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All Rights Reserved. * * Licensed under the W3C SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENT NOTICE AND LICENSE. * * https://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/2015/copyright-software-and-document * */ (function() { 'use strict'; // Exit early if we're not running in a browser. if (typeof window !== 'object') { return; } // Exit early if all IntersectionObserver and IntersectionObserverEntry // features are natively supported. if ('IntersectionObserver' in window && 'IntersectionObserverEntry' in window && 'intersectionRatio' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype) { // Minimal polyfill for Edge 15's lack of `isIntersecting` // See: https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/211 if (!('isIntersecting' in window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype)) { Object.defineProperty(window.IntersectionObserverEntry.prototype, 'isIntersecting', { get: function () { return this.intersectionRatio > 0; } }); } return; } /** * Returns the embedding frame element, if any. * @param {!Document} doc * @return {!Element} */ function getFrameElement(doc) { try { return doc.defaultView && doc.defaultView.frameElement || null; } catch (e) { // Ignore the error. return null; } } /** * A local reference to the root document. */ var document = (function(startDoc) { var doc = startDoc; var frame = getFrameElement(doc); while (frame) { doc = frame.ownerDocument; frame = getFrameElement(doc); } return doc; })(window.document); /** * An IntersectionObserver registry. This registry exists to hold a strong * reference to IntersectionObserver instances currently observing a target * element. Without this registry, instances without another reference may be * garbage collected. */ var registry = []; /** * The signal updater for cross-origin intersection. When not null, it means * that the polyfill is configured to work in a cross-origin mode. * @type {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ var crossOriginUpdater = null; /** * The current cross-origin intersection. Only used in the cross-origin mode. * @type {DOMRect|ClientRect} */ var crossOriginRect = null; /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserverEntry constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-entry * @param {Object} entry A dictionary of instance properties. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserverEntry(entry) { this.time = entry.time; this.target = entry.target; this.rootBounds = ensureDOMRect(entry.rootBounds); this.boundingClientRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.boundingClientRect); this.intersectionRect = ensureDOMRect(entry.intersectionRect || getEmptyRect()); this.isIntersecting = !!entry.intersectionRect; // Calculates the intersection ratio. var targetRect = this.boundingClientRect; var targetArea = targetRect.width * targetRect.height; var intersectionRect = this.intersectionRect; var intersectionArea = intersectionRect.width * intersectionRect.height; // Sets intersection ratio. if (targetArea) { // Round the intersection ratio to avoid floating point math issues: // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/issues/324 this.intersectionRatio = Number((intersectionArea / targetArea).toFixed(4)); } else { // If area is zero and is intersecting, sets to 1, otherwise to 0 this.intersectionRatio = this.isIntersecting ? 1 : 0; } } /** * Creates the global IntersectionObserver constructor. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#intersection-observer-interface * @param {Function} callback The function to be invoked after intersection * changes have queued. The function is not invoked if the queue has * been emptied by calling the `takeRecords` method. * @param {Object=} opt_options Optional configuration options. * @constructor */ function IntersectionObserver(callback, opt_options) { var options = opt_options || {}; if (typeof callback != 'function') { throw new Error('callback must be a function'); } if ( options.root && options.root.nodeType != 1 && options.root.nodeType != 9 ) { throw new Error('root must be a Document or Element'); } // Binds and throttles `this._checkForIntersections`. this._checkForIntersections = throttle( this._checkForIntersections.bind(this), this.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT); // Private properties. this._callback = callback; this._observationTargets = []; this._queuedEntries = []; this._rootMarginValues = this._parseRootMargin(options.rootMargin); // Public properties. this.thresholds = this._initThresholds(options.threshold); this.root = options.root || null; this.rootMargin = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin) { return margin.value + margin.unit; }).join(' '); /** @private @const {!Array<!Document>} */ this._monitoringDocuments = []; /** @private @const {!Array<function()>} */ this._monitoringUnsubscribes = []; } /** * The minimum interval within which the document will be checked for * intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.THROTTLE_TIMEOUT = 100; /** * The frequency in which the polyfill polls for intersection changes. * this can be updated on a per instance basis and must be set prior to * calling `observe` on the first target. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.POLL_INTERVAL = null; /** * Use a mutation observer on the root element * to detect intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER = true; /** * Sets up the polyfill in the cross-origin mode. The result is the * updater function that accepts two arguments: `boundingClientRect` and * `intersectionRect` - just as these fields would be available to the * parent via `IntersectionObserverEntry`. This function should be called * each time the iframe receives intersection information from the parent * window, e.g. via messaging. * @return {function(DOMRect|ClientRect, DOMRect|ClientRect)} */ IntersectionObserver._setupCrossOriginUpdater = function() { if (!crossOriginUpdater) { /** * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} boundingClientRect * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} intersectionRect */ crossOriginUpdater = function(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect) { if (!boundingClientRect || !intersectionRect) { crossOriginRect = getEmptyRect(); } else { crossOriginRect = convertFromParentRect(boundingClientRect, intersectionRect); } registry.forEach(function(observer) { observer._checkForIntersections(); }); }; } return crossOriginUpdater; }; /** * Resets the cross-origin mode. */ IntersectionObserver._resetCrossOriginUpdater = function() { crossOriginUpdater = null; crossOriginRect = null; }; /** * Starts observing a target element for intersection changes based on * the thresholds values. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.observe = function(target) { var isTargetAlreadyObserved = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { return item.element == target; }); if (isTargetAlreadyObserved) { return; } if (!(target && target.nodeType == 1)) { throw new Error('target must be an Element'); } this._registerInstance(); this._observationTargets.push({element: target, entry: null}); this._monitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); this._checkForIntersections(); }; /** * Stops observing a target element for intersection changes. * @param {Element} target The DOM element to observe. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.unobserve = function(target) { this._observationTargets = this._observationTargets.filter(function(item) { return item.element != target; }); this._unmonitorIntersections(target.ownerDocument); if (this._observationTargets.length == 0) { this._unregisterInstance(); } }; /** * Stops observing all target elements for intersection changes. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.disconnect = function() { this._observationTargets = []; this._unmonitorAllIntersections(); this._unregisterInstance(); }; /** * Returns any queue entries that have not yet been reported to the * callback and clears the queue. This can be used in conjunction with the * callback to obtain the absolute most up-to-date intersection information. * @return {Array} The currently queued entries. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype.takeRecords = function() { var records = this._queuedEntries.slice(); this._queuedEntries = []; return records; }; /** * Accepts the threshold value from the user configuration object and * returns a sorted array of unique threshold values. If a value is not * between 0 and 1 and error is thrown. * @private * @param {Array|number=} opt_threshold An optional threshold value or * a list of threshold values, defaulting to [0]. * @return {Array} A sorted list of unique and valid threshold values. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._initThresholds = function(opt_threshold) { var threshold = opt_threshold || [0]; if (!Array.isArray(threshold)) threshold = [threshold]; return threshold.sort().filter(function(t, i, a) { if (typeof t != 'number' || isNaN(t) || t < 0 || t > 1) { throw new Error('threshold must be a number between 0 and 1 inclusively'); } return t !== a[i - 1]; }); }; /** * Accepts the rootMargin value from the user configuration object * and returns an array of the four margin values as an object containing * the value and unit properties. If any of the values are not properly * formatted or use a unit other than px or %, and error is thrown. * @private * @param {string=} opt_rootMargin An optional rootMargin value, * defaulting to '0px'. * @return {Array<Object>} An array of margin objects with the keys * value and unit. */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._parseRootMargin = function(opt_rootMargin) { var marginString = opt_rootMargin || '0px'; var margins = marginString.split(/\s+/).map(function(margin) { var parts = /^(-?\d*\.?\d+)(px|%)$/.exec(margin); if (!parts) { throw new Error('rootMargin must be specified in pixels or percent'); } return {value: parseFloat(parts[1]), unit: parts[2]}; }); // Handles shorthand. margins[1] = margins[1] || margins[0]; margins[2] = margins[2] || margins[0]; margins[3] = margins[3] || margins[1]; return margins; }; /** * Starts polling for intersection changes if the polling is not already * happening, and if the page's visibility state is visible. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._monitorIntersections = function(doc) { var win = doc.defaultView; if (!win) { // Already destroyed. return; } if (this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc) != -1) { // Already monitoring. return; } // Private state for monitoring. var callback = this._checkForIntersections; var monitoringInterval = null; var domObserver = null; // If a poll interval is set, use polling instead of listening to // resize and scroll events or DOM mutations. if (this.POLL_INTERVAL) { monitoringInterval = win.setInterval(callback, this.POLL_INTERVAL); } else { addEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); addEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (this.USE_MUTATION_OBSERVER && 'MutationObserver' in win) { domObserver = new win.MutationObserver(callback); domObserver.observe(doc, { attributes: true, childList: true, characterData: true, subtree: true }); } } this._monitoringDocuments.push(doc); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.push(function() { // Get the window object again. When a friendly iframe is destroyed, it // will be null. var win = doc.defaultView; if (win) { if (monitoringInterval) { win.clearInterval(monitoringInterval); } removeEvent(win, 'resize', callback, true); } removeEvent(doc, 'scroll', callback, true); if (domObserver) { domObserver.disconnect(); } }); // Also monitor the parent. var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._monitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorIntersections = function(doc) { var index = this._monitoringDocuments.indexOf(doc); if (index == -1) { return; } var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; // Check if any dependent targets are still remaining. var hasDependentTargets = this._observationTargets.some(function(item) { var itemDoc = item.element.ownerDocument; // Target is in this context. if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } // Target is nested in this context. while (itemDoc && itemDoc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(itemDoc); itemDoc = frame && frame.ownerDocument; if (itemDoc == doc) { return true; } } return false; }); if (hasDependentTargets) { return; } // Unsubscribe. var unsubscribe = this._monitoringUnsubscribes[index]; this._monitoringDocuments.splice(index, 1); this._monitoringUnsubscribes.splice(index, 1); unsubscribe(); // Also unmonitor the parent. if (doc != rootDoc) { var frame = getFrameElement(doc); if (frame) { this._unmonitorIntersections(frame.ownerDocument); } } }; /** * Stops polling for intersection changes. * @param {!Document} doc * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unmonitorAllIntersections = function() { var unsubscribes = this._monitoringUnsubscribes.slice(0); this._monitoringDocuments.length = 0; this._monitoringUnsubscribes.length = 0; for (var i = 0; i < unsubscribes.length; i++) { unsubscribes[i](); } }; /** * Scans each observation target for intersection changes and adds them * to the internal entries queue. If new entries are found, it * schedules the callback to be invoked. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._checkForIntersections = function() { if (!this.root && crossOriginUpdater && !crossOriginRect) { // Cross origin monitoring, but no initial data available yet. return; } var rootIsInDom = this._rootIsInDom(); var rootRect = rootIsInDom ? this._getRootRect() : getEmptyRect(); this._observationTargets.forEach(function(item) { var target = item.element; var targetRect = getBoundingClientRect(target); var rootContainsTarget = this._rootContainsTarget(target); var oldEntry = item.entry; var intersectionRect = rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(target, targetRect, rootRect); var rootBounds = null; if (!this._rootContainsTarget(target)) { rootBounds = getEmptyRect(); } else if (!crossOriginUpdater || this.root) { rootBounds = rootRect; } var newEntry = item.entry = new IntersectionObserverEntry({ time: now(), target: target, boundingClientRect: targetRect, rootBounds: rootBounds, intersectionRect: intersectionRect }); if (!oldEntry) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } else if (rootIsInDom && rootContainsTarget) { // If the new entry intersection ratio has crossed any of the // thresholds, add a new entry. if (this._hasCrossedThreshold(oldEntry, newEntry)) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } else { // If the root is not in the DOM or target is not contained within // root but the previous entry for this target had an intersection, // add a new record indicating removal. if (oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting) { this._queuedEntries.push(newEntry); } } }, this); if (this._queuedEntries.length) { this._callback(this.takeRecords(), this); } }; /** * Accepts a target and root rect computes the intersection between then * following the algorithm in the spec. * TODO(philipwalton): at this time clip-path is not considered. * https://w3c.github.io/IntersectionObserver/#calculate-intersection-rect-algo * @param {Element} target The target DOM element * @param {Object} targetRect The bounding rect of the target. * @param {Object} rootRect The bounding rect of the root after being * expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {?Object} The final intersection rect object or undefined if no * intersection is found. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._computeTargetAndRootIntersection = function(target, targetRect, rootRect) { // If the element isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (window.getComputedStyle(target).display == 'none') return; var intersectionRect = targetRect; var parent = getParentNode(target); var atRoot = false; while (!atRoot && parent) { var parentRect = null; var parentComputedStyle = parent.nodeType == 1 ? window.getComputedStyle(parent) : {}; // If the parent isn't displayed, an intersection can't happen. if (parentComputedStyle.display == 'none') return null; if (parent == this.root || parent.nodeType == /* DOCUMENT */ 9) { atRoot = true; if (parent == this.root || parent == document) { if (crossOriginUpdater && !this.root) { if (!crossOriginRect || crossOriginRect.width == 0 && crossOriginRect.height == 0) { // A 0-size cross-origin intersection means no-intersection. parent = null; parentRect = null; intersectionRect = null; } else { parentRect = crossOriginRect; } } else { parentRect = rootRect; } } else { // Check if there's a frame that can be navigated to. var frame = getParentNode(parent); var frameRect = frame && getBoundingClientRect(frame); var frameIntersect = frame && this._computeTargetAndRootIntersection(frame, frameRect, rootRect); if (frameRect && frameIntersect) { parent = frame; parentRect = convertFromParentRect(frameRect, frameIntersect); } else { parent = null; intersectionRect = null; } } } else { // If the element has a non-visible overflow, and it's not the <body> // or <html> element, update the intersection rect. // Note: <body> and <html> cannot be clipped to a rect that's not also // the document rect, so no need to compute a new intersection. var doc = parent.ownerDocument; if (parent != doc.body && parent != doc.documentElement && parentComputedStyle.overflow != 'visible') { parentRect = getBoundingClientRect(parent); } } // If either of the above conditionals set a new parentRect, // calculate new intersection data. if (parentRect) { intersectionRect = computeRectIntersection(parentRect, intersectionRect); } if (!intersectionRect) break; parent = parent && getParentNode(parent); } return intersectionRect; }; /** * Returns the root rect after being expanded by the rootMargin value. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded root rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._getRootRect = function() { var rootRect; if (this.root && !isDoc(this.root)) { rootRect = getBoundingClientRect(this.root); } else { // Use <html>/<body> instead of window since scroll bars affect size. var doc = isDoc(this.root) ? this.root : document; var html = doc.documentElement; var body = doc.body; rootRect = { top: 0, left: 0, right: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, width: html.clientWidth || body.clientWidth, bottom: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight, height: html.clientHeight || body.clientHeight }; } return this._expandRectByRootMargin(rootRect); }; /** * Accepts a rect and expands it by the rootMargin value. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} rect The rect object to expand. * @return {ClientRect} The expanded rect. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._expandRectByRootMargin = function(rect) { var margins = this._rootMarginValues.map(function(margin, i) { return margin.unit == 'px' ? margin.value : margin.value * (i % 2 ? rect.width : rect.height) / 100; }); var newRect = { top: rect.top - margins[0], right: rect.right + margins[1], bottom: rect.bottom + margins[2], left: rect.left - margins[3] }; newRect.width = newRect.right - newRect.left; newRect.height = newRect.bottom - newRect.top; return newRect; }; /** * Accepts an old and new entry and returns true if at least one of the * threshold values has been crossed. * @param {?IntersectionObserverEntry} oldEntry The previous entry for a * particular target element or null if no previous entry exists. * @param {IntersectionObserverEntry} newEntry The current entry for a * particular target element. * @return {boolean} Returns true if a any threshold has been crossed. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._hasCrossedThreshold = function(oldEntry, newEntry) { // To make comparing easier, an entry that has a ratio of 0 // but does not actually intersect is given a value of -1 var oldRatio = oldEntry && oldEntry.isIntersecting ? oldEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; var newRatio = newEntry.isIntersecting ? newEntry.intersectionRatio || 0 : -1; // Ignore unchanged ratios if (oldRatio === newRatio) return; for (var i = 0; i < this.thresholds.length; i++) { var threshold = this.thresholds[i]; // Return true if an entry matches a threshold or if the new ratio // and the old ratio are on the opposite sides of a threshold. if (threshold == oldRatio || threshold == newRatio || threshold < oldRatio !== threshold < newRatio) { return true; } } }; /** * Returns whether or not the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @return {boolean} True if the root element is an element and is in the DOM. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootIsInDom = function() { return !this.root || containsDeep(document, this.root); }; /** * Returns whether or not the target element is a child of root. * @param {Element} target The target element to check. * @return {boolean} True if the target element is a child of root. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._rootContainsTarget = function(target) { var rootDoc = (this.root && (this.root.ownerDocument || this.root)) || document; return ( containsDeep(rootDoc, target) && (!this.root || rootDoc == target.ownerDocument) ); }; /** * Adds the instance to the global IntersectionObserver registry if it isn't * already present. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._registerInstance = function() { if (registry.indexOf(this) < 0) { registry.push(this); } }; /** * Removes the instance from the global IntersectionObserver registry. * @private */ IntersectionObserver.prototype._unregisterInstance = function() { var index = registry.indexOf(this); if (index != -1) registry.splice(index, 1); }; /** * Returns the result of the performance.now() method or null in browsers * that don't support the API. * @return {number} The elapsed time since the page was requested. */ function now() { return window.performance && performance.now && performance.now(); } /** * Throttles a function and delays its execution, so it's only called at most * once within a given time period. * @param {Function} fn The function to throttle. * @param {number} timeout The amount of time that must pass before the * function can be called again. * @return {Function} The throttled function. */ function throttle(fn, timeout) { var timer = null; return function () { if (!timer) { timer = setTimeout(function() { fn(); timer = null; }, timeout); } }; } /** * Adds an event handler to a DOM node ensuring cross-browser compatibility. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to add the event handler to. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to add. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture Optionally adds the even to the capture * phase. Note: this only works in modern browsers. */ function addEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.addEventListener == 'function') { node.addEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.attachEvent == 'function') { node.attachEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Removes a previously added event handler from a DOM node. * @param {Node} node The DOM node to remove the event handler from. * @param {string} event The event name. * @param {Function} fn The event handler to remove. * @param {boolean} opt_useCapture If the event handler was added with this * flag set to true, it should be set to true here in order to remove it. */ function removeEvent(node, event, fn, opt_useCapture) { if (typeof node.removeEventListener == 'function') { node.removeEventListener(event, fn, opt_useCapture || false); } else if (typeof node.detatchEvent == 'function') { node.detatchEvent('on' + event, fn); } } /** * Returns the intersection between two rect objects. * @param {Object} rect1 The first rect. * @param {Object} rect2 The second rect. * @return {?Object|?ClientRect} The intersection rect or undefined if no * intersection is found. */ function computeRectIntersection(rect1, rect2) { var top = Math.max(rect1.top, rect2.top); var bottom = Math.min(rect1.bottom, rect2.bottom); var left = Math.max(rect1.left, rect2.left); var right = Math.min(rect1.right, rect2.right); var width = right - left; var height = bottom - top; return (width >= 0 && height >= 0) && { top: top, bottom: bottom, left: left, right: right, width: width, height: height } || null; } /** * Shims the native getBoundingClientRect for compatibility with older IE. * @param {Element} el The element whose bounding rect to get. * @return {DOMRect|ClientRect} The (possibly shimmed) rect of the element. */ function getBoundingClientRect(el) { var rect; try { rect = el.getBoundingClientRect(); } catch (err) { // Ignore Windows 7 IE11 "Unspecified error" // https://github.com/w3c/IntersectionObserver/pull/205 } if (!rect) return getEmptyRect(); // Older IE if (!(rect.width && rect.height)) { rect = { top: rect.top, right: rect.right, bottom: rect.bottom, left: rect.left, width: rect.right - rect.left, height: rect.bottom - rect.top }; } return rect; } /** * Returns an empty rect object. An empty rect is returned when an element * is not in the DOM. * @return {ClientRect} The empty rect. */ function getEmptyRect() { return { top: 0, bottom: 0, left: 0, right: 0, width: 0, height: 0 }; } /** * Ensure that the result has all of the necessary fields of the DOMRect. * Specifically this ensures that `x` and `y` fields are set. * * @param {?DOMRect|?ClientRect} rect * @return {?DOMRect} */ function ensureDOMRect(rect) { // A `DOMRect` object has `x` and `y` fields. if (!rect || 'x' in rect) { return rect; } // A IE's `ClientRect` type does not have `x` and `y`. The same is the case // for internally calculated Rect objects. For the purposes of // `IntersectionObserver`, it's sufficient to simply mirror `left` and `top` // for these fields. return { top: rect.top, y: rect.top, bottom: rect.bottom, left: rect.left, x: rect.left, right: rect.right, width: rect.width, height: rect.height }; } /** * Inverts the intersection and bounding rect from the parent (frame) BCR to * the local BCR space. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} parentBoundingRect The parent's bound client rect. * @param {DOMRect|ClientRect} parentIntersectionRect The parent's own intersection rect. * @return {ClientRect} The local root bounding rect for the parent's children. */ function convertFromParentRect(parentBoundingRect, parentIntersectionRect) { var top = parentIntersectionRect.top - parentBoundingRect.top; var left = parentIntersectionRect.left - parentBoundingRect.left; return { top: top, left: left, height: parentIntersectionRect.height, width: parentIntersectionRect.width, bottom: top + parentIntersectionRect.height, right: left + parentIntersectionRect.width }; } /** * Checks to see if a parent element contains a child element (including inside * shadow DOM). * @param {Node} parent The parent element. * @param {Node} child The child element. * @return {boolean} True if the parent node contains the child node. */ function containsDeep(parent, child) { var node = child; while (node) { if (node == parent) return true; node = getParentNode(node); } return false; } /** * Gets the parent node of an element or its host element if the parent node * is a shadow root. * @param {Node} node The node whose parent to get. * @return {Node|null} The parent node or null if no parent exists. */ function getParentNode(node) { var parent = node.parentNode; if (node.nodeType == /* DOCUMENT */ 9 && node != document) { // If this node is a document node, look for the embedding frame. return getFrameElement(node); } // If the parent has element that is assigned through shadow root slot if (parent && parent.assignedSlot) { parent = parent.assignedSlot.parentNode } if (parent && parent.nodeType == 11 && parent.host) { // If the parent is a shadow root, return the host element. return parent.host; } return parent; } /** * Returns true if `node` is a Document. * @param {!Node} node * @returns {boolean} */ function isDoc(node) { return node && node.nodeType === 9; } // Exposes the constructors globally. window.IntersectionObserver = IntersectionObserver; window.IntersectionObserverEntry = IntersectionObserverEntry; }()); window.performance.mark('apstagLoadEnd'); window.performance.measure('apstagLoad', 'apstagLoadStart', 'apstagLoadEnd'); var timing = window.performance.getEntriesByName('apstagLoad')[0].duration; window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'apstagLoad', page: page, timing: timing }); /**----------------- Initialize apstag (A9) -----------------*/ function apstagInitAndFetch() { apstag.init({ pubID: "3067", adServer: "googletag", bidTimeout: 1000 }); window.dataLayer.push({ event: "initialA9RequestInitiated", timing: generateFormattedTime(), sessionId: sessionId }); apstag.fetchBids( { slots: apstagSlots, timeout: 1000 // Make sure this timeout is less than or equal to OpenWrap TimeOut }, function(bids) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { apstag.setDisplayBids(); PWT.a9_Bids = bids; PWT.a9_BidsReceived = true; initAdserver(false); }); } ); } /**-------------------------- Mup Fpb integration --------------------------*/ var MAGIC = 0xbeefcafe; function getMupFpbParams(mupFpbSlotConfigs, mupFpbConfig) { var mupParams = {}; mupFpbSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { try { mupParams[slotConfig.placement] = { site: mupFpbConfig.site, geo: mupFpbConfig.adlerGeo || "", platform: mupFpbConfig.detectedDevice, sizes: slotConfig.sizes, position: slotConfig.targeting.pos }; } catch (error) { console.log("Error forming mup params:", error.message); return false; } return true; }); return mupParams; } function getAdlerKey(size) { var keyMap = { "970x250": "adler_a", "300x600": "adler_a", "320x100": "adler_a", "970x90": "adler_b", "728x90": "adler", "300x250": "adler", "320x50": "adler", "160x600": "adler" }; return keyMap[size]; } function parseMupResponse(mupFpbAjaxCall) { try { window.adlerData.mup.values = JSON.parse(mupFpbAjaxCall.responseText); initAdserver(false); } catch (err) { console.log("Error parsing mupResponse: ".concat(err.message)); } } function processMupFpbValues(adUnitsArray) { if (!window.adlerData.mup.values) return false; var mupFpbValues = window.adlerData.mup.values; adUnitsArray.forEach(function(adUnit) { if (adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtsz) { try { var adlerKey = getAdlerKey(adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtsz); if ( adlerKey === null || !mupFpbValues[adUnit.code] || !mupFpbValues[adUnit.code][adlerKey] ) { return false; } var markup = mupFpbValues[adUnit.code][adlerKey]; var deobfuscatedMarkup = deobMup(markup.adler); var muv = 100 + deobfuscatedMarkup; var centPwtecp = parseInt( adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtecp.replace(".", ""), 10 ); var adjustedPwtecp = (centPwtecp * muv) / 10000; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtecp = adjustedPwtecp.toFixed(2); adUnit.bidData.kvp.mup = "".concat(deobfuscatedMarkup); } catch (error) { console.log("Error applying mup for:", adUnit.code); return false; } } return true; }); window.adlerData.mup.processed = true; return true; } function callMupFpb(slotConfigs, mupFpbConfig) { var mupFpbReq = new XMLHttpRequest(); mupFpbReq.addEventListener( "load", parseMupResponse.bind(null, mupFpbReq) ); mupFpbReq.open("POST", mupFpbConfig.mupFpbApiEndpoint, true); mupFpbReq.timeout = 1000; mupFpbReq.send( JSON.stringify(getMupFpbParams(slotConfigs, mupFpbConfig)) ); } function reverse(n) { var x = new Uint32Array(1); x[0] = n; x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x0000ffff) << 16) | ((x[0] & 0xffff0000) >>> 16); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x55555555) << 1) | ((x[0] & 0xaaaaaaaa) >>> 1); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x33333333) << 2) | ((x[0] & 0xcccccccc) >>> 2); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x0f0f0f0f) << 4) | ((x[0] & 0xf0f0f0f0) >>> 4); x[0] = ((x[0] & 0x00ff00ff) << 8) | ((x[0] & 0xff00ff00) >>> 8); return x[0]; } function unflip(n) { return reverse(n ^ MAGIC); } function deobMup(encryptedMup) { if (!encryptedMup) { throw new Error( "Missing Mup. Please confirm value is being passed in." ); } var decryptedMup = unflip(parseInt(encryptedMup, 10)); return decryptedMup; } /**-------------- End of Mup Fpb integration --------------*/ /**--------------------- Rtf integration ------------------*/ function setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, status, error) { rtfSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { slotConfig.targeting.adler_status = status; if (error) { slotConfig.targeting.adler_error = error; } }); } function getRtfParams(rtfSlotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig) { var requestParams = {}; var geo = rtfFpbConfig.adlerGeo || ""; if (geo === "") { setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, "nogeo", "nogeo"); } rtfSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { try { requestParams[slotConfig.placement] = { site: rtfFpbConfig.site, geo: geo, platform: rtfFpbConfig.detectedDevice, sizes: slotConfig.sizes, position: slotConfig.targeting.pos }; } catch (error) { console.log("Error forming rtf params:", error.message); return false; } return true; }); return requestParams; } function rtfFallback(rtfSlotConfigs, event) { setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, event.type); } function injectRtfValue(adUnit, rtfSlotConfigs) { var rtfFpbValues = window.adlerData.rtf.values; rtfSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slotConfig) { if (slotConfig.placement !== adUnit.code) return false; if (!rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement]) { slotConfig.targeting.adler_status = "nofloor"; } else { slotConfig.targeting.adler = rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement].adler; slotConfig.targeting.adler_a = rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement].adler_a; slotConfig.targeting.adler_b = rtfFpbValues[slotConfig.placement].adler_b; slotConfig.targeting.adler_status = "ok"; } return true; }); } function parseRtfValues(rtfAjaxCall, rtfSlotConfigs) { try { window.adlerData.rtf.values = JSON.parse(rtfAjaxCall.responseText); initAdserver(false); } catch (err) { setRtfInstrumentationKV(rtfSlotConfigs, "parse", err.message); } } function processRtfFpbValues( pubmaticAdUnitsArray, a9BidsArray, rtfSlotConfigs, shouldSetLoki ) { if (!window.adlerData.rtf.values) return false; var rtfFpbValues = window.adlerData.rtf.values; var a9NoBidValues = ["0", "1", "2"]; for (var i = 0; i < pubmaticAdUnitsArray.length; i += 1) { var adUnit = pubmaticAdUnitsArray[i]; var noA9bidForSlot = false; for (var j = 0; j < a9BidsArray.length; j += 1) { var a9Bid = a9BidsArray[j]; if ( a9Bid.slotID === pubmaticAdUnitsArray[i].code && (!a9Bid.amznbid || a9NoBidValues.indexOf(a9Bid.amznbid) !== -1) ) { noA9bidForSlot = true; break; } } if ( !adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtsz && (noA9bidForSlot || a9BidsArray.length === 0) && shouldSetLoki ) { try { if (!rtfFpbValues[adUnit.code]) { return false; } var rtfValue = rtfFpbValues[adUnit.code].adler_a || rtfFpbValues[adUnit.code].adler; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtpid = "loki"; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtecp = rtfValue; adUnit.bidData.kvp.pwtbst = "1"; injectRtfValue(adUnit, rtfSlotConfigs); } catch (error) { console.log("Error applying rtf for:", adUnit.code); } } } window.adlerData.rtf.processed = true; return true; } function callRTFFpb(slotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig) { var rtfReq = new XMLHttpRequest(); rtfReq.addEventListener( "load", parseRtfValues.bind(null, rtfReq, slotConfigs) ); rtfReq.addEventListener("timeout", rtfFallback.bind(null, slotConfigs)); rtfReq.addEventListener("error", rtfFallback.bind(null, slotConfigs)); rtfReq.open("POST", rtfFpbConfig.rtfFpbApiEndpoint, true); rtfReq.timeout = 1000; rtfReq.send(JSON.stringify(getRtfParams(slotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig))); } /**------------------ End of Rtf integration ------------------*/ googletag.cmd.push(function() { callMupFpb(allSlotConfigs, mupFpbConfiguration); callRTFFpb(allSlotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig); }); var testAdParam = {}; var mupData = undefined; var updatePageTargeting = function(pageTargeting, testParam) { pageTargeting.spe = 'n'; pageTargeting.kw = ''; pageTargeting.loc = mupFpbConfiguration && mupFpbConfiguration.adlerGeo ? mupFpbConfiguration.adlerGeo : ''; pageTargeting.rpv = Math.floor(Math.random() * 100 + 1).toString(); pageTargeting.evince = 'ad'; pageTargeting.ref = 'organic'; pageTargeting.lang = window.navigator.userLanguage || window.navigator.language; pageTargeting.dow = new Date().getDay().toString(); pageTargeting.pv = typeof SCCookie !== "undefined" ? SCCookie.getPageViewCount() + "" : ""; if (mupData) { pageTargeting.mup = mupData.profileNumber; } window.adlerData.shouldSetLoki = pageTargeting.rpv > bidRpvThreshold; const objs = [pageTargeting, testParam]; const targeting = objs.reduce(function(r, o) { Object.keys(o).forEach(function(key) { r[key] = o[key]; }); return r; }); return targeting; } function refreshAds(event) { var refreshSlotConfigs = event.detail.slotConfigs.concat(event.detail.lazySlotConfigs); var pageTargeting = updatePageTargeting(event.detail.pageTargeting, testAdParam); window.performance.mark('adStackStart'); (function refreshLazySlots(lazySlotConfigs) { window.refreshLazyAds = lazySlotConfigs.map(function(slot) { return { placement: slot.placement, refresh: true }; }); })(event.detail.lazySlotConfigs); // Clear old state window.initAdserverFlag = false; // Delete old config googletag.destroySlots(); callMupFpb(refreshSlotConfigs, mupFpbConfiguration); callRTFFpb(refreshSlotConfigs, rtfFpbConfig); determineConsent(); /**---------- Set page level targeting for DFP ----------*/ (function setPageLevelTargeting(googletag) { /* Both Bidders Set targeting params pertaining to all slots on page. */ googletag = googletag || window.googletag; Object.keys(pageTargeting).forEach(function(pageTarget) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(pageTargeting, pageTarget)) { (function(key, value) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setTargeting(key, value); }); })(pageTarget, pageTargeting[pageTarget]); } }); })(googletag); /**---------- Set ad slot level targeting for DFP ----------*/ if (typeof event.detail.slotConfigs === "object") { (function setSpecificAdSlotTargeting(googletag, specificSlotConfigs) { var refresh = arguments.length > 2 && arguments[2] !== undefined ? arguments[2] : false; /* FPB 1. Define initial (static) slots for DPT. 2. Add listeners for events relevant to analytics. 3. Set targeting params pertaining to individual slots. */ var adSlotRenderPeriods = {}; googletag = googletag || window.googletag; specificSlotConfigs.forEach(function(slot) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { adSlots.slots[slot.placement] = googletag.defineSlot(slot.code, slot.sizes, slot.placement).addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { adSlotRenderPeriods[slot.placement] = Date.now(); } }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotOnload', function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'gptSlotRenderPeriod', page: page, slotId: slot.placement, code: slot.code, position: slot.targeting.pos, position2: slot.targeting.pos2, time: Date.now() - adSlotRenderPeriods[slot.placement] }); } }); googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function(event) { if (event.slot === adSlots.slots[slot.placement]) { window.dataLayer.push({ event: 'gptImpressionViewable', page: page, slotId: slot.placement, code: slot.code, position: slot.targeting.pos, position2: slot.targeting.pos2 }); } }); Object.keys(slot.targeting).forEach(function(target) { if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(slot.targeting, target)) { adSlots.slots[slot.placement].setTargeting(target, slot.targeting[target]); } }); adSlots.slots[slot.placement].setTargeting('adrefresh', refresh ? 'y' : 'n'); }); }); })(googletag, event.detail.slotConfigs, event.detail.isNotPageTransition); } (function pushAdSlots(googletag) { googletag = googletag || window.googletag; googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.enableServices(); window.dfpReady = true; }); })(googletag); googletag.display(); PWT.requestBidSlots = googletag.pubads().getSlots(); if (typeof PWT.requestBids === 'function') { const config = PWT.generateConfForGPT(PWT.requestBidSlots); PWT.requestBids( config, function(adUnitsArray) { PWT.ow_Bids = adUnitsArray; PWT.ow_BidsReceived = true; initAdserver(false); } ); } apstag.fetchBids({ slots: apstagSlots, timeout: 1000 // Make sure this timeout is less than or equal to OpenWrap TimeOut }, function(bids) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { apstag.setDisplayBids(); PWT.a9_Bids = bids; PWT.a9_BidsReceived = true; initAdserver(false); }); }); } function requestLazyAd(event) { var results = {}; var lazyInitAdserver = function(slot) { if (results.a9_BidsReceived && results.ow_BidsReceived && window.adlerData.mup.values && window.adlerData.rtf.values) { if (!results.ow_Bids) { var owBackup = []; for (var i = 0; i < slotConfigs.length; i++) { owBackup.push({ adUnitIndex: '' + i, adUnitId: slotConfigs[i].code, bidData: { kvp: {} }, code: slotConfigs[i].placement, divId: slotConfigs[i].placement, }); } results.ow_Bids = owBackup; } if (!results.a9_Bids) { results.a9_Bids = []; } processMupFpbValues(results.ow_Bids); processRtfFpbValues(results.ow_Bids, results.a9_Bids, allSlotConfigs, window.adlerData.shouldSetLoki); PWT.addKeyValuePairsToGPTSlots(results.ow_Bids); googletag.display(slotConfig.placement); googletag.pubads().refresh([slot]); } } var slotConfig = lazySlotConfigs.find( (function(config) { return config.placement === event.detail; }) ); if (slotConfig && googletag) { var apstagSlot = (function formatApstagSlot(slot) { var slots = [{ slotID: slot.placement, sizes: 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Read These Tips For Writing Emails And Letters</h3></a></section><section><a href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/es/grammar/difficulties-in-spanish" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Region 1 - top image"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183838im_/https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7329/medium/difficulties-in-spanish-min.jpg"/></div><article><h2>Learn Spanish</h2><h3>These Are The Most Notorious Difficulties Of The Spanish Language</h3></article></a></section><section><a href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/es/grammar/spanish-grammar-notes-for-english-speakers-landing-page" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Region 1 - middle image"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img 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class="popular"><p><span>Most popular in the world</span></p></div><ol class="words_section"><li><a data-behaviour="ga-event-trending-words" data-value="word 1" href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/definition/hog_constable">hog constable</a></li><li><a data-behaviour="ga-event-trending-words" data-value="word 2" href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/definition/curvet">curvet</a></li><li><a data-behaviour="ga-event-trending-words" data-value="word 3" href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/definition/cosmic_irony">cosmic irony</a></li><li><a data-behaviour="ga-event-trending-words" data-value="word 4" href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/definition/ar">Ar</a></li><li><a data-behaviour="ga-event-trending-words" data-value="word 5" href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/definition/question_and_answer">question and answer</a></li></ol></section></div><div class="dayword"><section><div class="daywordmain"><h2 class="boxSizing">Word of the day</h2><div class="word_spacer"></div><div><div><strong><a class="linkword" id="1dad1e89-9dbd-4fbf-9a06-3afb04e5830c" href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/definition/shove_up" data-behaviour="ga-event-wotd" data-value="Word">shove up</a></strong><p class="word_type pos">phrasal verb</p></div></div><div class="cta"><a id="1dad1e89-9dbd-4fbf-9a06-3afb04e5830c" href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/definition/shove_up" data-behaviour="ga-event-wotd" data-value="Word">See definitions & examples</a></div></div></section></div><div class="banbox-mini"><div class="adUnit banner "><div id="lexi_home_dkt_btf_300x250_10"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("lexi_home_dkt_btf_300x250_10"); });</script></div><div id="lexi_home_mweb_btf_300x250_10"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("lexi_home_mweb_btf_300x250_10"); });</script></div></div></div></div></div></div><div><div class="container full"><h1 class="title"><span>Explore Grammar Content from Oxford Dictionary</span></h1><div class="posts layout"><section class="mainPost"><a href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/explore/what-is-the-longest-english-word" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Region 3 - Primary story"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img alt="https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7314/original/literary-words-you%27ll-want-to-know-min.jpg" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183838/https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7314/original/literary-words-you%27ll-want-to-know-min.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><h2><span>LANGUAGE QUESTIONS</span></h2><h3>What Is The Longest English Word?</h3><p></p></article></a></section><section><a href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/explore/how-many-words-begin-with-x" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Region 3 - Story 2"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img alt="https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7135/medium/words-beginning-with-x.jpg" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183838/https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7135/medium/words-beginning-with-x.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><h2><span>Language Questions</span></h2><h3>How Many Words Begin With The Letter 'X'?</h3></article></a></section><section><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/explore/shall-or-will" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Region 3 - Story 3"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img alt="https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7261/medium/shall-or-will.jpg" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183838/https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7261/medium/shall-or-will.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><h2><span>Confused Words</span></h2><h3>When To Use The Words 'Shall' and 'Will'</h3></article></a></section><section><a href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/explore/what-is-the-origin-of-the-word-ok" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Region 3 - Story 4"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img alt="https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7284/medium/what-is-origin-of-word-ok.jpg" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183838/https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7284/medium/what-is-origin-of-word-ok.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><h2><span>Word Origins</span></h2><h3>What Is The Origin Of The Word 'Ok'?</h3></article></a></section><section><a href="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/explore/foreign-words-and-phrases" data-behaviour="ga-event" data-value="Region 3 - Story 5"><div class="box-img" data-ratiox="16" data-ratioy="9.5"><img alt="https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7131/medium/foreign-words-and-phrases-now-used-in-english.jpg" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627183838/https://s3.amazonaws.com/lexico.useremarkable.com/production/images/uploads/7131/medium/foreign-words-and-phrases-now-used-in-english.jpg" class="lazy" src="data:image/png;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs="/></div><article><h2><span>WORD LISTS</span></h2><h3>Foreign Words And Phrases Now Used In English</h3></article></a></section></div></div></div><div class="violbox h-box" id="grammar_section"><div class="container full"><h1 class="title"><span>Quizzes & Games</span></h1><div class="quizzes layout"><div class="quizze"><section><div class="quiz-panel" id="quiz_120"><div class="quizTitle">Test Your Spanish</div><form class="simple_form new_quiz_response" id="new_quiz_response" action="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/quiz_responses" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓"/><input type="hidden" name="quiz_id" id="quiz_id" value="120"/><div class="questions"><div class="question first current"><p class="question-text">What is the English term for <i>asignatura</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7707" value="7707"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7707">subject</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7708" value="7708"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7708">assignment</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is the English term for <i>secretario</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7730" value="7730"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7730">secretariat</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7729" value="7729"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7729">secretary</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is the Spanish term for <i>composition</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7685" value="7685"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7685">redacción</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7686" value="7686"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7686">compuesto</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is the English term for <i>uniforme</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7734" value="7734"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7734">uniformity</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7733" value="7733"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7733">uniform</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is the Spanish term for <i>physics</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7696" value="7696"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7696">físico</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7695" value="7695"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7695">física</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is the Spanish term for <i>board</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7677" value="7677"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7677">pizarra</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7678" value="7678"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7678">aburrido</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is the English term for <i>pupitre</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7727" value="7727"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7727">desk</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7728" value="7728"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7728">pupil</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is the English term for <i>alumno</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7705" value="7705"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7705">pupil</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7706" value="7706"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7706">people</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is the English term for <i>internado</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7721" value="7721"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7721">boarding school</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7722" value="7722"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7722">internment</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is the Spanish term for <i>calculator</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7680" value="7680"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7680">cálculo</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_7679" value="7679"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_7679">calculadora</label></li></ul></div><div class="question last"><h3 class="score-message">You scored <span class="final-score"></span>/10 practise again?</h3><button class="retry-quiz">Retry</button></div></div></form><button name="button" type="button" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="next question" class="next-question" html="{:disabled=>"disabled"}">Next</button><div class="score-counter"><span class="current-score">0</span>/10</div></div></section></div><div class="quizze"><section><div class="quiz-panel" id="quiz_97"><div class="quizTitle">Rhyming Slang</div><form class="simple_form new_quiz_response" id="new_quiz_response" action="/web/20210627183838/https://www.lexico.com/quiz_responses" accept-charset="UTF-8" data-remote="true" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓"/><input type="hidden" name="quiz_id" id="quiz_id" value="97"/><div class="questions"><div class="question first current"><p class="question-text">What is British rhyming slang for <i>thief</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6006" value="6006"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6006">tea leaf</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6007" value="6007"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6007">coral reef</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is British rhyming slang for <i>teeth</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5992" value="5992"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5992">Hampstead Heath</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5993" value="5993"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5993">Uncle Keith</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is British rhyming slang for <i>tea</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6005" value="6005"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6005">garden pea</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6004" value="6004"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6004">Rosy Lee</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is British rhyming slang for <i>pinch</i> (as in steal)?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5996" value="5996"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5996">half inch</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5997" value="5997"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5997">oil winch</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is British rhyming slang for <i>alone</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5983" value="5983"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5983">Norma Jones</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5982" value="5982"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5982">Jack Jones</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is British rhyming slang for <i>head</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5968" value="5968"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5968">loaf of bread</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5969" value="5969"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5969">ruby red</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is British rhyming slang for <i>dead</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6014" value="6014"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6014">brown bread</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6015" value="6015"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6015">big shed</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is British rhyming slang for <i>talk</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6000" value="6000"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6000">rabbit and pork</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_6001" value="6001"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_6001">knife and fork</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is British rhyming slang for <i>road</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5981" value="5981"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5981">metal load</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5980" value="5980"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5980">frog and toad</label></li></ul></div><div class="question"><p class="question-text">What is British rhyming slang for <i>mouth</i>?</p><ul class="options"><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5970" value="5970"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5970">north and south</label></li><li class="radio question_option" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="clicks"><input type="radio" name="quiz_option_id" id="quiz_option_id_5971" value="5971"/><label class="option_text" for="quiz_option_id_5971">Old South</label></li></ul></div><div class="question last"><h3 class="score-message">You scored <span class="final-score"></span>/10 practise again?</h3><button class="retry-quiz">Retry</button></div></div></form><button name="button" type="button" data-behaviour="ga-event-quiz" data-value="next question" 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