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<span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Behavior_and_ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavior_and_ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Behavior and ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Behavior_and_ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Behavior and ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Behavior_and_ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding_and_parental_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding_and_parental_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Breeding and parental care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding_and_parental_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sexual selection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ornamentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ornamentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ornamentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ornamentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visual_ornaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_ornaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Visual ornaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_ornaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocal_ornaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocal_ornaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Vocal ornaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocal_ornaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olfactory_ornaments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olfactory_ornaments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Olfactory ornaments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olfactory_ornaments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Conservation status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Crested auklet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A3%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81" title="أويك أعرف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أويك أعرف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Качулата конюга – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Качулата конюга" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godog_kupennek" title="Godog kupennek – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Godog kupennek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavot%C3%AD_emplomallat" title="Gavotí emplomallat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gavotí emplomallat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethia_cristatella" title="Aethia cristatella – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Aethia cristatella" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carfil_copog" title="Carfil copog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carfil copog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toppet_dv%C3%A6rgalk" title="Toppet dværgalk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Toppet dværgalk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schopfalk" title="Schopfalk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schopfalk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADdii_na%CA%BCa%C5%82k%C7%AB%CC%81%CA%BC%C3%AD_y%C3%A1zh%C3%AD_bit%C3%A9%C3%A9l_%C5%82ib%C3%A1h%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Tsídii naʼałkǫ́ʼí yázhí bitéél łibáhígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsídii naʼałkǫ́ʼí yázhí bitéél łibáhígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethia_cristatella" title="Aethia cristatella – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aethia cristatella" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tufa%C5%ADko" title="Tufaŭko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tufaŭko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pottorro_mottodun" title="Pottorro mottodun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pottorro mottodun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%A9_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%86%DA%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ماهی‌گیرک کوچک تاجدار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماهی‌گیرک کوچک تاجدار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starique_cristatelle" title="Starique cristatelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Starique cristatelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingai-laut_jambul" title="Pingai-laut jambul – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pingai-laut jambul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iqsralik" title="Iqsralik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iqsralik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toppklumba" title="Toppklumba – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Toppklumba" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethia_cristatella" title="Aethia cristatella – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aethia cristatella" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%AA" title="אלקית מצוייצת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקית מצוייצת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3bit%C3%A1s_alka" title="Bóbitás alka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bóbitás alka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81" title="اويك اعرف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اويك اعرف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuifalk" title="Kuifalk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kuifalk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A6%E3%83%9F%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A1" title="エトロフウミスズメ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エトロフウミスズメ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9" title="تاجوالا اوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تاجوالا اوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nurniczek_czubaty" title="Nurniczek czubaty – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nurniczek czubaty" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torda-de-penacho" title="Torda-de-penacho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torda-de-penacho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Большая конюга – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Большая конюга" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6yht%C3%B6kiislanen" title="Töyhtökiislanen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Töyhtökiislanen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tofsalka" title="Tofsalka – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tofsalka" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Конюга велика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конюга велика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethia_cristatella" title="Aethia cristatella – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Aethia cristatella" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aethia_cristatella" title="Aethia cristatella – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Aethia cristatella" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E5%B0%8F%E6%B5%B7%E9%9B%80" title="冠小海雀 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冠小海雀" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1166020#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of bird</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Crested auklet </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aethia_cristatella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aethia_cristatella.jpg/220px-Aethia_cristatella.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aethia_cristatella.jpg/330px-Aethia_cristatella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aethia_cristatella.jpg/440px-Aethia_cristatella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Aethia" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Aves</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auk" title="Auk">Alcidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aethia" title="Aethia"><i>Aethia</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>A. cristatella</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Aethia cristatella</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas" title="Peter Simon Pallas">Pallas</a>, 1769)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Aethia_cristatella_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Aethia_cristatella_map.svg/220px-Aethia_cristatella_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Aethia_cristatella_map.svg/330px-Aethia_cristatella_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Aethia_cristatella_map.svg/440px-Aethia_cristatella_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="477" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>Alca cristatella</i><br /> <i>Simorhynchus cristatellus</i> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>crested auklet</b> (<i><b>Aethia cristatella</b></i>) is a small seabird of the family <a href="/wiki/Alcidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcidae">Alcidae</a>, distributed throughout the northern Pacific and the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>. The species feeds by diving in deep waters, eating krill and a variety of small marine animals. It nests in dense <a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">colonies</a> of up to 1 million individuals in the Bering Sea and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a>. It often breeds in mixed-species colonies with the <a href="/wiki/Least_auklet" title="Least auklet">least auklet</a>, a smaller <a href="/wiki/Conspecificity" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecificity">congener</a>. </p><p>The species is known for its sexual ornaments, found in both males and females. These include colorful plumage with a forehead crest, a striking scent recalling citrus fruit, and a loud trumpet call, all of which appear to have evolved through <a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection" title="Sexual selection">sexual selection</a>. The total population is around 6 million, almost half in North America. It is in general considered to be of least concern, though the Alaskan population faces additional threats from predation and oil spills. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The crested auklet was first <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> as <i>Alca cristatella</i> in 1769 by the German zoologist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas" title="Peter Simon Pallas">Peter Simon Pallas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific epithet</a> <i>cristatella</i> is <a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Neo-Latin</a> for "little crested" from Latin <i>cristatus</i> "crested" or "plumed".<sup id="cite_ref-hbwkey_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hbwkey-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is now placed in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Aethia" title="Aethia">Aethia</a></i> that was introduced by the German naturalist <a href="/wiki/Blasius_Merrem" title="Blasius Merrem">Blasius Merrem</a> in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-peters_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-peters-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genus includes four auklet species. There are no recognised <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a> of the crested auklet.<sup id="cite_ref-ioc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ioc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the genus. it is most closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Whiskered_auklet" title="Whiskered auklet">whiskered auklet</a> (<i>A. pygmaea</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Friesen_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Friesen-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family <a href="/wiki/Alcidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcidae">Alcidae</a> consists of many species of shorebirds including other <a href="/wiki/Auklet" class="mw-redirect" title="Auklet">auklets</a> (not in the genus <a href="/wiki/Aethia" title="Aethia">Aethia</a>), <a href="/wiki/Puffins" class="mw-redirect" title="Puffins">puffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Razorbill" title="Razorbill">razorbills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillemot" title="Guillemot">guillemots</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Murres" class="mw-redirect" title="Murres">murres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tree_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tree-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crested_Auklet_pair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Crested_Auklet_pair.jpg/170px-Crested_Auklet_pair.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Crested_Auklet_pair.jpg/255px-Crested_Auklet_pair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Crested_Auklet_pair.jpg/340px-Crested_Auklet_pair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="1050" /></a><figcaption>Pair</figcaption></figure> <p>The crested auklet can measure 18–27 cm (7.1–10.6 in) in length, 34–50 cm (13–20 in) in wingspan and weigh 195–330 g (6.9–11.6 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-CRC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a reddish-orange and yellow tipped bill, yellowish white irises, and white auricular plumes from their eyes to their ears. Their bodies, wings, and tails are primarily dark sooty grey, while their legs and feet are grey and claws black. The males and females are very similar, although the females have slightly smaller and less curved bills, additionally slightly smaller crests.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crested auklets are known for their forehead crests, which is made of black forward-curving feathers. These forehead crests are highly variable, and can have between two and twenty three narrow forward curving feathers. The average auklet has 12 crest feathers, which are of variable length, between 8.1 and 58.5 millimetres.<sup id="cite_ref-mutual_sexual_selection_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutual_sexual_selection-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auklets have <a href="/wiki/Auricular_muscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Auricular muscles">auricular</a> plumes and a bright orange bill with curved accessory plates.<sup id="cite_ref-experimental_evidence_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-experimental_evidence-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like forehead crests, these features vary widely within auklet populations.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crested auklet is recognized primarily by two characteristics during the breeding season. The first is its crest, a group of bristle feathers located on top of its head above its eyes. The second is a social odor that the auklets produce during the breeding season, described as smelling like <a href="/wiki/Tangerine" title="Tangerine">tangerines</a>. This odor originates from tiny wick feathers, located in a small patch of skin between the shoulder blades.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubakin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubakin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In winter plumage, their bills are smaller and dull yellow. They lack accessory plates and their crest and auricular plumes are reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Juveniles are similar to winter adults, but without auricular and crest plumes. Their bills are smaller, and colored a dull brownish yellow.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juveniles take 33 days to reach adult size.<sup id="cite_ref-Ian_Jones_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ian_Jones-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anim1910_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anim1910_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/220px-Anim1910_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anim1910_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/330px-Anim1910_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Anim1910_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg/440px-Anim1910_-_Flickr_-_NOAA_Photo_Library.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3332" data-file-height="2243" /></a><figcaption>Crested auklets on a cliffside</figcaption></figure> <p>Crested auklets are found throughout the northern Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea. They are particularly prevalent during the non-breeding winter months along the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuril_Islands" title="Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> and the Russian island of <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>. They travel to breeding locations on the islands and shorelines of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> during the late spring and summer.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their habitats consist of slopes, boulder fields, lava flows, and sea cliffs. They are often found with other auklet species such as the <a href="/wiki/Least_auklet" title="Least auklet">least auklet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a daily basis, crested auklets circle 500 meters above the sea and the breeding colonies. This circling is triggered by disturbances and predators posing a threat.<sup id="cite_ref-Ian_Jones_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ian_Jones-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behavior_and_ecology">Behavior and ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Behavior and ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crested auklets primarily forage in deep waters, however sometimes in areas closer to the shore, but always in large flocks. Little is known about the winter diets, however, it is suggested that they feed on a variety of marine invertebrates. Crested auklets are <a href="/wiki/Planktivores" class="mw-redirect" title="Planktivores">planktivores</a>. Their diet consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a>, but they are also known to eat <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">copepods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pteropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteropod">pteropods</a> (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Limacina" title="Limacina">Limacina</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Amphipod" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphipod">amphipods</a> and larval <a href="/wiki/Fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishes">fishes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crested auklets dive from the surface of the water to catch their food. This behavior has been described as underwater "flight".<sup id="cite_ref-alaska_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alaska-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding_and_parental_care">Breeding and parental care</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breeding and parental care"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AUKLET,_CRESTED_(9-3-08)_gambell,_ak_-01_(2827641397).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AUKLET%2C_CRESTED_%289-3-08%29_gambell%2C_ak_-01_%282827641397%29.jpg/220px-AUKLET%2C_CRESTED_%289-3-08%29_gambell%2C_ak_-01_%282827641397%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AUKLET%2C_CRESTED_%289-3-08%29_gambell%2C_ak_-01_%282827641397%29.jpg/330px-AUKLET%2C_CRESTED_%289-3-08%29_gambell%2C_ak_-01_%282827641397%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/AUKLET%2C_CRESTED_%289-3-08%29_gambell%2C_ak_-01_%282827641397%29.jpg/440px-AUKLET%2C_CRESTED_%289-3-08%29_gambell%2C_ak_-01_%282827641397%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Chick in hand</figcaption></figure> <p>The crested auklet breeding season begins mid-May and ends mid-August.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their nesting sites are within the rocky crevices of North Pacific coast. They breed in dense colonies of up to one million birds. Because of this, nesting sites are in close proximity, with as little as 0.3 meters between nests. Even so, there is a high degree of territoriality, and adults show a high degree of site fidelity within a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Klenova_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klenova-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because mating occurs at sea and males have no <a href="/wiki/Sex_organ" title="Sex organ">copulatory organ</a>, males must hover over females for a successful mating. <a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a> is mutual, but females do have final choice on breeding partner.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubakin_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubakin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crested auklets are highly social during the breeding season, before pair formation, and after pair formation. Within a breeding year, however, crested auklets are monogamous, with only 10% of the population having extra-pair copulations. Partners continue to self-advertise to other birds when they are not incubating. While some of this advertising behavior can be linked to extra-pair mating, it is suggested that continuation of the behavior allows birds to find pairs for the next breeding season. Only 45.5% of birds remain with the same partner in the subsequent breeding season.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubakin_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubakin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both sexes invest highly in parental care; parents share equally in incubating the single egg and raising the chick. Since both sexes are ornamented, crested auklets align with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Trivers" title="Robert Trivers">Robert Trivers</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">parental investment theory</a>, which predicts that with biparental care, mutual choosiness will arise.<sup id="cite_ref-Amundsen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amundsen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_selection">Sexual selection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sexual selection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crested auklets are unique in their use of optical, vocal, and olfactory signals in mating. Their communicative behavior is more complex and diversified than that of closely related species. There are three general evolutionary mechanisms proposed to address the origin of the elaborate display traits of crested auklets, and of showy mating signals by males in general: </p> <ul><li><b>Runaway selection</b>: Fisher's theory of <a href="/wiki/Fisherian_runaway" title="Fisherian runaway">runaway sexual selection</a> explains flamboyant traits in males as resulting from a genetic linkage between ornamental traits and a mating preference for such ornaments. Under this model, mating preferences could be spread by arbitrary or even deleterious traits that carry no benefits to fitness, besides sexual selection.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>The good genes hypothesis</b>: The second mechanism is the <a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">good genes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">handicap processes</a>, where mating preference focuses on ornamental traits that reflect the health or viability of the individual expressing them. These good genes convey genetic benefits to the offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amotz_Zahavi" title="Amotz Zahavi">Amotz Zahavi</a> proposed the <a href="/wiki/Handicap_principle" title="Handicap principle">handicap hypothesis</a>, where he suggests that individuals’ ornamental traits are indicators of good fitness, because they reflect the individual's success in spite of these traits as handicaps.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Sensory exploitation</b>: The third proposed mechanism is sexual selection for sensory exploitation, which results in mating preferences that arise due to natural selection for inherent sensory biases. <a href="/wiki/Mutations" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutations">Mutations</a> occur that result in a display trait which exploits the pre-existing sensory bias.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ornamentation">Ornamentation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ornamentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visual_ornaments">Visual ornaments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Visual ornaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bird_lore_(1913)_(14562374899).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bird_lore_%281913%29_%2814562374899%29.jpg/170px-Bird_lore_%281913%29_%2814562374899%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bird_lore_%281913%29_%2814562374899%29.jpg/255px-Bird_lore_%281913%29_%2814562374899%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bird_lore_%281913%29_%2814562374899%29.jpg/340px-Bird_lore_%281913%29_%2814562374899%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1981" data-file-height="2788" /></a><figcaption>Illustration from 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>Asserted dominance, with regards to claimed display area, has been correlated with crest length in both males and females. The existence of these showy monomorphic traits is indicative of intense sexual selection for both sexes. Large-crested adults of both sexes receive higher levels of sexual interest and displays from the opposite sex compared to those with smaller crests.<sup id="cite_ref-mutual_sexual_selection_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutual_sexual_selection-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crested auklets with larger crests are more likely to obtain mates and to form pair bonds earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-mutual_sexual_selection_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mutual_sexual_selection-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on divorce rate and mortality, more than half of individuals find a new mate each year.<sup id="cite_ref-experimental_evidence_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-experimental_evidence-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Female crest length is the primary factor of male mate switching between years.<sup id="cite_ref-vocal_and_optical_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vocal_and_optical-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there is variation in displays across populations, crested auklet crests and plume ornaments are consistent in expression within an individual over time. Furthermore, there is little <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> or evidence of condition dependence. From studies, it seems to be a survival-neutral ornament.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some studies, however, offer up a functional purpose for these ornaments. One study suggests a link between habitat complexity and facial feathering, where tactile facial elongation helps individuals navigate complex underground crevices.<sup id="cite_ref-Seneviratne_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seneviratne-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high density of crested auklet nesting sites can be expected to impose selective pressures on sensory mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-Seneviratne_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seneviratne-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vocal_ornaments">Vocal ornaments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vocal ornaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crested auklets have a wide variety of single and complex calls. <a href="/wiki/Billing_(birds)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billing (birds)">Billing</a> is "defined as pair courtship with mutual cackling vocal display." It is a crucial part of successful pair formation and becomes harmonious once male and female partners are well acquainted.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubakin_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubakin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trumpet calls are one of the most common advertising calls. The call represents a complex but stereotyped vocal sequence that is linked with a specific visual display.<sup id="cite_ref-Klenova_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klenova-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between individuals, the calls differ in duration and frequency. Calls are primarily performed in males, but can also be seen in females. The call is particularly strong in widowed females.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubakin_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubakin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These calls stay stable from year to year, and individuals' specific calls are associated with the maintenance of long-term social bonds between pair mates and between neighbors. This suggests that trumpet calls can be used for both short-term and long-term individual recognition. Recognition of neighboring individuals' calls is advantageous because it minimizes energy expenditure on aggressive displays, and prevents conflict between neighbors and trusted individuals (the "dear enemy phenomenon").<sup id="cite_ref-Klenova_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klenova-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Olfactory_ornaments">Olfactory ornaments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Olfactory ornaments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Crested auklets have a distinctive citrus-like plumage odor. The scent is released when there is ruffling of feathers on the nape and upper back of the individual from threat, trumpeting, or billing displays. The cloud of scent released encourages the ruff sniff display. A ruff sniff display is when birds fully insert their half open bill into the other's plumage. This display occurs in the absence of obvious aggression and is important for pair formation.<sup id="cite_ref-Zubakin_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zubakin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For both sexes, a strong odor attracts more individuals, which then do a ruff sniff display.<sup id="cite_ref-vocal_and_optical_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vocal_and_optical-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Odor secretions increase during the breeding season, highlighting its association with courtship and mate selection. The scent may also act as an <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">ectoparasite</a> repellent.<sup id="cite_ref-Rajchard_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rajchard-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This scent is also found in <a href="/wiki/Whiskered_auklet" title="Whiskered auklet">whiskered auklet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ian_Jones_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ian_Jones-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_status">Conservation status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conservation status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oiledcrestedauklet.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oiledcrestedauklet.jpeg/220px-Oiledcrestedauklet.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oiledcrestedauklet.jpeg/330px-Oiledcrestedauklet.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Oiledcrestedauklet.jpeg/440px-Oiledcrestedauklet.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="682" /></a><figcaption>Specimen covered in oil after the <a href="/wiki/MV_Selendang_Ayu" title="MV Selendang Ayu">MV Selendang Ayu</a> <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spill</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a>, crested auklets are of <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The global population exceeds 8.2 million individuals, while the <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> population is estimated at 2.9 million birds. However, an accurate assessment of the number of birds is difficult, since those on the surface of the colony and in the nearby sea form only a small proportion of the variable and poorly understood population.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is greater concern for the <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaskan</a> population. There has been high predation by rats which have escaped from fishing vessels in the harbor. The auklets' main predators are <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">common ravens</a>. They have also been reported in the stomachs of <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a> caught on <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Island" title="St. Lawrence Island">St. Lawrence Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">Oil spills</a> and collisions with light sources pose additional risks. In Alaska, there is some subsistence hunting of the species.<sup id="cite_ref-alaska_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alaska-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-IUCN-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUCN_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBirdLife_International2020" class="citation journal cs1">BirdLife International (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694915/131877037">"<i>Aethia cristatella</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></i>. <b>2020</b>: e.T22694915A131877037. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22694915A131877037.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22694915A131877037.en</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Vocal and Optical Indicators of Individual Quality in a Social Seabird, the Crested Auklet (<i>Aethia cristatella</i>)". <i>Ethology</i>. <b>117</b> (4): 356–365. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Ethol.117..356K">2011Ethol.117..356K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.2011.01880.x">10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01880.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethology&rft.atitle=Vocal+and+Optical+Indicators+of+Individual+Quality+in+a+Social+Seabird%2C+the+Crested+Auklet+%28Aethia+cristatella%29&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=356-365&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1439-0310.2011.01880.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Ethol.117..356K&rft.aulast=Klenova&rft.aufirst=Anna+V.&rft.au=Victor+A.+Zubakin&rft.au=Elena+V.+Zubakina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrested+auklet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seneviratne-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seneviratne_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seneviratne_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeneviratneIan_L._Jones2010" class="citation journal cs1">Seneviratne, Sampath S.; Ian L. Jones (2010). "Origin and maintenance of mechanosensory feather ornaments". <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>79</b> (3): 637–644. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2009.12.010">10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.12.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53182546">53182546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=Origin+and+maintenance+of+mechanosensory+feather+ornaments&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=637-644&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.anbehav.2009.12.010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53182546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Seneviratne&rft.aufirst=Sampath+S.&rft.au=Ian+L.+Jones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrested+auklet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rajchard-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rajchard_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajchard2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rajchard, J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17221%2F2000-VETMED">"Intraspecific and interspecific chemosignals in birds: a review"</a>. <i>Veterinarni Medicina</i>. <b>52</b> (9): 385–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17221%2F2000-VETMED">10.17221/2000-VETMED</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinarni+Medicina&rft.atitle=Intraspecific+and+interspecific+chemosignals+in+birds%3A+a+review&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=385-391&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17221%2F2000-VETMED&rft.aulast=Rajchard&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17221%252F2000-VETMED&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrested+auklet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aethia_cristatella" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aethia cristatella">Aethia cristatella</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aethia_cristatella" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Aethia cristatella">Aethia cristatella</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alderfer, Jonathan; Dunn, Jon L (2011) <i>Field Guide to the Birds of North America</i>, (6th edition) National Geographic Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-6877-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-6877-6">0-7922-6877-6</a></li> <li>Harrison, Peter (1983) <i> Seabirds, an Identification Guide</i>, Houghton Mifflin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-33253-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-33253-2">0-395-33253-2</a></li> <li>del Hoyo, Josep (1996) <i>Handbook of the Birds of the World: Hoatzin to Auks Vol 3</i>, Lynx. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-87334-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/84-87334-20-2">84-87334-20-2</a></li> <li>Sibley, David Allen (2000) <i>The Sibley Guide to Birds</i>, National Audubon Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-45122-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-45122-6">0-679-45122-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crested_auklet&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177019">"<i>Aethia cristatella</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">Integrated Taxonomic Information System</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aethia+cristatella&rft.pub=Integrated+Taxonomic+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D177019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrested+auklet" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=3DC4EBB8">Aethia cristatella</a></i> - Avibase</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Aethia cristatella</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1166020" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1166020">Q1166020</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aethia_cristatella" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Aethia cristatella">Aethia cristatella</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Birding_Association" title="American Birding Association">ABA</a>: <span class="uid">creauk</span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aethia_cristatella/">Aethia_cristatella</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Avibase" title="Avibase">Avibase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=3DC4EBB85AB96A2A">3DC4EBB85AB96A2A</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22694915">22694915</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=10154">10154</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Birds_of_the_World" title="Birds of the World">BOW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/creauk">creauk</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/65CP2">65CP2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EBird" title="EBird">eBird</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ebird.org/species/creauk">creauk</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System" class="mw-redirect" title="European Nature Information System">EUNIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/100958">100958</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing" title="European Union for Bird Ringing">EURING</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp6490.htm">6490</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:96983">96983</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/adcec11e-9e79-425b-9f55-051543712b60">adcec11e-9e79-425b-9f55-051543712b60</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2481295">2481295</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">GNAB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/crested-auklet">crested-auklet</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/4542">4542</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10586927">10586927</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=177019">177019</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22694915">22694915</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/NatureServe" title="NatureServe">NatureServe</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.101073/">2.101073</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0020789008">NHMSYS0020789008</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=28685">28685</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/955/">955</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/344015">344015</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=372773">372773</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/SeaLifeBase" title="SeaLifeBase">SeaLifeBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sealifebase.ca/Summary/SpeciesSummary.php?id=74295">74295</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=344015">344015</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Xeno-canto" title="Xeno-canto">Xeno-canto</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xeno-canto.org/species/Aethia-cristatella">Aethia-cristatella</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Alca cristatella</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109578001" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q109578001">Q109578001</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9180055">9180055</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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