&amp;rft.date=2005-12-01&amp;rft.volume=443&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=L15%E2%80%93L18&amp;rft.issn=0004-6361&amp;rft.aulast=Bonfils&amp;rft.aufirst=X.&amp;rft.au=Forveille%2C+T.&amp;rft.au=Delfosse%2C+X."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">WANG, Ji; FISCHER, Debra A. Revealing a Universal Planet–Metallicity Correlation for Planets of Different Sizes Around Solar-type Stars. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. 2015, roč. 149, čís. 1, s. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/1538-3881/149/i=1/a=14">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/1538-3881">1538-3881</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F149%2F1%2F14">10.1088/0004-6256/149/1/14</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F149%2F1%2F14&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F1538-3881%2F149%2Fi%3D1%2Fa%3D14&amp;rft.atitle=Revealing+a+Universal+Planet%E2%80%93Metallicity+Correlation+for+Planets+of+Different+Sizes+Around+Solar-type+Stars&amp;rft.date=2015&amp;rft.volume=149&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=14&amp;rft.issn=1538-3881&amp;rft.aulast=Wang&amp;rft.aufirst=Ji&amp;rft.au=Fischer%2C+Debra+A."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Science work. <i>www.univie.ac.at</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141031145222/http://www.univie.ac.at/adg/schwarz/multiple.html">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném dne&#160;2014-10-31. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=www.univie.ac.at&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2Fadg%2Fschwarz%2Fmultiple.html&amp;rft.atitle=Science+work"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal;">SCHWARZ, Richard. <i>STAR-DATA</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-06-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919025737/http://www.univie.ac.at/adg/schwarz/multi.html">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném dne&#160;2015-09-19.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelmonografie&amp;rft.btitle=STAR-DATA&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univie.ac.at%2Fadg%2Fschwarz%2Fmulti.html&amp;rft.aulast=Schwarz&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">GARNER, Rob. NASA Hubble Finds a True Blue Planet. <i>NASA</i>. 2016-10-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/nasa-hubble-finds-a-true-blue-planet/#.UyWlIYWnzZ5">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=NASA&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2Fnasa-hubble-finds-a-true-blue-planet%2F%23.UyWlIYWnzZ5&amp;rft.atitle=NASA+Hubble+Finds+a+True+Blue+Planet&amp;rft.date=2016-10-31&amp;rft.aulast=Garner&amp;rft.aufirst=Rob"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">EVANS, Thomas M.; PONT, Frédéric; SING, David K. The Deep Blue Color of HD 189733b: Albedo Measurements with Hubble Space Telescope/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph at Visible Wavelengths. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. 2013, roč. 772, čís. 2, s. L16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/2041-8205/772/i=2/a=L16">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/2041-8205">2041-8205</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F772%2F2%2FL16">10.1088/2041-8205/772/2/L16</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F772%2F2%2FL16&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F2041-8205%2F772%2Fi%3D2%2Fa%3DL16&amp;rft.atitle=The+Deep+Blue+Color+of+HD+189733b%3A+Albedo+Measurements+with+Hubble+Space+Telescope%2FSpace+Telescope+Imaging+Spectrograph+at+Visible+Wavelengths&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.volume=772&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=L16&amp;rft.issn=2041-8205&amp;rft.aulast=Evans&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&amp;rft.au=Pont%2C+Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&amp;rft.au=Sing%2C+David+K."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">KUZUHARA, M.; TAMURA, M.; KUDO, T. Direct Imaging of a Cold Jovian Exoplanet in Orbit around the Sun-like Star GJ 504. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2013, roč. 774, čís. 1, s. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/774/i=1/a=11">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F774%2F1%2F11">10.1088/0004-637X/774/1/11</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F774%2F1%2F11&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F774%2Fi%3D1%2Fa%3D11&amp;rft.atitle=Direct+Imaging+of+a+Cold+Jovian+Exoplanet+in+Orbit+around+the+Sun-like+Star+GJ+504&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.volume=774&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=11&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Kuzuhara&amp;rft.aufirst=M.&amp;rft.au=Tamura%2C+M.&amp;rft.au=Kudo%2C+T."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CARSON, J.; THALMANN, C.; JANSON, M. Direct Imaging Discovery of a "Super-Jupiter" around the Late B-type Star&#160;? And. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. 2013, roč. 763, čís. 2, s. L32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/2041-8205/763/i=2/a=L32">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/2041-8205">2041-8205</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F763%2F2%2FL32">10.1088/2041-8205/763/2/L32</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F763%2F2%2FL32&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F2041-8205%2F763%2Fi%3D2%2Fa%3DL32&amp;rft.atitle=Direct+Imaging+Discovery+of+a+%22Super-Jupiter%22+around+the+Late+B-type+Star+%3F+And&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.volume=763&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=L32&amp;rft.issn=2041-8205&amp;rft.aulast=Carson&amp;rft.aufirst=J.&amp;rft.au=Thalmann%2C+C.&amp;rft.au=Janson%2C+M."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> The Apparent Brightness and Size of Exoplanets and their Stars - Planetary Habitability Laboratory @ UPR Arecibo. <i>phl.upr.edu</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812200814/http://phl.upr.edu/library/notes/theapparentbrightnessandsizeofexoplanetsandtheirstars">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném dne&#160;2014-08-12.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=phl.upr.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphl.upr.edu%2Flibrary%2Fnotes%2Ftheapparentbrightnessandsizeofexoplanetsandtheirstars&amp;rft.atitle=The+Apparent+Brightness+and+Size+of+Exoplanets+and+their+Stars+-+Planetary+Habitability+Laboratory+%40+UPR+Arecibo"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Coal-Black Alien Planet Is Darkest Ever Seen. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/12612-alien-planet-darkest-coal-black-kepler.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F12612-alien-planet-darkest-coal-black-kepler.html&amp;rft.atitle=Coal-Black+Alien+Planet+Is+Darkest+Ever+Seen"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">KIPPING, David M.; SPIEGEL, David S. Detection of visible light from the darkest world. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters</i>. 2011-10-01, roč. 417, čís. 1, s. L88–L92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnrasl/article/417/1/L88/1039066/Detection-of-visible-light-from-the-darkest-world">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/1745-3925">1745-3925</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1745-3933.2011.01127.x">10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01127.x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society%3A+Letters&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1745-3933.2011.01127.x&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmnrasl%2Farticle%2F417%2F1%2FL88%2F1039066%2FDetection-of-visible-light-from-the-darkest-world&amp;rft.atitle=Detection+of+visible+light+from+the+darkest+world&amp;rft.date=2011-10-01&amp;rft.volume=417&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=L88%E2%80%93L92&amp;rft.issn=1745-3925&amp;rft.aulast=Kipping&amp;rft.aufirst=David+M.&amp;rft.au=Spiegel%2C+David+S."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">BARCLAY, Thomas; HUBER, Daniel; ROWE, Jason F. Photometrically Derived Masses and Radii of the Planet and Star in the TrES-2 System. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2012, roč. 761, čís. 1, s. 53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/761/i=1/a=53">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F761%2F1%2F53">10.1088/0004-637X/761/1/53</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F761%2F1%2F53&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F761%2Fi%3D1%2Fa%3D53&amp;rft.atitle=Photometrically+Derived+Masses+and+Radii+of+the+Planet+and+Star+in+the+TrES-2+System&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=761&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=53&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Barclay&amp;rft.aufirst=Thomas&amp;rft.au=Huber%2C+Daniel&amp;rft.au=Rowe%2C+Jason+F."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_76-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_76-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_76-2"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">BURROWS, Adam. Scientific Return of Coronagraphic Exoplanet Imaging and Spectroscopy Using WFIRST. <i>arXiv:1412.6097 [astro-ph]</i>. 2014-12-18. ArXiv: 1412.6097. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1412.6097">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=arXiv%3A1412.6097+%5Bastro-ph%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farxiv.org%2Fabs%2F1412.6097&amp;rft.atitle=Scientific+Return+of+Coronagraphic+Exoplanet+Imaging+and+Spectroscopy+Using+WFIRST&amp;rft.date=2014-12-18&amp;rft.aulast=Burrows&amp;rft.aufirst=Adam"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Unlocking the Secrets of an Alien World's Magnetic Field. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/27828-alien-planet-magnetic-field-strength.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F27828-alien-planet-magnetic-field-strength.html&amp;rft.atitle=Unlocking+the+Secrets+of+an+Alien+World%27s+Magnetic+Field"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-78">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">KISLYAKOVA, Kristina G.; HOLMSTRÖM, Mats; LAMMER, Helmut. Magnetic moment and plasma environment of HD 209458b as determined from Ly? observations. <i>Science</i>. 2014-11-21, roč. 346, čís. 6212, s. 981–984. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414310?dopt=Abstract">PMID 25414310</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/346/6212/981">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1257829">10.1126/science.1257829</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25414310"><span class="&#80;MID">25414310</span></a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1257829&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F346%2F6212%2F981&amp;rft.atitle=Magnetic+moment+and+plasma+environment+of+HD+209458b+as+determined+from+Ly%3F+observations&amp;rft.date=2014-11-21&amp;rft.volume=346&amp;rft.issue=6212&amp;rft.pages=981%E2%80%93984&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.aulast=Kislyakova&amp;rft.aufirst=Kristina+G.&amp;rft.au=Holmstr%C3%B6m%2C+Mats&amp;rft.au=Lammer%2C+Helmut"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-79">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Footprint of a Magnetic Exoplanet - Sky &amp; Telescope. <i>Sky &amp; Telescope</i>. 2004-01-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/footprint-of-a-magnetic-exoplanet/">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Sky+%26+Telescope&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fastronomy-news%2Ffootprint-of-a-magnetic-exoplanet%2F&amp;rft.atitle=Footprint+of+a+Magnetic+Exoplanet+-+Sky+%26+Telescope&amp;rft.date=2004-01-09"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">NICHOLS, J. D. Magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling at Jupiter-like exoplanets with internal plasma sources: implications for detectability of auroral radio emissions. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2011-07-01, roč. 414, čís. 3, s. 2125–2138. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article/414/3/2125/1036950/Magnetosphere-ionosphere-coupling-at-Jupiter-like">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2011.18528.x">10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18528.x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2011.18528.x&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmnras%2Farticle%2F414%2F3%2F2125%2F1036950%2FMagnetosphere-ionosphere-coupling-at-Jupiter-like&amp;rft.atitle=Magnetosphere%E2%80%93ionosphere+coupling+at+Jupiter-like+exoplanets+with+internal+plasma+sources%3A+implications+for+detectability+of+auroral+radio+emissions&amp;rft.date=2011-07-01&amp;rft.volume=414&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=2125%E2%80%932138&amp;rft.issn=0035-8711&amp;rft.aulast=Nichols&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+D."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">REDORBIT. Radio Telescopes Could Help Find Exoplanets - Redorbit. <i>Redorbit</i>. 2011-04-18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redorbit.com/news/space/2031221/radio_telescopes_could_help_find_exoplanets/">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Redorbit&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redorbit.com%2Fnews%2Fspace%2F2031221%2Fradio_telescopes_could_help_find_exoplanets%2F&amp;rft.atitle=Radio+Telescopes+Could+Help+Find+Exoplanets+-+Redorbit&amp;rft.date=2011-04-18&amp;rft.aulast=redOrbit"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-82">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Archivovaná kopie. <i>www.faculty.ece.vt.edu</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-06-02]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313054950/http://www.faculty.ece.vt.edu/swe/lwa/memo/lwa0013.pdf">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném z&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.ece.vt.edu/swe/lwa/memo/lwa0013.pdf">originálu</a> dne&#160;2016-03-13.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=www.faculty.ece.vt.edu&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faculty.ece.vt.edu%2Fswe%2Flwa%2Fmemo%2Flwa0013.pdf&amp;rft.atitle=Archivovan%C3%A1+kopie"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-83">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Forbidden Planet, Forbidden Chemistry. <i>Chemical Heritage Foundation</i>. 2016-07-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemheritage.org/distillations/magazine/forbidden-planet-forbidden-chemistry">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemheritage.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fforbidden-planet-forbidden-chemistry&amp;rft.atitle=Forbidden+Planet%2C+Forbidden+Chemistry&amp;rft.date=2016-07-26"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-84">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Super-Earth planets may have a form of liquid metal that makes magnesium oxide flow like water inside, allowing for magnetic fields that could shield life from space radiation.. <i>Space.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/18604-super-earth-planets-liquid-metal.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Space.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F18604-super-earth-planets-liquid-metal.html&amp;rft.atitle=Super-Earth+planets+may+have+a+form+of+liquid+metal+that+makes+magnesium+oxide+flow+like+water+inside%2C+allowing+for+magnetic+fields+that+could+shield+life+from+space+radiation."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-85">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">BUZASI, D. Stellar Magnetic Fields as a Heating Source for Extrasolar Giant Planets. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. 2013, roč. 765, čís. 2, s. L25. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/2041-8205/765/i=2/a=L25">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/2041-8205">2041-8205</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F765%2F2%2FL25">10.1088/2041-8205/765/2/L25</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F765%2F2%2FL25&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F2041-8205%2F765%2Fi%3D2%2Fa%3DL25&amp;rft.atitle=Stellar+Magnetic+Fields+as+a+Heating+Source+for+Extrasolar+Giant+Planets&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.volume=765&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=L25&amp;rft.issn=2041-8205&amp;rft.aulast=Buzasi&amp;rft.aufirst=D."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-86">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">VALENCIA, Diana; O'CONNELL, Richard J. Convection scaling and subduction on Earth and super-Earths. <i>Earth and Planetary Science Letters</i>. 2009-09-15, roč. 286, čís. 3, s. 492–502. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X09004178">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2009.07.015">10.1016/j.epsl.2009.07.015</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2009.07.015&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0012821X09004178&amp;rft.atitle=Convection+scaling+and+subduction+on+Earth+and+super-Earths&amp;rft.date=2009-09-15&amp;rft.volume=286&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=492%E2%80%93502&amp;rft.aulast=Valencia&amp;rft.aufirst=Diana&amp;rft.au=O%27Connell%2C+Richard+J."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-87">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">O'NEILL, C.; LENARDIC, A. Geological consequences of super-sized Earths. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. 2007-10-01, roč. 34, čís. 19, s. L19204. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2007GL030598/abstract">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/1944-8007">1944-8007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2007GL030598">10.1029/2007GL030598</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1029%2F2007GL030598&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1029%2F2007GL030598%2Fabstract&amp;rft.atitle=Geological+consequences+of+super-sized+Earths&amp;rft.date=2007-10-01&amp;rft.volume=34&amp;rft.issue=19&amp;rft.pages=L19204&amp;rft.issn=1944-8007&amp;rft.aulast=O%27Neill&amp;rft.aufirst=C.&amp;rft.au=Lenardic%2C+A."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-88">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">VALENCIA, Diana; O’CONNELL, Richard J.; SASSELOV, Dimitar D. Inevitability of Plate Tectonics on Super-Earths. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. 2007, roč. 670, čís. 1, s. 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(anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F524012&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F1538-4357%2F670%2Fi%3D1%2Fa%3DL45&amp;rft.atitle=Inevitability+of+Plate+Tectonics+on+Super-Earths&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.volume=670&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=L45&amp;rft.issn=1538-4357&amp;rft.aulast=Valencia&amp;rft.aufirst=Diana&amp;rft.au=O%E2%80%99Connell%2C+Richard+J.&amp;rft.au=Sasselov%2C+Dimitar+D."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-89">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Super Earths Likely To Have Both Oceans and Continents - Astrobiology. <i>astrobiology.com</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrobiology.com/2014/01/super-earths-likely-to-have-both-oceans-and-continents.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=astrobiology.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrobiology.com%2F2014%2F01%2Fsuper-earths-likely-to-have-both-oceans-and-continents.html&amp;rft.atitle=Super+Earths+Likely+To+Have+Both+Oceans+and+Continents+-+Astrobiology"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-90">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">COWAN, Nicolas B.; ABBOT, Dorian S. Water Cycling between Ocean and Mantle: Super-Earths Need Not Be Waterworlds. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2014, roč. 781, čís. 1, s. 27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/781/i=1/a=27">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F781%2F1%2F27">10.1088/0004-637X/781/1/27</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F781%2F1%2F27&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F781%2Fi%3D1%2Fa%3D27&amp;rft.atitle=Water+Cycling+between+Ocean+and+Mantle%3A+Super-Earths+Need+Not+Be+Waterworlds&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.volume=781&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=27&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Cowan&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicolas+B.&amp;rft.au=Abbot%2C+Dorian+S."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-91">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Astronomers May Have Found Volcanoes 40 Light-Years From Earth. <i>National Geographic News</i> [online]. 2015-05-06 [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/05/150506-volcano-planet-space-cancri-astronomy/">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2015%2F05%2F150506-volcano-planet-space-cancri-astronomy%2F&amp;rft.atitle=Astronomers+May+Have+Found+Volcanoes+40+Light-Years+From+Earth&amp;rft.date=2015-05-06"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-92">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">DEMORY, Brice-Olivier; GILLON, Michael; MADHUSUDHAN, Nikku. Variability in the super-Earth 55 Cnc e. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. 2016-01-11, roč. 455, čís. 2, s. 2018–2027. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/455/2/2018/1106184/Variability-in-the-super-Earth-55-Cnc-e?redirectedFrom=fulltext">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0035-8711">0035-8711</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstv2239">10.1093/mnras/stv2239</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1093%2Fmnras%2Fstv2239&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fmnras%2Farticle-abstract%2F455%2F2%2F2018%2F1106184%2FVariability-in-the-super-Earth-55-Cnc-e%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&amp;rft.atitle=Variability+in+the+super-Earth+55+Cnc+e&amp;rft.date=2016-01-11&amp;rft.volume=455&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=2018%E2%80%932027&amp;rft.issn=0035-8711&amp;rft.aulast=Demory&amp;rft.aufirst=Brice-Olivier&amp;rft.au=Gillon%2C+Michael&amp;rft.au=Madhusudhan%2C+Nikku"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-93">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Scientists Discover a Saturn-like Ring System Eclipsing a Sun-like Star. <i>www.spacedaily.com</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Scientists_Discover_a_Saturn_like_Ring_System_Eclipsing_a_Sun_like_Star_999.html">Dostupné online</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=www.spacedaily.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spacedaily.com%2Freports%2FScientists_Discover_a_Saturn_like_Ring_System_Eclipsing_a_Sun_like_Star_999.html&amp;rft.atitle=Scientists+Discover+a+Saturn-like+Ring+System+Eclipsing+a+Sun-like+Star"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-94">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">MAMAJEK, Eric E.; QUILLEN, Alice C.; PECAUT, Mark J. Planetary Construction Zones in Occultation: Discovery of an Extrasolar Ring System Transiting a Young Sun-like Star and Future Prospects for Detecting Eclipses by Circumsecondary and Circumplanetary Disks. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. 2012, roč. 143, čís. 3, s. 72. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/1538-3881/143/i=3/a=72">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/1538-3881">1538-3881</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F143%2F3%2F72">10.1088/0004-6256/143/3/72</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0004-6256%2F143%2F3%2F72&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F1538-3881%2F143%2Fi%3D3%2Fa%3D72&amp;rft.atitle=Planetary+Construction+Zones+in+Occultation%3A+Discovery+of+an+Extrasolar+Ring+System+Transiting+a+Young+Sun-like+Star+and+Future+Prospects+for+Detecting+Eclipses+by+Circumsecondary+and+Circumplanetary+Disks&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.volume=143&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=72&amp;rft.issn=1538-3881&amp;rft.aulast=Mamajek&amp;rft.aufirst=Eric+E.&amp;rft.au=Quillen%2C+Alice+C.&amp;rft.au=Pecaut%2C+Mark+J."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-95">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">KALAS, Paul; GRAHAM, James R.; CHIANG, Eugene. 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(anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.1166609&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F322%2F5906%2F1345&amp;rft.atitle=Optical+Images+of+an+Exosolar+Planet+25+Light-Years+from+Earth&amp;rft.date=2008-11-28&amp;rft.volume=322&amp;rft.issue=5906&amp;rft.pages=1345%E2%80%931348&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.aulast=Kalas&amp;rft.aufirst=Paul&amp;rft.au=Graham%2C+James+R.&amp;rft.au=Chiang%2C+Eugene"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-96">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">SCHLICHTING, Hilke E.; CHANG, Philip. Warm Saturns: On the Nature of Rings around Extrasolar Planets That Reside inside the Ice Line. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2011, roč. 734, čís. 2, s. 117. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/734/i=2/a=117">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F734%2F2%2F117">10.1088/0004-637X/734/2/117</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F734%2F2%2F117&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F734%2Fi%3D2%2Fa%3D117&amp;rft.atitle=Warm+Saturns%3A+On+the+Nature+of+Rings+around+Extrasolar+Planets+That+Reside+inside+the+Ice+Line&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.volume=734&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=117&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Schlichting&amp;rft.aufirst=Hilke+E.&amp;rft.au=Chang%2C+Philip"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-97">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">BENNETT, D. P.; BATISTA, V.; BOND, I. A. MOA-2011-BLG-262Lb: A Sub-Earth-Mass Moon Orbiting a Gas Giant Primary or a High Velocity Planetary System in the Galactic Bulge. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2014, roč. 785, čís. 2, s. 155. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/785/i=2/a=155">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F785%2F2%2F155">10.1088/0004-637X/785/2/155</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F785%2F2%2F155&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F785%2Fi%3D2%2Fa%3D155&amp;rft.atitle=MOA-2011-BLG-262Lb%3A+A+Sub-Earth-Mass+Moon+Orbiting+a+Gas+Giant+Primary+or+a+High+Velocity+Planetary+System+in+the+Galactic+Bulge&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft.volume=785&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=155&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Bennett&amp;rft.aufirst=D.+P.&amp;rft.au=Batista%2C+V.&amp;rft.au=Bond%2C+I.+A."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-98">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">KIPPING, David M.; TEACHEY, Alex. Evidence for a large exomoon orbiting Kepler-1625b. <i>Science Advances</i>. 2018-10-01, roč. 4, čís. 10, s. eaav1784. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/4/10/eaav1784">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2018-12-09]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aav1784">10.1126/sciadv.aav1784</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aav1784&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadvances.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F4%2F10%2Feaav1784&amp;rft.atitle=Evidence+for+a+large+exomoon+orbiting+Kepler-1625b&amp;rft.date=2018-10-01&amp;rft.volume=4&amp;rft.issue=10&amp;rft.pages=eaav1784&amp;rft.issn=2375-2548&amp;rft.aulast=Kipping&amp;rft.aufirst=David+M.&amp;rft.au=Teachey%2C+Alex"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-99">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CHARBONNEAU, David; BROWN, Timothy M.; NOYES, Robert W. Detection of an Extrasolar Planet Atmosphere. <i>The Astrophysical Journal</i>. 2002, roč. 568, čís. 1, s. 377. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/0004-637X/568/i=1/a=377">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F338770">10.1086/338770</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1086%2F338770&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F0004-637X%2F568%2Fi%3D1%2Fa%3D377&amp;rft.atitle=Detection+of+an+Extrasolar+Planet+Atmosphere&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.volume=568&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=377&amp;rft.issn=0004-637X&amp;rft.aulast=Charbonneau&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.au=Brown%2C+Timothy+M.&amp;rft.au=Noyes%2C+Robert+W."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-100">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Evaporating exoplanet stirs up dust. <i>Phys.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2012-08-evaporating-exoplanet.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Phys.org&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2012-08-evaporating-exoplanet.html&amp;rft.atitle=Evaporating+exoplanet+stirs+up+dust"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-101">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> New-found exoplanet is evaporating away. <i>TGDaily</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tgdaily.com/space-features/63469-new-found-exoplanet-is-evaporating-away">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=TGDaily&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tgdaily.com%2Fspace-features%2F63469-new-found-exoplanet-is-evaporating-away&amp;rft.atitle=New-found+exoplanet+is+evaporating+away"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-102">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">THE NEW YORK TIMES. A Planet With a Tail Nine Million Miles Long. <i>The New York Times</i>. 2015-08-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/projects/cp/summer-of-science-2015/latest/exoplanet-tail">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2Fprojects%2Fcp%2Fsummer-of-science-2015%2Flatest%2Fexoplanet-tail&amp;rft.atitle=A+Planet+With+a+Tail+Nine+Million+Miles+Long&amp;rft.date=2015-08-17&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=The+New+York+Times"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-103">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">FLEUR, Nicholas St. Spotting Mysterious Twinkles on Earth From a Million Miles Away. <i>The New York Times</i>. 2017-05-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/19/science/dscovr-satellite-ice-glints-earth-atmosphere.html">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F05%2F19%2Fscience%2Fdscovr-satellite-ice-glints-earth-atmosphere.html&amp;rft.atitle=Spotting+Mysterious+Twinkles+on+Earth+From+a+Million+Miles+Away&amp;rft.date=2017-05-19&amp;rft.issn=0362-4331&amp;rft.aulast=Fleur&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas+St"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-104">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">MARSHAK, Alexander; VÁRNAI, Tamás; KOSTINSKI, Alexander. Terrestrial glint seen from deep space: Oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. 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(anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F2017GL073248&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F2017GL073248%2Fabstract&amp;rft.atitle=Terrestrial+glint+seen+from+deep+space%3A+Oriented+ice+crystals+detected+from+the+Lagrangian+point&amp;rft.pages=2017GL073248&amp;rft.issn=1944-8007&amp;rft.aulast=Marshak&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rft.au=V%C3%A1rnai%2C+Tam%C3%A1s&amp;rft.au=Kostinski%2C+Alexander"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-105">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">RAYMOND, Sean. Forget “Earth-Like”—We’ll First Find Aliens on Eyeball Planets. <i>Nautilus</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623082602/http://nautil.us/blog/forget-earth_likewell-first-find-aliens-on-eyeball-planets">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném dne&#160;2017-06-23.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Nautilus&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnautil.us%2Fblog%2Fforget-earth_likewell-first-find-aliens-on-eyeball-planets&amp;rft.atitle=Forget+%E2%80%9CEarth-Like%E2%80%9D%E2%80%94We%E2%80%99ll+First+Find+Aliens+on+Eyeball+Planets&amp;rft.aulast=Raymond&amp;rft.aufirst=Sean"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623082602/http://nautil.us/blog/forget-earth_likewell-first-find-aliens-on-eyeball-planets">Archivováno</a> 23. 6. 2017 na <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-106">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">DOBROVOLSKIS, Anthony R. Insolation patterns on eccentric exoplanets. <i>Icarus</i>. 2015-04-01, roč. 250, s. 395–399. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103514006976">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-06-01]. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.12.017">10.1016/j.icarus.2014.12.017</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Icarus&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2014.12.017&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0019103514006976&amp;rft.atitle=Insolation+patterns+on+eccentric+exoplanets&amp;rft.date=2015-04-01&amp;rft.volume=250&amp;rft.pages=395%E2%80%93399&amp;rft.aulast=Dobrovolskis&amp;rft.aufirst=Anthony+R."><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-107">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Patterns of Sunlight on Extra-Solar Planets | SETI Institute. <i>www.seti.org</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-06-02]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623131443/http://www.seti.org/weeky-lecture/patterns-sunlight-extra-solar-planets">Dostupné v&#160;archivu</a> pořízeném dne&#160;2017-06-23.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=www.seti.org&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seti.org%2Fweeky-lecture%2Fpatterns-sunlight-extra-solar-planets&amp;rft.atitle=Patterns+of+Sunlight+on+Extra-Solar+Planets+%7C+SETI+Institute"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-108">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;"> Oxygen Is Not Definitive Evidence of Life on Extrasolar Planets - Astrobiology. <i>astrobiology.com</i> [online]. [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://astrobiology.com/2015/09/oxygen-is-not-definitive-evidence-of-life-on-extrasolar-planets.html">Dostupné online</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceelperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=astrobiology.com&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fastrobiology.com%2F2015%2F09%2Foxygen-is-not-definitive-evidence-of-life-on-extrasolar-planets.html&amp;rft.atitle=Oxygen+Is+Not+Definitive+Evidence+of+Life+on+Extrasolar+Planets+-+Astrobiology"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-109">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">KOPPARAPU, Ravi Kumar. A Revised Estimate of the Occurrence Rate of Terrestrial Planets in the Habitable Zones around Kepler M-dwarfs. <i>The Astrophysical Journal Letters</i>. 2013, roč. 767, čís. 1, s. L8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stacks.iop.org/2041-8205/767/i=1/a=L8">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/2041-8205">2041-8205</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F767%2F1%2FL8">10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L8</a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Astrophysical+Journal+Letters&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1088%2F2041-8205%2F767%2F1%2FL8&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstacks.iop.org%2F2041-8205%2F767%2Fi%3D1%2Fa%3DL8&amp;rft.atitle=A+Revised+Estimate+of+the+Occurrence+Rate+of+Terrestrial+Planets+in+the+Habitable+Zones+around+Kepler+M-dwarfs&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.volume=767&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=L8&amp;rft.issn=2041-8205&amp;rft.aulast=Kopparapu&amp;rft.aufirst=Ravi+Kumar"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-110">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CRUZ, Maria; COONTZ, Robert. Alien Worlds Galore. <i>Science</i>. 2013-05-03, roč. 340, čís. 6132, s. 565–565. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23641107?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23641107</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/340/6132/565">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-31]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.340.6132.565">10.1126/science.340.6132.565</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23641107"><span class="&#80;MID">23641107</span></a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.340.6132.565&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F340%2F6132%2F565&amp;rft.atitle=Alien+Worlds+Galore&amp;rft.date=2013-05-03&amp;rft.volume=340&amp;rft.issue=6132&amp;rft.pages=565%E2%80%93565&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.aulast=Cruz&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria&amp;rft.au=Coontz%2C+Robert"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-111">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal;">CRUZ, Maria; COONTZ, Robert. Alien Worlds Galore. <i>Science</i>. 2013-05-03, roč. 340, čís. 6132, s. 565–565. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23641107?dopt=Abstract">PMID 23641107</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.sciencemag.org/content/340/6132/565">Dostupné online</a> [cit. 2017-05-30]. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.340.6132.565">10.1126/science.340.6132.565</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23641107"><span class="&#80;MID">23641107</span></a>. (anglicky)</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/cs.wikipedia.org:templatecitaceperiodika&amp;rft.jtitle=Science&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.340.6132.565&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.sciencemag.org%2Fcontent%2F340%2F6132%2F565&amp;rft.atitle=Alien+Worlds+Galore&amp;rft.date=2013-05-03&amp;rft.volume=340&amp;rft.issue=6132&amp;rft.pages=565%E2%80%93565&amp;rft.issn=0036-8075&amp;rft.aulast=Cruz&amp;rft.aufirst=Maria&amp;rft.au=Coontz%2C+Robert"><span style="display:none">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Související_články"><span id="Souvisej.C3.ADc.C3.AD_.C4.8Dl.C3.A1nky"></span>Související články</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=24" title="Editace sekce: Související články" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Související články"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extrasol%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_kometa" title="Extrasolární kometa">Extrasolární kometa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet%C3%A1rn%C3%AD_soustava" title="Planetární soustava">Planetární soustava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seznam_potenci%C3%A1ln%C4%9B_obyvateln%C3%BDch_exoplanet" title="Seznam potenciálně obyvatelných exoplanet">Seznam potenciálně obyvatelných exoplanet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Externí_odkazy"><span id="Extern.C3.AD_odkazy"></span>Externí odkazy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=25" title="Editace sekce: Externí odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exoplaneta&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Externí odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="wd"><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-commons"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Logo Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text">Obrázky, zvuky či videa k tématu <span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Exoplanets" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Exoplanets">Exoplanety</a></span> na <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></span></span><i> </i></li> <li><span class="sisterproject sisterproject-wiktionary"><span class="sisterproject_image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-cs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="411" /></span></span></span> <span class="sisterproject_text"><span class="sisterproject_text_prefix">Slovníkové heslo </span><span class="sisterproject_text_target"><a href="https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/exoplaneta" class="extiw" title="wikt:exoplaneta">exoplaneta</a></span><span class="sisterproject_text_suffix"> ve Wikislovníku</span></span></span></li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoplanet.eu/">The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Paris_Observatory&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Paris Observatory (stránka neexistuje)">Paris Observatory</a>)</li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu/">NASA Exoplanet Archive</a></li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.openexoplanetcatalogue.com/">Open Exoplanet Catalogue</a></li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phl.upr.edu/projects/habitable-exoplanets-catalog">The Habitable Exoplanets Catalog</a> (PHL/<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_Puerto_Rico_at_Arecibo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo (stránka neexistuje)">UPR Arecibo</a>)</li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucm.es/info/Astrof/recopilaciones/planetas_ext.html">Extrasolar Planets</a>&#160;– D. Montes, UCM</li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203091324/http://media4.obspm.fr/exoplanets/">Exoplanets</a> at Paris Observatory</li> <li><span style="cursor:help;" data-lang="en" title="Jazyk cíle odkazu: angličtina">(anglicky)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617223842/http://exographs.net/">Graphical Comparison of Extrasolar Planets</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4456110-6">4456110-6</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh96011308">sh96011308</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loty%C5%A1sk%C3%A1_n%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna" title="Lotyšská národní knihovna">LNB</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000296020&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">000296020</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_knihovna_Izraele" title="Národní knihovna Izraele">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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