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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Keystone Studios</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Keystone_Studios-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Keystone Studios subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Keystone_Studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sennett_Bathing_Beauties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sennett_Bathing_Beauties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sennett Bathing Beauties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sennett_Bathing_Beauties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Independent production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Move_to_Pathé_Exchange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Move_to_Pathé_Exchange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Move to Pathé Exchange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Move_to_Pathé_Exchange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sound films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later projects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Tributes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mack Sennett</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ماك سينيت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماك سينيت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مک سنت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مک سنت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F" title="ম্যাক সেনেট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাক সেনেট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мак Сенет – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мак Сенет" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мак Сенет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мак Сенет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA" title="مک سنت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مک سنت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A5_%EC%84%B8%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="맥 세네트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥 세네트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%84_%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A9" title="Մաք Սեննեթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաք Սեննեթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A7_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98" title="מאק סנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאק סנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მაკ სენეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაკ სენეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ماك سينيت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماك سينيت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%83%8D%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="マック・セネット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マック・セネット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мак Сеннет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мак Сеннет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mak_Senet" title="Mak Senet – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Mak Senet" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mack Sennett" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Мак Сеннет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мак Сеннет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mack Sennett</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mack_Sennett_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white portrait photograph of Mack Sennett in 1916. He is dressed in a jacket, shirt and tie and is looking into the camera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mack_Sennett_1916.jpg/220px-Mack_Sennett_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mack_Sennett_1916.jpg/330px-Mack_Sennett_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mack_Sennett_1916.jpg/440px-Mack_Sennett_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1970" data-file-height="2800" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moving_Picture_World" title="The Moving Picture World">The Moving Picture World</a></i>, 1916</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Michael Sinnott</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1880-01-17</span>)</span>January 17, 1880<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Danville,_Quebec" title="Danville, Quebec">Danville, Quebec</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 5, 1960<span style="display:none">(1960-11-05)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Hills,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodland Hills, California">Woodland Hills, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Producer</li><li>actor</li><li>director</li><li>studio head</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1902–1949</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mack Sennett</b> (born <b>Michael Sinnott</b>; January 17, 1880 – November 5, 1960) was a Canadian-American producer, director, actor, and studio head who was known as the "King of Comedy" during his career.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Quebec" title="Danville, Quebec">Danville, Quebec</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1908, he started acting in films in the <a href="/wiki/Biograph_Company" title="Biograph Company">Biograph Company</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and later opened <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Studios" title="Keystone Studios">Keystone Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edendale,_Los_Angeles" title="Edendale, Los Angeles">Edendale, California</a> in 1912. Keystone possessed the first fully enclosed film stage, and Sennett became famous as the originator of <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> routines such as pie-throwing and car-chases, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Cops" title="Keystone Cops">Keystone Cops</a> films.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also produced short features that displayed his <a href="/wiki/Sennett_Bathing_Beauties" title="Sennett Bathing Beauties">Bathing Beauties</a>, many of whom went on to develop successful acting careers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After struggling with bankruptcy and the dominance of <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound films</a> in the early 1930s, Sennett was presented with an honorary <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> in 1938 for his contributions to the film industry, with the Academy describing him as a "master of fun, discoverer of stars, sympathetic, kindly, understanding comedy genius".<sup id="cite_ref-oscars.org_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oscars.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born Michael Sinnott in <a href="/wiki/Danville,_Quebec" title="Danville, Quebec">Danville, Quebec</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was the son of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Catholic">Irish Catholic</a> John Sinnott and Catherine Foy. His parents married in 1879 in <a href="/wiki/Tingwick" class="mw-redirect" title="Tingwick">Tingwick</a>, Quebec and moved the same year to Richmond, Quebec where Sinnott was hired as a laborer.<sup id="cite_ref-Spokane_Daily_Chronicle_-_March_25th_1932_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spokane_Daily_Chronicle_-_March_25th_1932-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1883, when Sennett's brother George was born, Sinnott was working as an innkeeper, a position he held for many years. Sennett's parents had all their children and raised their family in Richmond, then a small <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Townships" title="Eastern Townships">Eastern Townships</a> village. At that time, Sennett's grandparents were living in Danville, Quebec. Sennett moved to <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> when he was 17 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-Spokane_Daily_Chronicle_-_March_25th_1932_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spokane_Daily_Chronicle_-_March_25th_1932-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He lived for a while in <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a>, where, according to his autobiography, he first got the idea to become an opera singer after seeing a <a href="/wiki/Vaudeville" title="Vaudeville">vaudeville</a> show. He said that the most respected lawyer in town, Northampton mayor (and future President of the United States) <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a>, as well as Sennett's mother, tried to talk him out of his musical ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In New York City, he took on the stage name Mack Sennett and became an actor, singer, dancer, <a href="/wiki/Clown" title="Clown">clown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Set_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Set designer">set designer</a>, and director for the <a href="/wiki/Biograph_Company" title="Biograph Company">Biograph Company</a>. A distinction in his acting career, often overlooked, is that he played <a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes" title="Sherlock Holmes">Sherlock Holmes</a> 11 times, albeit as a <a href="/wiki/Parody_film" title="Parody film">parody</a>, between 1911 and 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-survival1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keystone_Studios">Keystone Studios</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Keystone Studios"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keystone_Studios_(00069483).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Keystone_Studios_%2800069483%29.jpg/222px-Keystone_Studios_%2800069483%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Keystone_Studios_%2800069483%29.jpg/333px-Keystone_Studios_%2800069483%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Keystone_Studios_%2800069483%29.jpg/444px-Keystone_Studios_%2800069483%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption>The Mack Sennett <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Studios" title="Keystone Studios">Keystone Studios</a> in 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>With financial backing from Adam Kessel and Charles O. Bauman of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Motion_Picture_Company" title="New York Motion Picture Company">New York Motion Picture Company</a>, Sennett founded <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Studios" title="Keystone Studios">Keystone Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edendale,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Edendale, Los Angeles, California">Edendale, California</a> – now a part of <a href="/wiki/Echo_Park,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Echo Park, California">Echo Park</a> – in 1912. The original main building which was the first totally enclosed film stage and studio ever constructed,<sup id="cite_ref-:8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is still standing, as of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many successful actors began their film careers with Sennett, including <a href="/wiki/Marie_Dressler" title="Marie Dressler">Marie Dressler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Normand" title="Mabel Normand">Mabel Normand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Langdon" title="Harry Langdon">Harry Langdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Arbuckle" title="Roscoe Arbuckle">Roscoe Arbuckle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Griffith" title="Raymond Griffith">Raymond Griffith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Swanson" title="Gloria Swanson">Gloria Swanson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ford_Sterling" title="Ford Sterling">Ford Sterling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Clyde" title="Andy Clyde">Andy Clyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester_Conklin" title="Chester Conklin">Chester Conklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polly_Moran" title="Polly Moran">Polly Moran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Fazenda" title="Louise Fazenda">Louise Fazenda</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Keystone_Cops" class="mw-redirect" title="The Keystone Cops">The Keystone Cops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a>, and <a href="/wiki/W._C._Fields" title="W. C. Fields">W. C. Fields</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:30em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"In its pre-1920s heyday [Sennett's Fun Factory] created a vigorous new style of motion picture comedy founded on speed, insolence and destruction, which won them the undying affection of the French <a href="/wiki/Dada" title="Dada">Dadaists</a>…" —Film historian Richard Koszarski<sup id="cite_ref-koz_54_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koz_54-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div><p> Dubbed the King of Hollywood's <i>Fun Factory</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennett's studios produced <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> comedies that were noted for their hair-raising car chases and <a href="/wiki/Custard_pie" title="Custard pie">custard pie</a> warfare, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Keystone_Cops" title="Keystone Cops"><i>Keystone Cops </i>series</a>. The comic formulas, however well executed, were based on humorous situations rather than the personal traits of the comedians; the various social types, often grotesquely portrayed by members of Sennett's troupe, were adequate to render the largely "interchangeable routines: "Having a funny moustache, or crossed-eyes, or an extra two-hundred pounds was as much individualization as was required."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-koz_54_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koz_54-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"></p><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"It is an axiom of screen comedy that a Shetland pony must never be put in an undignified position. People don't like it...immunity of pretty girls doesn't go as far as the immunity of the Shetland pony...you can have her fall into mud puddles. They will laugh at that. But the spectacle of a girl dripping with pie is unpleasing...movie fans don't like to see pretty girls smeared up with pastry. Shetland ponies and pretty girls are immune."— Max Sennett, from <i>The Psychology of Film Comedy</i>, November 1918<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div><p>Film historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Koszarski" title="Richard Koszarski">Richard Koszarski</a> qualifies "fun factory" influence on comedic film acting: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"While Mack Sennett has a secure and valued place in the history of screen comedy, it is surely not as a developer of individual talents... Chaplin, Langdon, and Lloyd were all on the lot at one point or another, but developed their styles only in spite of Sennett, and grew to their artistic peaks only away from his influence... screen comedy followed Chaplin's lead and began to focus more on personality than situation."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Sennett's first female comedian was Mabel Normand, who became a major star under his direction and with whom he embarked on a tumultuous romantic relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennett also developed the <i>Kid Comedies</i>, a forerunner of the <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Gang" title="Our Gang">Our Gang</a></i> films, and in a short time, his name became synonymous with screen comedy which were called "flickers" at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915, Keystone Studios became an autonomous production unit of the ambitious <a href="/wiki/Triangle_Film_Corporation" title="Triangle Film Corporation">Triangle Film Corporation</a>, as Sennett joined forces with <a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Ince" title="Thomas H. Ince">Thomas Ince</a>, both powerful figures in the film industry.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sennett_Bathing_Beauties">Sennett Bathing Beauties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sennett Bathing Beauties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MackSennetBathingBeauties.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MackSennetBathingBeauties.JPG/300px-MackSennetBathingBeauties.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MackSennetBathingBeauties.JPG/450px-MackSennetBathingBeauties.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/MackSennetBathingBeauties.JPG/600px-MackSennetBathingBeauties.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3711" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>Sennett Bathing Beauties</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sennett_Bathing_Beauties" title="Sennett Bathing Beauties">Sennett Bathing Beauties</a></div> <p>Also beginning in 1915, Sennett assembled a bevy of women known as the Sennett Bathing Beauties to appear in provocative bathing costumes in comedy short subjects, in promotional material, and in promotional events such as <a href="/wiki/Venice,_Los_Angeles#Venice_Beach" title="Venice, Los Angeles">Venice Beach</a> beauty contests.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sennett Bathing Beauties continued to appear through 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mabel%27s_Dramatic_Career_1913.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mabel%27s_Dramatic_Career_1913.jpeg/300px-Mabel%27s_Dramatic_Career_1913.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mabel%27s_Dramatic_Career_1913.jpeg/450px-Mabel%27s_Dramatic_Career_1913.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Mabel%27s_Dramatic_Career_1913.jpeg/600px-Mabel%27s_Dramatic_Career_1913.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2285" data-file-height="1787" /></a><figcaption>Movie theatre audience members Roscoe Arbuckle and Sennett square off while watching <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Normand" title="Mabel Normand">Mabel Normand</a> onscreen in <i><a href="/wiki/Mabel%27s_Dramatic_Career" title="Mabel's Dramatic Career">Mabel's Dramatic Career</a></i> (1913).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Fatal_Mallet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Fatal_Mallet.jpg/300px-The_Fatal_Mallet.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Fatal_Mallet.jpg/450px-The_Fatal_Mallet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Fatal_Mallet.jpg/600px-The_Fatal_Mallet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Mabel Normand, Sennett, and Charlie Chaplin in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Mallet" title="The Fatal Mallet">The Fatal Mallet</a></i> (1914)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Love%2C_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915%2C_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm/300px--Love%2C_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915%2C_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="168" data-durationhint="853" data-mwtitle="Love,_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915,_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Love,_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915,_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Love%2C_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915%2C_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="720" data-height="404" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Love%2C_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915%2C_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm/Love%2C_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915%2C_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Love%2C_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915%2C_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm/Love%2C_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915%2C_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Love%2C_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915%2C_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm/Love%2C_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915%2C_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3d/Love%2C_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915%2C_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm/Love%2C_Speed_and_Thrills_-_Walter_Wright_-_1915%2C_Keystone_Film_-_EYE_FLM39508_-_OB_685625.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">Silent film</a> <i>Love, Speed and Thrills</i> (1915), directed by Walter Wright and produced by Sennett, is a chase film in which a man (named Walrus) kidnaps the wife of his benefactor, but the so-called "Keystone Cops" are also chasing down Walrus.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Independent_production">Independent production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Independent production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mack_Sennett_Studios_1917.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mack_Sennett_Studios_1917.jpg/300px-Mack_Sennett_Studios_1917.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Mack_Sennett_Studios_1917.jpg/450px-Mack_Sennett_Studios_1917.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Mack_Sennett_Studios_1917.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Mack Sennett Studios, c. 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1917, Sennett gave up the Keystone trademark and organized his own company, Mack Sennett Comedies Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennett's bosses retained the Keystone trademark and produced a cheap series of comedy shorts that were "Keystones" in name only: they were unsuccessful, and Sennett had no connection with them. Sennett went on to produce more ambitious comedy short films and a few feature-length films.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Sennett's films of the early 1920s were inherited by <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a><sup id="cite_ref-survival1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Warner had merged with the original distributor, First National. Warner added music and commentary to several of these short subjects, and the new versions were released to theaters between 1939 and 1945. Many of Sennett's First National films physically deteriorated due to inadequate storage. Hence, many of Sennett's films from his most productive and creative period no longer exist.<sup id="cite_ref-survival1_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-survival1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Move_to_Pathé_Exchange"><span id="Move_to_Path.C3.A9_Exchange"></span>Move to Pathé Exchange</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Move to Pathé Exchange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-1920s, Sennett moved to <a href="/wiki/Path%C3%A9_Exchange" title="Pathé Exchange">Pathé Exchange</a> distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1927, Hollywood's two most successful studios, <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>, took note of the profits being made by smaller companies such as Pathé Exchange and <a href="/wiki/Earle_Hammons" class="mw-redirect" title="Earle Hammons">Earle Hammons</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Educational_Pictures" title="Educational Pictures">Educational Pictures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MGM took over the <a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a> comedy shorts from Pathé, and Paramount reactivated its short subjects. Hundreds of other independent exhibitors and moviehouses switched from Pathé to the new MGM or Paramount shorts, but Sennett remained loyal to Pathé<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fulfilled his contract to deliver silent comedies through 1929. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_films">Sound films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sound films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1928 Sennett canceled all of his talent contracts and retooled his studio for the new talking-picture technology. Sennett's enthusiasm for talking pictures was such that he was the first to get a talkie short subject on the market, in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His leading star at the time, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Turpin" title="Ben Turpin">Ben Turpin</a>, was suddenly unemployed and moved to the <a href="/wiki/Louis_Weiss_(producer)" title="Louis Weiss (producer)">Weiss Brothers</a> studio. </p><p>Sennett made a reasonably smooth transition to <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound films</a>, releasing them through Educational.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennett occasionally experimented with color as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, he was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Live_Action_Short_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Live Action Short Film">Academy Award for Live Action Short Film</a> in the comedy division for producing <i><a href="/wiki/The_Loud_Mouth" title="The Loud Mouth">The Loud Mouth</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Matt_McHugh" title="Matt McHugh">Matt McHugh</a>, in the sports-heckler role later taken in <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a> remakes by <a href="/wiki/Charley_Chase" title="Charley Chase">Charley Chase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shemp_Howard" title="Shemp Howard">Shemp Howard</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennett also won an Academy Award in the novelty division for his film <i><a href="/wiki/Wrestling_Swordfish" title="Wrestling Swordfish">Wrestling Swordfish</a></i>, also in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mack Sennett often clung to outmoded techniques, making his early-1930s films seem dated and quaint: he dressed some of his actors in eccentric makeups and loud costumes, which were amusing in the cartoonish silent films but ludicrous in the new, realistic atmosphere of talking pictures. Sennett was also having financial problems during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. One of his biggest stars, Andy Clyde, left the studio after Sennett, wanting to economize, tried to cut Clyde's salary. </p><p>In 1932 Sennett attempted to re-enter the feature-film market on a grand scale with <i><a href="/wiki/Hypnotized_(1932_film)" title="Hypnotized (1932 film)">Hypnotized</a></i>. Remembering the successful campaign for his very first feature-length comedy <i>Tillie's Punctured Romance</i>, which in 1914 was the longest comedy film ever produced, Sennett planned <i>Hypnotized</i> along similar lines as an epic production that would be shown first-run in select <a href="/wiki/Roadshow_theatrical_release" title="Roadshow theatrical release">roadshow</a> engagements. Sennett announced that <i>Hypnotized</i> would run 15 reels, or two-and-a-half hours, more than twice the length of a typical comedy feature of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennett wanted <a href="/wiki/W._C._Fields" title="W. C. Fields">W. C. Fields</a> to star as a carnival hypnotist, but Fields declined and the role went to <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Torrence" title="Ernest Torrence">Ernest Torrence</a>, sharing the spotlight with blackface comedians <a href="/wiki/Moran_and_Mack" class="mw-redirect" title="Moran and Mack">Moran and Mack</a>, "The Two Black Crows". Production was completed in August 1932, but fell far short of Sennett's grandiose predictions. The finished film ran an ordinary 70 minutes and was released through ordinary channels by <a href="/wiki/Sono_Art-World_Wide_Pictures" title="Sono Art-World Wide Pictures">World Wide Pictures</a> (Educational's feature-film outlet) in December 1932. </p><p>Sennett was also having differences with his distributor, Earle Hammons of Educational. <a href="/wiki/Jack_White_(film_producer)" title="Jack White (film producer)">Jack White</a>, Educational's leading producer, explained, "We put Mack Sennett out of business. Theaters had [our] comedies booked solid. Sennett was very temperamental and wanted the exhibitor to do certain things, but they wouldn't stand for it. Sennett wouldn't stand for Hammons not telling him how much [money] he was cutting out of the grosses for himself. Sennett told him to go to hell."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennett left Educational and signed with <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sennett signed both <a href="/wiki/Bing_Crosby" title="Bing Crosby">Bing Crosby</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._C._Fields" title="W. C. Fields">W. C. Fields</a> for two-reel comedies. Fields wrote and starred in four famous Sennett-Paramount comedies. Two other Sennett shorts were made with Fields scripts: <i>The Singing Boxer</i> (1933) with <a href="/wiki/Donald_Novis" title="Donald Novis">Donald Novis</a> and <i>Too Many Highballs</i> (1933) with <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Hamilton" title="Lloyd Hamilton">Lloyd Hamilton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite Paramount's wide distribution of the Crosby and Fields shorts, Sennett's studio did not survive the Depression.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennett's partnership with Paramount lasted only one year and he was forced into bankruptcy in November 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 12, 1934, Sennett was injured in an automobile accident that killed <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mack_(blackface_performer)" title="Charles Mack (blackface performer)">blackface performer Charles Mack</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa, Arizona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His last work, in 1935, was as a producer-director for Educational, in which he directed <a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Timid_Young_Man" title="The Timid Young Man">The Timid Young Man</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Davis" title="Joan Davis">Joan Davis</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Way_Up_Thar" title="Way Up Thar">Way Up Thar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1935 <a href="/wiki/Vitaphone" title="Vitaphone">Vitaphone</a> short subject <i><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Hotel_(film)" title="Keystone Hotel (film)">Keystone Hotel</a></i> featured several alumni from the Mack Sennett studios: Ben Turpin, Ford Sterling, Hank Mann, and Chester Conklin. Actually, Sennett was not involved in the making of this film; it was directed by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Staub" title="Ralph Staub">Ralph Staub</a>. </p><p>Sennett made one last attempt to continue working in the comedy field. By this time he had been supplanted as the major producer of two-reel comedies by <a href="/wiki/Jules_White" title="Jules White">Jules White</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Pictures" title="Columbia Pictures">Columbia Pictures</a>. White's brother, Jack White, recalled: "When Jules and I were at Columbia in the 1930s, Sennett tried to come to Columbia but they wouldn't have him. He was finished, and the studio was happy with Jules."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennett did sell some scripts and stories to Jules White, receiving screen credit as "Michael Emmes" (the "Emmes" being formed by Sennett's initials). Columbia really didn't need Sennett's services; the studio already had four producers and six directors on its short-subject payroll.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mack Sennett went into semi-retirement at the age of 55, having produced more than 1,000 silent films and several dozen <a href="/wiki/Talkies" class="mw-redirect" title="Talkies">talkies</a> during a 25-year career.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His studio property was purchased by <a href="/wiki/Mascot_Pictures" title="Mascot Pictures">Mascot Pictures</a> (later part of <a href="/wiki/Republic_Pictures" title="Republic Pictures">Republic Pictures</a>), and many of his former staffers found work at Columbia.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1938, Sennett was presented with an honorary <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>: "for his lasting contribution to the comedy technique of the screen, the basic principles of which are as important today as when they were first put into practice, the Academy presents a Special Award to that master of fun, discoverer of stars, sympathetic, kindly, understanding comedy genius – Mack Sennett."<sup id="cite_ref-oscars.org_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oscars.org-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_projects">Later projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rumors abounded that Sennett would be returning to film production (a September 1938 publicity release indicated that he would be working with <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laurel_and_Hardy" title="Laurel and Hardy">Laurel and Hardy</a>), but apart from Sennett reissuing a couple of his Bing Crosby two-reelers to theaters, nothing happened.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sennett did appear in front of the camera, however, in <i><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Cavalcade" title="Hollywood Cavalcade">Hollywood Cavalcade</a></i> (1939), itself a thinly disguised version of the Mack Sennett-Mabel Normand romance.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, he provided film footage for the first full-length comedy compilation film, <i>Down Memory Lane</i> (1949), written and narrated by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Allen" title="Steve Allen">Steve Allen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennett made a guest appearance in the film, and received a special "Mack Sennett presents" credit. </p><p>Sennett wrote a memoir, <i>King of Comedy</i>, in collaboration with Cameron Shipp. The book was published in 1954, prompting TV producer <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Edwards" title="Ralph Edwards">Ralph Edwards</a> to mount a tribute to Sennett for the television series <i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Life_(American_franchise)" title="This Is Your Life (American franchise)">This Is Your Life</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sennett made a cameo appearance (for $1,000) in <i><a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Meet_the_Keystone_Kops" title="Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops">Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops</a></i> (1955).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sennett's last appearance in the national media was in the NBC radio program <i>Biography in Sound</i>, relating memories of working with W.C. Fields. The program was broadcast February 28, 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sennett was never married, but his tumultuous relationship with actress Mabel Normand was widely publicized in the press at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, Sennett reportedly lived a "madcap, extravagant life", often throwing "lavish parties", and at the peak of his career he owned three homes.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On March 25, 1932, he became a United States citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sennett died on November 5, 1960, in <a href="/wiki/Woodland_Hills,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodland Hills, California">Woodland Hills, California</a>, aged 80.<sup id="cite_ref-obit_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obit-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interred in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Cemetery,_Culver_City" title="Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City">Holy Cross Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Culver_City,_California" title="Culver City, California">Culver City, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mack_Sennett_filmography" title="Mack Sennett filmography">Mack Sennett filmography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributes">Tributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Sennett was honored with a star on the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame" title="Hollywood Walk of Fame">Hollywood Walk of Fame</a> at 6712 <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Boulevard" title="Hollywood Boulevard">Hollywood Boulevard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also inducted into <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame" title="Canada's Walk of Fame">Canada's Walk of Fame</a> in 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The building of Sennett's original studio in Echo Park was deemed a historical landmark by <a href="/wiki/The_City_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="The City of Los Angeles">The City of Los Angeles</a> in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In <i><a href="/wiki/A_Story_of_Water" title="A Story of Water">A Story of Water</a></i>, a 1961 short film by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a>, the directors dedicated the film to Mack Sennett.</li> <li>In 1974, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stewart_(playwright)" title="Michael Stewart (playwright)">Michael Stewart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Herman" title="Jerry Herman">Jerry Herman</a> wrote the musical <i><a href="/wiki/Mack_%26_Mabel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mack & Mabel">Mack & Mabel</a></i>, chronicling the romance between Sennett and Mabel Normand.</li> <li>Sennett also was a leading character in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Biograph_Girl" title="The Biograph Girl">The Biograph Girl</a></i>, a 1980 musical about the silent film era.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lovesey" title="Peter Lovesey">Peter Lovesey</a>'s 1983 novel <i>Keystone</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Whodunnit" class="mw-redirect" title="Whodunnit">whodunnit</a> set in the Keystone Studios and involving (among others), Mack Sennett, Mabel Normand, Roscoe Arbuckle, and the Keystone Cops.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Aykroyd" title="Dan Aykroyd">Dan Aykroyd</a> portrayed Mack Sennett in the 1992 movie <i><a href="/wiki/Chaplin_(film)" title="Chaplin (film)">Chaplin</a></i> alongside <a href="/wiki/Marisa_Tomei" title="Marisa Tomei">Marisa Tomei</a> as Mabel Normand and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Downey_Jr." title="Robert Downey Jr.">Robert Downey Jr.</a> as Charlie Chaplin.</li> <li>Joseph Beattie and Andrea Deck portrayed Mack Sennett and Mabel Normand, respectively, in episode eight of series two of ITV's <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Selfridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. Selfridge">Mr. Selfridge</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Burnett" title="Carol Burnett">Carol Burnett</a> did a lengthy tribute skit to Mack Sennett on her show that aired on <a href="/wiki/Me_TV" title="Me TV">Me TV</a> in June 2021.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_pioneers_in_early_Hollywood" title="Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood">Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources cite Melbourne, now part of <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Quebec" title="Richmond, Quebec">Richmond</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-man-who-founded-fun/article6386456.ece">"Comic greats: The man who founded fun"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. September 6, 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Comic+greats%3A+The+man+who+founded+fun&rft.date=2014-09-06&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fcinema%2Fthe-man-who-founded-fun%2Farticle6386456.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/749196/mack-sennett-realisateur-danville-charlie-chaplin-keystone-hollywood">"L'homme derrière le succès de Charlie Chaplin est de Danville"</a>. <i>Radio-Canada.ca</i>. November 11, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio-Canada.ca&rft.atitle=L%27homme+derri%C3%A8re+le+succ%C3%A8s+de+Charlie+Chaplin+est+de+Danville&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelle%2F749196%2Fmack-sennett-realisateur-danville-charlie-chaplin-keystone-hollywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=fr&u=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/fr/article/mack-sennett&prev=search&pto=aue">"Bio"</a>. <i>translate.google.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=translate.google.com&rft.atitle=Bio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftranslate.google.com%2Ftranslate%3Fhl%3Den%26sl%3Dfr%26u%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Ffr%2Farticle%2Fmack-sennett%26prev%3Dsearch%26pto%3Daue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171130154339/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9ee74ae7">"Mack Sennett"</a>. <i>BFI</i>. November 5, 1960. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b9ee74ae7">the original</a> on November 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BFI&rft.atitle=Mack+Sennett&rft.date=1960-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.bfi.org.uk%2Ffilms-tv-people%2F4ce2b9ee74ae7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/classichollywood/la-et-mn-ca-mack-sennett-sider-20140928-story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Mack Sennett Collection' gathers 50 slapstick classics into one set"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. September 29, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27Mack+Sennett+Collection%27+gathers+50+slapstick+classics+into+one+set&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fclassichollywood%2Fla-et-mn-ca-mack-sennett-sider-20140928-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D’haeyere, Hilde. "Splashes of Fun and Beauty: Mack Sennett’s Bathing Beauties." <i>Slapstick Comedy</i>, edited by Rob King and Tom Paulus, Routledge USA, 2010, pp. 207–25. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87676-3">978-0-203-87676-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Basinger, Jeanine (2012). <i>Silent Stars</i>, p. 205. Alfred A. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3078-2918-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3078-2918-4">978-0-3078-2918-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-oscars.org-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oscars.org_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oscars.org_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1938/memorable-moments">"The 10th Academy Awards Memorable Moments | Oscars.org | Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences"</a>. <i>www.oscars.org</i>. August 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oscars.org&rft.atitle=The+10th+Academy+Awards+Memorable+Moments+%7C+Oscars.org+%7C+Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oscars.org%2Foscars%2Fceremonies%2F1938%2Fmemorable-moments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spokane_Daily_Chronicle_-_March_25th_1932-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spokane_Daily_Chronicle_-_March_25th_1932_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spokane_Daily_Chronicle_-_March_25th_1932_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1338&dat=19320325&id=ZoUSAAAAIBAJ&sjid=3fQDAAAAIBAJ&pg=2954,5607197">"Give Citizenship to Mack Sennett"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Give+Citizenship+to+Mack+Sennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1338%26dat%3D19320325%26id%3DZoUSAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3D3fQDAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2954%2C5607197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_11-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">King of Comedy by Mack Sennett, 1954</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-survival1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-survival1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-survival1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-survival1_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418215351/https://www.flickeralley.com/the-survival-of-mack-sennetts-comedies/">"The Survival of Mack Sennett's Comedies – Flicker Alley"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickeralley.com/the-survival-of-mack-sennetts-comedies/">the original</a> on April 18, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 21,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Survival+of+Mack+Sennett%27s+Comedies+%E2%80%93+Flicker+Alley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickeralley.com%2Fthe-survival-of-mack-sennetts-comedies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLank2023" class="citation web cs1">Lank, Barry (January 27, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theeastsiderla.com/neighborhoods/echo_park/the-real-mack-sennett-studio-in-echo-park---the-one-you-never-see/article_00ab5cf0-9794-11ed-9f01-db8cee58be77.html">"The real Mack Sennett studio in Echo Park - the one you never see"</a>. <i>The Eastsider LA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Eastsider+LA&rft.atitle=The+real+Mack+Sennett+studio+in+Echo+Park+-+the+one+you+never+see&rft.date=2023-01-27&rft.aulast=Lank&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theeastsiderla.com%2Fneighborhoods%2Fecho_park%2Fthe-real-mack-sennett-studio-in-echo-park---the-one-you-never-see%2Farticle_00ab5cf0-9794-11ed-9f01-db8cee58be77.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sinnott, 1999: “Sennett trained a coterie of clowns and comediennes that made the Keystone trademark world famous: Mabel Normand, Marie Dressler, Gloria Swanson, Fatty Arbuckle, Harry Langdon, Ben Turpin, Charlie Chaplin, Harold Lloyd, and W.C. Fields among them. Such important directors as Frank Capra, Malcolm St. Clair, and George Stevens also received experience under Sennett’s tutelage.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silver, 2009: "His gift was in providing a haven or school for ambitious young talents."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koz_54-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koz_54_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-koz_54_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Koszarski, 1976 p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, 2010 p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silver, 2009: “Fatty’s persona as the “jolly fat man” constrained him from being something more than that. The more conventionally good-looking Chaplin and Keaton could eventually aspire to roles that were more promising, leading to their ultimate transcendence of slapstick.” And: “I have felt that Charles Chaplin and Buster Keaton rose to the heights of screen comedy by distancing themselves from their Sennett/Normand/Arbuckle roots.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koszarski, 1976 p. 54: <i>From Motion Picture Classic</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Koszarski, 1976 p. 54: "Sennett is [incorrectly] credited with developing most of the great comic talent of the silent film."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker2011" class="citation book cs1">Booker, Keith M. (March 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y04MQEgHbZsC&q=Keystone+Studios+became+an+autonomous+production&pg=PA205"><i>Historical Dictionary of American Cinema</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7459-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7459-6"><bdi>978-0-8108-7459-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+American+Cinema&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2011-03-17&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7459-6&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=Keith+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY04MQEgHbZsC%26q%3DKeystone%2BStudios%2Bbecame%2Ban%2Bautonomous%2Bproduction%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227145302/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/">"The Official Academy Awards Database"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/">the original</a> on February 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Academy+Awards+Database&rft.pub=Academy+of+Motion+Picture+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawardsdatabase.oscars.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Film Daily</i>, "Sennett 15-Reel Film Titled", Feb. 16, 1932, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack White to David Bruskin, <i>Behind the Three Stooges: The White Brothers</i>, Directors Guild of America, 1993, p. 148,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoberman2014" class="citation news cs1">Hoberman, J. (September 12, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/14/movies/homevideo/the-mack-sennett-collection-volume-one-gathers-50-shorts.html">"The Man Who Put the K in Kops"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Put+the+K+in+Kops&rft.date=2014-09-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Hoberman&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F09%2F14%2Fmovies%2Fhomevideo%2Fthe-mack-sennett-collection-volume-one-gathers-50-shorts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9907E6D91439E33ABC4A52DFB766838F629EDE">"Mack, comedian, Killed in Crash. Moran, His Partner in Blackface Skits, Escapes Injury in Arizona Mishap"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>. January 12, 1934<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2015</span>. <q>... injured Mack Sennett, former producer of 'Bathing Beauty' film comedies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mack%2C+comedian%2C+Killed+in+Crash.+Moran%2C+His+Partner+in+Blackface+Skits%2C+Escapes+Injury+in+Arizona+Mishap&rft.date=1934-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9907E6D91439E33ABC4A52DFB766838F629EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack White to David Bruskin, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Okuda" title="Ted Okuda">Ted Okuda</a> with Edward Watz, <i>The Columbia Comedy Shorts</i>, McFarland, 1986, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2018" class="citation web cs1">King, Susan (February 27, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goldderby.com/article/2018/honorary-oscars-90-years-charlie-chaplin-bob-hope-donald-sutherland-news-photos/">"Honorary Oscars: A look back at 90 years, from Charlie Chaplin to Bob Hope to Donald Sutherland"</a>. <i>GoldDerby</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GoldDerby&rft.atitle=Honorary+Oscars%3A+A+look+back+at+90+years%2C+from+Charlie+Chaplin+to+Bob+Hope+to+Donald+Sutherland&rft.date=2018-02-27&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldderby.com%2Farticle%2F2018%2Fhonorary-oscars-90-years-charlie-chaplin-bob-hope-donald-sutherland-news-photos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walker, 2010, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Scott_MacGillivray" title="Scott MacGillivray">Scott MacGillivray</a>, <i>Laurel & Hardy: From the Forties Forward</i>, Second Edition, iUniverse, 2009, p. 257. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4401-7237-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4401-7237-3">978-1-4401-7237-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Bob (1954). "Sennett Takes Sentimental Journey in Past at Reunion". <i>Panama City News</i>, March 12, 1954. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://looking-for-mabel.webs.com/sennettobelisk.htm">Looking for Mabel Normand</a> on 3 February 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bob Furmanek and Ron Palumbo, <i> Abbott and Costello in Hollywood</i>, Putnam, 1991, p. 245. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-399-51605-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-399-51605-0">0-399-51605-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Magnificent Rogue: The Adventures of W. C. Fields", <i>Biography in Sound</i>, The Paley Center for Media, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=ed&p=33&item=R89:0171">https://www.paleycenter.org/collection/item/?q=ed&p=33&item=R89:0171</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projects.latimes.com/hollywood/star-walk/mack-sennett/">"Mack Sennett"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Mack+Sennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojects.latimes.com%2Fhollywood%2Fstar-walk%2Fmack-sennett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9C0CEEDD163EE633A25755C2A9659C946394D6CF">"Mack Sennett is Naturalized"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. March 26, 1932.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mack+Sennett+is+Naturalized&rft.date=1932-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9C0CEEDD163EE633A25755C2A9659C946394D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obit-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-obit_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9F07EED81E31E633A25755C0A9679D946191D6CF">"Mack Sennett, 76, Film Pioneer Who Developed Slapstick, Dies. Keystone Kops, Custard Pies and Bathing Beauties Were Symbols of His Movies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. November 6, 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mack+Sennett%2C+76%2C+Film+Pioneer+Who+Developed+Slapstick%2C+Dies.+Keystone+Kops%2C+Custard+Pies+and+Bathing+Beauties+Were+Symbols+of+His+Movies&rft.date=1960-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9F07EED81E31E633A25755C0A9679D946191D6CF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9901E5D91F31EF3ABC4C51DFB767838B679EDE">"Sennett Buried in Hollywood"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. November 24, 1960.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sennett+Buried+in+Hollywood&rft.date=1960-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Fabstract.html%3Fres%3D9901E5D91F31EF3ABC4C51DFB767838B679EDE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/">"Canada's Walk of Fame"</a>. <i>Canada's Walk of Fame</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada%27s+Walk+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Canada%27s+Walk+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadaswalkoffame.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicplacesla.org/reports/5f0801a0-5e91-478f-a88a-ad4eb26b8e68">"Report - HPLA"</a>. <i>historicplacesla.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historicplacesla.org&rft.atitle=Report+-+HPLA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricplacesla.org%2Freports%2F5f0801a0-5e91-478f-a88a-ad4eb26b8e68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMack+Sennett" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Koszarski, Richard. 1976. <i>Hollywood Directors: 1914-1940</i>. Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Catalog Number: 76-9262.</li> <li>Silver, Charles. 2009. <i>Send in the Clowns. AN AUTEURIST HISTORY OF FILM</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2009/12/22/send-in-the-clowns/">https://www.moma.org/explore/inside_out/2009/12/22/send-in-the-clowns/</a> Retrieved 3 October 2020.</li> <li>Sinnott, Michael. 1999. <i>Mack Sennett: Canadian-American director and producer.</i> Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mack-Sennett">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mack-Sennett</a> Retrieved 3 October 2020.</li> <li>Walker, Brent. 2010. <i>Mack Sennett's fun factory: a history and filmography of his studio and his Keystone and Mack Sennett comedies, with biographies of players and personnel.</i> Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co.; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786457074" title="Special:BookSources/0786457074">0786457074</a></li></ul> <p><b>Further reading</b> </p> <ul><li>Lahue, Kalton (1971) <i>Mack Sennett's Keystone: The man, the myth and the comedies</i>. New York: Barnes; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-498-07461-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-498-07461-5">978-0-498-07461-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mack_Sennett&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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Sennett</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Country_Lovers" title="The Country Lovers">The Country Lovers</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Coney_Island" title="At Coney Island">At Coney Island</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Joke_on_the_Joker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Joke on the Joker (page does not exist)">The Joke on the Joker</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Engagement_Ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Engagement Ring (page does not exist)">The Engagement Ring</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Eternal_Mother_(1912)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Eternal Mother (1912) (page does not exist)">The Eternal Mother</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Did_Mother_Get_Her_Wish%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Did Mother Get Her Wish? (page does not exist)">Did Mother Get Her Wish?</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pants_and_Pansies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pants and Pansies (page does not exist)">Pants and Pansies</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mender_of_Nets&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mender of Nets (page does not exist)">The Mender of Nets</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fatal_Chocolate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Fatal Chocolate (page does not exist)">The Fatal Chocolate</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Spanish_Dilemma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Spanish Dilemma (page does not exist)">A Spanish Dilemma</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_Stuff_(1912)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hot Stuff (1912) (page does not exist)">Hot Stuff</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Voice_From_The_Deep&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Voice From The Deep (page does not exist)">A Voice From The Deep</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oh,_Those_Eyes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oh, Those Eyes (page does not exist)">Oh, Those Eyes</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Help!_Help!" title="Help! Help!">Help! Help!</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Brave_Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Brave Hunter (page does not exist)">The Brave Hunter</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fickle_Spaniard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Fickle Spaniard (page does not exist)">The Fickle Spaniard</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Furs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Furs (page does not exist)">The Furs</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=When_Kings_Were_The_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="When Kings Were The Law (page does not exist)">When Kings Were The Law</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen%27s_Marriage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helen's Marriage (page does not exist)">Helen's Marriage</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tomboy_Bessie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tomboy Bessie (page does not exist)">Tomboy Bessie</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katchem_Kate" title="Katchem Kate">Katchem Kate</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neighbors_(1912)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neighbors (1912) (page does not exist)">Neighbors</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dash_Through_the_Clouds" title="A Dash Through the Clouds">A Dash Through the Clouds</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Baby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New Baby (page does not exist)">The New Baby</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tourist_(1912)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tourist (1912) (page does not exist)">The Tourist</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=What_The_Doctor_Ordered&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="What The Doctor Ordered (page does not exist)">What The Doctor Ordered</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Interrupted_Elopement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Interrupted Elopement (page does not exist)">An Interrupted Elopement</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Tragedy_of_a_Dress_Suit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Tragedy of a Dress Suit (page does not exist)">The Tragedy of a Dress Suit</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=He_Must_Have_A_Wife&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He Must Have A Wife (page does not exist)">He Must Have A Wife</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cohen_Collects_A_Debt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cohen Collects A Debt (page does not exist)">Cohen Collects A Debt</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Water_Nymph_(1912_film)" title="The Water Nymph (1912 film)">The Water Nymph</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Neighbor" title="The New Neighbor">The New Neighbor</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riley_and_Schultz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riley and Schultz (page does not exist)">Riley and Schultz</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Beating_He_Needed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Beating He Needed (page does not exist)">The Beating He Needed</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pedro%27s_Dilemma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pedro's Dilemma (page does not exist)">Pedro's Dilemma</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambitious_Butler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambitious Butler (page does not exist)">Ambitious Butler</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flirting_Husband" title="The Flirting Husband">The Flirting Husband</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_Coney_Island" title="At Coney Island">At Coney Island</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/At_It_Again_(1912_film)" title="At It Again (1912 film)">At It Again</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mabel%27s_Lovers" title="Mabel's Lovers">Mabel's Lovers</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Deacon%27s_Troubles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Deacon's Troubles (page does not exist)">The Deacon's Troubles</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Temperamental_Husband&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Temperamental Husband (page does not exist)">A Temperamental Husband</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Fix-It" title="Mr. Fix-It">Mr. Fix-It</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rivals" title="The Rivals">The Rivals</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Desperate_Lover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Desperate Lover (page does not exist)">A Desperate Lover</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronw%27s_Seance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronw's Seance (page does not exist)">Bronw's Seance</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Family_Mixup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Family Mixup (page does not exist)">A Family Mixup</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Midnight_Elopement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Midnight Elopement (page does not exist)">A Midnight Elopement</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mabel%27s_Adventures" title="Mabel's Adventures">Mabel's Adventures</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Drummer%27s_Vacation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Drummer's Vacation (page does not exist)">The Drummer's Vacation</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Duel_(1912)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Duel (1912) (page does not exist)">The Duel</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mabel%27s_Stratagem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mabel's Stratagem (page does not exist)">Mabel's Stratagem</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i>King's Court</i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hoffmeyer%27s_Legacy" title="Hoffmeyer's Legacy">Hoffmeyer's Legacy</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keystone_Cops" title="Keystone Cops">Keystone Cops</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Voice_from_the_Deep" title="A Voice from the Deep">A Voice from the Deep</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Won_by_a_Fish" title="Won by a Fish">Won by a Fish</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Bandit" title="A Bandit">A Bandit</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barney_Oldfield%27s_Race_for_a_Life" title="Barney Oldfield's Race for a Life">Barney Oldfield's Race for a Life</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Saves_the_Flag" title="Cohen Saves the Flag">Cohen Saves the Flag</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Foreman_of_the_Jury" title="The Foreman of the Jury">The Foreman of the Jury</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gypsy_Queen" title="The Gypsy Queen">The Gypsy Queen</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mabel%27s_Dramatic_Career" title="Mabel's Dramatic Career">Mabel's Dramatic Career</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_I.O.U." title="Murphy's I.O.U.">Murphy's I.O.U.</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Noise_from_the_Deep" title="A Noise from the Deep">A Noise from the Deep</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peeping_Pete" title="Peeping Pete">Peeping Pete</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Riot_(1913_film)" title="The Riot (1913 film)">The Riot</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Some_Nerve" title="Some Nerve">Some Nerve</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telltale_Light" title="The Telltale Light">The Telltale Light</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/That_Ragtime_Band" title="That Ragtime Band">That Ragtime Band</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/When_Dreams_Come_True_(1913_film)" title="When Dreams Come True (1913 film)">When Dreams Come True</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mabel%27s_New_Hero" title="Mabel's New Hero">Mabel's New Hero</a></i> (1913)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fatal_Mallet" title="The Fatal Mallet">The Fatal Mallet</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hello,_Mabel" title="Hello, Mabel">Hello, Mabel</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tango_Tangles" title="Tango Tangles">Tango Tangles</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tillie%27s_Punctured_Romance_(1914_film)" title="Tillie's Punctured Romance (1914 film)">Tillie's Punctured Romance</a></i> (1914)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love,_Loot_and_Crash" title="Love, Loot and Crash">Love, Loot and Crash</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Love,_Speed_and_Thrills" title="Love, Speed and Thrills">Love, Speed and Thrills</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Valet" title="My Valet">My Valet</a></i> (1915)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Man_(1916_film)" title="The Other Man (1916 film)">The Other Man</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Mabel_Behave" title="Oh, Mabel Behave">Oh, Mabel Behave</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good-Bye_Kiss" title="The Good-Bye Kiss">The Good-Bye Kiss</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Girl_Crazy_(1929_film)" title="Girl Crazy (1929 film)">Girl Crazy</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Match_Play" title="Match Play">Match Play</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Daddies" title="Midnight Daddies">Midnight Daddies</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I_Surrender_Dear_(1931_film)" title="I Surrender Dear (1931 film)">I Surrender Dear</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_More_Chance_(1931_film)" title="One More Chance (1931 film)">One More Chance</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hypnotized_(1932_film)" title="Hypnotized (1932 film)">Hypnotized</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Timid_Young_Man" title="The Timid Young Man">The Timid Young Man</a></i> (1935)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_Honorary_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Template:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Template talk:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_Honorary_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Academy Honorary Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1928–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_Time" title="The March of Time">The March of Time</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Rosson" title="Harold Rosson">Harold Rosson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art_Department_of_Film" title="Museum of Modern Art Department of Film">Museum of Modern Art Film Library</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mack Sennett</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Ball_(inventor)" title="Joseph A. Ball (inventor)">J. Arthur Ball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Deanna_Durbin" title="Deanna Durbin">Deanna Durbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Jennings" title="Gordon Jennings">Gordon Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Domela" title="Jan Domela">Jan Domela</a>, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, <a href="/wiki/Farciot_Edouart" title="Farciot Edouart">Farciot Edouart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Griggs" title="Loyal Griggs">Loyal Griggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loren_L._Ryder" title="Loren L. Ryder">Loren L. Ryder</a>, Harry D. Mills, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mesenkop" title="Louis Mesenkop">Louis Mesenkop</a>, Walter Oberst / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_T._Marsh" title="Oliver T. Marsh">Oliver T. Marsh</a> and Allen Davey / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Warner" title="Harry Warner">Harry Warner</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Menzies" title="William Cameron Menzies">William Cameron Menzies</a> / <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_%26_Television_Fund" title="Motion Picture & Television Fund">Motion Picture Relief Fund</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morgan" title="Ralph Morgan">Ralph Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Block" title="Ralph Block">Ralph Block</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Nagel" title="Conrad Nagel">Conrad Nagel</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Vantiva" title="Vantiva">Technicolor SA</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Levinson" title="Nathan Levinson">Nathan Levinson</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Garity" title="William Garity">William Garity</a>, John N. A. Hawkins, and the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA Manufacturing Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> and his associates / Rey Scott / <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">British Ministry of Information</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pal" title="George Pal">George Pal</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Margaret_O%27Brien" title="Margaret O'Brien">Margaret O'Brien</a> (1944)</li> <li>Republic Studio, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Bloomberg" title="Daniel J. Bloomberg">Daniel J. Bloomberg</a>, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_House_I_Live_In_(1945_film)" title="The House I Live In (1945 film)">The House I Live In</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Garner" title="Peggy Ann Garner">Peggy Ann Garner</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Russell" title="Harold Russell">Harold Russell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Jarman_Jr." title="Claude Jarman Jr.">Claude Jarman Jr.</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baskett" title="James Baskett">James Baskett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Armat" title="Thomas Armat">Thomas Armat</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Selig" title="William Selig">William Nicholas Selig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Smith_(producer)" title="Albert E. Smith (producer)">Albert E. Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Kirke_Spoor" title="George Kirke Spoor">George Kirke Spoor</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Coo" title="Bill and Coo">Bill and Coo</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Shoeshine_(film)" title="Shoeshine (film)">Shoeshine</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Vincent" title="Monsieur Vincent">Monsieur Vincent</a></i> / <a href="/wiki/Sid_Grauman" title="Sid Grauman">Sid Grauman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Zukor" title="Adolph Zukor">Adolph Zukor</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">The Bicycle Thief</a></i> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">George Murphy</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/The_Walls_of_Malapaga" title="The Walls of Malapaga">The Walls of Malapaga</a></i> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Rashomon" title="Rashomon">Rashomon</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merian_C._Cooper" title="Merian C. Cooper">Merian C. Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a> / George Mitchell / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck" title="Joseph M. Schenck">Joseph M. Schenck</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Games" title="Forbidden Games">Forbidden Games</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Studios" title="20th Century Studios">20th Century-Fox Film Corporation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell" title="Bell & Howell">Bell & Howell Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Breen" title="Joseph Breen">Joseph Breen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pete_Smith_(film_producer)" title="Pete Smith (film producer)">Pete Smith</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb Optical Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / Kemp Niver / <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jon_Whiteley" title="Jon Whiteley">Jon Whiteley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Winter" title="Vincent Winter">Vincent Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_Hell_(film)" title="Gate of Hell (film)"><i>Gate of Hell</i></a> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samurai_I:_Musashi_Miyamoto" title="Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto">Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto</a></i> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson" title="Broncho Billy Anderson">Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brackett" title="Charles Brackett">Charles Brackett</a> / <a href="/wiki/B._B._Kahane" title="B. B. Kahane">B. B. Kahane</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayley_Mills" title="Hayley Mills">Hayley Mills</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Hendricks" title="William L. Hendricks">William L. Hendricks</a> / Fred L. Metzler / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Tuttle" title="William J. Tuttle">William J. Tuttle</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_Canutt" title="Yakima Canutt">Yakima Canutt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Y._Frank_Freeman" title="Y. Frank Freeman">Y. Frank Freeman</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(make-up_artist)" title="John Chambers (make-up artist)">John Chambers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onna_White" title="Onna White">Onna White</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1971)</li> <li>Charles S. Boren / <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Langlois" title="Henri Langlois">Henri Langlois</a> / <a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marx</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hawks" title="Howard Hawks">Howard Hawks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Booth" title="Margaret Booth">Margaret Booth</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz" title="Walter Lantz">Walter Lantz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art Department of Film</a> (1978)</li> <li>Hal Elias / <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_North" title="Alex North">Alex North</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bellamy" title="Ralph Bellamy">Ralph Bellamy</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Eastman Kodak Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Loy" title="Myrna Loy">Myrna Loy</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Chuck Jones</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Donen" title="Stanley Donen">Stanley Donen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cardiff" title="Jack Cardiff">Jack Cardiff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lehman" title="Ernest Lehman">Ernest Lehman</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Blake Edwards</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Boyle" title="Robert F. Boyle">Robert F. Boyle</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Willis" title="Gordon Willis">Gordon Willis</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brownlow" title="Kevin Brownlow">Kevin Brownlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dick_Smith_(make-up_artist)" title="Dick Smith (make-up artist)">Dick Smith</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._Pennebaker" title="D. A. Pennebaker">D. A. Pennebaker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hal_Needham" title="Hal Needham">Hal Needham</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Stevens_Jr." title="George Stevens Jr.">George Stevens Jr.</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Piero_Tosi" title="Piero Tosi">Piero Tosi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Claude Carrière">Jean-Claude Carrière</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara" title="Maureen O'Hara">Maureen O'Hara</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gena_Rowlands" title="Gena Rowlands">Gena Rowlands</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Stalmaster" title="Lynn Stalmaster">Lynn Stalmaster</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_V._Coates" title="Anne V. Coates">Anne V. Coates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wiseman" title="Frederick Wiseman">Frederick Wiseman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burnett_(director)" title="Charles Burnett (director)">Charles Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Roizman" title="Owen Roizman">Owen Roizman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Agnès Varda</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Levy_(publicist)" title="Marvin Levy (publicist)">Marvin Levy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin" title="Lalo Schifrin">Lalo Schifrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wes_Studi" title="Wes Studi">Wes Studi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lina_Wertm%C3%BCller" title="Lina Wertmüller">Lina Wertmüller</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elaine_May" title="Elaine May">Elaine May</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liv_Ullmann" title="Liv Ullmann">Liv Ullmann</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euzhan_Palcy" title="Euzhan Palcy">Euzhan Palcy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diane_Warren" title="Diane Warren">Diane Warren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Littleton" title="Carol Littleton">Carol Littleton</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Taylor" title="Juliet Taylor">Juliet Taylor</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/19px-Video-x-generic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/29px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Video-x-generic.svg/38px-Video-x-generic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Film" title="Portal:Film">Film</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317574#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317574#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q317574#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121328396">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/51770904">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/168864/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcrfkqTQkGGfPBdVdCPcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119041901">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85164243">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123826400">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123826400">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001167938">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35725845">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701585&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1163507">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810592304105606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007424484205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058610501006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07896547?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500471406">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/31880">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1059791">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119041901.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119041901">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032917821">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jm2c7f">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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