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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chemical composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Betel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="تنبول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنبول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_betle" title="Piper betle – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Piper betle" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betle_istiotu" title="Betle istiotu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Betle istiotu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas%C3%A9" title="Basé – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basé" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE)" title="পান (পাতা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পান (পাতা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buy%C3%B2" title="Buyò – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Buyò" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8tel" title="Bètel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bètel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_betle" title="Piper betle – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Piper betle" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelpfeffer" title="Betelpfeffer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Betelpfeffer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BB" title="Βετέλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βετέλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_betle" title="Piper betle – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piper betle" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelo" title="Betelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Betelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%84" title="فلفل بتل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلفل بتل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_betle" title="Piper betle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Piper betle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beiteal" title="Beiteal – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Beiteal" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="विड्याचें पान – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="विड्याचें पान" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%ED%8B%80%ED%9B%84%EC%B6%94" title="베틀후추 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베틀후추" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelowy_popjerjowc" title="Betelowy popjerjowc – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Betelowy popjerjowc" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelov_papar" title="Betelov papar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Betelov papar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelo" title="Betelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Betelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirih" title="Sirih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sirih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_betle" title="Piper betle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piper betle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suruh" title="Suruh – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Suruh" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86" title="ವೀಳ್ಯದೆಲೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೀಳ್ಯದೆಲೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ბეტელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეტელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_betle" title="Piper betle – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Piper betle" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betele" title="Betele – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Betele" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelinis_pipiras" title="Betelinis pipiras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Betelinis pipiras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawuo" title="Tawuo – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Tawuo" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8r%C3%A8" title="Sèrè – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Sèrè" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2" title="വെറ്റില – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെറ്റില" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="पानवेल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पानवेल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84" title="تنبول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تنبول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirih" title="Sirih – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sirih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siriah" title="Siriah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Siriah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ကွမ်းရွက်ပင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကွမ်းရွက်ပင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelpeper" title="Betelpeper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Betelpeper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8_(%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF)" title="पान (वनस्पति) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पान (वनस्पति)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="पान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E" title="キンマ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キンマ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ପାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/zangav" title="zangav – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="zangav" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daka" title="Daka – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Daka" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieprz_%C5%BCuwny" title="Pieprz żuwny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pieprz żuwny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_betle" title="Piper betle – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Piper betle" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бетель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бетель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="नागवल्लीपत्रम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नागवल्लीपत्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_(%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2)" title="ᱯᱟᱱ (ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ) – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱱ (ᱥᱟᱠᱟᱢ)" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betel" title="Betel – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Betel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="බුලත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බුලත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%99%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Бетел (биљка) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бетел (биљка)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seureuh" title="Seureuh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Seureuh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelpippuri" title="Betelpippuri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Betelpippuri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betelpeppar" title="Betelpeppar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Betelpeppar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikmo" title="Ikmo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ikmo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="வெற்றிலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெற்றிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%81" title="తమలపాకు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తమలపాకు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9_(%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%8A)" title="พลู (พืช) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พลู (พืช)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%9A%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86" title="ಬಚ್ಚಿರೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬಚ್ಚಿರೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_betle" title="Piper betle – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Piper betle" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Бетель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бетель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7u_kh%C3%B4ng" title="Trầu không – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trầu không" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_betle" title="Piper betle – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Piper betle" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li 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title="Demban – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Demban" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daing" title="Daing – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Daing" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q159532#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel nut">betel nut</a>, which is the fruit of the areca palm.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the mixture of betel leaf and areca nut, see <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut_chewing" title="Betel nut chewing">Betel nut chewing</a>. For the biblical place, see <a href="/wiki/Bethel" title="Bethel">Bethel</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Betel </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Piper_betle_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Piper_betle_plant.jpg/220px-Piper_betle_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Piper_betle_plant.jpg/330px-Piper_betle_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Piper_betle_plant.jpg/440px-Piper_betle_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Betel_Piper_betle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Betel_Piper_betle.jpg/250px-Betel_Piper_betle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Betel_Piper_betle.jpg/330px-Betel_Piper_betle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Betel_Piper_betle.jpg/500px-Betel_Piper_betle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="4080" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Piper" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Piper_(plant)" title="Piper (plant)"><i>Piper</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>P. betle</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Piper betle</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Betel</b> (<i><b>Piper betle</b></i>) is a species of flowering plant in the pepper family <a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a>, native to Southeast Asia. It is an evergreen, <a href="/wiki/Dioecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious">dioecious</a><sup id="cite_ref-RimandoHan1986_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RimandoHan1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vine, with glossy heart-shaped leaves and white <a href="/wiki/Catkin" title="Catkin">catkins</a>. Betel plants are cultivated for their leaves which are most commonly used as flavoring for chewing <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a> in so-called <i>betel quid</i> (often confusingly referred to as "betel nut"), which is toxic and is associated with a wide range of serious health conditions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/betel" class="extiw" title="wikt:betel">betel</a> was derived from the Tamil/<a href="/wiki/Malayalam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam language">Malayalam</a> word <i>vettila</i> via Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Piper betle</i> is originally native to Southeast Asia, from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste" title="Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">Peninsular Malaysia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Indochina" class="mw-redirect" title="Indochina">Indochina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>. Its cultivation has spread along with the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian migrations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian maritime trade network">trade</a> to other parts of <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Réunion Island">Réunion Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. It was introduced during the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Era">Colonial Era</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> by <a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Caribbeans">Indian indentured immigrants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-powo_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-powo-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arecanutconsum1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arecanutconsum1.PNG/350px-Arecanutconsum1.PNG" decoding="async" width="350" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arecanutconsum1.PNG/525px-Arecanutconsum1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Arecanutconsum1.PNG/700px-Arecanutconsum1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption>Betel leaf and Areca nut consumption in the world.</figcaption></figure> <p>The betel leaf is cultivated mostly in South and Southeast Asia, from <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It needs a compatible tree or a long pole for support. Betel requires well-drained fertile soil. Waterlogged, <a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">saline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_soil" title="Alkali soil">alkali soils</a> are unsuitable for its cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-LK_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LK-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, farmers called <i>barui</i><sup id="cite_ref-barouj_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barouj-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prepare a garden called a <i>barouj</i> in which to grow betel. The <i>barouj</i> is fenced with <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> sticks and <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> leaves. The soil is plowed into furrows of 10 to 15 m length, 75 cm in width and 75 cm depth. <a href="/wiki/Press_cake" title="Press cake">Oil cakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>, and leaves are thoroughly incorporated with the <a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">topsoil</a> of the furrows and <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">wood ash</a>. The cuttings are planted at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> season. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betel_Plant.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Betel_Plant.JPG/250px-Betel_Plant.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Betel_Plant.JPG/330px-Betel_Plant.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Betel_Plant.JPG/500px-Betel_Plant.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Betel plant cultivation in Bangladesh</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betel_in_Kolkata_market.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Betel_in_Kolkata_market.jpg/250px-Betel_in_Kolkata_market.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Betel_in_Kolkata_market.jpg/330px-Betel_in_Kolkata_market.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Betel_in_Kolkata_market.jpg/500px-Betel_in_Kolkata_market.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2818" data-file-height="2676" /></a><figcaption>Betel leaves in Kolkata market, West Bengal, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Proper shade and <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a> are essential for the successful cultivation of this crop. Betel needs constantly moist soil, but there should not be excessive moisture. Irrigation is frequent and light, and standing water should not remain for more than half an hour. </p><p>Dried leaves and wood ash are applied to the furrows at fortnightly intervals and cow dung slurry is sprinkled. Application of different kinds of leaves at monthly intervals is believed advantageous for the growth of the betel. In three to six months, the vines reach 150 to 180 cm in height, and they will branch. Harvest begins with the farmer plucking the leaf and its <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> with his right thumb. The harvest lasts 15 days to one month. The betel plant has made its way to research labs of many Bangladesh chemical and food nutrition companies. </p><p>The harvested leaves are consumed locally and exported to other parts of Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and the Americas. Betel is grown and cultivated as an important crop in rural Bangladesh.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_significance">Cultural significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cultural significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut_chewing" title="Betel nut chewing">Betel nut chewing</a></div> <p>The primary use of betel leaf is as a wrapper for the <a href="/wiki/Paan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paan">chewing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>, or in modern times, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, where it is mainly used to add flavour. The practice originated in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> around 5,000 years ago, where the oldest remains of areca nuts and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> from crushed sea shells have been found in the <a href="/wiki/Duyong_Cave" class="mw-redirect" title="Duyong Cave">Duyong Cave</a> archaeological site. It spread along with the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_Expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian Expansion">Austronesian migrations</a> to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. It is unknown when or why betel leaves were first combined with areca nuts, since areca nuts can be chewed alone.<sup id="cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the practice of chewing Betel leaf existed even before the <a href="/wiki/Common_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Common era">common era</a>, with attested references from at least the 3rd century CE, the ingredient mix (paan/ betel quid) it was chewed with changed over time.<sup id="cite_ref-scripta_mode_history_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scripta_mode_history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">Calcium hydroxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catechu" title="Catechu">catechu</a> were the historic ingredients, as referenced in texts from 9th century CE. Tobacco started to feature in the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-scripta_mode_history_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scripta_mode_history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sa_cancer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa_cancer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of chewing betel leaf is on the decline, and now quid consisting of tobacco, areca nut, and <a href="/wiki/Limewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Limewater">limewater</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Gutka" title="Gutka">gutka</a>, is more popular.<sup id="cite_ref-sa_cancer_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sa_cancer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, a sheaf of betel leaves is traditionally offered as a mark of respect and auspicious beginnings. Occasions include greeting elders at wedding ceremonies, celebrating the New Year, and offering payment to physicians and astrologers, to whom money and/or areca nut, placed on top of the sheaf of leaves, are offered in thanks for blessings. In Bengali weddings, the bride is brought to the groom, seated on a platform and her face covered in betel leaves. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> stalk of the betel tree, known as <i>daka</i> or "mustard stick", is consumed together with the leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It may also be used in cooking, usually raw, for its peppery taste. Use of <i>binlang</i>, or betel, has over a 300-year history in areas of China, where it was once promoted for medicinal use.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Red betel leaf is sometimes used as an antibacterial mouthwash.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Betel leaves are also used as to wrap <i>betel quid</i> for chewing, which also contains the toxic and mildly narcotic areca nut.<sup id="cite_ref-Monte2020_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monte2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Habitual use of this popular product (sometimes inaccurately referred to as "betel nut") damages the <a href="/wiki/Oral_cavity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral cavity">oral cavity</a> and is associated with a wide range of adverse systemic health effects, including harm to the <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous" class="mw-redirect" title="Central nervous">central nervous</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Monte2020_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monte2020-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chewing paan (betel quid) is strongly associated with a higher risk of developing <a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">head and neck cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NCIfact_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCIfact-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_cancer" title="Oropharyngeal cancer">oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC)</a>, a form of cancer that affects the <a href="/wiki/Oropharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Oropharynx">mouth, tonsils, and throat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StatPearls_2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatPearls_2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple studies demonstrate that betel quid without added tobacco also causes <a href="/wiki/Esophageal_cancer" title="Esophageal cancer">esophageal cancer</a>, and in some instances, <a href="/wiki/Liver_cancer" title="Liver cancer">liver cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Betel quid chewing can also cause <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Preterm_birth" title="Preterm birth">premature birth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VidyasagaranSiddiqi201622_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VidyasagaranSiddiqi201622-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Agency_for_Research_on_Cancer" title="International Agency for Research on Cancer">International Agency for Research on Cancer</a> (IARC) and the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) accept the scientific evidence that chewing tobacco and areca nut is <a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcinogenic">carcinogenic</a> to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-WHOCancer_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHOCancer-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with <a href="/wiki/Chewing_tobacco" title="Chewing tobacco">chewing tobacco</a>, chewing betel quid is discouraged by <a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">preventive healthcare</a> efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-StatPearls_2020_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StatPearls_2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While various scales exist to measure betel quid dependency, more comprehensive and validated tools are needed to assess this dependency effectively across different populations.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chemistry of betel leaf varies geographically and is mostly <a href="/wiki/Chavibetol" title="Chavibetol">chavibetol</a> dominant.<sup id="cite_ref-RimandoHan1986_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RimandoHan1986-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NepaliBetelConstituent_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NepaliBetelConstituent-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Safrole" title="Safrole">Safrole</a> is a major component of Sri Lankan <i>Piper betle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22279373_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22279373-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">Eugenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isoeugenol" title="Isoeugenol">isoeugenol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germacrene_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Germacrene D">germacrene D</a> are other dominant compounds in other chemotypes.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leaves also contain <a href="/wiki/Eugenol" title="Eugenol">eugenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chavicol" title="Chavicol">chavicol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxychavicol" title="Hydroxychavicol">hydroxychavicol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19387769_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19387769-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid30169967_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30169967-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Caryophyllene" title="Caryophyllene">caryophyllene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NepaliBetelConstituent_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NepaliBetelConstituent-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stems contain <a href="/wiki/Phytosterols" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytosterols">phytosterols</a> (<a href="/wiki/%CE%92-sitosterol" class="mw-redirect" title="Β-sitosterol">β-sitosterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daucosterol" title="Daucosterol">β-daucosterol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stigmasterol" title="Stigmasterol">stigmasterol</a> etc.), <a href="/wiki/Alkaloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaloids">alkaloids</a> (<a href="/wiki/Piperine" title="Piperine">piperine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellitorine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pellitorine (page does not exist)">pellitorine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piperdardine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piperdardine (page does not exist)">piperdardine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guineensine" class="mw-redirect" title="Guineensine">guineensine</a> etc.), <a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">lignan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pinoresinol" title="Pinoresinol">pinoresinol</a>) and other components. Some of them are <a href="/wiki/Oleanolic_acid" title="Oleanolic acid">oleanolic acid</a>, dehydropipernonaline, piperolein-B, bornyl <i>cis</i>-4-hydroxycinnamate and bornyl <i>p</i>-coumarate.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19764326_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19764326-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21137339_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21137339-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid32466337_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32466337-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid29734677_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29734677-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roots contain aristololactam A-II, a <a href="/wiki/Phenylpropene" title="Phenylpropene">phenylpropene</a>, 4-allyl resorcinol and a diketosteroid stigmast-4-en-3,6-dione.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid18007349_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18007349-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> consists of 50 different compounds, of which major components are eugenol, caryophyllene, <a href="/wiki/Terpinolene" class="mw-redirect" title="Terpinolene">terpinolene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terpinene" title="Terpinene">terpinene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadinene">cadinene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3-carene" class="mw-redirect" title="3-carene">3-carene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DasParida2016_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DasParida2016-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Betel_leaves_for_selling_in_the_market_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Betel_leaves_for_selling_in_the_market_01.jpg/250px-Betel_leaves_for_selling_in_the_market_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Betel_leaves_for_selling_in_the_market_01.jpg/330px-Betel_leaves_for_selling_in_the_market_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Betel_leaves_for_selling_in_the_market_01.jpg/500px-Betel_leaves_for_selling_in_the_market_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="2610" /></a><figcaption>Betel leaves for selling in the market</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.jpg/250px-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.jpg/330px-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.jpg/500px-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Betel in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Bengali_woman_selling_betel_leaves_at_Howrah_station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A_Bengali_woman_selling_betel_leaves_at_Howrah_station.jpg/250px-A_Bengali_woman_selling_betel_leaves_at_Howrah_station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A_Bengali_woman_selling_betel_leaves_at_Howrah_station.jpg/330px-A_Bengali_woman_selling_betel_leaves_at_Howrah_station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/A_Bengali_woman_selling_betel_leaves_at_Howrah_station.jpg/500px-A_Bengali_woman_selling_betel_leaves_at_Howrah_station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>A Bengali woman selling betel leaves in Howrah</figcaption></figure> <p>Betel vines are cultivated throughout southeast Asia, in plots typically 20 to 2,000 square metres (0.005 to 0.5 acre) in size. </p><p>Malaysian farmers cultivate four types of betel plants: sirih India, sirih Melayu, sirih Cina and sirih Udang. The harvest is then sold in bundles of leaves, each bundle costing in 2011 between MYR 0.30 and 0.50 ($0.07 and $0.12). </p><p>In Sri Lanka, betel is grown all over the country. Commercial production of betel, with bigger leaves with dark green colour combined with thickness, known as "kalu bulath", is confined to a few districts, such as <a href="/wiki/Kurunegala_District" title="Kurunegala District">Kurunagala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gampaha_District" title="Gampaha District">Gampaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kegalle_District" title="Kegalle District">Kegalle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalutara_District" title="Kalutara District">Kalutara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombo_District" title="Colombo District">Colombo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LK_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LK-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are sold at a wholesaler in lots of 1,000 leaves. According to a report published by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a successful betel farm in Sri Lanka can provide a supplemental income to a farmer by providing six days of work every six months and net income when the leaf prices are attractive.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FAO study found the successful farm's yield to be 18,000 leaves per 150 square feet (14 m<sup>2</sup>). The additional salary and income to the Sri Lankan betel grower, assuming he or she provides all needed labor and keeps all net profit, is SL Rs. 1635 per 150 square feet (14 m<sup>2</sup>) of betel farm every 6 months ($90 per "<a href="/wiki/Decimal" title="Decimal">decimal</a>" per year, or $9000 per acre per year). If the farmer hires outside labor to tend the betel vines and harvest the crop, the net income to the betel farm owner was SL Rs. 735 per 150 square feet (14 m<sup>2</sup>) of betel farm every six months ($40 per decimal per year, or $4000 per acre per year). The market prices for betel leaves vary with the wet and dry seasons in Sri Lanka, and in 2010 averaged SL Rs. 200–400 per 1,000 leaves ($1.82 to $3.64 per 1000 leaves).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FAO study assumes no losses from erratic weather and no losses during storage and transportation of perishable betel leaves. These losses are usually between 35% and 70%.<sup id="cite_ref-GUHA_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUHA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Bangladesh, betel leaf farming yields vary by region and vine variety. In one region where betel leaf cultivation is the main source of income for farmers, a total of 2,825 hectares of land is dedicated to betel vine farming.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average production costs for these betel farms in Bangladesh are about Tk 300,000 per hectare ($4,000 per hectare, $16 per decimal). The farm owners can earn a profit of over Tk 100,000 per hectare ($1,334 per hectare, $5.34 per decimal). </p><p>In India, a 2006 research reported<sup id="cite_ref-GUHA_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUHA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> betel vines being cultivated on about 55,000 hectares of farmland, with an annual production worth of about IN Rs. 9000 million ($200 million total, averaging $1,455 per acre). The betel farming industry, the report claims, supports about 400,000 – 500,000 agricultural families. </p><p>A March 2011 report claims that betel farming is on a decline in India.<sup id="cite_ref-CSE1_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSE1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in ideal conditions some farms may gross annual incomes after expenses of over IN Rs. 26,000 per 10 decimal farm ($5,780 per acre), a betel farm's income is highly erratic from year to year, due to varying rainfall patterns, temperature, and spoilage rates of 35% to 70% during transport over poor infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-GUHA_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GUHA-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simultaneously, the demand for betel leaves has been dropping in India due to acceptance of gutkha (chewing tobacco) by consumers over betel leaf-based ‘‘paan’’ preparation.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report cites betel leaf trading has dropped by 65% from 2000 to 2010 and created an oversupply. As a result, the report claims Indian farmers do not find betel farming lucrative anymore.<sup id="cite_ref-CSE1_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CSE1-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">Kava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khat" title="Khat">Khat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{outline:solid #d7d7d7 1px}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .skin-invert-image .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Objects and Historical Representation</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamul_Paan2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Assamese 'Paan-Tamul' tradition."><img alt="Assamese 'Paan-Tamul' tradition." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tamul_Paan2.jpg/220px-Tamul_Paan2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tamul_Paan2.jpg/330px-Tamul_Paan2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tamul_Paan2.jpg/440px-Tamul_Paan2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Assamese 'Paan-Tamul' tradition.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tr%E1%BA%A7u_c%C3%A1nh_ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Phoenix wing shaped- betel leaf plate in Vietnam."><img alt="A Phoenix wing shaped- betel leaf plate in Vietnam." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tr%E1%BA%A7u_c%C3%A1nh_ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng.jpg/250px-Tr%E1%BA%A7u_c%C3%A1nh_ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tr%E1%BA%A7u_c%C3%A1nh_ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng.jpg/330px-Tr%E1%BA%A7u_c%C3%A1nh_ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Tr%E1%BA%A7u_c%C3%A1nh_ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng.jpg/500px-Tr%E1%BA%A7u_c%C3%A1nh_ph%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a> wing shaped- betel leaf plate in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sac_%C3%A0_b%C3%A9tel_MHNT_ETH_AC_NG_17_Sav%C3%A8s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Betel bag, New Guinea, nineteenth century MHNT."><img alt="Betel bag, New Guinea, nineteenth century MHNT." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sac_%C3%A0_b%C3%A9tel_MHNT_ETH_AC_NG_17_Sav%C3%A8s.jpg/160px-Sac_%C3%A0_b%C3%A9tel_MHNT_ETH_AC_NG_17_Sav%C3%A8s.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sac_%C3%A0_b%C3%A9tel_MHNT_ETH_AC_NG_17_Sav%C3%A8s.jpg/240px-Sac_%C3%A0_b%C3%A9tel_MHNT_ETH_AC_NG_17_Sav%C3%A8s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sac_%C3%A0_b%C3%A9tel_MHNT_ETH_AC_NG_17_Sav%C3%A8s.jpg/320px-Sac_%C3%A0_b%C3%A9tel_MHNT_ETH_AC_NG_17_Sav%C3%A8s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3988" data-file-height="5489" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Betel bag, New Guinea, nineteenth century <a href="/wiki/MHNT" class="mw-redirect" title="MHNT">MHNT</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Alexander,_A_Chinese_Peasant_Selling_Betel,_1793-1794,_NGA_143722.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Chinese Peasant Selling Betel, 1793-1794, by William Alexander, Department of Prints and Drawings, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C."><img alt="A Chinese Peasant Selling Betel, 1793-1794, by William Alexander, Department of Prints and Drawings, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/William_Alexander%2C_A_Chinese_Peasant_Selling_Betel%2C_1793-1794%2C_NGA_143722.jpg/250px-William_Alexander%2C_A_Chinese_Peasant_Selling_Betel%2C_1793-1794%2C_NGA_143722.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/William_Alexander%2C_A_Chinese_Peasant_Selling_Betel%2C_1793-1794%2C_NGA_143722.jpg/330px-William_Alexander%2C_A_Chinese_Peasant_Selling_Betel%2C_1793-1794%2C_NGA_143722.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/William_Alexander%2C_A_Chinese_Peasant_Selling_Betel%2C_1793-1794%2C_NGA_143722.jpg/500px-William_Alexander%2C_A_Chinese_Peasant_Selling_Betel%2C_1793-1794%2C_NGA_143722.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3176" data-file-height="2201" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A Chinese Peasant Selling Betel, 1793-1794, by William Alexander, Department of Prints and Drawings, National Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RimandoHan1986-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RimandoHan1986_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RimandoHan1986_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRimandoHanParkCantoria1986" class="citation journal cs1">Rimando, Agnes M.; Han, Byung Hoon; Park, Jeong Hill; Cantoria, Magdalena C. (1986). "Studies on the constituents of Philippine <i>Piper betle</i> leaves". <i>Archives of Pharmacal Research</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02857217">10.1007/BF02857217</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0253-6269">0253-6269</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:98263258">98263258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Pharmacal+Research&rft.atitle=Studies+on+the+constituents+of+Philippine+Piper+betle+leaves&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A98263258%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0253-6269&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02857217&rft.aulast=Rimando&rft.aufirst=Agnes+M.&rft.au=Han%2C+Byung+Hoon&rft.au=Park%2C+Jeong+Hill&rft.au=Cantoria%2C+Magdalena+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-_betel" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=betel">"betel"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=betel&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dbetel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Portuguese Vocables in Asiatic Languages: From the Portuguese Original of M S R Dalgado</i>. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. 1988. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/812060413X" title="Special:BookSources/812060413X"><bdi>812060413X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portuguese+Vocables+in+Asiatic+Languages%3A+From+the+Portuguese+Original+of+M+S+R+Dalgado&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=812060413X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-powo-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-powo_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/680605-1">"<i>Piper betle</i> L."</a> <i>Plants of the World Online</i>. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plants+of+the+World+Online&rft.atitle=Piper+betle+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2F680605-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zumbroich2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2007_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZumbroich2007–2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zumbroich, Thomas J. (2007–2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162">"The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond"</a>. <i>eJournal of Indian Medicine</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">87–</span>140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eJournal+of+Indian+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+diffusion+of+betel+chewing%3A+a+synthesis+of+evidence+from+South+Asia%2C+Southeast+Asia+and+beyond&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E140&rft.date=2007%2F2008&rft.aulast=Zumbroich&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugp.rug.nl%2FeJIM%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F24712%2F22162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dawn.com/news/33381/betel-leaf-farming-in-coastal-area">"Betel-leaf farming in coastal area"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn_(newspaper)" title="Dawn (newspaper)">Dawn</a></i>. 13 May 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Betel-leaf+farming+in+coastal+area&rft.date=2002-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F33381%2Fbetel-leaf-farming-in-coastal-area&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCassey2013" class="citation news cs1">Cassey, Brian (9 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/world/chewing-over-a-betel-ban-20131108-2x6ra.html">"Chewing over a betel ban"</a>. <i>Sydney Morning Herald</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Chewing+over+a+betel+ban&rft.date=2013-11-09&rft.aulast=Cassey&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fchewing-over-a-betel-ban-20131108-2x6ra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LK-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LK_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LK_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Sri_Lanka" class="citation web cs1">Government of Sri Lanka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160514054345/http://www.exportagridept.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126&Itemid=159&lang=ta">"Betel – Piper Betle L"</a>. 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CSE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Too+costly+to+grow&rft.pub=CSE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.downtoearth.org.in%2Fcontent%2Ftoo-costly-grow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/paan-loses-flavour">"Paan loses flavour"</a>. CSE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paan+loses+flavour&rft.pub=CSE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.downtoearth.org.in%2Fcontent%2Fpaan-loses-flavour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/ThomasZumbroich">"Zumbroich, Thomas J. 2008. The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: A synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond. E-Journal of Indian Medicine 1(3): 87–140"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zumbroich%2C+Thomas+J.+2008.+The+origin+and+diffusion+of+betel+chewing%3A+A+synthesis+of+evidence+from+South+Asia%2C+Southeast+Asia+and+beyond.+E-Journal+of+Indian+Medicine+1%283%29%3A+87%E2%80%93140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.academia.edu%2FThomasZumbroich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>'The Art of Chewing Betel', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, <i>Ancient Chiang Mai</i> Volume 3. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN: B006IN1RNW</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuha2006" class="citation journal cs1">Guha, P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-19-0-000-000-2006-Web/JHE-19-2-000-000-2006-Abstract-PDF/JHE-19-2-087-093-2006-1405-Guha-P/JHE-19-2-087-093-2006-1405-Guha-P-Text.pdf#search=%22betel%20leaf%20neglected%20gold%22">"Betel leaf: The neglected green gold of India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>J. Hum. Ecol</i>. <b>19</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Hum.+Ecol.&rft.atitle=Betel+leaf%3A+The+neglected+green+gold+of+India&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Guha&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.krepublishers.com%2F02-Journals%2FJHE%2FJHE-19-0-000-000-2006-Web%2FJHE-19-2-000-000-2006-Abstract-PDF%2FJHE-19-2-087-093-2006-1405-Guha-P%2FJHE-19-2-087-093-2006-1405-Guha-P-Text.pdf%23search%3D%2522betel%2520leaf%2520neglected%2520gold%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNairObeFriesenGoldberg1992" class="citation journal cs1">Nair, Urmila J.; Obe, Günter; Friesen, Marlin; Goldberg, Mark T.; Bartsch, Helmut (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519632">"Role of Lime in the Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species from Betel-Quid Ingredients"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>98</b>: <span class="nowrap">203–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992EnvHP..98..203N">1992EnvHP..98..203N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.9298203">10.1289/ehp.9298203</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3431271">3431271</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1519632">1519632</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1486850">1486850</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Role+of+Lime+in+the+Generation+of+Reactive+Oxygen+Species+from+Betel-Quid+Ingredients&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1519632%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3431271%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992EnvHP..98..203N&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1486850&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.9298203&rft.aulast=Nair&rft.aufirst=Urmila+J.&rft.au=Obe%2C+G%C3%BCnter&rft.au=Friesen%2C+Marlin&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Mark+T.&rft.au=Bartsch%2C+Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1519632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABetel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>The Merck Manual. Tumours of The head and neck. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec08/ch093/ch093a.html">Introduction to Inner Ear Disorders - Ear, Nose, and Throat Disorders</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol85/index.php">Betel-quid and Areca-nut Chewing and Some Areca-nut-derived Nitrosamines</a>, from <i>IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans</i>, Volume 85 (2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oehha.ca.gov/prop65/docs_admin/arecanutbetelist.pdf">California adds Betel and Areca nut to the list of substances known to cause cancer under TOXIC ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 1986</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/betel" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/betel">betel</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4382" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4382" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Piper betle</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159532" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q159532">Q159532</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Piper_betle" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Piper betle">Piper betle</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">APDB: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/114948">114948</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/80597">80597</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=494468">494468</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4J3C8">4J3C8</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ecocrop" title="Ecocrop">Ecocrop</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecocrop.review.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=1710">1710</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/491360">491360</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/PIPBE">PIPBE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200005554">200005554</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Piper%20betle">Piper betle</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005554">200005554</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4187904">4187904</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=28574">28574</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/347653">347653</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/680605-1">680605-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=895503">895503</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=13217">13217</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/b21399f5-9c2d-4f13-ac3e-523ece0be532">b21399f5-9c2d-4f13-ac3e-523ece0be532</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=588609">588609</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_for_a_Future" title="Plants for a Future">PfaF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Piper+betle">Piper betle</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">Plant List</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-2559050">kew-2559050</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service#Plants" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">PLANTS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/PIBE4">PIBE4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A680605-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:680605-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/25002636">25002636</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000479518">wfo-0000479518</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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