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class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_early_years:_1918–1923" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_early_years:_1918–1923"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins and early years: 1918–1923</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_early_years:_1918–1923-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adoption_of_Italian_fascism:_The_Beer_Hall_Putsch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption_of_Italian_fascism:_The_Beer_Hall_Putsch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Adoption of Italian fascism: The Beer Hall Putsch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption_of_Italian_fascism:_The_Beer_Hall_Putsch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power:_1925–1933" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power:_1925–1933"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Rise to power: 1925–1933</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power:_1925–1933-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ascension_and_consolidation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascension_and_consolidation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ascension and consolidation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascension_and_consolidation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_taking_power:_intertwining_of_party_and_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_taking_power:_intertwining_of_party_and_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>After taking power: intertwining of party and state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_taking_power:_intertwining_of_party_and_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_and_abolition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_and_abolition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Defeat and abolition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_and_abolition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political programme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Party composition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Party_composition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Party composition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Party_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Command_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Command structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Top_leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Top_leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Top leadership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Top_leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reichsleiter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reichsleiter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span><i>Reichsleiter</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reichsleiter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Party_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Party_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nazi Party offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Party_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paramilitary_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paramilitary_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Paramilitary groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paramilitary_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Affiliated_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Affiliated_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Affiliated organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Affiliated_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regional administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nazi_Party_Gaue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Party_Gaue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nazi Party <i>Gaue</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Party_Gaue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaue_dissolved_before_1945" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaue_dissolved_before_1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span><i>Gaue</i> dissolved before 1945</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaue_dissolved_before_1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associated_organisations_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associated_organisations_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Associated organisations abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associated_organisations_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gaue_in_Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaue_in_Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span><i>Gaue</i> in Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaue_in_Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Membership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Membership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>General membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Military membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Student membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women_membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Women membership</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership_outside_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership_outside_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Membership outside Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership_outside_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deutsche_Gemeinschaft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deutsche_Gemeinschaft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5.1</span> <span><i>Deutsche Gemeinschaft</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deutsche_Gemeinschaft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Party_symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Party symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ranks_and_rank_insignia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ranks_and_rank_insignia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ranks and rank insignia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ranks_and_rank_insignia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slogans_and_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slogans_and_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Slogans and songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slogans_and_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Election results</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Election results subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Election_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-German_Reichstag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Reichstag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>German Reichstag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Reichstag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volkstag_of_Danzig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volkstag_of_Danzig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Volkstag of Danzig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volkstag_of_Danzig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nazi Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 105 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-105" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">105 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionaal-Sosialistiese_Duitse_Arbeidersparty" title="Nasionaal-Sosialistiese Duitse Arbeidersparty – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nasionaal-Sosialistiese Duitse Arbeidersparty" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei" title="Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="الحزب النازي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب النازي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%ADu_Nacionalsocialista_Obreru_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Partíu Nacionalsocialista Obreru Alemán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Partíu Nacionalsocialista Obreru Alemán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasional_Sosialist_Alman_F%C9%99hl%C9%99_Partiyas%C4%B1" title="Nasional Sosialist Alman Fəhlə Partiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nasional Sosialist Alman Fəhlə Partiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="নাৎসি পার্টি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাৎসি পার্টি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_T%C3%B3ng" title="Nazi Tóng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nazi Tóng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нацыянал-сацыялістычная нямецкая рабочая партыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыянал-сацыялістычная нямецкая рабочая партыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Нацыянал-сацыялістычная нямецкая працоўная партыя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нацыянал-сацыялістычная нямецкая працоўная партыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Националсоциалистическа германска работническа партия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Националсоциалистическа германска работническа партия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP" title="NSDAP – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="NSDAP" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacisti%C4%8Dka_stranka" title="Nacistička stranka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nacistička stranka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strollad_Broadel_Sokialour_al_Labourerien_Alaman" title="Strollad Broadel Sokialour al Labourerien Alaman – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Strollad Broadel Sokialour al Labourerien Alaman" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D2%BB%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Үндэһэтэнэй социалис Герман ажалшадай нам – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Үндэһэтэнэй социалис Герман ажалшадай нам" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Nacionalsocialista_Alemany_dels_Treballadors" title="Partit Nacionalsocialista Alemany dels Treballadors – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Nacionalsocialista Alemany dels Treballadors" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C4%9B_socialistick%C3%A1_n%C4%9Bmeck%C3%A1_d%C4%9Blnick%C3%A1_strana" title="Národně socialistická německá dělnická strana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národně socialistická německá dělnická strana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaid_y_Gweithwyr_Sosialaidd_Cenedlaethol" title="Plaid y Gweithwyr Sosialaidd Cenedlaethol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Plaid y Gweithwyr Sosialaidd Cenedlaethol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP" title="NSDAP – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="NSDAP" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei" title="Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsionaalsotsialistlik_Saksa_T%C3%B6%C3%B6lispartei" title="Natsionaalsotsialistlik Saksa Töölispartei – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Natsionaalsotsialistlik Saksa Töölispartei" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%95%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%9A%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Εθνικοσοσιαλιστικό Γερμανικό Εργατικό Κόμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνικοσοσιαλιστικό Γερμανικό Εργατικό Κόμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Nacionalsocialista_Obrero_Alem%C3%A1n" title="Partido Nacionalsocialista Obrero Alemán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Nacionalsocialista Obrero Alemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacisocialisma_Germana_Laborista_Partio" title="Nacisocialisma Germana Laborista Partio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacisocialisma Germana Laborista Partio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alemaniako_Langile_Alderdi_Nazionalsozialista" title="Alemaniako Langile Alderdi Nazionalsozialista – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alemaniako Langile Alderdi Nazionalsozialista" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="حزب ناسیونال سوسیالیست کارگران آلمان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب ناسیونال سوسیالیست کارگران آلمان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_national-socialiste_des_travailleurs_allemands" title="Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti national-socialiste des travailleurs allemands" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP" title="NSDAP – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="NSDAP" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1irt%C3%AD_S%C3%B3isialach_N%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta_Oibrithe_na_Gearm%C3%A1ine" title="Páirtí Sóisialach Náisiúnta Oibrithe na Gearmáine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Páirtí Sóisialach Náisiúnta Oibrithe na Gearmáine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Partee_Natseeagh" title="Yn Partee Natseeagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Partee Natseeagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0rtaidh_N%C3%A0sach" title="Pàrtaidh Nàsach – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pàrtaidh Nàsach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Nacionalsocialista_Alem%C3%A1n_dos_Traballadores" title="Partido Nacionalsocialista Alemán dos Traballadores – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Partido Nacionalsocialista Alemán dos Traballadores" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A8_%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7" title="જર્મન કામદારોનો રાષ્ટ્રીય સમાજવાદી પક્ષ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જર્મન કામદારોનો રાષ્ટ્રીય સમાજવાદી પક્ષ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%85%EC%9D%BC_%EB%85%B8%EB%8F%99%EC%9E%90%EB%8B%B9" title="국가사회주의 독일 노동자당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국가사회주의 독일 노동자당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Նացիոնալ-սոցիալիստական գերմանական բանվորական կուսակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նացիոնալ-սոցիալիստական գերմանական բանվորական կուսակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="नाज़ी पार्टी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाज़ी पार्टी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalsocijalisti%C4%8Dka_njema%C4%8Dka_radni%C4%8Dka_stranka" title="Nacionalsocijalistička njemačka radnička stranka – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalsocijalistička njemačka radnička stranka" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazista_Partiso" title="Nazista Partiso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nazista Partiso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Buruh_Nasional-Sosialis_Jerman" title="Partai Buruh Nasional-Sosialis Jerman – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Buruh Nasional-Sosialis Jerman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Nazi" title="Partito Nazi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Partito Nazi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasistaflokkurinn" title="Nasistaflokkurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nasistaflokkurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Nazionalsocialista_Tedesco_dei_Lavoratori" title="Partito Nazionalsocialista Tedesco dei Lavoratori – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Nazionalsocialista Tedesco dei Lavoratori" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הנאצית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הנאצית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei" title="Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7" title="ನಾಜಿ ಪಕ್ಷ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಜಿ ಪಕ್ಷ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნაციონალ-სოციალისტური გერმანული მუშათა პარტია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაციონალ-სოციალისტური გერმანული მუშათა პარტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ұлтшыл-социалистік неміс жұмысшы партиясы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұлтшыл-социалистік неміс жұмысшы партиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP" title="NSDAP – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="NSDAP" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partiya_Karker%C3%AAn_Alman_a_Nasyonalsosyal%C3%AEst" title="Partiya Karkerên Alman a Nasyonalsosyalîst – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Partiya Karkerên Alman a Nasyonalsosyalîst" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factio_operaria_socialistarum_nationalium_Germanica" title="Factio operaria socialistarum nationalium Germanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Factio operaria socialistarum nationalium Germanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81lsoci%C4%81listisk%C4%81_v%C4%81cu_str%C4%81dnieku_partija" title="Nacionālsociālistiskā vācu strādnieku partija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nacionālsociālistiskā vācu strādnieku partija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei" title="Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vokietijos_nacionalsocialistin%C4%97_darbinink%C5%B3_partija" title="Vokietijos nacionalsocialistinė darbininkų partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vokietijos nacionalsocialistinė darbininkų partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Sosialiste_Nasional_de_Laborores_Deutx" title="Partito Sosialiste Nasional de Laborores Deutx – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Partito Sosialiste Nasional de Laborores Deutx" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partii_Nazionalsocialista_di_Lavorent_Todesch" title="Partii Nazionalsocialista di Lavorent Todesch – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Partii Nazionalsocialista di Lavorent Todesch" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetiszocialista_N%C3%A9met_Munk%C3%A1sp%C3%A1rt" title="Nemzetiszocialista Német Munkáspárt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetiszocialista Német Munkáspárt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Националсоцијалистичка германска работничка партија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Националсоцијалистичка германска работничка партија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="നാസി പാർട്ടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാസി പാർട്ടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="नाझी पक्ष – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाझी पक्ष" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნაციონალ-სოციალისტური გერმანული მუშეფიშ პარტია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნაციონალ-სოციალისტური გერმანული მუშეფიშ პარტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%89" title="الحزب النازى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الحزب النازى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8" title="آلمان نازی حزب – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آلمان نازی حزب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_Buruh_Jerman_Sosialis_Nasional" title="Parti Buruh Jerman Sosialis Nasional – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Parti Buruh Jerman Sosialis Nasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Германы Үндэсний Социалист Ажилчны Нам – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Германы Үндэсний Социалист Ажилчны Нам" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaalsocialistische_Duitse_Arbeiderspartij" title="Nationaalsocialistische Duitse Arbeiderspartij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationaalsocialistische Duitse Arbeiderspartij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="नाजी पार्टी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाजी पार्टी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%83%89%E3%82%A4%E3%83%84%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E5%85%9A" title="国民社会主義ドイツ労働者党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国民社会主義ドイツ労働者党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP" title="NSDAP – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="NSDAP" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP" title="NSDAP – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="NSDAP" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP" title="NSDAP – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="NSDAP" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80" title="ਨਾਜ਼ੀ ਪਾਰਟੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਜ਼ੀ ਪਾਰਟੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="نازی پارٹی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نازی پارٹی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A_%DA%AB%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF" title="نازي ګوند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نازي ګوند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="គណបក្សណាស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គណបក្សណាស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%AC_Nasista" title="Partì Nasista – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Partì Nasista" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natschonalsozialistische_D%C3%BC%C3%BCtsche_Arbeiderpartei" title="Natschonalsozialistische Düütsche Arbeiderpartei – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Natschonalsozialistische Düütsche Arbeiderpartei" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narodowosocjalistyczna_Niemiecka_Partia_Robotnik%C3%B3w" title="Narodowosocjalistyczna Niemiecka Partia Robotników – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Narodowosocjalistyczna Niemiecka Partia Robotników" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Nacional-Socialista_dos_Trabalhadores_Alem%C3%A3es" title="Partido Nacional-Socialista dos Trabalhadores Alemães – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Nacional-Socialista dos Trabalhadores Alemães" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSDAP" title="NSDAP – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="NSDAP" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%97%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Націоналсоціалістічна нїмецька роботницька партія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Націоналсоціалістічна нїмецька роботницька партія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национал-социалистическая немецкая рабочая партия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80" title="नात्सी पार्टी – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नात्सी पार्टी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Pairty" title="Nazi Pairty – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nazi Pairty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Naziste" title="Partia Naziste – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partia Naziste" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nazi Party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodnosocialistick%C3%A1_nemeck%C3%A1_robotn%C3%ADcka_strana" title="Národnosocialistická nemecká robotnícka strana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Národnosocialistická nemecká robotnícka strana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalsocialisti%C4%8Dna_nem%C5%A1ka_delavska_stranka" title="Nacionalsocialistična nemška delavska stranka – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nacionalsocialistična nemška delavska stranka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="پارتی نازی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پارتی نازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Нацистичка партија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нацистичка партија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacisti%C4%8Dka_stranka" title="Nacistička stranka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacistička stranka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksan_kansallissosialistinen_ty%C3%B6v%C3%A4enpuolue" title="Saksan kansallissosialistinen työväenpuolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saksan kansallissosialistinen työväenpuolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsocialistiska_tyska_arbetarepartiet" title="Nationalsocialistiska tyska arbetarepartiet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationalsocialistiska tyska arbetarepartiet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidong_Nazi" title="Partidong Nazi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Partidong Nazi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="நாட்சி கட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாட்சி கட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80_%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Национал-социалистик алман эшчеләр фиркасе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Национал-социалистик алман эшчеләр фиркасе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="พรรคกรรมกรชาติสังคมนิยมเยอรมัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พรรคกรรมกรชาติสังคมนิยมเยอรมัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyonal_Sosyalist_Alman_%C4%B0%C5%9F%C3%A7i_Partisi" title="Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman İşçi Partisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nasyonal Sosyalist Alman İşçi Partisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Націонал-соціалістична робітнича партія Німеччини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Націонал-соціалістична робітнича партія Німеччини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="نازی جماعت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نازی جماعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partio_Nasionalsocia%C5%82ista_Todesco_dei_Lavoratori" title="Partio Nasionalsociałista Todesco dei Lavoratori – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Partio Nasionalsociałista Todesco dei Lavoratori" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%C3%B4ng_nh%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a" title="Đảng Công nhân Đức Quốc gia Xã hội chủ nghĩa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảng Công nhân Đức Quốc gia Xã hội chủ nghĩa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vobanefapalet_Deut%C3%A4nik_Netasog%C3%A4dimik" title="Vobanefapalet Deutänik Netasogädimik – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vobanefapalet Deutänik Netasogädimik" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E9%BB%A8" title="納粹黨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="納粹黨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C-%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99" title="נאציאנאל-סאציאליסטישע פארטיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאציאנאל-סאציאליסטישע פארטיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9%E9%BB%A8" title="納粹黨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="納粹黨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E5%85%9A" title="纳粹党 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="纳粹党" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7320#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Far-right German political party (1920–1945)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the political party that existed in Germany from 1920 to 1945. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Nazi Party (disambiguation)">Nazi Party (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #964B00; border-bottom:2px solid #964B00; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">National Socialist German Workers' Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="de">Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_(1933%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/180px-Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/270px-Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/360px-Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="846" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">NSDAP</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Anton Drexler</a><br />(24 February 1920 – 29 July 1921)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998164–65_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998164–65-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a><br />(29 July 1921 – 30 April 1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Party Minister</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a><br />(30 April 1945 – 2 May 1945)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">24 February 1920<span class="noprint">; 104 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1920-02-24</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Banned</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">10 October 1945<span class="noprint">; 79 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1945-10-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich" title="Brown House, Munich">Brown House</a>, Munich, Germany<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteves201028_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteves201028-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Student_wing" title="Student wing">Student wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Youth_wing" title="Youth wing">Youth wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_wing" title="Women's wing">Women's wing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">National Socialist Women's League</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="nowrap">Paramilitary wings</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">Motor Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">Flyers Corps</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Sports body</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Overseas wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party/Foreign_Organization" title="Nazi Party/Foreign Organization">NSDAP/AO</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Labour wing</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Factory_Cell_Organization" title="National Socialist Factory Cell Organization">NSBO</a> (1928–35), <a href="/wiki/German_Labour_Front" title="German Labour Front">DAF</a> (1933–45)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Fewer than 60 (1920)</li> <li>8.5 million (1945)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab201122,_23_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201122,_23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1997241_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1997241-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlow201029_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlow201029-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Political alliance">Political alliance</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">1924</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Anti-<a href="/wiki/Young_Plan" title="Young Plan">Young Plan</a> campaign (<a href="/wiki/1929_German_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1929 German referendum">1929</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harzburg_Front" title="Harzburg Front">Harzburg Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">1931</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DE0000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Red" title="Red">Red</a><br />(official, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany#North_German_Confederation_and_the_German_Empire_(1867–1918)" title="Flag of Germany">German Imperial colours</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#964B00; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">Brown</a> (customary)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Slogan</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutschland erwache!</i></span><br />("Germany, awake!") (unofficial)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Anthem</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">"<a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a>"<br /><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="202" data-mwtitle="Horst_Wessel-Lied_Instrumental.mp3" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/Horst_Wessel-Lied_Instrumental.mp3/Horst_Wessel-Lied_Instrumental.mp3.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Horst_Wessel-Lied_Instrumental.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;">Party flag</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_NSDAP_(1920%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/270px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border: 4px double #dd0000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.8em 0 1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_(1933%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/90px-Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/135px-Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg/180px-Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="846" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #dd0000; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #dd0000; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #dd0000; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Indo-Germanic_People#The_Third_Reich,_successor_of_the_Indogermans" title="Nordic Indo-Germanic People">Nordic Indo-Germanic people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #dd0000; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #dd0000; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <p><b>Pre-<i>Machtergreifung</i></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul> <p><b>Post-<i>Machtergreifung</i></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #dd0000; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century">The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race">The Passing of the Great Race</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1916)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">Preussentum und Sozialismus</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/25-point_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="25-point Program">25-point Program</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920s)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenkunde_des_deutschen_Volkes" title="Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes">Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1922)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_America_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="White America (book)">White America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michael_(novel)" title="Michael (novel)">Michael</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gel%C3%B6bnis_treuester_Gefolgschaft" title="Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft">Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1933)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ich_K%C3%A4mpfe" title="Ich Kämpfe">I Fight</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1942)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #dd0000; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church" title="German Evangelical Church">German Evangelical Church</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">Deutsche Christen</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism_in_Nazism" title="Occultism in Nazism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion <i>under</i> Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Religious views of Adolf Hitler">Religious views of Adolf Hitler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #dd0000; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Outside of Germany</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement<br />(United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #dd0000; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #dd0000; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></li> <li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></i></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_sidebar" title="Template:Nazism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Nazism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nazi Party</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>National Socialist German Workers' Party</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei</i> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>NSDAP</b>), was a <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritzsche1998143,_185,_193,_204–05,_210_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzsche1998143,_185,_193,_204–05,_210-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>. Its precursor, the <a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Arbeiterpartei</i></span>; DAP), existed from 1919 to 1920. The Nazi Party emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Extremism" title="Extremism">extremist</a> <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalist</a> ("<a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism"><i>Völkisch</i> nationalist</a>"), <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span> paramilitary culture, which fought against <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> uprisings in post–<a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200430–34,_44_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200430–34,_44-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was created to draw workers away from communism and into <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkisch">völkisch</a></i></span> nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell200847_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell200847-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, Nazi political strategy focused on anti-<a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">big business</a>, anti-<a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalism</a>, using disingenuous socialist rhetoric to gain the support of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower middle class</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was later downplayed to gain the support of business leaders. By the 1930s, the party's main focus shifted to <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">anti-Marxist</a> themes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough200364_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough200364-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party had little popular support until the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, when worsening living standards and widespread unemployment drove Germans into political extremism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Central to Nazism were <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">themes of racial segregation</a> expressed in the idea of a "people's community" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer201339_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer201339-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party aimed to unite "racially desirable" Germans as national comrades while excluding those deemed to be either political dissidents, physically or intellectually inferior, or of a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign races">foreign race</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Fremdvölkische</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildt201296–97_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildt201296–97-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazis sought to strengthen the Germanic people, the "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>", through racial purity and <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, broad social welfare programs, and a collective subordination of individual rights, which could be sacrificed for the good of the state on behalf of the people. To protect the supposed purity and strength of the Aryan race, the Nazis sought to disenfranchise, segregate, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">exterminate</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">physically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">mentally disabled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">homosexuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, and political opponents.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGigliottiLang200514_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigliottiLang200514-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The persecution reached its climax when the party-controlled German state set in motion the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> – an industrial system of genocide that carried out mass murders of <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">around 6 million Jews and millions of other targeted victims</a> in what has become known as <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, the party's leader since 1921, was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> on 30 January 1933, and quickly seized power afterwards. Hitler established a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> regime known as the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a> and became dictator with <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">absolute power</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArendt1951306_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArendt1951306-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurtis197936_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurtis197936-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurch196458_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurch196458-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier200432_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaier200432-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the military defeat of Germany in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the party was declared illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElzer2003602_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElzer2003602-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies attempted to purge German society of Nazi elements in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_defendants_at_the_International_Military_Tribunal" title="List of defendants at the International Military Tribunal">Several top leaders</a> were tried and found guilty of crimes against humanity in the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a>, and executed. The use of symbols associated with the party is still outlawed in many European countries, including Germany and Austria. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> <p>The renaming of the <a href="/wiki/German_Worker%27s_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Worker's Party">German Worker's Party</a> (DAP) to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) was partially driven by a desire to draw upon both left-wing and right-wing ideals, with "Socialist" and "Workers'" appealing to the left, and "National" and "German" appealing to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a26:00–31:04_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a26:00–31:04-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nazi</i></span>, the informal and originally derogatory term for a party member, abbreviates the party's name (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nationalsozialist</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪst]</a></span>), and was coined in analogy with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sozi" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sozi">Sozi</a></i></span> (pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈzoːtsiː]</a></span>), an abbreviation of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sozialdemokrat</i></span> (member of the rival <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMautner194493–100_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMautner194493–100-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the party referred to themselves as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nationalsozialisten</i></span> (National Socialists), but some did occasionally embrace the colloquial <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nazi</i></span> (so <a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Mildenstein" title="Leopold von Mildenstein">Leopold von Mildenstein</a> in his article series <i><a href="/wiki/Ein_Nazi_f%C3%A4hrt_nach_Pal%C3%A4stina" title="Ein Nazi fährt nach Palästina">Ein Nazi fährt nach Palästina</a></i> published in <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></i></span> in 1934). The term <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Parteigenosse</i></span> (party member) was commonly used among Nazis, with its corresponding feminine form <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Parteigenossin</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitler193610_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitler193610-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the rise of the party, these terms had been used as colloquial and derogatory words for a backward <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a>, or an awkward and clumsy person. It derived from Ignaz, a shortened version of <a href="/wiki/Ignatius" title="Ignatius">Ignatius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGottliebMorgensen2007247_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGottliebMorgensen2007247-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpern.d._34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpern.d.-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a common name in the Nazis' home region of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. Opponents seized on this, and the long-existing <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sozi</i></span>, to attach a dismissive nickname to the National Socialists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarpern.d._34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarpern.d.-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinbachGilman20134_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinbachGilman20134-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933, when <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> assumed power in the German government, the usage of "Nazi" diminished in Germany, although Austrian anti-Nazis continued to use the term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMautner194493–100_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMautner194493–100-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of "<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>" and "Nazi regime" was popularised by anti-Nazis and German exiles abroad. Thereafter, the term spread into other languages and eventually was brought back to Germany after World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERabinbachGilman20134_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERabinbachGilman20134-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English, the term is not considered slang and has such derivatives as <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_early_years:_1918–1923"><span id="Origins_and_early_years:_1918.E2.80.931923"></span>Origins and early years: 1918–1923</h3></div> <p>The Nazi Party grew out of smaller political groups with a nationalist orientation that formed in the last years of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. In 1918, a league called the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freier Arbeiterausschuss für einen guten Frieden</i></span> (Free Workers' Committee for a good Peace)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200882_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200882-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was created in <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Germany. On 7 March 1918, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Anton Drexler</a>, an avid German nationalist, formed a branch of this league in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200882_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200882-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drexler was a local locksmith who had been a member of the militarist <a href="/wiki/German_Fatherland_Party" title="German Fatherland Party">Fatherland Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer199134_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer199134-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during World War I and was bitterly opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_11_November_1918" title="Armistice of 11 November 1918">armistice</a> of November 1918 and the revolutionary upheavals that followed. Drexler followed the views of militant nationalists of the day, such as opposing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, having <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a>, anti-monarchist and anti-Marxist views, as well as believing in the superiority of Germans whom they claimed to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> "<a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herrenvolk</i></span>). However, he also accused international capitalism of being a Jewish-dominated movement and denounced capitalists for war profiteering in World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpector2004137_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpector2004137-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drexler saw the political violence and instability in Germany as the result of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> being out-of-touch with the masses, especially the lower classes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpector2004137_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpector2004137-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drexler emphasised the need for a synthesis of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">völkisch</i></span> nationalism with a form of economic <a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">socialism</a>, in order to create a popular nationalist-oriented workers' movement that could challenge the rise of communism and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalist politics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGriffen1995105_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGriffen1995105-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were all well-known themes popular with various <a href="/wiki/Weimar_paramilitary_groups" title="Weimar paramilitary groups">Weimar paramilitary groups</a> such as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSDAP-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NSDAP-Logo.svg/170px-NSDAP-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NSDAP-Logo.svg/255px-NSDAP-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/NSDAP-Logo.svg/340px-NSDAP-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Nazi Party badge emblem</figcaption></figure> <p>Drexler's movement received attention and support from some influential figures. Supporter <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</a>, a well-to-do journalist, brought military figure <a href="/wiki/Felix_Graf_von_Bothmer" title="Felix Graf von Bothmer">Felix Graf von Bothmer</a>, a prominent supporter of the concept of "national socialism", to address the movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbel201255_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbel201255-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in 1918, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Harrer" title="Karl Harrer">Karl Harrer</a> (a journalist and member of the <a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a>) convinced Drexler and several others to form the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Politischer_Arbeiter-Zirkel" title="Politischer Arbeiter-Zirkel">Politischer Arbeiter-Zirkel</a></i></span> (Political Workers' Circle).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200882_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200882-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The members met periodically for discussions with themes of nationalism and racism directed against Jewish people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200882_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200882-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1918, Drexler decided that a new political party should be formed, based on the political principles that he endorsed, by combining his branch of the Workers' Committee for a good Peace with the Political Workers' Circle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200882_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200882-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlsten198291_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlsten198291-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 5 January 1919, Drexler created a new political party and proposed it should be named the "German Socialist Workers' Party", but Harrer objected to the term "socialist"; so the term was removed and the party was named the <a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Arbeiterpartei</i></span>, DAP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlsten198291_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlsten198291-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To ease concerns among potential middle-class supporters, Drexler made clear that unlike Marxists the party supported the middle-class and that its socialist policy was meant to give <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare_provision" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare provision">social welfare</a> to German citizens deemed part of the Aryan race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpector2004137_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpector2004137-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They became one of many <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement"><i>völkisch</i> movements</a> that existed in Germany. Like other <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">völkisch</i></span> groups, the DAP advocated the belief that through <a href="/wiki/Profit_sharing" title="Profit sharing">profit-sharing</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">socialisation</a> Germany should become a unified "people's community" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Volksgemeinschaft</i></span>) rather than a society divided along class and party lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest197937–38_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest197937–38-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ideology was explicitly antisemitic. As early as 1920, the party was raising money by selling a tobacco called <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Anti-Semit</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199730_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Vat199730-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the outset, the DAP was opposed to non-nationalist political movements, especially on the left, including the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> (SPD) and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD). Members of the DAP saw themselves as fighting against "<a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevism</a>" and anyone considered a part of or aiding so-called "<a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">international Jewry</a>". The DAP was also deeply opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer199133_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer199133-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DAP did not attempt to make itself public and meetings were kept in relative secrecy, with public speakers discussing what they thought of Germany's present <a href="/wiki/State_of_affairs_(sociology)" title="State of affairs (sociology)">state of affairs</a>, or writing to like-minded societies in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">Northern Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest197937–38_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest197937–38-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nsdap01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nsdap01.jpg/170px-Nsdap01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nsdap01.jpg/255px-Nsdap01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nsdap01.jpg/340px-Nsdap01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="834" /></a><figcaption>NSDAP membership book</figcaption></figure> <p>The DAP was a comparatively small group with fewer than 60 members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest197937–38_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest197937–38-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, it attracted the attention of the German authorities, who were suspicious of any organisation that appeared to have subversive tendencies. In July 1919, while stationed in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, army <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gefreiter" title="Gefreiter">Gefreiter</a></i></span> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was appointed a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Verbindungsmann</i></span> (intelligence agent) of an <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Aufklärungskommando</i></span> (reconnaissance unit) of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichswehr" title="Reichswehr">Reichswehr</a></i></span> (army) by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mayr" title="Karl Mayr">Captain Mayr</a>, the head of the <i>Education and Propaganda Department</i> (Dept Ib/P) in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>. Hitler was assigned to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the DAP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200871–82_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200871–82-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Hitler was initially unimpressed by the meetings and found them disorganised, he enjoyed the discussion that took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a23:00–24:30_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a23:00–24:30-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While attending a party meeting on 12 September 1919 at Munich's <a href="/wiki/Sterneckerbr%C3%A4u" title="Sterneckerbräu">Sterneckerbräu</a>, Hitler became involved in a heated argument with a visitor, Professor Baumann, who questioned the soundness of <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Gottfried Feder</a>'s arguments against capitalism; Baumann proposed that Bavaria should break away from <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> and found a new South German nation with <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. In vehemently attacking the man's arguments, Hitler made an impression on the other party members with his oratorical skills; according to Hitler, the "professor" left the hall acknowledging unequivocal defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200875_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200875-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drexler encouraged him to join the DAP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200875_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200875-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003170_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003170-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200875,_76_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200875,_76-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199667_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199667-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the party's earlier members were <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a> of the Army's District Command VII; Dietrich Eckart, who has been called the spiritual father of National Socialism;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006185_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlamires2006185-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then-<a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a> student <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer199143_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer199143-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Freikorps</i></span> soldier <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>, often credited as the philosopher of the movement. All were later prominent in the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaman195688_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaman195688-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler later claimed to be the seventh party member. He was, in fact, the seventh executive member of the party's central committee<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees200623_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees200623-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he would later wear the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Party_Badge" title="Golden Party Badge">Golden Party Badge</a> number one. Anton Drexler drafted a letter to Hitler in 1940—which was never sent—that contradicts Hitler's later claim: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>No one knows better than you yourself, my Führer, that you were never the seventh member of the party, but at best the seventh member of the committee... And a few years ago I had to complain to a party office that your first proper membership card of the DAP, bearing the signatures of Schüssler and myself, was falsified, with the number 555 being erased and number 7 entered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998127_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998127-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although Hitler initially wanted to form his own party, he claimed to have been convinced to join the DAP because it was small and he could eventually become its leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998126_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998126-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He consequently encouraged the organisation to become less of a debating society, which it had been previously, and more of an active political party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a15:00–25:00_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a15:00–25:00-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Normally, enlisted army personnel were not allowed to join political parties. In this case, Hitler had Captain <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mayr" title="Karl Mayr">Karl Mayr</a>'s permission to join the DAP. Further, Hitler was allowed to stay in the army and receive his weekly pay of 20 gold marks a week.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200876_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200876-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many other members of the organisation, this continued employment provided him with enough money to dedicate himself more fully to the DAP.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a24:00–25:00_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a24:00–25:00-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler's first DAP speech was held in the <a href="/wiki/Hofbr%C3%A4ukeller" title="Hofbräukeller">Hofbräukeller</a> on 16 October 1919. He was the second speaker of the evening, and spoke to 111 people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998140_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998140-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler later declared that this was when he realised he could really "make a good speech".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest197937–38_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest197937–38-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, Hitler spoke only to relatively small groups, but his considerable oratory and propaganda skills were appreciated by the party leadership. With the support of Anton Drexler, Hitler became chief of propaganda for the party in early 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaman195689_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaman195689-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler began to make the party more public, and organised its biggest meeting yet of 2,000 people on 24 February 1920 in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hofbr%C3%A4uhaus_am_Platzl" title="Hofbräuhaus am Platzl">Staatliches Hofbräuhaus in München</a></i></span>. Such was the significance of this particular move in publicity that <a href="/wiki/Karl_Harrer" title="Karl Harrer">Karl Harrer</a> resigned from the party in disagreement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer199136_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer199136-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in this speech that Hitler enunciated the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program#German_Party_program" title="National Socialist Program">twenty-five points of the German Workers' Party manifesto</a> that had been drawn up by Drexler, Feder and himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer199137_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer199137-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through these points he gave the organisation a much bolder stratagem<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJaman195689_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaman195689-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a clear foreign policy (abrogation of the Treaty of Versailles, a <a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">Greater Germany</a>, Eastern expansion and exclusion of Jews from citizenship) and among his specific points were: confiscation of <a href="/wiki/War_profiteering" title="War profiteering">war profits</a>, abolition of unearned incomes, the State to share profits of land and land for national needs to be taken away without compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984133_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1984133-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the manifesto was <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic">antisemitic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-capitalist">anti-capitalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">anti-democratic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Marxist">anti-Marxist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">anti-liberal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest197942_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest197942-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To increase its appeal to larger segments of the population, on the same day as Hitler's <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Hofbräuhaus</i></span> speech on 24 February 1920, the DAP changed its name to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei</i></span> ("National Socialist German Workers' Party", or Nazi Party).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200887_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200887-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997629_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZentnerBedürftig1997629-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name was intended to draw upon both left-wing and right-wing ideals, with "Socialist" and "Workers'" appealing to the left, and "National" and "German" appealing to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-Childers_DAP_2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Childers_DAP_2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "Socialist" was added by the party's executive committee (at the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Rudolf Jung</a>), over Hitler's initial objections,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in order to help appeal to left-wing workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitcham199668_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham199668-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1920, the Nazi Party officially announced that only persons of "pure Aryan descent [<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">rein arischer Abkunft</i></span>]" could become party members and if the person had a spouse, the spouse also had to be a "racially pure" Aryan. Party members could not be related either directly or indirectly to a so-called "non-Aryan".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich200758_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEhrenreich200758-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even before it had become legally forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> in 1935, the Nazis banned sexual relations and marriages between party members and Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeikart2009142_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeikart2009142-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Party members found guilty of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span> ("racial defilement") were persecuted heavily. Some members were even sentenced to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984265_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984265-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler quickly became the party's most active orator, appearing in public as a speaker 31 times within the first year after his self-discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest197939_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest197939-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crowds began to flock to hear his speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200889_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200889-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler always spoke about the same subjects: the Treaty of Versailles and <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_question" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jewish question">the Jewish question</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest197942_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest197942-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This deliberate technique and effective publicising of the party contributed significantly to his early success,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest197942_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest197942-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about which a contemporary poster wrote: "Since Herr Hitler is a brilliant speaker, we can hold out the prospect of an extremely exciting evening".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranz-Willing2001?_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranz-Willing2001?-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Over the following months, the party continued to attract new members,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERees200623_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERees200623-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while remaining too small to have any real significance in German politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer199138_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer199138-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the year, party membership was recorded at 2,000,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200889_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200889-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many of whom Hitler and Röhm had brought into the party personally, or for whom Hitler's oratory had been their reason for joining.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFest197940_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFest197940-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitler%27s_DAP_membership_card.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hitler%27s_DAP_membership_card.png/220px-Hitler%27s_DAP_membership_card.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hitler%27s_DAP_membership_card.png/330px-Hitler%27s_DAP_membership_card.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Hitler%27s_DAP_membership_card.png/440px-Hitler%27s_DAP_membership_card.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Hitler's membership card in the DAP (later NSDAP). The membership number (7) was altered from the original.</figcaption></figure> <p>Hitler's talent as an orator and his ability to draw new members, combined with his characteristic ruthlessness, soon made him the dominant figure. However, while Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin in June 1921, a mutiny broke out within the party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival <a href="/wiki/German_Socialist_Party" title="German Socialist Party">German Socialist Party</a> (DSP).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008100,_101_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008100,_101-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon returning to Munich on 11 July, Hitler angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that his resignation would mean the end of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008102_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008102-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler announced he would rejoin on condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman, and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008103_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008103-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee agreed, and he rejoined the party on 26 July as member 3,680. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the NSDAP, as his opponents had <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Hermann Esser</a> expelled from the party and they printed 3,000 copies of a pamphlet attacking Hitler as a traitor to the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008103_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008103-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself and Esser to thunderous applause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200883,_103_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200883,_103-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hitler's strategy proved successful; at a special party congress on 29 July 1921, he replaced Drexler as party chairman by a vote of 533<span class="nowrap"> </span>to<span class="nowrap"> </span>1.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200883,_103_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200883,_103-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The committee was dissolved, and Hitler was granted nearly absolute powers in the party as its sole leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw200883,_103_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw200883,_103-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He would hold the post for the remainder of his life. Hitler soon acquired the title <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i></span> ("leader") and after a series of sharp internal conflicts it was accepted that the party would be governed by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span> ("leader principle"). Under this principle, the party was a highly centralised entity that functioned strictly from the top down, with Hitler at the apex. Hitler saw the party as a revolutionary organisation, whose aim was the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, which he saw as controlled by the socialists, Jews and the "<a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Stab-in-the-back legend">November criminals</a>", a term invented to describe alleged elements of society who had 'betrayed the German soldiers' in 1918. The <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> ("storm troopers", also known as "Brownshirts") were founded as a party militia in 1921 and began violent attacks on other parties. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erstausgabe_von_Mein_Kampf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Erstausgabe_von_Mein_Kampf.jpg/220px-Erstausgabe_von_Mein_Kampf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Erstausgabe_von_Mein_Kampf.jpg/330px-Erstausgabe_von_Mein_Kampf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Erstausgabe_von_Mein_Kampf.jpg/440px-Erstausgabe_von_Mein_Kampf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="1180" /></a><figcaption><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i></span> in its first edition cover</figcaption></figure> <p>For Hitler, the twin goals of the party were always German nationalist expansionism and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>. These two goals were fused in his mind by his belief that Germany's external enemies—Britain, France and the Soviet Union—were controlled by the Jews and that Germany's future wars of national expansion would necessarily entail a war of annihilation against them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakim1995?_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakim1995?-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For Hitler and his principal lieutenants, national and racial issues were always dominant. This was symbolised by the adoption as the party emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a>. In German nationalist circles, the swastika was considered a symbol of an "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>" and it symbolised the replacement of the Christian Cross with allegiance to a National Socialist State. </p><p>The Nazi Party grew significantly during 1921 and 1922, partly through Hitler's oratorical skills, partly through the SA's appeal to unemployed young men, and partly because there was a backlash against socialist and liberal politics in Bavaria as Germany's economic problems deepened and the weakness of the Weimar regime became apparent. The party recruited former World War I soldiers, to whom Hitler as a decorated frontline veteran could particularly appeal, as well as small businessmen and disaffected former members of rival parties. Nazi rallies were often held in beer halls, where downtrodden men could get free beer. The <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> was formed for the children of party members. The party also formed groups in other parts of Germany. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> was an early recruit and became editor of the racist magazine <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i></span>. In December 1920, the Nazi Party had acquired a newspaper, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></span>, of which its leading ideologist Alfred Rosenberg became editor. Others to join the party around this time were <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> and World War I flying ace <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adoption_of_Italian_fascism:_The_Beer_Hall_Putsch">Adoption of Italian fascism: The Beer Hall Putsch</h4></div> <p>On 31 October 1922, a <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">fascist</a> party with similar policies and objectives came into power in Italy, the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a>, under the leadership of the charismatic <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>. The Fascists, like the Nazis, promoted a national rebirth of their country, as they opposed communism and liberalism; appealed to the working-class; opposed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>; and advocated the territorial expansion of their country. Hitler was inspired by Mussolini and the Fascists, beginning to adopt elements of their program for the Nazi Party and himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000182_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000182-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian Fascists also used a straight-armed <a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a> and wore black-shirted uniforms; Hitler would later borrow their use of the straight-armed salute as a <a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a>. </p><p>When the Fascists took control of Italy through their <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> called the "<a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a>", Hitler began planning his own coup less than a month later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000182_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2000182-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1923, France occupied the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> industrial region as a result of Germany's failure to meet its <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">reparations</a> payments. This led to economic chaos, the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Cuno" title="Wilhelm Cuno">Wilhelm Cuno</a>'s government and an attempt by the German Communist Party (KPD) to stage a revolution. The reaction to these events was an upsurge of nationalist sentiment. Nazi Party membership grew sharply to about 20,000,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008110_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008110-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to the approximate 6,000 at the beginning of 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a29:00–30:00_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a29:00–30:00-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By November 1923, Hitler had decided that the time was right for an attempt to seize power in Munich, in the hope that the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichswehr</i></span> (the post-war German military) would mutiny against the Berlin government and join his revolt. In this, he was influenced by former General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a>, who had become a supporter—though not a member—of the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJablonsky198920–26,_30_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJablonsky198920–26,_30-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486,_Hitler-Putsch,_M%C3%BCnchen,_Marienplatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1486%2C_Hitler-Putsch%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Marienplatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Nazis during the <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> in Munich</figcaption></figure> <p>On the night of 8 November, the Nazis used a patriotic rally in a Munich beer hall to launch an attempted <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">putsch</i></span> ("coup d'état"). This so-called <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> attempt failed almost at once when the local <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichswehr</i></span> commanders refused to support it. On the morning of 9 November, the Nazis staged a march of about 2,000 supporters through Munich in an attempt to rally support. The two groups exchanged fire, after which 15 putschists, four police officers, and a bystander lay dead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShirer1990112_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShirer1990112-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H2_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H2-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler, Ludendorff and a number of others were arrested and were tried for treason in March 1924. Hitler and his associates were given very lenient prison sentences. While Hitler was in prison, he wrote his semi-autobiographical political manifesto <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i></span> ("My Struggle"). </p><p>The Nazi Party was banned on 9 November 1923; however, with the support of the nationalist <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch-Social_Bloc" title="Völkisch-Social Bloc">Völkisch-Social Bloc</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Völkisch-Sozialer Block</i></span>), it continued to operate under the name "German Party" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Partei</i></span> or DP) from 1924 to 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJablonsky198957_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJablonsky198957-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazis failed to remain unified in the DP, as in the north, the right-wing <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Volkish</a> nationalist supporters of the Nazis moved to the new <a href="/wiki/German_V%C3%B6lkisch_Freedom_Party" title="German Völkisch Freedom Party">German Völkisch Freedom Party</a>, leaving the north's left-wing Nazi members, such as <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> retaining support for the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJablonsky198957_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJablonsky198957-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power:_1925–1933"><span id="Rise_to_power:_1925.E2.80.931933"></span>Rise to power: 1925–1933</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rise of Nazism" redirects here. For the culmination of the rise, see <a href="/wiki/Nazi_seizure_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi seizure of power">Nazi seizure of power</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Nazi_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Nazi Party">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-0289,_M%C3%BCnchen,_Hitler_bei_Einweihung_%22Braunes_Haus%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-0289%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Hitler_bei_Einweihung_%22Braunes_Haus%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-0289%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Hitler_bei_Einweihung_%22Braunes_Haus%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-0289%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Hitler_bei_Einweihung_%22Braunes_Haus%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-0289%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Hitler_bei_Einweihung_%22Braunes_Haus%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-0289%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Hitler_bei_Einweihung_%22Braunes_Haus%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-0289%2C_M%C3%BCnchen%2C_Hitler_bei_Einweihung_%22Braunes_Haus%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>Hitler with Nazi Party members in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>Pardoned by the Bavarian Supreme Court, Hitler was released from prison on 20 December 1924, against the state prosecutor's objections.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998239_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998239-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 16 February 1925, Hitler convinced the Bavarian authorities to lift the ban on the NSDAP and the party was formally refounded on 26 February 1925, with Hitler as its undisputed leader. It was at this time Hitler began referring to himself as "<i>der <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001b13:45–14:12_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001b13:45–14:12-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new Nazi Party was no longer a paramilitary organisation and disavowed any intention of taking power by force. In any case, the economic and political situation had stabilised and the extremist upsurge of 1923 had faded, so there was no prospect of further revolutionary adventures. Instead, Hitler intended to alter the party's strategy to achieving power through what he called the "path of legality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001b15:50–16:10_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001b15:50–16:10-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nazi Party of 1925 was divided into the "Leadership Corps" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Korps der politischen Leiter</i></span>) appointed by Hitler and the general membership (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Parteimitglieder</i></span>). The party and the SA were kept separate and the legal aspect of the party's work was emphasised. In a sign of this, the party began to admit women. The SA and the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> members (the latter founded in 1925 as Hitler's bodyguard, and known originally as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Schutzkommando</i></span>) had to all be regular party members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeale201026–29_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeale201026–29-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoehl200434_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoehl200434-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1920s the Nazi Party expanded beyond its Bavarian base. At this time, it began surveying voters in order to determine what they were dissatisfied with in Germany, allowing Nazi propaganda to be altered accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001b17:00–17:27_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001b17:00–17:27-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic Bavaria maintained its right-wing nostalgia for a Catholic monarch;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, along with working-class "Red Berlin", were always the Nazis' weakest areas electorally, even during the Third Reich itself. The areas of strongest Nazi support were in rural Protestant areas such as <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a>. Depressed working-class areas such as <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> also produced a strong Nazi vote, while the workers of the <a href="/wiki/Ruhr" title="Ruhr">Ruhr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> largely remained loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> or the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a>. Nuremberg remained a Nazi Party stronghold, and the first <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nuremberg Rally</a> was held there in 1927. These rallies soon became massive displays of Nazi paramilitary power and attracted many recruits. The Nazis' strongest appeal was to the lower middle-classes—farmers, public servants, teachers and small businessmen—who had suffered most from the inflation of the 1920s, so who feared Bolshevism more than anything else. The small business class was receptive to Hitler's antisemitism, since it blamed Jewish big business for its economic problems. University students, disappointed at being too young to have served in the War of 1914–1918 and attracted by the Nazis' radical rhetoric, also became a strong Nazi constituency. By 1929, the party had 130,000 members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008194_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008194-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party's nominal Deputy Leader was <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a>, but he had no real power in the party. By the early 1930s, the senior leaders of the party after Hitler were <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>. Beneath the Leadership Corps were the party's regional leaders, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiters</a></i></span>, each of whom commanded the party in his <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gau_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau (country subdivision)">Gau</a></i></span> ("region"). Goebbels began his ascent through the party hierarchy as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gauleiter</i></span> of Berlin-Brandenburg in 1926. Streicher was <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gauleiter</i></span> of <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>, where he published his antisemitic newspaper <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i></span>. Beneath the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gauleiter</i></span> were lower-level officials, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kreisleiter" title="Kreisleiter">Kreisleiter</a></i></span> ("county leaders"), <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zellenleiter" title="Zellenleiter">Zellenleiter</a></i></span> ("cell leaders") and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Blockleiter" title="Blockleiter">Blockleiter</a></i></span> ("block leaders"). This was a strictly hierarchical structure in which orders flowed from the top and unquestioning loyalty was given to superiors. Only the SA retained some autonomy. Being composed largely of unemployed workers, many SA men took the Nazis' socialist rhetoric seriously. At this time, the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_salute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler salute">Hitler salute</a> (borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian fascists</a>) and the greeting "Heil Hitler!" were adopted throughout the party. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1930-election.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/1930-election.jpg/220px-1930-election.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/06/1930-election.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Nazi Party election poster used in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 1930 (translation: "We demand freedom and bread")</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nazis contested elections to the national parliament (the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a></i></span>) and to the state legislature (the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Landtag" title="Landtag">Landtage</a></i></span>) from 1924, although at first with little success. The "<a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a>" polled 3% of the vote in the <a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">December 1924 <i>Reichstag</i> elections</a> and this fell to 2.6% in <a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928</a>. State elections produced similar results. Despite these poor results and despite Germany's relative political stability and prosperity during the later 1920s, the Nazi Party continued to grow. This was partly because Hitler, who had no administrative ability, left the party organisation to the head of the secretariat, <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Bouhler" title="Philipp Bouhler">Philipp Bouhler</a>, the party treasurer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Schwarz" title="Franz Xaver Schwarz">Franz Xaver Schwarz</a> and business manager <a href="/wiki/Max_Amann" title="Max Amann">Max Amann</a>. The party had a capable propaganda head in <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a>, who was promoted to national organizational leader in January 1928. These men gave the party efficient recruitment and organizational structures. The party also owed its growth to the gradual fading away of competitor nationalist groups, such as the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP). As Hitler became the recognised head of the German nationalists, other groups declined or were absorbed. In the late 1920s, seeing the party's lack of breakthrough into the mainstream, Goebbels proposed that instead of focusing all of their propaganda in major cities where there was competition from other political movements, they should instead begin holding rallies in rural areas where they would be more effective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001b23:30–24:00_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001b23:30–24:00-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite these strengths, the Nazi Party might never have come to power had it not been for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and its effects on Germany. By 1930, the German economy was beset with mass unemployment and widespread business failures. The Social Democrats and Communists were bitterly divided and unable to formulate an effective solution: this gave the Nazis their opportunity and Hitler's message, blaming the crisis on the Jewish financiers and the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a>, resonated with wide sections of the electorate. At the <a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">September 1930 <i>Reichstag</i> elections</a>, the Nazis won 18% of the votes and became the second-largest party in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichstag</i></span> after the Social Democrats. Hitler proved to be a highly effective campaigner, pioneering the use of radio and aircraft for this purpose. His dismissal of Strasser and his appointment of Goebbels as the party's propaganda chief were major factors. While Strasser had used his position to promote his own leftish version of national socialism, Goebbels was completely loyal to Hitler, and worked only to improve Hitler's image. </p><p>The 1930 elections changed the German political landscape by weakening the traditional nationalist parties, the DNVP and the DVP, leaving the Nazis as the chief alternative to the discredited Social Democrats and the Zentrum, whose leader, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Br%C3%BCning" title="Heinrich Brüning">Heinrich Brüning</a>, headed a weak minority government. The inability of the democratic parties to form a united front, the self-imposed isolation of the Communists and the continued decline of the economy, all played into Hitler's hands. He now came to be seen as <i>de facto</i> leader of the opposition and donations poured into the Nazi Party's coffers. Some major business figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Thyssen" title="Fritz Thyssen">Fritz Thyssen</a>, were Nazi supporters and gave generously<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005372_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005372-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some Wall Street figures were allegedly involved,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but many other businessmen were suspicious of the extreme nationalist tendencies of the Nazis and preferred to support the traditional conservative parties instead.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008224_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw2008224-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, as the price for joining a <a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">coalition government</a> of the <i>Land</i> (state) of <a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a>, the Nazi Party received the state ministries of the <a href="/wiki/Interior_minister" title="Interior minister">Interior</a> and Education. On 23 January 1930, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a> was appointed to these ministries, becoming the first Nazi to hold a ministerial-level post at any level in Germany. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wahl_zum_Preussischen_Landtag,_NSDAP-Wahlspendenmedaille_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wahl_zum_Preussischen_Landtag%2C_NSDAP-Wahlspendenmedaille_1932.jpg/220px-Wahl_zum_Preussischen_Landtag%2C_NSDAP-Wahlspendenmedaille_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wahl_zum_Preussischen_Landtag%2C_NSDAP-Wahlspendenmedaille_1932.jpg/330px-Wahl_zum_Preussischen_Landtag%2C_NSDAP-Wahlspendenmedaille_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wahl_zum_Preussischen_Landtag%2C_NSDAP-Wahlspendenmedaille_1932.jpg/440px-Wahl_zum_Preussischen_Landtag%2C_NSDAP-Wahlspendenmedaille_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3568" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>German NSDAP Donation Token 1932, Free State of Prussia elections</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1931 the Nazi Party altered its strategy to engage in perpetual campaigning across the country, even outside of election time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001b30:35–30:57_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001b30:35–30:57-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 1931 and into 1932, Germany's political crisis deepened. Hitler ran for president against the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> in March 1932, polling 30% in the first round and 37% in the second against Hindenburg's 49% and 53%. By now the SA had 400,000 members and its running street battles with the SPD and Communist paramilitaries (who also fought each other) reduced some German cities to combat zones. Paradoxically, although the Nazis were among the main instigators of this disorder, part of Hitler's appeal to a frightened and demoralised middle class was his promise to restore law and order. Overt antisemitism was played down in official Nazi rhetoric, but was never far from the surface. Germans voted for Hitler primarily because of his promises to revive the economy (by unspecified means), to restore German greatness and overturn the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and to save Germany from communism. On 24 April 1932, the <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Free_State_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections in the Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia elections</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Landtag_of_Prussia" title="Landtag of Prussia">Landtag</a> resulted in 36% of the votes and 162 seats for the NSDAP. </p><p>On 20 July 1932, the Prussian government was ousted by a coup, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fenschlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Preußenschlag">Preussenschlag</a></i></span>; a few days later at the <a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">July 1932 <i>Reichstag</i> election</a> the Nazis made another leap forward, polling 37% and becoming the largest party in parliament by a wide margin. Furthermore, the Nazis and the Communists between them won 52% of the vote and a majority of seats. Since both parties opposed the established political system and neither would join or support any ministry, this made the formation of a majority government impossible. The result was weak ministries governing by decree. Under <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> directives, the Communists maintained their policy of treating the Social Democrats as the main enemy, calling them "<a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">social fascists</a>", thereby splintering opposition to the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, both the Social Democrats and the Communists accused each other of having facilitated <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a> by their unwillingness to compromise. </p><p>Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> called another <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichstag</i></span> election in November, hoping to find a way out of this impasse. The electoral result was the same, with the Nazis and the Communists winning 50% of the vote between them and more than half the seats, rendering this <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichstag</i></span> no more workable than its predecessor. However, support for the Nazis had fallen to 33.1%, suggesting that the Nazi surge had passed its peak—possibly because the worst of the Depression had passed, possibly because some middle-class voters had supported Hitler in July as a protest, but had now drawn back from the prospect of actually putting him into power. The Nazis interpreted the result as a warning that they must seize power before their moment passed. Had the other parties united, this could have been prevented, but their shortsightedness made a united front impossible. Papen, his successor <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a> and the nationalist press magnate <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a> spent December and January in political intrigues that eventually persuaded President Hindenburg that it was safe to appoint Hitler as Reich Chancellor, at the head of a cabinet including only a minority of Nazi ministers—which he did on 30 January 1933. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ascension_and_consolidation">Ascension and consolidation</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-159-21A,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Reichsparteitag,_Hitler_und_R%C3%B6hm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-159-21A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Hitler_und_R%C3%B6hm.jpg/200px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-159-21A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Hitler_und_R%C3%B6hm.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-159-21A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Hitler_und_R%C3%B6hm.jpg/300px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-159-21A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Hitler_und_R%C3%B6hm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-159-21A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Hitler_und_R%C3%B6hm.jpg/400px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-159-21A%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Hitler_und_R%C3%B6hm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="857" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption><i>Reichsparteitag</i> (Nuremberg Rally): Nazi Party leader <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and SA-leader <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>, August 1933</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i>, Hitler directly attacked both left-wing and right-wing politics in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a majority of scholars identify <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> in practice as being a <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> form of politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritzsche1998?Eatwell1996xvii–xxiv,_21,_26–31,_114–40,_352Griffin2000?_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzsche1998?Eatwell1996xvii–xxiv,_21,_26–31,_114–40,_352Griffin2000?-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When asked in an interview in 1934 whether the Nazis were "bourgeois right-wing" as alleged by their opponents, Hitler responded that Nazism was not exclusively for any class and indicated that it favoured neither the left nor the right, but preserved "pure" elements from both "camps" by stating: "From the camp of bourgeois tradition, it takes national resolve, and from the materialism of the Marxist dogma, living, creative Socialism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDomarus2007171–73_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDomarus2007171–73-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The votes that the Nazis received in the 1932 elections established the Nazi Party as the largest parliamentary faction of the Weimar Republic government. Hitler was appointed as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(German_Reich)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)">Chancellor of Germany</a> on 30 January 1933. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire"><i>Reichstag</i> fire</a> on 27 February 1933 gave Hitler a pretext for suppressing his political opponents. The following day he persuaded the Reich's President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> to issue the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree"><i>Reichstag</i> Fire Decree</a>, which suspended most <a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">civil liberties</a>. The NSDAP won the <a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">parliamentary election on 5 March 1933</a> with 44% of votes, but failed to win an absolute majority. After the election, hundreds of thousands of new members joined the party for opportunistic reasons, most of them civil servants and white-collar workers. They were nicknamed the "casualties of March" (German: <i lang="de">Märzgefallenen</i>) or "March violets" (German: <i lang="de">Märzveilchen</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2013259_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2013259-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To protect the party from too many non-ideological turncoats who were viewed by the so-called "old fighters" <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">(alte Kämpfer)</i></span> with some mistrust,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck2013259_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck2013259-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the party issued a freeze on admissions that remained in force from May 1933 to 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIngrao201377_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrao201377-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 March, the parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a>, which gave the cabinet the right to enact laws without the consent of parliament. In effect, this gave Hitler dictatorial powers. Now possessing virtually absolute power, the Nazis established <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> control as they abolished labour unions and other political parties and imprisoned their political opponents, first at <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">wilde Lager</i></span>, improvised camps, then in <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camp" title="Concentration camp">concentration camps</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> had been established, yet the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichswehr</i></span> remained impartial. Nazi power over Germany remained virtual, not absolute. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right"> <caption>NSDAP federal election results (1924–1933)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKolb2005224–225_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKolb2005224–225-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th colspan="3">Votes </th> <th colspan="2">Seats </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th>No. </th> <th>% </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>No. </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/May_1924_German_federal_election" title="May 1924 German federal election">May 1924</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(as <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a>)</span> </th> <td>1,918,300 </td> <td>6.5 (No. 6) </td> <td> </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">32 / 472</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hitler in prison </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/December_1924_German_federal_election" title="December 1924 German federal election">December 1924</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(as <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a>)</span> </th> <td>907,300 </td> <td>3.0 (No. 8) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 3.5 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 493</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 18 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">Hitler released from prison </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">May 1928</a> </th> <td>810,100 </td> <td>2.6 (No. 9) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.4 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 491</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">September 1930</a> </th> <td>6,409,600 </td> <td>18.3 (No. 2) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 15.7 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">107 / 577</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 95 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">After the financial crisis </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">July 1932</a> </th> <td>13,745,000 </td> <td>37.3 (<b>No. 1</b>) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 19.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">230 / 608</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 123 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">After Hitler was candidate for presidency </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932</a> </th> <td>11,737,000 </td> <td>33.1 (<b>No. 1</b>) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 4.2 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">196 / 584</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 34%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 34 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">  </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933</a> </th> <td>17,277,180 </td> <td>43.9 (<b>No. 1</b>) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10.8 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">288 / 647</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 92 </td> <td style="text-align:left;">During Hitler's term as Chancellor of Germany </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_taking_power:_intertwining_of_party_and_state">After taking power: intertwining of party and state</h3></div> <p>The Nazis embarked on a campaign of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span> (coordination) to exert their control over all aspects of German government and society. During June and July 1933, all competing parties were either outlawed or dissolved themselves and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Law_Against_the_Formation_of_Parties" title="Law Against the Formation of Parties">Law Against the Formation of Parties</a> of 14 July 1933 legally established the Nazi Party's monopoly. On 1 December 1933, the <a href="/wiki/Law_to_Secure_the_Unity_of_Party_and_State" title="Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State">Law to Secure the Unity of Party and State</a> entered into force, which was the base for a progressive intertwining of party structures and state apparatus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuntz201173_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuntz201173-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this law, the SA—actually a party division—was given quasi-governmental authority and their <i><a href="/wiki/Stabschef" title="Stabschef">Stabschef</a></i> became a cabinet <a href="/wiki/Minister_without_portfolio" title="Minister without portfolio">minister without portfolio</a>. By virtue of the 30 January 1934 <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Reconstruction_of_the_Reich" title="Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich">Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich</a>, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Länder</i></span> (states) lost their sovereignty and were demoted to administrative divisions of the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reich</i></span> government. Effectively, they lost most of their power to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Gaue</a></i></span> that were originally just regional divisions of the party, but took over most competencies of the state administration in their respective sectors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaarschmidt2014104–05_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaarschmidt2014104–05-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1934)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night of the Long Knives (1934)">Röhm Purge</a> of 30 June to 2 July 1934 (also known as the "Night of the Long Knives"), Hitler disempowered the SA's leadership—most of whom belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserist</a> (national revolutionary) faction within the NSDAP—and ordered them killed. He accused them of having conspired to stage a <i>coup d'état</i>, but it is believed that this was only a pretense to justify the suppression of any intraparty opposition. The purge was executed by the SS, assisted by the Gestapo and Reichswehr units. Aside from Strasserist Nazis, they also murdered anti-Nazi conservative figures like former chancellor von Schleicher.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans201598_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans201598-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, the SA continued to exist but lost much of its importance, while the role of the SS grew significantly. Formerly only a sub-organisation of the SA, it was made into a separate organisation of the NSDAP in July 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab201320_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201320-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the death of President Hindenburg on 2 August 1934, Hitler merged the offices of party leader, head of state and chief of government in one, taking the title of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> und Reichskanzler</i></span> by passage of the <a href="/wiki/Law_Concerning_the_Head_of_State_of_the_German_Reich" title="Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich">Law Concerning the Head of State of the German Reich</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Chancellery" title="Hitler's Chancellery">Chancellery of the Führer</a>, officially an organisation of the Nazi Party, took over the functions of the Office of the President (a government agency), blurring the distinction between structures of party and state even further. The SS increasingly exerted police functions, a development which was formally documented by the merger of the offices of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a></i></span> and Chief of the German Police on 17 June 1936, as the position was held by <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> who derived his authority directly from Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuntz201174_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuntz201174-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD, formally the "Security Service of the Reichsführer-SS") that had been created in 1931 as an intraparty intelligence became the <i>de facto</i> intelligence agency of Nazi Germany. It was put under the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) in 1939, which then coordinated SD, Gestapo and <a href="/wiki/Kriminalpolizei" title="Kriminalpolizei">criminal police</a>, therefore functioning as a hybrid organisation of state and party structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008x–xi_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelarue2008x–xi-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12704,_Bad_Godesberg,_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12704%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12704%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12704%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12704%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12704%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H12704%2C_Bad_Godesberg%2C_Vorbereitung_M%C3%BCnchener_Abkommen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Adolf Hitler in <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a> in 1938</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>NSDAP election and referendum results in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Reichstag (Nazi Germany)">Reichstag</a> under <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (1933–1938) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1933 German federal election">November 1933</a> </th> <td>39,655,224 </td> <td>92.1 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">661 / 661</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1936_German_election_and_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1936 German election and referendum">1936</a> </th> <td>44,462,458 </td> <td>98.8 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">741 / 741</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1938_German_election_and_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1938 German election and referendum">1938</a> </th> <td>44,451,092 </td> <td>99.0 </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">813 / 813</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_and_abolition">Defeat and abolition</h3></div> <p>Officially, Nazi Germany lasted only 12 years. The <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">Instrument of Surrender</a> was signed by representatives of the German High Command at <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, on 8 May 1945, when the war ended in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200925_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200925-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party was formally abolished on 10 October 1945 by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council" title="Allied Control Council">Allied Control Council</a>, followed by the process of <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">trials of major war criminals</a> before the International Military Tribunal (IMT) in Nuremberg.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab200925,_26_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab200925,_26-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> called for the destruction of the Nazi Party alongside the requirement for the reconstruction of the German political life.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewkowicz200874_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewkowicz200874-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the Control Council Law no. 2 Providing for the Termination and Liquidation of the Nazi Organization specified the abolition of 52 other Nazi affiliated and supervised organisations and outlawed their activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECogen2016226_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECogen2016226-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The denazification was carried out in Germany and continued until the onset of the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudt2006?_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudt2006?-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJunker200465_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJunker200465-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1939 and 1945, the Nazi Party led regime, assisted by <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">collaborationist</a> governments and recruits from occupied countries, was responsible for the deaths of at least eleven million people,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERummel1994112_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERummel1994112-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2010416_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010416-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 5.5 to 6 million Jews (representing two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischel199887_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischel199887-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauerRozett19901799_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauerRozett19901799-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between 200,000 and 1,500,000 <a href="/wiki/Porajmos" class="mw-redirect" title="Porajmos">Romani people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHancock2004383–96_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHancock2004383–96-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Memorial_Museum_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Memorial_Museum-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The estimated total number includes the killing of nearly two million non-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Poles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Memorial_Museum_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolocaust_Memorial_Museum-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over three million <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_Soviet_POWs" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs">Soviet prisoners of war</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnyder2010184_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnyder2010184-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communists</a>, and other political opponents, homosexuals, the physically and mentally disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia200045_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENiewykNicosia200045-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen1996290_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldhagen1996290-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_programme">Political programme</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></div> <p>The National Socialist Programme was a formulation of the policies of the party. It contained 25 points and is therefore also known as the "25-point plan" or "25-point programme". It was the official party programme, with minor changes, from its proclamation as such by Hitler in 1920, when the party was still the German Workers' Party, until its dissolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_composition">Party composition</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Command_structure">Command structure</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Top_leadership">Top leadership</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541,_Weimar,_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-10541%2C_Weimar%2C_Aufmarsch_der_Nationalsozialisten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Adolf Hitler and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a> in 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>At the top of the Nazi Party was the party chairman ("<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Führer</i></span>"), who held absolute power and full command over the party. All other party offices were subordinate to his position and had to depend on his instructions. In 1934, Hitler founded a separate body for the chairman, <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Chancellery_(Kanzlei_des_F%C3%BChrers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's Chancellery (Kanzlei des Führers)">Chancellery of the Führer</a>, with its own sub-units. </p><p>Below the Führer's chancellery was first the "Staff of the <a href="/wiki/Deputy_F%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputy Führer">Deputy Führer</a>", headed by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> from 21 April 1933 to 10 May 1941; and then the "<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Chancellery" title="Nazi Party Chancellery">Party Chancellery</a>" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Parteikanzlei" class="mw-redirect" title="Parteikanzlei">Parteikanzlei</a></i></span>), headed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a>. </p><p>Following Hitler's suicide on 30 April 1945, Bormann would be named as Party Minister, which gave him the top position in the Nazi Party itself;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoachimsthaler1999187_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoachimsthaler1999187-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike Hitler, however, Bormann would not have a leadership role over the government of Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoachimsthaler1999187_136-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoachimsthaler1999187-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bormann, whose fate would remain unknown for several decades, would soon afterwards commit suicide as well on 2 May 1945 while trying to flee Berlin around the time Soviet Union forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">captured the city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper2002193_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrevor-Roper2002193-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2006154_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2006154-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His remains were first identified in 1972, then again in 1998 through DNA testing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhiting1996217–218_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhiting1996217–218-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaracs1998_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaracs1998-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reichsleiter"><i>Reichsleiter</i></h4></div> <p>Directly subjected to the Führer were the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsleiter" title="Reichsleiter">Reichsleiter</a></i></span> ("Reich Leader(s)"—the singular and plural forms are identical in German), whose number was gradually increased to eighteen. They held power and influence comparable to the Reich Ministers' in <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabinet Hitler">Hitler's Cabinet</a>. The eighteen <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsleiter</i></span> formed the "Reich Leadership of the Nazi Party" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsleitung der NSDAP</i></span>), which was established at the so-called <a href="/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich,_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown House, Munich, Germany">Brown House</a> in Munich. Unlike a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a></i></span>, a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsleiter</i></span> did not have individual geographic areas under their command, but were responsible for specific spheres of interest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Party_offices">Nazi Party offices</h3></div> <p>The Nazi Party had a number of party offices dealing with various political and other matters. These included: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Racial_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP Office of Racial Policy">Rassenpolitisches Amt der NSDAP</a></i></span> (RPA): "NSDAP Office of Racial Policy"</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs">Außenpolitische Amt der NSDAP</a></i></span> (APA): "NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs"</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Colonial_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy">Kolonialpolitisches Amt der NSDAP</a></i></span> (KPA): "NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy"</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Military_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Military Policy">Wehrpolitisches Amt der NSDAP</a></i></span> (WPA): "NSDAP Office of Military Policy"</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Amt_Rosenberg" title="Amt Rosenberg">Amt Rosenberg</a></i></span> (ARo): "<a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a> Office"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paramilitary_groups">Paramilitary groups</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500,_Berlin,_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-P049500%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufmarsch_der_SA_in_Spandau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a> in Berlin in 1932. The group had nearly two million members at the end of 1932.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the Nazi Party proper, several paramilitary groups existed which "supported" Nazi aims. All members of these paramilitary organisations were required to become regular Nazi Party members first and could then enlist in the group of their choice. An exception was the <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, considered the military arm of the SS and Nazi Party, which during the Second World War allowed members to enlist without joining the Nazi Party. Foreign volunteers of the Waffen-SS were also not required to be members of the Nazi Party, although many joined local nationalist groups from their own countries with the same aims. Police officers, including members of the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>, frequently held SS rank for administrative reasons (known as "rank parity") and were likewise not required to be members of the Nazi Party. </p><p>A vast system of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_paramilitary_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Party paramilitary ranks">Nazi Party paramilitary ranks</a> developed for each of the various paramilitary groups. This was part of the process of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> with the paramilitary and auxiliary groups swallowing existing associations and federations after the Party was flooded by millions of membership applications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteberGotto201891_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteberGotto201891-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major Nazi Party paramilitary groups were as follows: </p> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS): "Protection Squadron" (both <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Allgemeine_SS" title="Allgemeine SS">Allgemeine SS</a></i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA): "Storm Division"</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">Nationalsozialistisches Fliegerkorps</a></i></span> (NSFK): "National Socialist Flyers Corps"</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">Nationalsozialistisches Kraftfahrerkorps</a></i></span> (NSKK): "National Socialist Motor Corps"</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> was a paramilitary group divided into an adult leadership corps and a general membership open to boys aged fourteen to eighteen. The <a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a> was the equivalent group for girls. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Affiliated_organisations">Affiliated organisations</h3></div> <p>Certain nominally independent organisations had their own legal representation and own property, but were supported by the Nazi Party. Many of these associated organisations were labour unions of various professions. Some were older organisations that were nazified according to the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gleichschaltung</i></span> policy after the 1933 takeover. </p> <ul><li>Reich League of German Officials (union of civil servants, predecessor to <a href="/wiki/German_Civil_Service_Federation" title="German Civil Service Federation">German Civil Service Federation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Labour_Front" title="German Labour Front">German Labour Front</a> (DAF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">National Socialist German Doctors' League</a></li> <li>National Socialist League for the Maintenance of the Law (NSRB, 1936–1945, earlier National Socialist German Lawyers' League)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSKOV" class="mw-redirect" title="NSKOV">National Socialist War Victim's Care</a> (NSKOV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Teachers_League" title="National Socialist Teachers League">National Socialist Teachers League</a> (NSLB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_People%27s_Welfare" title="National Socialist People's Welfare">National Socialist People's Welfare</a> (NSV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Labour_Service" title="Reich Labour Service">Reich Labour Service</a> (RAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Colonial_League" class="mw-redirect" title="German Colonial League">German Colonial League</a> (RKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Red_Cross" title="German Red Cross">German Red Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyffh%C3%A4userbund" title="Kyffhäuserbund">Kyffhäuser League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TENO" class="mw-redirect" title="TENO">Technical Emergency Relief</a> (TENO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsbund_der_Kinderreichen" title="Reichsbund der Kinderreichen">Reich's Union of Large Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsluftschutzbund" title="Reichsluftschutzbund">Reichsluftschutzbund</a> (RLB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskolonialbund" title="Reichskolonialbund">Reichskolonialbund</a> (RKB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a> (BDO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li></ul> <p>The employees of large businesses with international operations such as <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dresdner_Bank" title="Dresdner Bank">Dresdner Bank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commerzbank" title="Commerzbank">Commerzbank</a> were mostly party members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimpson2002149,_257,_299_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimpson2002149,_257,_299-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All German businesses abroad were also required to have their own Nazi Party <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Ausland-Organization</i></span> liaison men, which enabled the party leadership to obtain updated and excellent intelligence on the actions of the global corporate elites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarrell2008?_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarrell2008?-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_administration">Regional administration</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Gauleiters" title="List of Gauleiters">List of Gauleiters</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png/400px-NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png/600px-NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png/800px-NS_administrative_Gliederung_1944.png 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="6094" /></a><figcaption>Administrative units of the Nazi Party in 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>For the purpose of centralisation in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span> process, a rigidly hierarchal structure was established in the Nazi Party, which it later carried through in the whole of Germany in order to consolidate total power under the person of <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Führerstaat</i></span>). It was regionally sub-divided into a number of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gau_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau (country subdivision)">Gaue</a></i></span> (singular: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gau</i></span>) headed by a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a></i></span>, who received their orders directly from Hitler. The name (originally a term for sub-regions of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> headed by a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gaugraf</i></span>) for these new provincial structures was deliberately chosen because of its <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">mediaeval</a> connotations. The term is approximately equivalent to the English <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shire</a></i></span>. </p><p>While the Nazis maintained the nominal existence of state and regional governments in Germany itself, this policy was not extended to territories acquired after 1937. Even in German-speaking areas such as Austria, state and regional governments were formally disbanded as opposed to just being dis-empowered. </p><p>After the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span> a new type of administrative unit was introduced called a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau" title="Reichsgau">Reichsgau</a></i></span>. In these territories the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gauleiters</i></span> also held the position of <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsstatthalter" title="Reichsstatthalter">Reichsstatthalter</a></i></span> (Reich Governor) thereby formally combining the spheres of both party and state offices. The establishment of this type of district was subsequently carried out for any further territorial annexations of Germany both before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Even the former territories of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> were never formally re-integrated into what was then Germany's largest state after being re-taken in the 1939 Polish campaign. </p><p>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gaue</i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsgaue</i></span> (state or province) were further sub-divided into <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Germany" title="Districts of Germany">Kreise</a></i></span> (counties) headed by a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kreisleiter" title="Kreisleiter">Kreisleiter</a></i></span>, which were in turn sub-divided into <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Zellen</i></span> (cells) and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Blöcke</i></span> (blocks), headed by a <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Zellenleiter" title="Zellenleiter">Zellenleiter</a></i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Blockleiter" title="Blockleiter">Blockleiter</a></i></span> respectively. </p><p>A reorganisation of the <i>Gaue</i> was enacted on 1 October 1928. The given numbers were the official ordering numbers. The statistics are from 1941, for which the <i>Gau</i> organisation of that moment in time forms the basis. Their size and populations are not exact; for instance, according to the official party statistics the <i>Gau</i> Kurmark/Mark Brandenburg was the largest in the German Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaternaRibbe1995?_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaternaRibbe1995?-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By 1941, there were 42 territorial <i>Gaue</i> for Greater Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, 10 were designated as Reichsgaue: 7 of them for Austria, one for the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> (annexed from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>) and two for the areas annexed from <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> after the joint <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1939 at the onset of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerman_Historical_Institute2008_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerman_Historical_Institute2008-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Getting the leadership of the individual <i>Gaue</i> to co-operate with one another proved difficult at times since there was constant administrative and financial jockeying for control going on between them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat198544–47_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat198544–47-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first table below describes the organizational structure for the <i>Gaue</i> that existed before their dissolution in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerSchulz201218–41_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerSchulz201218–41-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Information on former <i>Gaue</i> (that were either renamed, or dissolved by being divided or merged with other <i>Gaue</i>) is provided in the second table.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillerSchulz201241–50_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillerSchulz201241–50-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazi_Party_Gaue">Nazi Party <i>Gaue</i></h3></div> <table class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">Nr.</abbr> </th> <th>Gau </th> <th>Headquarters </th> <th>Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th>Inhabitants (1941) </th> <th>Gauleiter </th></tr> <tr> <td>01</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Baden-Alsace" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau Baden-Alsace">Baden-Alsace</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></td> <td>23,350</td> <td>2,502,023</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Robert_Heinrich_Wagner" title="Robert Heinrich Wagner">Robert Heinrich Wagner</a> from 22 March 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>02</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Bayreuth" title="Gau Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a>, renaming of Gau Bayerische Ostmark 2 June 1942</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bayreuth" title="Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a></td> <td>29,600</td> <td>2,370,658</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Schemm" title="Hans Schemm">Hans Schemm</a> (1933–1935)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Wachtler" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Wachtler">Fritz Wachtler</a> (1935–1945)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Ruckdeschel" title="Ludwig Ruckdeschel">Ludwig Ruckdeschel</a> from 19 April 1945 </td></tr> <tr> <td>03</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Berlin" title="Gau Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td>884</td> <td>4,338,756</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> from 1 October 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>04</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Danzig-Westpreußen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a></td> <td>26,057</td> <td>2,287,394</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Albert Forster</a> from 10 October 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td>05</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Gau Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></td> <td>2,672</td> <td>2,261,909</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Karl_Florian" title="Friedrich Karl Florian">Friedrich Karl Florian</a> from 1 August 1930 </td></tr> <tr> <td>06</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Essen" title="Gau Essen">Essen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a></td> <td>2,825</td> <td>1,921,326</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Josef Terboven</a> from 1 August 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>07</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Franconia" title="Gau Franconia">Franken</a>, renaming of Gau Mittelfranken 21 April 1933</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></td> <td>7,618</td> <td>1,077,216</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a> (1929–1940)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zimmermann" title="Hans Zimmermann">Hans Zimmermann</a> (1940–1942)<br /><a href="/wiki/Karl_Holz_(Nazi)" title="Karl Holz (Nazi)">Karl Holz</a> from 19 March 1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td>08</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Halle-Merseburg" title="Gau Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Halle_an_der_Saale" class="mw-redirect" title="Halle an der Saale">Halle an der Saale</a></td> <td>10,202</td> <td>1,578,292</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ernst" title="Walter Ernst">Walter Ernst</a> (1925–1926)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hinkler" title="Paul Hinkler">Paul Hinkler</a> (1926–1931)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jordan_(politician)" title="Rudolf Jordan (politician)">Rudolf Jordan</a> (1931–1937)<br /><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Albrecht_Eggeling" title="Joachim Albrecht Eggeling">Joachim Albrecht Eggeling</a> from 20 April 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td>09</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hamburg" title="Gau Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></td> <td>747</td> <td>1,711,877</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Josef_Klant" title="Josef Klant">Josef Klant</a> (1925–1926)<br /><a href="/wiki/Albert_Krebs" title="Albert Krebs">Albert Krebs</a> (1926–1928)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hinrich_Lohse" title="Hinrich Lohse">Hinrich Lohse</a> (1928–1929)<br /><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kaufmann" title="Karl Kaufmann">Karl Kaufmann</a> from 15 April 1929 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hessen-Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau Hessen-Nassau">Hessen-Nassau</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></td> <td>15,030</td> <td>3,117,266</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Sprenger" title="Jakob Sprenger">Jakob Sprenger</a> from 1 January 1933 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_K%C3%A4rnten" title="Reichsgau Kärnten">Kärnten</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></td> <td>11,554</td> <td>449,713</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Mazenauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Mazenauer (page does not exist)">Hans Mazenauer</a> (1926–1927)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_Herzog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo Herzog (page does not exist)">Hugo Herzog</a> (1927–1933)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_vom_Kothen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans vom Kothen (page does not exist)">Hans vom Kothen</a> (1933)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Klausner" title="Hubert Klausner">Hubert Klausner</a> (1933–1936)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Feistritzer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Feistritzer (page does not exist)">Peter Feistritzer</a> (1936–1938)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Klausner" title="Hubert Klausner">Hubert Klausner</a> (1938–1939)<br /><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kutschera" title="Franz Kutschera">Franz Kutschera</a> (1939–1941)<br /><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Rainer" title="Friedrich Rainer">Friedrich Rainer</a> from 27 November 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_K%C3%B6ln-Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau Köln-Aachen">Köln-Aachen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ln" class="mw-redirect" title="Köln">Köln</a></td> <td>8,162</td> <td>2,432,095</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Groh%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Grohé">Joseph Grohé</a> from 1 June 1931 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Kurhessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau Kurhessen">Kurhessen</a>, renaming of Gau Hessen-Nord 1934</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a></td> <td>9,200</td> <td>971,887</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walter_Schultz_(Gauleiter)" title="Walter Schultz (Gauleiter)">Walter Schultz</a> (1925–1928)<br /><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weinrich" title="Karl Weinrich">Karl Weinrich</a> (1928–1943)<br /><a href="/wiki/Karl_Gerland" title="Karl Gerland">Karl Gerland</a> from 6 November 1943 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Magdeburg-Anhalt" title="Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt">Magdeburg-Anhalt</a>, renaming of Gau Anhalt-Provinz Sachsen Nord 1 October 1928</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dessau" title="Dessau">Dessau</a></td> <td>13,910</td> <td>1,820,416</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Hermann_Schmischke" title="Gustav Hermann Schmischke">Gustav Hermann Schmischke</a> (1926–1927) <br /><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Friedrich_Loeper" title="Wilhelm Friedrich Loeper">Wilhelm Friedrich Loeper</a> (1927–1935) with a short replacement by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hofmann_(Gauleiter)" title="Paul Hofmann (Gauleiter)">Paul Hofmann</a> from August to December 1932<br /><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Albrecht_Eggeling" title="Joachim Albrecht Eggeling">Joachim Albrecht Eggeling</a> (1935–1937)<br /><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jordan_(politician)" title="Rudolf Jordan (politician)">Rudolf Jordan</a> from 20 April 1937 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Mainfranken" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau Mainfranken">Mainfranken</a>, renaming of Gau Unterfranken 30 July 1935</td> <td><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a></td> <td>8,432</td> <td>840,663</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_Hellmuth" title="Otto Hellmuth">Otto Hellmuth</a> from 1 October 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_March_of_Brandenburg" title="Gau March of Brandenburg">Mark Brandenburg</a>, renaming of<br />Gau Kurmark 1 January 1939</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td>38,278</td> <td>3,007,933</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kube" title="Wilhelm Kube">Wilhelm Kube</a> (1933–1936)<br /><a href="/wiki/Emil_St%C3%BCrtz" title="Emil Stürtz">Emil Stürtz</a> from 7 August 1936 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Mecklenburg" title="Gau Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>, renaming of<br />Gau Mecklenburg-Lübeck 1 April 1937</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></td> <td>15,722</td> <td>900,427</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hildebrandt" title="Friedrich Hildebrandt">Friedrich Hildebrandt</a> from 1925 with a short replacement by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Albrecht" title="Herbert Albrecht">Herbert Albrecht</a> (July 1930 – January 1931) </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Moselland" title="Gau Moselland">Moselland</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Koblenz" title="Koblenz">Koblenz</a></td> <td>11,876</td> <td>1,367,354</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Simon" title="Gustav Simon">Gustav Simon</a> from 24 January 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_M%C3%BCnchen-Oberbayern" class="mw-redirect" title="Gau München-Oberbayern">München-Oberbayern</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></td> <td>16,411</td> <td>1,938,447</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Wagner" title="Adolf Wagner">Adolf Wagner</a> (1930–1944)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_Giesler" title="Paul Giesler">Paul Giesler</a> from 12 April 1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Niederdonau" title="Reichsgau Niederdonau">Niederdonau</a>, renaming of<br />Gau Niederösterreich 21 May 1938</td> <td>Nominal capital: <a href="/wiki/Krems_an_der_Donau" title="Krems an der Donau">Krems</a>, District Headquarters: <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></td> <td>23,502</td> <td>1,697,676</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Eder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopold Eder (page does not exist)">Leopold Eder</a> (1926–1927)<br /><a href="/wiki/Josef_Leopold" title="Josef Leopold">Josef Leopold</a> (1927–1938)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Jury" title="Hugo Jury">Hugo Jury</a> from 21 May 1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Lower_Silesia" title="Gau Lower Silesia">Niederschlesien</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Breslau" class="mw-redirect" title="Breslau">Breslau</a></td> <td>26,985</td> <td>3,286,539</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a> from 27 January 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Oberdonau" title="Reichsgau Oberdonau">Oberdonau</a>, renaming of<br />Gau Oberösterreich 22 May 1938</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></td> <td>14,216</td> <td>1,034,871</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Proksch_(politician)" title="Alfred Proksch (politician)">Alfred Proksch</a> (1926–1927) <br /><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Bolek" title="Andreas Bolek">Andreas Bolek</a> (1927–1934)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Lengauer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Lengauer (page does not exist)">Rudolf Lengauer</a> (1934–1935)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oscar_Hinterleitner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oscar Hinterleitner (page does not exist)">Oscar Hinterleitner</a> (1935)<br /><a href="/wiki/August_Eigruber" title="August Eigruber">August Eigruber</a> from 22 May 1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Upper_Silesia" title="Gau Upper Silesia">Oberschlesien</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kattowitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kattowitz">Kattowitz</a></td> <td>20,636</td> <td>4,341,084</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Bracht" title="Fritz Bracht">Fritz Bracht</a> from 27 January 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Eastern_Hanover" title="Gau Eastern Hanover">Ost-Hannover</a>, renaming of<br />Gau Lüneburg-Stade 1 October 1928</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Buchholz_in_der_Nordheide" title="Buchholz in der Nordheide">Buchholz</a>, after 1 April 1937 <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></td> <td>18,006</td> <td>1,060,509</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otto_Telschow" title="Otto Telschow">Otto Telschow</a> from 27 March 1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_East_Prussia" title="Gau East Prussia">Ostpreußen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a></td> <td>52,731</td> <td>3,336,777</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stich_(Gauleiter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Stich (Gauleiter)">Wilhelm Stich</a> (1925–1926)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gustav_Scherwitz" title="Bruno Gustav Scherwitz">Bruno Gustav Scherwitz</a> (1926–1927)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hans_Albert_Hohnfeldt" title="Hans Albert Hohnfeldt">Hans Albert Hohnfeldt</a> (1927–1928)<br /><a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch" title="Erich Koch">Erich Koch</a> from 1 October 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Pomerania" title="Gau Pomerania">Pommern</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a></td> <td>38,409</td> <td>2,393,844</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Vahlen" title="Theodor Vahlen">Theodor Vahlen</a> (1925–1927)<br /><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_Corswant" title="Walther von Corswant">Walther von Corswant</a> (1927–1931)<br /><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Karpenstein" title="Wilhelm Karpenstein">Wilhelm Karpenstein</a> (1931–1934)<br /><a href="/wiki/Franz_Schwede-Coburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Schwede-Coburg">Franz Schwede-Coburg</a> from 21 July 1934 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Saxony" title="Gau Saxony">Sachsen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></td> <td>14,995</td> <td>5,231,739</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_Mutschmann" title="Martin Mutschmann">Martin Mutschmann</a> from 27 March 1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Salzburg" title="Reichsgau Salzburg">Salzburg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></td> <td>7,153</td> <td>257,226</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Scharizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Scharizer (page does not exist)">Karl Scharizer</a> (1932–1934)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Wintersteiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Wintersteiger (page does not exist)">Anton Wintersteiger</a> (1934–1938)<br /><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Rainer" title="Friedrich Rainer">Friedrich Rainer</a> (1938–1941)<br /><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Adolf_Scheel" title="Gustav Adolf Scheel">Gustav Adolf Scheel</a> from 27 November 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Gau Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></td> <td>15,687</td> <td>1,589,267</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinrich_Lohse" title="Hinrich Lohse">Hinrich Lohse</a> from 27 March 1925 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Swabia" title="Gau Swabia">Schwaben</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></td> <td>10,231</td> <td>946,212</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wahl" title="Karl Wahl">Karl Wahl</a> from 1 October 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Steiermark" title="Reichsgau Steiermark">Steiermark</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></td> <td>17,384</td> <td>1,116,407</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Walther_Oberhaidacher" title="Walther Oberhaidacher">Walther Oberhaidacher</a> (1928–1934)<br /><a href="/wiki/Georg_Bilgeri" title="Georg Bilgeri">Georg Bilgeri</a> (1934–1935)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sepp_Helfrich" title="Sepp Helfrich">Sepp Helfrich</a> (1936–1938)<br /><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Uiberreither" title="Siegfried Uiberreither">Siegfried Uiberreither</a> from 25 May 1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland" title="Reichsgau Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a> (also known as Sudetengau)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Reichenberg</a></td> <td>22,608</td> <td>2,943,187</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Henlein" title="Konrad Henlein">Konrad Henlein</a> from 1 October 1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Southern_Hanover-Brunswick" title="Gau Southern Hanover-Brunswick">Südhannover-Braunschweig</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hannover</a></td> <td>14,553</td> <td>2,136,961</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a> (1928–1940)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hartmann_Lauterbacher" title="Hartmann Lauterbacher">Hartmann Lauterbacher</a> from 8 December 1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Thuringia" title="Gau Thuringia">Thüringen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weimar" title="Weimar">Weimar</a></td> <td>15,763</td> <td>2,446,182</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artur_Dinter" title="Artur Dinter">Artur Dinter</a> (1925–1927)<br /><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sauckel" title="Fritz Sauckel">Fritz Sauckel</a> from 30 September 1927 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Tirol-Vorarlberg" title="Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg">Tirol-Vorarlberg</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></td> <td>13,126</td> <td>486,400</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franz_Hofer" title="Franz Hofer">Franz Hofer</a> from 25 May 1938 </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Wartheland</a> (also known as Warthegau), renaming of Gau Posen (29 January 1940)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84" title="Poznań">Posen</a></td> <td>43,905</td> <td>4,693,722</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Karl_Greiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Karl Greiser">Arthur Karl Greiser</a> from 21 October 1939 </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Weser-Ems" title="Gau Weser-Ems">Weser-Ems</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a></td> <td>15,044</td> <td>1,839,302</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carl_R%C3%B6ver" title="Carl Röver">Carl Röver</a> (1928–1942)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wegener_(Gauleiter)" title="Paul Wegener (Gauleiter)">Paul Wegener</a> from 26 May 1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-North" title="Gau Westphalia-North">Westfalen-Nord</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></td> <td>14,559</td> <td>2,822,603</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Meyer" title="Alfred Meyer">Alfred Meyer</a> from 31 January 1931 </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-South" title="Gau Westphalia-South">Westfalen-Süd</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bochum" title="Bochum">Bochum</a></td> <td>7,656</td> <td>2,678,026</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Josef_Wagner_(Nazi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Wagner (Nazi)">Josef Wagner</a> (1931–1941)<br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_Giesler" title="Paul Giesler">Paul Giesler</a> (1941–1943)<br /><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hoffmann_(Nazi)" title="Albert Hoffmann (Nazi)">Albert Hoffmann</a> from 26 January 1943 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westmark" title="Gau Westmark">Westmark</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></td> <td>14,713</td> <td>1,892,240</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BCrckel" title="Josef Bürckel">Josef Bürckel</a> (1940–1944)<br /><a href="/wiki/Willi_St%C3%B6hr" title="Willi Stöhr">Willi Stöhr</a> from 29 September 1944 </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wien" title="Reichsgau Wien">Wien</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></td> <td>1,216</td> <td>1,929,976</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Rentmeister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Rentmeister (page does not exist)">Walter Rentmeister</a> (1926–1928)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eugen_Werkowitsch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eugen Werkowitsch (page does not exist)">Eugen Werkowitsch</a> (1928–1929)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Derda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Derda (page does not exist)">Robert Derda</a> (1929) <br /><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Frauenfeld" title="Alfred Frauenfeld">Alfred Frauenfeld</a> (1930–1933)<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopold_Tavs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopold Tavs (page does not exist)">Leopold Tavs</a> (1937–1938)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Odilo_Globocnik" title="Odilo Globocnik">Odilo Globocnik</a> (1938–1939)<br /><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BCrckel" title="Josef Bürckel">Josef Bürckel</a> (1939–1940)<br /><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a> from 8 August 1940 </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gau_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Gau Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></td> <td>20,657</td> <td>2,974,373</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Munder" title="Eugen Munder">Eugen Munder</a> (1925–1928)<br /><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Murr" title="Wilhelm Murr">Wilhelm Murr</a> from 1 February 1928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">Auslandsorganisation</a> (also known as NSDAP/AO)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hans_Nieland" title="Hans Nieland">Hans Nieland</a> (1932–1933)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Wilhelm_Bohle" title="Ernst Wilhelm Bohle">Ernst Wilhelm Bohle</a> from 17 February 1934 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Later Gaue: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Flandern" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Flandern">Flanders</a>, existed from 15 December 1944 (<i>Gauleiter</i> in German exile: <a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">Jef van de Wiele</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wallonien" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Wallonien">Wallonia</a>, existed from 8 December 1944 (<i>Gauleiter</i> in German exile: <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a>)</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaue_dissolved_before_1945"><i>Gaue</i> dissolved before 1945</h3></div> <p>The numbering is not based on any official former ranking, but merely listed alphabetically. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gaue</i></span> that were simply renamed without territorial changes bear the designation <i><b>RN</b></i> in the column "later became." <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gaue</i></span> that were divided into more than one <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gau</i></span> bear the designation <i><b>D</b></i> in the column "later became." <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gaue</i></span> that were merged with other <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gaue</i></span> (or occupied territory) bear the designation <i><b>M</b></i> in the column "together with." </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border-collapse:collapse"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Number">Nr.</abbr> </th> <th>Gau </th> <th>in existence </th> <th>later became </th> <th>together with </th> <th>Gauleiter </th></tr> <tr> <td>01</td> <td>Anhalt</td> <td>1925–1926</td> <td>Anhalt-Provinz Sachsen Nord<br />(1 September 1926)</td> <td>Magdeburg & Elbe-Havel <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 17 July 1925 to 1 September 1926 <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Hermann_Schmischke" title="Gustav Hermann Schmischke">Gustav Hermann Schmischke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>02</td> <td>Anhalt-Provinz Sachsen Nord</td> <td>1926–1928</td> <td>Magdeburg-Anhalt<br />(1 October 1928) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>see above table </td></tr> <tr> <td>03</td> <td>Baden</td> <td>1925–1941</td> <td>Baden-Elsaß<br />(22 March 1941)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine#World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace</a> <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 25 March 1925 to 22 March 1941 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Heinrich_Wagner" title="Robert Heinrich Wagner">Robert Heinrich Wagner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>04</td> <td>Bayerische Ostmark</td> <td>1933–1942</td> <td>Bayreuth<br />(2 June 1942) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>see above table </td></tr> <tr> <td>05</td> <td>Berlin-Brandenburg</td> <td>1926–1928</td> <td>Berlin &<br />Brandenburg (II)<br />(1 October 1928) <i><b>D</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 26 October 1926 to 1 October 1928 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>06</td> <td>Brandenburg (I)</td> <td>1925–1926</td> <td>Potsdam<br />(February 1926) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 5 November 1925 to February 1926 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Klaunig" title="Walter Klaunig">Walter Klaunig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>07</td> <td>Brandenburg (II)</td> <td>1928–1933</td> <td>Kurmark<br />(6 March 1933)</td> <td>Ostmark <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 1 October 1928 to 1930 <a href="/wiki/Emil_Holtz" title="Emil Holtz">Emil Holtz</a>, then from 18 October 1930 to 16 March 1933 <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Schlange" title="Ernst Schlange">Ernst Schlange</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>08</td> <td>Burgenland</td> <td>1935–1938</td> <td>Niederdonau & Steiermark<br />(1 October 1938) <i><b>D</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from May 1935 to 1 October 1938 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Portschy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobias Portschy (page does not exist)">Tobias Portschy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>09</td> <td>Danzig</td> <td>1926–1939</td> <td>Danzig-Westpreußen<br />(10 October 1939)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pomeranian_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Pomeranian Voivodeship (1919–1939)">Westpreußen</a> <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 11 March 1926 to 20 June 1928 <a href="/wiki/Hans_Albert_Hohnfeldt" title="Hans Albert Hohnfeldt">Hans Albert Hohnfeldt</a>, then from 20 August 1928 to 1 March 1929 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Maass" title="Walter Maass">Walter Maass</a>, then from 1 March 1929 to 30 September 1930 <a href="/wiki/Erich_Koch" title="Erich Koch">Erich Koch</a>, then from 15 October 1930 to 10 October 1939 <a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Albert Forster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Elbe-Havel</td> <td>1925–1926</td> <td>Anhalt-Provinz Sachsen Nord<br />(1 September 1926)</td> <td>Anhalt & Magdeburg <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 25 November 1925 to 1 September 1926 <a href="/wiki/Alois_Bachschmid" title="Alois Bachschmid">Alois Bachschmid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Göttingen</td> <td>1925</td> <td>Hannover-Süd<br />(December 1925) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 27 March 1925 to December 1925 <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_Haase" title="Ludolf Haase">Ludolf Haase</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Groß-Berlin</td> <td>1925–1926</td> <td>Berlin-Brandenburg<br />(26 October 1926)</td> <td>Potsdam <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 27 March 1925 to 20 June 1926 <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Schlange" title="Ernst Schlange">Ernst Schlange</a>, then from 20 June 1926 to 26 October 1926 <a href="/wiki/Erich_Schmiedicke" title="Erich Schmiedicke">Erich Schmiedicke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Groß-München ("Traditionsgau")</td> <td>1929–1930</td> <td>München-Oberbayern<br />(15 November 1930)</td> <td>Oberbayern <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 1 November 1929 to 15 November 1930 <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Wagner" title="Adolf Wagner">Adolf Wagner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Hannover-Braunschweig</td> <td>1925</td> <td>Hannover-Nord<br />(December 1925) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 22 March 1925 to December 1925 <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>Hannover-Nord</td> <td>1925–1928</td> <td>Süd-Hannover-Braunschweig &<br /> Weser Ems<br />(1 October 1928) <i><b>D</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from December 1925 to 30 September 1928 <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Hannover-Süd</td> <td>1925–1928</td> <td>Süd-Hannover-Braunschweig<br />(1 October 1928)</td> <td>Hannover-Nord <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from December 1925 to 30 September 1928 <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_Haase" title="Ludolf Haase">Ludolf Haase</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Harzgau</td> <td>1925–1926</td> <td>Magdeburg<br />(April 1926) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from August 1925 to April 1926 <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Viereck" title="Ludwig Viereck">Ludwig Viereck</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Hessen-Darmstadt</td> <td>1927–1933</td> <td>Hessen-Nassau<br />(1 January 1933)</td> <td>Hessen-Nassau-Süd <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 1 March 1927 to 9 January 1931 <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ringshausen" title="Friedrich Ringshausen">Friedrich Ringshausen</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gemeinder" title="Peter Gemeinder">Peter Gemeinder</a> to 30 August 1931, then <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lenz" title="Karl Lenz">Karl Lenz</a> to 15 December 1932 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Hessen-Nassau-Nord</td> <td>1925–1934</td> <td>Kurhessen<br />(1934) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>see above table </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Hessen-Nassau-Süd</td> <td>1925–1932</td> <td>Hessen-Nassau<br />(1 January 1933)</td> <td>Hessen-Darmstadt <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 1 April 1925 to 22 September 1926 <a href="/wiki/Anton_Haselmayer" title="Anton Haselmayer">Anton Haselmayer</a>, then from 1 October 1926 to 1 April 1927 <a href="/wiki/Karl_Linder" title="Karl Linder">Karl Linder</a>, then from 1 April 1927 to 1 January 1933 <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Sprenger" title="Jakob Sprenger">Jakob Sprenger</a> with a short replacement by Karl Linder (August 1932 – December 1932) </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>Koblenz-Trier</td> <td>1931–1941</td> <td>Moselland<br />(24 January 1941)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a> <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 1 June 1931 to 24 January 1941 <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Simon" title="Gustav Simon">Gustav Simon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td>Köln</td> <td>1925</td> <td>Rhineland-Süd<br />(27 March 1925) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 22 February 1925 to 27 March 1925 <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Haake" title="Heinrich Haake">Heinrich Haake</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>Kurmark</td> <td>1933–1939</td> <td>Mark Brandenburg<br />(1 January 1939) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>see above table </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td>Lüneburg-Stade</td> <td>1925–1928</td> <td>Ost-Hannover<br />(1 October 1928) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>see above table </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td>Magdeburg</td> <td>1926</td> <td>Anhalt-Provinz Sachsen Nord<br />(1 September 1926)</td> <td>Anhalt &<br />Elbe-Havel <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from April 1926 to 1 September 1926 <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Viereck" title="Ludwig Viereck">Ludwig Viereck</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td>Mecklenburg-Lübeck</td> <td>1925– 1937</td> <td>Mecklenburg<br />(1 April 1937) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>see above table </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td>Mittelfranken</td> <td>1929–1933</td> <td>Franken<br />(21 April 1933) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>see above table </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td>Mittelfranken-West</td> <td>1928–1929</td> <td>Mittelfranken<br />(1 March 1929)</td> <td>Nürnburg-Fürth-Erlangen <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 1 October 1928 to 1 March 1929 <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm_(Nazi_politician)" title="Wilhelm Grimm (Nazi politician)">Wilhelm Grimm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td>Niederbayern (I)</td> <td>1925–1926</td> <td>Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (I)<br />(December 1926)</td> <td>Oberpfalz (I) <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from February 1925 to December 1926 <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>Niederbayern (II)</td> <td>1928–1932</td> <td>Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (II)<br />(1 April 1932)</td> <td>Oberpfalz (II) <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 1 October 1928 to 1 March 1929 <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a>, then from 1 March 1929 to 1 April 1932 <a href="/wiki/Otto_Erbersdobler" title="Otto Erbersdobler">Otto Erbersdobler</a>, then from 1 April 1932 to 17 August 1932 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Maierhofer" title="Franz Maierhofer">Franz Maierhofer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td>Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (I)</td> <td>1926–1928</td> <td>Oberpfalz (II) & Niederbayern (II)<br />(1 October 1928) <i><b>D</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from December 1926 to 1 October 1928 <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (II)</td> <td>1932–1933</td> <td>Bayerische Ostmark<br />(19 January 1933)</td> <td>Oberfranken <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 17 August 1932 to 13 January 1933 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Maierhofer" title="Franz Maierhofer">Franz Maierhofer</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>Niederösterreich</td> <td>1926–1938</td> <td>Niederdonau<br />(21 May 1938) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>see above table </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td>Nordbayern</td> <td>1925–1928</td> <td>Mittelfranken-West,<br />Nürnburg-Fürth, Oberfranken & Unterfranken<br />(1 October 1928) <i><b>D</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 2 April 1925 to 1 October 1928 <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td>Nürnburg-Fürth-Erlangen</td> <td>1925–1929</td> <td>Mittelfranken<br />(1 March 1929)</td> <td>Mittelfranken-West <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 2 April 1925 to 1 March 1929 <a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td>Oberbayern</td> <td>1928–1930</td> <td>München-Oberbayern<br />(15 November 1930)</td> <td>Groß-München <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 1 October 1928 to 1 November 1930 <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reinhardt" title="Fritz Reinhardt">Fritz Reinhardt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td>Oberbayern-Schwaben</td> <td>1926–1928</td> <td>Oberbayern & Schwaben<br />(1 October 1928) <i><b>D</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 16 September 1926 to May 1927 <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Hermann Esser</a>, then from 1 June 1928 to 1 October 1928 <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Reinhardt" title="Fritz Reinhardt">Fritz Reinhardt</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td>Oberfranken</td> <td>1929–1933</td> <td>Bayerische Ostmark<br />(19 January 1933)</td> <td>Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (II) <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 1 March 1929 to 19 January 1933 <a href="/wiki/Hans_Schemm" title="Hans Schemm">Hans Schemm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td>Oberösterreich</td> <td>1926–1938</td> <td>Oberdonau<br />(22 May 1938) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>see above table </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td>Oberpfalz (I)</td> <td>1925–1926</td> <td>Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (I)<br />(December 1926)</td> <td>Niederbayern (I) <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td>Oberpfalz (II)</td> <td>1928–1932</td> <td>Niederbayern-Oberpfalz (II)<br />(17 August 1932)</td> <td>Niederbayern (II) <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 1 October 1928 to 1 November 1929 <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Wagner" title="Adolf Wagner">Adolf Wagner</a>, then from 1 November 1929 to June 1930 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Maierhofer" title="Franz Maierhofer">Franz Maierhofer</a>, then from June 1930 to November 1930 <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Heines" title="Edmund Heines">Edmund Heines</a>, then from 15 November 1930 to 17 August 1932 Franz Maierhofer </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td>Ostmark</td> <td>1928–1933</td> <td>Kurmark<br />(6 March 1933)</td> <td>Brandenburg (II) <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 2 January 1928 to 6 March 1933 <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Kube" title="Wilhelm Kube">Wilhelm Kube</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td>Ostsachsen</td> <td>1925–1926</td> <td>Sachsen<br />( 16 May 1926)</td> <td>Sachsen <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 22 May 1925 to 16 May 1926 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Goss&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Goss (page does not exist)">Anton Goss</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>Pfalz-Saar</td> <td>1935–1936</td> <td>Saarpfalz<br />(13 January 1936) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 1 March 1935 to 13 January 1936 <a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BCrckel" title="Josef Bürckel">Josef Bürckel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>Posen</td> <td>1939–1940</td> <td>Wartheland<br />(29 January 1940) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>see above table </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td>Potsdam</td> <td>1926</td> <td>Berlin-Brandenburg<br />(26 October 1926)</td> <td>Groß-Berlin <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from February to June 1926 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Klaunig" title="Walter Klaunig">Walter Klaunig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td>Rheinland</td> <td>1926–1931</td> <td>Köln-Aachen & <br />Koblenz-Trier<br />(1 June 1931) <i><b>D</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from July 1926 to 1 June 1931 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td>Rheinland-Nord</td> <td>1925–1926</td> <td>Ruhr<br />(7 March 1926)</td> <td>Westfalen (I) <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from March 1925 to July 1925 <a href="/wiki/Axel_Ripke" title="Axel Ripke">Axel Ripke</a>, then from July 1925 to 7 March 1926 <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kaufmann" title="Karl Kaufmann">Karl Kaufmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td>Rheinland-Süd</td> <td>1925–1926</td> <td>Rhineland<br />(July 1926) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>27 March 1925 to 1 June 1925 <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Haake" title="Heinrich Haake">Heinrich Haake</a>, then from July 1925 to July 1926 <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>Rheinpfalz</td> <td>1925–1935</td> <td>Pfalz-Saar<br />(1 March 1935)</td> <td>Saar <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from February 1925 to 13 March 1926 <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wambsganss" title="Friedrich Wambsganss">Friedrich Wambsganss</a>, then from February 1926 to 1 March 1935 <a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BCrckel" title="Josef Bürckel">Josef Bürckel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td>Rhein-Ruhr</td> <td>1926</td> <td>Ruhr<br />(July 1926) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 7 March 1926 to 20 June 1926 <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kaufmann" title="Karl Kaufmann">Karl Kaufmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td>Ruhr<br />("Großgau Ruhr")</td> <td>1926–1928</td> <td>Düsseldorf,<br /> Essen &<br />Westfalen (II)<br />(1 October 1928) <i><b>D</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 20 June 1926 to 1 October 1928 <a href="/wiki/Karl_Kaufmann" title="Karl Kaufmann">Karl Kaufmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td>Saar</td> <td>1926–1935</td> <td>Pfalz-Saar<br />(1 March 1935)</td> <td>Rheinpfalz <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 30 May 1926 to 8 December 1926 <a href="/wiki/Walter_Jung_(Gauleiter)" title="Walter Jung (Gauleiter)">Walter Jung</a>, then from 8 December 1926 to 21 April 1929 <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Jung" title="Jakob Jung">Jakob Jung</a>, then from 21 April 1929 to 30 July 1929 <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Staebe" title="Gustav Staebe">Gustav Staebe</a> (acting), then from 30 July 1929 to 1 September 1931 <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Ehrecke" title="Adolf Ehrecke">Adolf Ehrecke</a>, then from 15 September 1931 to 6 May 1933 <a href="/wiki/Karl_Br%C3%BCck" title="Karl Brück">Karl Brück</a>, then from 6 May 1933 to 1 March 1935 <a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BCrckel" title="Josef Bürckel">Josef Bürckel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td>Saarpfalz</td> <td>1936–1940</td> <td>Westmark<br />(7 December 1940)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine#World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Lorraine</a> <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 13 January 1936 to 7 December 1940 <a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BCrckel" title="Josef Bürckel">Josef Bürckel</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td>Schlesien</td> <td>1935–1941</td> <td>Niederschlesien &<br /> Oberschlesien<br />(27 January 1941) <i><b>D</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 15 March 1925 to 4 December 1934 <a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Br%C3%BCckner" title="Helmuth Brückner">Helmuth Brückner</a>, then from 12 December 1934 to 9 January 1941 <a href="/wiki/Josef_Wagner_(Gauleiter)" title="Josef Wagner (Gauleiter)">Josef Wagner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td>Tirol</td> <td>1932–1938</td> <td>Tirol-Vorarlberg<br />(22 May 1938)</td> <td>Vorarlberg <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 1 November 1932 to July 1934 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hofer" title="Franz Hofer">Franz Hofer</a>, then from 28 July 1934 to 1 February 1935 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Friedrich_Plattner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friedrich Plattner (page does not exist)">Friedrich Plattner</a>, then from 15 August 1935 to 11 March 1938 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edmund_Christoph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edmund Christoph (page does not exist)">Edmund Christoph</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td>Unterfranken</td> <td>1928–1935</td> <td>Mainfranken<br />(30 July 1935) <i><b>RN</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>see above table </td></tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td>Vorarlberg</td> <td>1932–1938</td> <td>Tirol-Vorarlberg<br />(22 May 1938)</td> <td>Tirol <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 12 March 1938 to 22 May 1938 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Plankensteiner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Plankensteiner (page does not exist)">Anton Plankensteiner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td>Westfalen (I)</td> <td>1925–1926</td> <td>Ruhr<br />(7 March 1926)</td> <td>Rheinland-Nord <i><b>M</b></i></td> <td>from 27 March 1925 to 7 March 1926 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Pfeffer_von_Salomon" title="Franz Pfeffer von Salomon">Franz Pfeffer von Salomon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td>Westfalen (II)</td> <td>1928–1931</td> <td>Westfalen-Nord &<br /> Westfalen-Süd<br />(1 January 1931) <i><b>D</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 1 October 1928 to 1 January 1931 <a href="/wiki/Josef_Wagner_(Nazi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Wagner (Nazi)">Josef Wagner</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td>Westgau</td> <td>1928–1932</td> <td>Salzburg,<br />Tirol &<br />Vorarlberg<br />(1 July 1932) <i><b>D</b></i></td> <td></td> <td>from 1 October 1928 to 1931 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Suske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Suske (page does not exist)">Heinrich Suske</a>, then from 1931 to 1 July 1932 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Riedel_(Gauleiter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Riedel (Gauleiter) (page does not exist)">Rudolf Riedel</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associated_organisations_abroad">Associated organisations abroad</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gaue_in_Switzerland"><i>Gaue</i> in Switzerland</h4></div> <p>The irregular Swiss branch of the Nazi Party also established a number of Party <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gaue</i></span> in that country, most of them named after their regional capitals. These included <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gau <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Basel" title="Canton of Basel">Basel</a>-<a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Solothurn" title="Canton of Solothurn">Solothurn</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gau <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Schaffhausen" title="Canton of Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gau <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Luzern" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Luzern">Luzern</a></i></span>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gau <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Bern" title="Canton of Bern">Bern</a></i></span> and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gau <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Zürich">Zürich</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolf1969121,_253,_283_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolf1969121,_253,_283-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchom1998_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchom1998-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHistorischer_Verein_des_Kantons_Bern1973150_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistorischer_Verein_des_Kantons_Bern1973150-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Gau Ostschweiz</i></span> (East Switzerland) combined the territories of three cantons: <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_St._Gallen" title="Canton of St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Thurgau" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Thurgau">Thurgau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Appenzell" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Appenzell">Appenzell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlaus1969147_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlaus1969147-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_membership">General membership</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_members" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi Party members">List of Nazi Party members</a></div> <p>The general membership of the Nazi Party mainly consisted of the urban and rural <a href="/wiki/Lower_middle_class" title="Lower middle class">lower middle classes</a>. 7% belonged to the upper class, another 7% were <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>, 35% were industrial workers and 51% were what can be described as middle class. In early 1933, just before Hitler's appointment to the chancellorship, the party showed an under-representation of "workers", who made up 30% of the membership but 46% of German society. Conversely, white-collar employees (19% of members and 12% of Germans), the self-employed (20% of members and 10% of Germans) and civil servants (15% of members and 5% of the German population) had joined in proportions greater than their share of the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi200740_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi200740-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These members were affiliated with local branches of the party, of which there were 1,378 throughout the country in 1928. In 1932, the number had risen to 11,845, reflecting the party's growth in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanayi200740_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanayi200740-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When it came to power in 1933, the Nazi Party had over <span class="nowrap">2 million</span> members. In 1939, the membership total rose to 5.3 million with 81% being male and 19% being female. It continued to attract many more and by 1945 the party reached its peak of 8 million with 63% being male and 37% being female (about 10% of the German population of 80 million).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab201122,_23_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201122,_23-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_History_Place2015_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_History_Place2015-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_membership">Military membership</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">Nazism and the Wehrmacht</a></div> <p>Nazi members with military ambitions were encouraged to join the Waffen-SS, but a great number enlisted in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wehrmacht</i></span> and even more were drafted for service after World War II began. Early regulations required that all <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wehrmacht</i></span> members be non-political and any Nazi member joining in the 1930s was required to resign from the Nazi Party. </p><p>However, this regulation was soon waived and full Nazi Party members served in the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wehrmacht</i></span> in particular after the outbreak of World War II. The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Wehrmacht</i></span> Reserves also saw a high number of senior Nazis enlisting, with <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a> joining the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i></span>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Karl Hanke</a> who served in the army. </p><p>The British historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> wrote that junior officers in the army were inclined to be especially zealous National Socialists with a third of them having joined the Nazi Party by 1941. Reinforcing the work of the junior leaders were the National Socialist Leadership Guidance Officers, which were created with the purpose of indoctrinating the troops for the "war of extermination" against Soviet Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans198959_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans198959-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among higher-ranking officers, 29% were NSDAP members by 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartov198649_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartov198649-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_membership">Student membership</h3></div> <p>In 1926, the party formed a special division to engage the student population, known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a> (NSDStB). A group for university lecturers, the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_University_Lecturers%27_League" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist German University Lecturers' League">National Socialist German University Lecturers' League</a> (NSDDB), also existed until July 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_membership">Women membership</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/NS-Frauenschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="NS-Frauenschaft">National Socialist Women's League</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_wing" title="Women's wing">women's organization</a> of the party and by 1938 it had approximately 2 million members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership_outside_Germany">Membership outside Germany</h3></div> <p>Party members who lived outside Germany were pooled into the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Auslands-Organisation</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a>, "Foreign Organization"). The organisation was limited only to so-called "<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germans" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germans">Imperial Germans</a>" (citizens of the German Empire); and "Ethnic Germans" (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></i></span>), who did not hold German citizenship were not permitted to join. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Bene%C5%A1_decrees" title="Beneš decrees">Beneš decree</a> <a href="/wiki/Bene%C5%A1_decrees#List_of_decrees" title="Beneš decrees">No. 16/1945 Coll.</a>, in case of citizens of Czechoslovakia membership of the Nazi Party was punishable by between five and twenty years of imprisonment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deutsche_Gemeinschaft"><i>Deutsche Gemeinschaft</i></h4></div> <p><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Deutsche Gemeinschaft</i></span> was a branch of the Nazi Party founded in 1919, created for Germans with <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">Volksdeutsche</a></i></span> status.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMusiał2009_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMusiał2009-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not to be confused with the post-war right-wing <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Gemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Gemeinschaft">Deutsche Gemeinschaft</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Gemeinschaft_(Deutschland)" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Gemeinschaft (Deutschland)">de</a>]</span></i></span>, which was founded in 1949. </p><p>Notable members included:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosar1971?_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosar1971?-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Menghin" title="Oswald Menghin">Oswald Menghin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Neubacher" title="Hermann Neubacher">Hermann Neubacher</a> who was responsible for invading Yugoslavia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Much" title="Rudolf Much">Rudolf Much</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Sey%C3%9F-Inquart" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Seyß-Inquart">Arthur Seyß-Inquart</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Party_symbols">Party symbols</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Nazi flags</a>: The Nazi Party used a right-facing <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> as their symbol and the red and black colours were said to represent <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blut und Boden</a></i></span> ("blood and soil"). Another definition of the flag describes the colours as representing the ideology of National Socialism, the swastika representing the Aryan race and the Aryan nationalist agenda of the movement; white representing Aryan racial purity; and red representing the socialist agenda of the movement. Black, white and red were in fact the colours of the old <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> flag (invented by <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, based on the Prussian colours black and white and the red used by northern German states). In 1871, with the foundation of the German Reich the flag of the North German Confederation became the German <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Reichsflagge</i></span> ("Reich flag"). Black, white and red became the colours of the nationalists through the following history (for example <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>).</li></ul> <dl><dd>The <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_NSDAP_(1920%E2%80%931945).svg" title="File:Flag of the NSDAP (1920–1945).svg">Parteiflagge</a></i></span> design, with the centred swastika disc, served as the party flag from 1920. Between 1933 (when the Nazi Party came to power) and 1935, it was used as the National flag (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Nationalflagge</i></span>) and Merchant flag (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Handelsflagge</i></span>), but interchangeably with the <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(1933%E2%80%931935).svg" title="File:Flag of German Reich (1933–1935).svg">black-white-red horizontal tricolour</a>. In 1935, the black-white-red horizontal tricolour was scrapped (again) and the <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_German_Reich_(1935%E2%80%931945).svg" title="File:Flag of German Reich (1935–1945).svg">flag with the off-centre swastika and disc</a> was instituted as the national flag, and remained as such until 1945. The flag with the centred disk continued to be used after 1935, but exclusively as the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Parteiflagge</i></span>, the flag of the party.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">German eagle</a>: The Nazi Party used the traditional <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany" title="Coat of arms of Germany">German eagle</a>, standing atop of a swastika inside a wreath of oak leaves. It is also known as the "Iron Eagle". When the eagle is looking to its left shoulder, it symbolises the Nazi Party and was called the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Parteiadler</i></span>. In contrast, when the eagle is looking to its right shoulder, it symbolises the country (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></i></span>) and was therefore called the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsadler" title="Reichsadler">Reichsadler</a></i></span>. After the Nazi Party came to national power in Germany, they replaced the traditional version of the German eagle with the modified party symbol throughout the country and all its institutions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ranks_and_rank_insignia">Ranks and rank insignia</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party">Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party</a></div> <div class="center"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSDAP_Reihe1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/NSDAP_Reihe1.jpg" decoding="async" width="754" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>1: Anwärter (not party member), 2: Anwärter, 3: Helfer, 4: Oberhelfer, 5: Arbeitsleiter, 6: Oberarbeitsleiter, 7: Hauptarbeitsleiter, 8: Bereitschaftsleiter, 9: Oberbereitschaftsleiter, 10: Hauptbereitschaftsleiter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSDAP_Reihe2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/NSDAP_Reihe2.jpg" decoding="async" width="754" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>11: Einsatzleiter, 12: Obereinsatzleiter, 13: Haupteinsatzleiter, 14: Gemeinschaftsleiter, 15: Obergemeinschaftsleiter, 16: Hauptgemeinschaftsleiter, 17: Abschnittsleiter, 18: Oberabschnittsleiter, 19: Hauptabschnittsleiter</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NSDAP_Reihe3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/NSDAP_Reihe3.jpg" decoding="async" width="840" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>20: Bereichsleiter, 21: Oberbereichsleiter, 22: Hauptbereichsleiter, 23: Dienstleiter, 24: Oberdienstleiter, 25: Hauptdienstleiter, 26: Befehlsleiter, 27: Oberbefehlsleiter, 28: Hauptbefehlsleiter, 29: Gauleiter, 30: Reichsleiter</figcaption></figure> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slogans_and_songs">Slogans and songs</h2></div> <ul><li>Nazi slogans: "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sieg_Heil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sieg Heil">Sieg Heil</a>!</i></span>"; "<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_salute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler salute">Heil Hitler</a></i></span>"</li> <li>Nazi anthem: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></i></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_results">Election results</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_election_results" title="Nazi Party election results">Nazi Party election results</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_Reichstag">German Reichstag</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag (Weimar Republic)</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election year </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats won </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1928_German_federal_election" title="1928 German federal election">1928</a> </th> <td>810,127 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 491</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 2%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 12 </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1930_German_federal_election" title="1930 German federal election">1930</a> </th> <td>6,379,672 </td> <td>18.3 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">107 / 577</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 19%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 95 </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">July 1932</a> </th> <td>13,745,680 </td> <td>37.3 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">230 / 608</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 38%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 123 </td> <td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932</a> </th> <td>11,737,021 </td> <td>33.1 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">196 / 584</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 34%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 34 </td> <td align="left">Last free and fair election. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933</a> </th> <td>17,277,180 </td> <td>43.9 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">288 / 647</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 45%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 92 </td> <td align="left">Semi-free yet questionable election.<br />Last multi-party contested election. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/November_1933_German_parliamentary_election" title="November 1933 German parliamentary election">November 1933</a> </th> <td>39,655,224 </td> <td>92.1 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">661 / 661</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 373 </td> <td align="left">Sole legal party. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1936_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1936 German parliamentary election and referendum">1936</a> </th> <td>44,462,458 </td> <td>98.8 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">741 / 741</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 80 </td> <td align="left">Sole legal party. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1938_German_parliamentary_election_and_referendum" title="1938 German parliamentary election and referendum">1938</a> </th> <td>44,451,092 </td> <td>99.0 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">813 / 813</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 72 </td> <td align="left">Sole legal party. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_election">Presidential election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">President of Germany (1919–1945)</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election year </th> <th rowspan="2">Candidate </th> <th colspan="3">First round </th> <th colspan="3">Second round </th></tr> <tr> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Place </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Place </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1925_German_presidential_election" title="1925 German presidential election">1925</a> </th> <td colspan="4" align="center">endorsed <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a> (1.1%) </td> <td colspan="3" align="center">endorsed <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Hindenburg</a> (48.3%) </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1932_German_presidential_election" title="1932 German presidential election">1932</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> </td> <td>11,339,446 </td> <td>30.1 </td> <td>2nd </td> <td>13,418,547 </td> <td>36.8 </td> <td>2nd </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volkstag_of_Danzig">Volkstag of Danzig</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volkstag" title="Volkstag">Volkstag</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election year </th> <th>Votes </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats won </th> <th>+/– </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1927_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1927 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1927</a> </th> <td>1,483 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 72</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 1%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1930_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1930 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1930</a> </th> <td>32,457 </td> <td>16.4 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">12 / 72</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 17%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 11 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1933_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1933 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1933</a> </th> <td>107,331 </td> <td>50.1 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">38 / 72</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 53%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 26 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1935_Free_City_of_Danzig_parliamentary_election" title="1935 Free City of Danzig parliamentary election">1935</a> </th> <td>139,423 </td> <td>59.3 </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">43 / 72</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #964B00; color:inherit; width: 60%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td align="left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 5 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Business collaboration with Nazi Germany">Business collaboration with Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Nazi Germany">List of books about Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_involved_in_the_Holocaust" title="List of companies involved in the Holocaust">List of companies involved in the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">List of Nazi Party leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_suicides_in_1945_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany">Mass suicides in 1945 Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_(1926%E2%80%931941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)">Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a></i></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/21px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/42px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <p><b>Informational notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Officially called the "Reich Committee for the German People's Initiative against the Young Plan and the War Guilt Lie" (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dhm.de/lemo/kapitel/weimarer-republik/innenpolitik/volksentscheid-gegen-den-young-plan-1929.html">Reichsausschuß für die Deutsche Volksinitiative gegen den Young-Plan und die Kriegsschuldlüge</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">NA(H)T</span>-see</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪstɪʃə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈdɔʏtʃə<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈʔaʁbaɪtɐpaʁˌtaɪ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f2\/De-Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei.ogg\/De-Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/De-Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei.ogg/De-Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei.ogg" title="File:De-Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Sozialdemokrat</i></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[zoˈtsi̯aːldemoˌkʁaːt]</a></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrat</a>")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources say the name change happened on 1 April 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarruthers2015?_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarruthers2015?-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELepage20099_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELepage20099-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitler's original name suggested was the Social Revolutionary Party (German: <i lang="de">Sozialrevolutionäre Partei</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Social democracy is objectively the moderate wing of fascism. ... These organisations (ie Fascism and social democracy) are not antipodes, they are twins." (<a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">J.V. Stalin</a>: <i>Concerning the International Situation</i> (September 1924), in <i>Works</i>, Volume 6, 1953; p. 294.) This later led <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wille_Kuusinen" title="Otto Wille Kuusinen">Otto Wille Kuusinen</a> to conclude that "The aims of the fascists and the social-fascists are the same." (Report To the 10th Plenum of ECCI, in <i>International Press Correspondence</i>, Volume 9, no. 40, (20 August 1929), p. 848.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hitler stated: "Today our left-wing politicians in particular are constantly insisting that their craven-hearted and obsequious foreign policy necessarily results from the disarmament of Germany, whereas the truth is that this is the policy of traitors [...] But the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHitler2010287_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitler2010287-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 43rd <i>Gau</i> known as the <a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">Auslandsorganisation</a> was non-territorial.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998164–65-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1998164–65_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKershaw1998">Kershaw 1998</a>, pp. 164–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteves201028-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteves201028_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteves2010">Steves 2010</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. W. Mason, <i>Social Policy in the Third Reich: The Working Class and the "National Community", 1918–1939,</i> Oxford: UK, Berg Publishers, 1993, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab201122,_23-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab201122,_23_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab201122,_23_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcNab2011">McNab 2011</a>, pp. 22, 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1997241-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1997241_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1997">Davidson 1997</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrlow201029-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrlow201029_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrlow2010">Orlow 2010</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPfleiderer2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pfleiderer, Doris (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.landesarchiv-bw.de/sixcms/media.php/120/Archivnachrichten_35_Quellen_34_kl.pdf">"Volksbegehren und Volksentscheid gegen den Youngplan, in: Archivnachrichten 35 / 2007"</a> [Initiative and Referendum against the Young Plan, in: Archived News 35 / 2007] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg</i> (in German). p. 43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221204123216/https://www.landesarchiv-bw.de/sixcms/media.php/120/Archivnachrichten_35_Quellen_34_kl.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Landesarchiv+Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg&rft.atitle=Volksbegehren+und+Volksentscheid+gegen+den+Youngplan%2C+in%3A+Archivnachrichten+35+%2F+2007&rft.pages=43&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pfleiderer&rft.aufirst=Doris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.landesarchiv-bw.de%2Fsixcms%2Fmedia.php%2F120%2FArchivnachrichten_35_Quellen_34_kl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, Larry E. (Oct., 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27668122">"Nationalists, Nazis, and the Assault against Weimar: Revisiting the Harzburg Rally of October 1931"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230426042839/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27668122">Archived</a> 26 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>German Studies Review.</i> Vol. 29, No. 3. pp. 483–94. <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2003_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones2003">Jones 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFritzsche1998143,_185,_193,_204–05,_210-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFritzsche1998143,_185,_193,_204–05,_210_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFritzsche1998">Fritzsche 1998</a>, pp. 143, 185, 193, 204–05, 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwell1997" class="citation book cs1">Eatwell, Roger (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/37930848"><i>Fascism : a history</i></a>. New York: Penguin Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">xvii–</span>xxiv, 21, <span class="nowrap">26–</span>31, <span class="nowrap">114–</span>40, 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-025700-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-025700-4"><bdi>0-14-025700-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37930848">37930848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+%3A+a+history&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Exvii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxiv%2C+21%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E31%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E114-%3C%2Fspan%3E40%2C+352&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37930848&rft.isbn=0-14-025700-4&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F37930848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nazi-party-1">"The Nazi Party"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230131012931/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-nazi-party-1">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Nazi+Party&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fthe-nazi-party-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant200430–34,_44-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant200430–34,_44_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant2004">Grant 2004</a>, pp. 30–34, 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchell200847-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchell200847_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMitchell2008">Mitchell 2008</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay" class="citation web cs1">Ray, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/story/were-the-nazis-socialists">"Were the Nazis Socialists?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Were+the+Nazis+Socialists%3F&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fstory%2Fwere-the-nazis-socialists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonough200364-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonough200364_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonough2003">McDonough 2003</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer201339-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer201339_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMajer2013">Majer 2013</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWildt201296–97-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWildt201296–97_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWildt2012">Wildt 2012</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGigliottiLang200514-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGigliottiLang200514_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGigliottiLang2005">Gigliotti & Lang 2005</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2008318_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaier200432_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaier2004">Maier 2004</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElzer2003602-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElzer2003602_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElzer2003">Elzer 2003</a>, p. 602.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a26:00–31:04-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChilders2001a26:00–31:04_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChilders2001a">Childers 2001a</a>, 26:00–31:04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMautner194493–100-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMautner194493–100_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMautner194493–100_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMautner1944">Mautner 1944</a>, 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Aldine Transaction. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412846134" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412846134"><bdi>978-1412846134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Movement&rft.pub=Aldine+Transaction&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1412846134&rft.aulast=Abel&rft.aufirst=Theodore+Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArendt1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt, Hannah</a> (1951). <a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism"><i>The Origins of Totalitarianism</i></a>. London; New York; San Diego: Harvest Book. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52814049">52814049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Totalitarianism&rft.place=London%3B+New+York%3B+San+Diego&rft.pub=Harvest+Book&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52814049&rft.aulast=Arendt&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartov1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Omer_Bartov" title="Omer Bartov">Bartov, Omer</a> (1986). <i>The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312224868" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312224868"><bdi>978-0312224868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Front%2C+1941%E2%80%9345%3A+German+Troops+and+the+Barbarisation+of+Warfare&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0312224868&rft.aulast=Bartov&rft.aufirst=Omer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauerRozett1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Bauer" title="Yehuda Bauer">Bauer, Yehuda</a>; Rozett, Robert (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4/page/1797">"Appendix"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Israel_Gutman" title="Israel Gutman">Gutman, Israel</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</i>. New York: Macmillan Library Reference. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4/page/1797">1797–1802</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0028960904" title="Special:BookSources/0028960904"><bdi>0028960904</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1797-1802&rft.pub=Macmillan+Library+Reference&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0028960904&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Yehuda&rft.au=Rozett%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4%2Fpage%2F1797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2013" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Hermann (2013). <i>The Fateful Alliance: German Conservatives and Nazis in 1933: The </i>Machtergreifung<i> in a New Light</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857454102" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857454102"><bdi>978-0857454102</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fateful+Alliance%3A+German+Conservatives+and+Nazis+in+1933%3A+The+Machtergreifung+in+a+New+Light&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0857454102&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlamires2006" class="citation book cs1">Blamires, Cyprian P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA185"><i>World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576079409" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576079409"><bdi>978-1576079409</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622030210/http://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA185">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Fascism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1576079409&rft.aulast=Blamires&rft.aufirst=Cyprian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvD2rZSVau4C%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroszat1985" class="citation book cs1">Broszat, Martin (1985). <i>The Hitler State: The Foundation and Development of the Internal Structure of the Third Reich</i>. London and New York: Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hitler+State%3A+The+Foundation+and+Development+of+the+Internal+Structure+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Broszat&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurch1964" class="citation book cs1">Burch, Betty Brand (1964). <i>Dictatorship and Totalitarianism: Selected Readings</i>. Van Nostrand.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictatorship+and+Totalitarianism%3A+Selected+Readings&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Burch&rft.aufirst=Betty+Brand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlsten1982" class="citation book cs1">Carlsten, F. L. (1982). <i>The Rise of Fascism</i> (2nd ed.). University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520046436" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520046436"><bdi>978-0520046436</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Fascism&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0520046436&rft.aulast=Carlsten&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarruthers2015" class="citation book cs1">Carruthers, Bob (2015). <i>Hitler's Violent Youth: How Trench Warfare and Street Fighting Moulded Hitler</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books" title="Pen and Sword Books">Pen and Sword</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1473859647" title="Special:BookSources/978-1473859647"><bdi>978-1473859647</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Violent+Youth%3A+How+Trench+Warfare+and+Street+Fighting+Moulded+Hitler&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1473859647&rft.aulast=Carruthers&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilders2001a" class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Childers" title="Thomas Childers">Childers, Thomas</a> (2001a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wondrium.com/a-history-of-hitlers-empire-2nd-edition">"The Weimar Republic and the Rise of the Nazi Party"</a>. <i>A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition</i>. Episode 3. <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Courses" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Courses">The Great Courses</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327110328/https://www.wondrium.com/a-history-of-hitlers-empire-2nd-edition">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hitler%27s+Empire%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.series=Episode+3&rft.pub=The+Great+Courses&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Childers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wondrium.com%2Fa-history-of-hitlers-empire-2nd-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilders2001b" class="citation episode cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Childers" title="Thomas Childers">Childers, Thomas</a> (2001b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wondrium.com/a-history-of-hitlers-empire-2nd-edition">"The Twenties and the Great Depression"</a>. <i>A History of Hitler's Empire, 2nd Edition</i>. Episode 4. <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Courses" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Courses">The Great Courses</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230327110328/https://www.wondrium.com/a-history-of-hitlers-empire-2nd-edition">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Hitler%27s+Empire%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.series=Episode+4&rft.pub=The+Great+Courses&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Childers&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wondrium.com%2Fa-history-of-hitlers-empire-2nd-edition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCogen2016" class="citation book cs1">Cogen, Marc (2016). <i>Democracies and the Shock of War: The Law as a Battlefield</i>. Oxon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409443636" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409443636"><bdi>978-1409443636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracies+and+the+Shock+of+War%3A+The+Law+as+a+Battlefield&rft.place=Oxon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1409443636&rft.aulast=Cogen&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis1979" class="citation book cs1">Curtis, Michael (1979). <i>Totalitarianism</i>. New Brunswick (US); London: Transactions Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0878552887" title="Special:BookSources/978-0878552887"><bdi>978-0878552887</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarianism&rft.place=New+Brunswick+%28US%29%3B+London&rft.pub=Transactions+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0878552887&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1997" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Eugene (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JagUZcri3s8C&q=241"><i>The Making of Adolf Hitler: The Birth and Rise of Nazism</i></a>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826211170" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826211170"><bdi>978-0826211170</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927145845/https://books.google.com/books?id=JagUZcri3s8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Making+of+Adolf+Hitler:+The+Birth+and+Rise+of+Nazism&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bYqMUtqAEYyg7AbL14C4AQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=241&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Adolf+Hitler%3A+The+Birth+and+Rise+of+Nazism&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0826211170&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJagUZcri3s8C%26q%3D241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelarue2008" class="citation book cs1">Delarue, Jacques (2008). <i>The Gestapo: A History of Horror</i>. Frontline Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1602392465" title="Special:BookSources/978-1602392465"><bdi>978-1602392465</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gestapo%3A+A+History+of+Horror&rft.pub=Frontline+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1602392465&rft.aulast=Delarue&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomarus2007" class="citation book cs1">Domarus, Max (2007). Romane, Patrick (ed.). <i>The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary</i>. Bolchazy-Carducci Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865166271" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865166271"><bdi>978-0865166271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Hitler%3A+Speeches+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Pub.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0865166271&rft.aulast=Domarus&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwell1996" class="citation book cs1">Eatwell, Roger (1996). <i>Fascism, A History</i>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140257007" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140257007"><bdi>978-0140257007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%2C+A+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0140257007&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrenreich2007" class="citation book cs1">Ehrenreich, Eric (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naziancestralpro00ehre_0"><i>The Nazi Ancestral Proof: Genealogy, Racial Science, and the Final Solution</i></a></span>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253116871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253116871"><bdi>978-0253116871</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Ancestral+Proof%3A+Genealogy%2C+Racial+Science%2C+and+the+Final+Solution&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0253116871&rft.aulast=Ehrenreich&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaziancestralpro00ehre_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElzer2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Elzer, Herbert, ed. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P9JaIiRTPwQC&q=illegal"><i>Dokumente Zur Deutschlandpolitik</i></a>. Vol. First half band – Appendix B, Section XI, §39. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3486566679" title="Special:BookSources/3486566679"><bdi>3486566679</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151130163122/https://books.google.com/books?id=P9JaIiRTPwQC&printsec=frontcover&vq=to+be+illegal&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=illegal&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dokumente+Zur+Deutschlandpolitik&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftverlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3486566679&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP9JaIiRTPwQC%26q%3Dillegal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inhitlersshadow00rich"><i>In Hitler's Shadow West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape the Nazi Past</i></a> (f ed.). New York: Pantheon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394576862" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394576862"><bdi>978-0394576862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Hitler%27s+Shadow+West+German+Historians+and+the+Attempt+to+Escape+the+Nazi+Past&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=f&rft.pub=Pantheon&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0394576862&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finhitlersshadow00rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Coming_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coming of the Third Reich"><i>The Coming of the Third Reich</i></a>. New York; Toronto: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143034698" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143034698"><bdi>978-0143034698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0143034698&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe00evan"><i>The Third Reich in Power</i></a></span>. New York: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143037903" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143037903"><bdi>978-0143037903</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0143037903&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichinpowe00evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2008). <i>The Third Reich at War</i>. New York: Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143116714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143116714"><bdi>978-0143116714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0143116714&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2015). <i>The Third Reich in History and Memory</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190228392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190228392"><bdi>978-0190228392</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+History+and+Memory&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0190228392&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2008" class="citation book cs1">Farrell, Joseph (2008). <i>Nazi International: The Nazis' Postwar Plan to Control Finance, Conflict, Physics and Space</i>. Kempton, Illinois: SCB Distributors. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1931882934" title="Special:BookSources/978-1931882934"><bdi>978-1931882934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+International%3A+The+Nazis%27+Postwar+Plan+to+Control+Finance%2C+Conflict%2C+Physics+and+Space&rft.place=Kempton%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=SCB+Distributors&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1931882934&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFest1979" class="citation book cs1">Fest, Joachim (1979). <i>The Face of the Third Reich</i>. Penguin books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0201407143" title="Special:BookSources/978-0201407143"><bdi>978-0201407143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Face+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Penguin+books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0201407143&rft.aulast=Fest&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischel1998" class="citation book cs1">Fischel, Jack R. (1998). <i>The Holocaust</i>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313298793" title="Special:BookSources/0313298793"><bdi>0313298793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0313298793&rft.aulast=Fischel&rft.aufirst=Jack+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranz-Willing2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Franz-Willing, Georg (2001). <i>Die Hitler-Bewegung: 1925 bis 193</i> (in German). Deutsche Verlagsgesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3920722641" title="Special:BookSources/978-3920722641"><bdi>978-3920722641</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Hitler-Bewegung%3A+1925+bis+193&rft.pub=Deutsche+Verlagsgesellschaft&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3920722641&rft.aulast=Franz-Willing&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzsche1998" class="citation book cs1">Fritzsche, Peter (1998). <i>Germans into Nazis</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674350922" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674350922"><bdi>978-0674350922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germans+into+Nazis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0674350922&rft.aulast=Fritzsche&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman_Historical_Institute2008" class="citation web cs1">German Historical Institute (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150110001143/http://www.germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/map.cfm?map_id=2885">"Administrative Structure under National Socialism (1941)"</a>. Washington DC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org/map.cfm?map_id=2885">the original</a> on 10 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Administrative+Structure+under+National+Socialism+%281941%29&rft.place=Washington+DC&rft.date=2008&rft.au=German+Historical+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org%2Fmap.cfm%3Fmap_id%3D2885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGigliottiLang2005" class="citation book cs1">Gigliotti, Simone; Lang, Berel, eds. (2005). <i>The Holocaust: a reader</i>. Malden, Massachusetts; Oxford, England; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405114004" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405114004"><bdi>978-1405114004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust%3A+a+reader&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts%3B+Oxford%2C+England%3B+Carlton%2C+Victoria%2C+Australia&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1405114004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaus1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Glaus, Beat (1969). <i>Die Nationale front</i> (in German). Zürich.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Nationale+front&rft.pub=Z%C3%BCrich&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Glaus&rft.aufirst=Beat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldhagen1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldhagen" title="Daniel Goldhagen">Goldhagen, Daniel</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Willing_Executioners" title="Hitler's Willing Executioners"><i>Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaust</i></a>. New York: Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679446958" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679446958"><bdi>978-0679446958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Willing+Executioners%3A+Ordinary+Germans+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0679446958&rft.aulast=Goldhagen&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1984" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Sarah Ann (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlergermansjew0000gord/page/265"><i>Hitler, Germans, and the "Jewish Question"</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691101620" title="Special:BookSources/0691101620"><bdi>0691101620</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+Germans%2C+and+the+%22Jewish+Question%22&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0691101620&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlergermansjew0000gord%2Fpage%2F265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottliebMorgensen2007" class="citation book cs1">Gottlieb, Henrik; Morgensen, Jens Erik, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaggHAJ7jToC&pg=PA247"><i>Dictionary Visions, Research and Practice: Selected Papers from the 12th International Symposium on Lexicography, Copenhagen, 2004</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027223340" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027223340"><bdi>978-9027223340</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905170544/https://books.google.com/books?id=UaggHAJ7jToC&pg=PA247">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+Visions%2C+Research+and+Practice%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+12th+International+Symposium+on+Lexicography%2C+Copenhagen%2C+2004&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=J.+Benjamins+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9027223340&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaggHAJ7jToC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2004" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Thomas D. (2004). <i>Stormtroopers and Crisis in the Nazi Movement: Activism, Ideology and Dissolution</i>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415196024" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415196024"><bdi>978-0415196024</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stormtroopers+and+Crisis+in+the+Nazi+Movement%3A+Activism%2C+Ideology+and+Dissolution&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0415196024&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffen1995" class="citation book cs1">Griffen, Roger, ed. (1995). <i>Fascism</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192892492" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192892492"><bdi>978-0192892492</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0192892492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Griffin, Roger</a> (2000). "Revolution from the Right: Fascism". In Parker, David (ed.). <i>Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560–1991</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415172950" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415172950"><bdi>978-0415172950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolution+from+the+Right%3A+Fascism&rft.btitle=Revolutions+and+the+Revolutionary+Tradition+in+the+West+1560%E2%80%931991&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0415172950&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakim1995" class="citation book cs1">Hakim, Joy (1995). <i>A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195095146" title="Special:BookSources/0195095146"><bdi>0195095146</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Us%3A+War%2C+Peace+and+all+that+Jazz&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0195095146&rft.aulast=Hakim&rft.aufirst=Joy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Hancock" title="Ian Hancock">Hancock, Ian</a> (2004). "Romanies and the Holocaust: A Reevaluation and an Overview". In Stone, Dan (ed.). <i>The Historiography of the Holocaust</i>. New York; Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333997451" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333997451"><bdi>978-0333997451</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romanies+and+the+Holocaust%3A+A+Reevaluation+and+an+Overview&rft.btitle=The+Historiography+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York%3B+Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0333997451&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarpern.d." class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Nazi">"Nazi"</a>. <i>etymonline.com</i>. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134952/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Nazi">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Nazi&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DNazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistorischer_Verein_des_Kantons_Bern1973" class="citation book cs1">Historischer Verein des Kantons Bern (1973). <i>Archiv des Historischen Vereins des Kantons Bern, vol 57–60</i>. Stämpfliche Verlagshandlung.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archiv+des+Historischen+Vereins+des+Kantons+Bern%2C+vol+57%E2%80%9360&rft.pub=St%C3%A4mpfliche+Verlagshandlung&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Historischer+Verein+des+Kantons+Bern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_History_Place2015" class="citation web cs1">The History Place (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/specials/faq/">"German population in 1945"</a>. <i>The History Place</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150828050815/http://www.historyplace.com/specials/faq/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+Place&rft.atitle=German+population+in+1945&rft.date=2015&rft.au=The+History+Place&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Fspecials%2Ffaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitler1936" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler, Adolf</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DieRedendesFuehrersamParteitagderEhre1936"><i>Die Reden des Führers am Parteitag der Ehre, 1936</i></a> (in German). Munich: Zentralverlag der NSDAP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025035527/http://archive.org/details/DieRedendesFuehrersamParteitagderEhre1936">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>Parteigenossen! Parteigenossinnen! Nationalsozialisten!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Reden+des+F%C3%BChrers+am+Parteitag+der+Ehre%2C+1936&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Zentralverlag+der+NSDAP&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Hitler&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDieRedendesFuehrersamParteitagderEhre1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitler2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler, Adolf</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf"><i><span></span></i>Mein Kampf<i><span></span></i></a>. Bottom of the Hill Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935785071" title="Special:BookSources/978-1935785071"><bdi>978-1935785071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mein+Kampf&rft.pub=Bottom+of+the+Hill+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1935785071&rft.aulast=Hitler&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="citation web cs1">Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143">"Introduction to the Holocaust"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120630184902/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.au=Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöhne2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinz_H%C3%B6hne" title="Heinz Höhne">Höhne, Heinz</a> (2000) [1969]. <i>The Order of the Death's Head: The Story of Hitler's SS (Der Orden unter dem Totenkopf: Die Geschichte der SS)</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141390123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141390123"><bdi>978-0141390123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+the+Death%27s+Head%3A+The+Story+of+Hitler%27s+SS+%28Der+Orden+unter+dem+Totenkopf%3A+Die+Geschichte+der+SS%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0141390123&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6hne&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngrao2013" class="citation book cs1">Ingrao, Christian (2013). <i>Believe and Destroy: Intellectuals in the SS War Machine</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-7004-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-7004-1"><bdi>978-0-7456-7004-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Believe+and+Destroy%3A+Intellectuals+in+the+SS+War+Machine&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-7004-1&rft.aulast=Ingrao&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonsky1989" class="citation book cs1">Jablonsky, David (1989). <i>The Nazi Party in Dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotzeit, 1923–1925</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714633220" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714633220"><bdi>978-0714633220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Party+in+Dissolution%3A+Hitler+and+the+Verbotzeit%2C+1923%E2%80%931925&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0714633220&rft.aulast=Jablonsky&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaman1956" class="citation book cs1">Jaman, T. L. (1956). <i>The Rise and Fall of Nazi Germany</i>. New York: New York University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Jaman&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoachimsthaler1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Joachimsthaler" title="Anton Joachimsthaler">Joachimsthaler, Anton</a> (1999) [1995]. <i>The Last Days of Hitler: The Legends, the Evidence, the Truth</i>. Trans. Helmut Bögler. London: Brockhampton Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-902-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86019-902-8"><bdi>978-1-86019-902-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Hitler%3A+The+Legends%2C+the+Evidence%2C+the+Truth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brockhampton+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-86019-902-8&rft.aulast=Joachimsthaler&rft.aufirst=Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1984" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Paul (1984). <i>A History of the Modern World: From 1917 to the 1980s</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0297782261" title="Special:BookSources/978-0297782261"><bdi>978-0297782261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+World%3A+From+1917+to+the+1980s&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0297782261&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Jones, Daniel</a> (2003) [1917]. Roach, Peter; Hartmann, James; Setter, Jane (eds.). <i>English Pronouncing Dictionary</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3125396832" title="Special:BookSources/3125396832"><bdi>3125396832</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Pronouncing+Dictionary&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=3125396832&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudt2006" class="citation book cs1">Judt, Tony (2006). <i>Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945</i>. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440624766" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440624766"><bdi>978-1440624766</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postwar%3A+A+History+of+Europe+Since+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1440624766&rft.aulast=Judt&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJunker2004" class="citation book cs1">Junker, Detlef (2004). <i>The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945–1990: A Handbook, Volume 1</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521791120" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521791120"><bdi>978-0521791120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+Germany+in+the+Era+of+the+Cold+War%2C+1945%E2%80%931990%3A+A+Handbook%2C+Volume+1&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521791120&rft.aulast=Junker&rft.aufirst=Detlef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaracs1998" class="citation journal cs1">Karacs, Imre (4 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/dna-test-closes-book-on-mystery-of-martin-bormann-1161449.html">"DNA test closes book on mystery of Martin Bormann"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London: Independent Print Limited. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013555/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/dna-test-closes-book-on-mystery-of-martin-bormann-1161449.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=DNA+test+closes+book+on+mystery+of+Martin+Bormann&rft.date=1998-05-04&rft.aulast=Karacs&rft.aufirst=Imre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fdna-test-closes-book-on-mystery-of-martin-bormann-1161449.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlerhubris00kers"><i>Hitler: 1889–1936: Hubris</i></a></span>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393046710" title="Special:BookSources/0393046710"><bdi>0393046710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+1889%E2%80%931936%3A+Hubris&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0393046710&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlerhubris00kers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2000" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2000). <i>Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris</i>. New York; London: W.W. Norton & Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1889%E2%80%931936%3A+Hubris&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2008). <i>Hitler: A Biography</i>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393067576" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393067576"><bdi>978-0393067576</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0393067576&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehl2004" class="citation book cs1">Koehl, Robert (2004). <i>The SS: A History 1919–45</i>. Stroud: Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752425597" title="Special:BookSources/978-0752425597"><bdi>978-0752425597</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+A+History+1919%E2%80%9345&rft.place=Stroud&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0752425597&rft.aulast=Koehl&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolb2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Kolb" title="Eberhard Kolb">Kolb, Eberhard</a> (2005) [1984]. <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/weimarrepublic00kolb"><i>The Weimar Republic</i></a></span>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415344418" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415344418"><bdi>978-0415344418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Weimar+Republic&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415344418&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Eberhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fweimarrepublic00kolb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuntz2011" class="citation book cs1">Kuntz, Dieter (2011). <i>Hitler and the functioning of the Third Reich</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415779562" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415779562"><bdi>978-0415779562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+the+functioning+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415779562&rft.aulast=Kuntz&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepage2009" class="citation book cs1">Lepage, Jean-Denis G.G. (2009). <i>Hitler Youth, 1922–1945: An Illustrated History</i>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786452811" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786452811"><bdi>978-0786452811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+Youth%2C+1922%E2%80%931945%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0786452811&rft.aulast=Lepage&rft.aufirst=Jean-Denis+G.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewkowicz2008" class="citation book cs1">Lewkowicz, Nicolas (2008). <i>The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War</i>. Milan: Ipoc Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8895145273" title="Special:BookSources/978-8895145273"><bdi>978-8895145273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Question+and+the+Origins+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Milan&rft.pub=Ipoc+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8895145273&rft.aulast=Lewkowicz&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2004" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Hans, ed. (2004). <i>Totalitarianism and Political Religions: Concepts for the Comparison of Dictatorships</i>. Translated by Bruhn, Jodi. Oxon (UK); New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714656090" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714656090"><bdi>978-0714656090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarianism+and+Political+Religions%3A+Concepts+for+the+Comparison+of+Dictatorships&rft.place=Oxon+%28UK%29%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0714656090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajer2013" class="citation book cs1">Majer, Diemut (2013). <i>"Non-Germans" Under The Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945</i>. Texas Tech University Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0896728370" title="Special:BookSources/978-0896728370"><bdi>978-0896728370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Non-Germans%22+Under+The+Third+Reich%3A+The+Nazi+Judicial+and+Administrative+System+in+Germany+and+Occupied+Eastern+Europe%2C+with+Special+Regard+to+Occupied+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University+Press+in+association+with+the+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0896728370&rft.aulast=Majer&rft.aufirst=Diemut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaternaRibbe1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Materna, Ingo; Ribbe, Wolfgang, eds. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D64GY0T8_M4C&q=%22gau+kurmark%22&pg=PA633"><i>Brandenburgische Geschichte</i></a> (in German). De Gruyter Akademie Forschung. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3050025087" title="Special:BookSources/978-3050025087"><bdi>978-3050025087</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brandenburgische+Geschichte&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Akademie+Forschung&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-3050025087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD64GY0T8_M4C%26q%3D%2522gau%2Bkurmark%2522%26pg%3DPA633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMautner1944" class="citation journal cs1">Mautner, Franz H. (1944). "Nazi und Sozi". <i>Modern Language Notes</i>. <b>59</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2910599">10.2307/2910599</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0149-6611">0149-6611</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2910599">2910599</a>. <q>Dass <i>Nazi</i> eine Abkürzung von <i>Nationalsozialist</i> ist ... [u]nd zwar eine Verkürzung des Wortes auf seine ersten zwei Silben, aber nicht eine Zusammenziehung aus <i>Na</i>tionalso<i>zi</i>alist' ...[... that <i>Nazi</i> is an abbreviation of <i>Nationalsozialist</i> ... and to be precise a truncation of the word to its first two syllables, not a contraction of <i>Na</i>tionalso<i>zi</i>alist' ...]</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Language+Notes&rft.atitle=Nazi+und+Sozi&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=1944&rft.issn=0149-6611&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2910599%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2910599&rft.aulast=Mautner&rft.aufirst=Franz+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonough2003" class="citation book cs1">McDonough, Frank (2003). <i>Hitler and the Rise of the Nazi Party</i>. Pearson/Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0582506060" title="Special:BookSources/978-0582506060"><bdi>978-0582506060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+the+Rise+of+the+Nazi+Party&rft.pub=Pearson%2FLongman&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0582506060&rft.aulast=McDonough&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNab2009" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Chris (2009). <i>The Third Reich</i>. Amber Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1906626518" title="Special:BookSources/978-1906626518"><bdi>978-1906626518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Amber+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1906626518&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNab2011" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Chris (2011). <i>Hitler's Masterplan: The Essential Facts and Figures for Hitler's Third Reich</i>. Amber Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1907446962" title="Special:BookSources/978-1907446962"><bdi>978-1907446962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Masterplan%3A+The+Essential+Facts+and+Figures+for+Hitler%27s+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1907446962&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNab2013" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Chris (2013). <i>Hitler's Elite: The SS 1939–45</i>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1782000884" title="Special:BookSources/978-1782000884"><bdi>978-1782000884</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Elite%3A+The+SS+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1782000884&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2006" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Michael (2006). <i>Leaders of the SS and German Police, Vol. 1</i>. San Jose, CA: R. James Bender. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-297-0037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-297-0037-2"><bdi>978-93-297-0037-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leaders+of+the+SS+and+German+Police%2C+Vol.+1&rft.place=San+Jose%2C+CA&rft.pub=R.+James+Bender&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-93-297-0037-2&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerSchulz2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Miller, Michael D.; Schulz, Andreas (2012). <i>Gauleiter: The Regional Leaders of the Nazi Party and Their Deputies, 1925–1945</i>. Vol. 1 (Herbert Albrecht – H. Wilhelm Hüttmann). R. James Bender Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932970-21-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932970-21-0"><bdi>978-1-932970-21-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gauleiter%3A+The+Regional+Leaders+of+the+Nazi+Party+and+Their+Deputies%2C+1925%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=R.+James+Bender+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-932970-21-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Schulz%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitcham1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Mitcham" title="Samuel W. Mitcham">Mitcham, Samuel W.</a> (1996). <i>Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich</i>. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275954857" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275954857"><bdi>978-0275954857</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Hitler%3F%3A+The+Genesis+of+the+Nazi+Reich&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0275954857&rft.aulast=Mitcham&rft.aufirst=Samuel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2008" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Otis C. (2008). <i>Hitler's Stormtroopers and the Attack on the German Republic, 1919–1933</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786477296" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786477296"><bdi>978-0786477296</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Stormtroopers+and+the+Attack+on+the+German+Republic%2C+1919%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0786477296&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Otis+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusiał2009" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Musia%C5%82" title="Bogdan Musiał">Musiał, Bogdan</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303004727/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/324302.html">"Fakty wypaczone przez Erikę Steinbach"</a> (in Polish). Rzeczpospolita. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rp.pl/artykul/324302.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fakty+wypaczone+przez+Erik%C4%99+Steinbach&rft.place=Rzeczpospolita&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Musia%C5%82&rft.aufirst=Bogdan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rp.pl%2Fartykul%2F324302.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000" class="citation book cs1">Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetot00niew"><i>The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231112000" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231112000"><bdi>978-0231112000</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Guide+to+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0231112000&rft.aulast=Niewyk&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.au=Nicosia%2C+Francis+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiaguidetot00niew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlow2010" class="citation book cs1">Orlow, Dietrich (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9a9MRnxtdJgC&q=far+right"><i>The Nazi Party 1919–1945: A Complete History</i></a>. Enigma Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0982491195" title="Special:BookSources/978-0982491195"><bdi>978-0982491195</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001162036/https://books.google.com/books?id=9a9MRnxtdJgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Nazi+Party+1919-1945:+A+Complete+History&hl=en&sa=X&ei=momMUriAFumN7AawiIDwBg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=far%20right&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Party+1919%E2%80%931945%3A+A+Complete+History&rft.pub=Enigma+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0982491195&rft.aulast=Orlow&rft.aufirst=Dietrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9a9MRnxtdJgC%26q%3Dfar%2Bright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinbachGilman2013" class="citation book cs1">Rabinbach, Anson; Gilman, Sander, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhDakMp55i0C&pg=PA4"><i>The Third Reich Sourcebook</i></a>. Berkeley: California University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520955141" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520955141"><bdi>978-0520955141</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905172830/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhDakMp55i0C&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+Sourcebook&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=California+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0520955141&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhDakMp55i0C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanayi2007" class="citation book cs1">Panayi, P. (2007). <i>Life and Death in a German Town: Osnabrück from the Weimar Republic to World War II and Beyond</i>. New York: Tauris Academic Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Death+in+a+German+Town%3A+Osnabr%C3%BCck+from+the+Weimar+Republic+to+World+War+II+and+Beyond&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tauris+Academic+Studies&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Panayi&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2006" class="citation book cs1">Rees, Laurence (2006). <i>The Nazis: A Warning From History</i>. BBC Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0563493334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0563493334"><bdi>978-0563493334</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazis%3A+A+Warning+From+History&rft.pub=BBC+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0563493334&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosar1971" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rosar, Wolfgang (1971). <i>Deutsche Gemeinschaft. Seyss-Inquart und der Anschluß</i> (in German). Wien: Europa-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3203503844" title="Special:BookSources/978-3203503844"><bdi>978-3203503844</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Gemeinschaft.+Seyss-Inquart+und+der+Anschlu%C3%9F&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Europa-Verlag&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-3203503844&rft.aulast=Rosar&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rummel, Rudolph</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deathby_rum_1994_00_3431"><i>Death by Government</i></a></span>. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560001454" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560001454"><bdi>978-1560001454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+by+Government&rft.place=New+Brunswick%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Transaction&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1560001454&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeathby_rum_1994_00_3431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaarschmidt2014" class="citation book cs1">Schaarschmidt, Thomas (2014). <i>Mobilizing German Society for War: The National Socialist </i>Gaue<i><span></span></i>. Visions of Community in Nazi Germany. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobilizing+German+Society+for+War%3A+The+National+Socialist+Gaue&rft.series=Visions+of+Community+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Schaarschmidt&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchom1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Schom" title="Alan Schom">Schom, Alan Morris</a> (1998). "NSDAP and Affiliated Meetings in Northern Switzerland for the Week of May 10–18, 1935". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606202923/http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441393"><i>A Survey of Nazi and Pro-Nazi Groups in Switzerland: 1930–1945</i></a>. Simon Wiesenthal Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=lsKWLbPJLnF&b=4441393">the original</a> on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=NSDAP+and+Affiliated+Meetings+in+Northern+Switzerland+for+the+Week+of+May+10%E2%80%9318%2C+1935&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Nazi+and+Pro-Nazi+Groups+in+Switzerland%3A+1930%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Simon+Wiesenthal+Center&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Schom&rft.aufirst=Alan+Morris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiesenthal.com%2Fsite%2Fpp.asp%3Fc%3DlsKWLbPJLnF%26b%3D4441393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1990) [1959]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</a></i>. New York: MJF Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-163-1"><bdi>978-1-56731-163-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=MJF+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-56731-163-1&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirer1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">Shirer, William L.</a> (1991) [1960]. <i>The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</i>. London: Arrow Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099421764" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099421764"><bdi>978-0099421764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0099421764&rft.aulast=Shirer&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2002" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, Christopher (2002). <i>War Crimes of the Deutsche Bank and the Dresdner Bank: Office of Military Government (U.S.) Reports</i>. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0841914070" title="Special:BookSources/978-0841914070"><bdi>978-0841914070</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Crimes+of+the+Deutsche+Bank+and+the+Dresdner+Bank%3A+Office+of+Military+Government+%28U.S.%29+Reports&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0841914070&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Snyder, Timothy</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/Bloodlands:_Europe_Between_Hitler_and_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin"><i>Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin</i></a>. New York: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0465002399" title="Special:BookSources/978-0465002399"><bdi>978-0465002399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodlands%3A+Europe+Between+Hitler+and+Stalin&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0465002399&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpector2004" class="citation book cs1">Spector, Robert (2004). <i>World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History, and Analysis</i>. University of America Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761829638" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761829638"><bdi>978-0761829638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Without+Civilization%3A+Mass+Murder+and+the+Holocaust%2C+History%2C+and+Analysis&rft.pub=University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0761829638&rft.aulast=Spector&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteberGotto2018" class="citation book cs1">Steber, Martina; Gotto, Bernhard (2018). <i>Visions of Community in Nazi Germany: Social Engineering and Private Lives</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199689590" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199689590"><bdi>978-0199689590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Community+in+Nazi+Germany%3A+Social+Engineering+and+Private+Lives&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0199689590&rft.aulast=Steber&rft.aufirst=Martina&rft.au=Gotto%2C+Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteves2010" class="citation book cs1">Steves, Rick (2010). <i>Rick Steves' Snapshot Munich, Bavaria & Salzburg</i>. Berkeley, California; New York: Avalon Travel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598806892" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598806892"><bdi>978-1598806892</bdi></a>. <q>Though the Nazis eventually gained power in Berlin, they remembered their roots, dubbing Munich "Capital of the Movement". The Nazi headquarters stood near today's obelisk on Brienner Strasse...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rick+Steves%27+Snapshot+Munich%2C+Bavaria+%26+Salzburg&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1598806892&rft.aulast=Steves&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor-Roper2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Trevor-Roper, Hugh</a> (2002) [1947]. <i>The Last Days of Hitler</i>. London: Pan Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-49060-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-49060-3"><bdi>978-0-330-49060-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Days+of+Hitler&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-330-49060-3&rft.aulast=Trevor-Roper&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Vat1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_van_der_Vat" title="Dan van der Vat">van der Vat, Dan</a> (1997). <i>The Good Nazi: The Life and Lies of Albert Spee</i>. George Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297817213" title="Special:BookSources/0297817213"><bdi>0297817213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Good+Nazi%3A+The+Life+and+Lies+of+Albert+Spee&rft.pub=George+Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0297817213&rft.aulast=van+der+Vat&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeale2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Weale" title="Adrian Weale">Weale, Adrian</a> (2010). <i>The SS: A New History</i>. London: Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408703045" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408703045"><bdi>978-1408703045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SS%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1408703045&rft.aulast=Weale&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeikart2009" class="citation book cs1">Weikart, Richard (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersethicnazi00weik"><i>Hitler's Ethic</i></a></span>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230623989" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230623989"><bdi>978-0230623989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Ethic&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0230623989&rft.aulast=Weikart&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlersethicnazi00weik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiting1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Whiting" title="Charles Whiting">Whiting, Charles</a> (1996) [1973]. <i>The Hunt for Martin Bormann: The Truth</i>. London: Pen & Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85052-527-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85052-527-6"><bdi>0-85052-527-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hunt+for+Martin+Bormann%3A+The+Truth&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-85052-527-6&rft.aulast=Whiting&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildt2012" class="citation book cs1">Wildt, Michael (2012). <i>Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft and the Dynamics of Racial Exclusion: Violence Against Jews in Provincial Germany, 1919–1939</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857453228" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857453228"><bdi>978-0857453228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Volksgemeinschaft+and+the+Dynamics+of+Racial+Exclusion%3A+Violence+Against+Jews+in+Provincial+Germany%2C+1919%E2%80%931939&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0857453228&rft.aulast=Wildt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolf1969" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, Walter (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151018233925/https://books.google.com/books?ei=tyNTTMTPFo6bOJ7NvZ4O&ct=result&id=psYJAQAAIAAJ&dq=aktion+s+himmler+schweiz&q=gau+basel"><i><span></span></i>Faschismus in der Schweiz<i><span></span></i></a>. Flamberg. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=psYJAQAAIAAJ&q=gau+basel">the original</a> on 18 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faschismus+in+der+Schweiz&rft.pub=Flamberg&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpsYJAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dgau%2Bbasel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1997" class="citation book cs1">Zentner, Christian; Bedürftig, Friedemann (1997) [1991]. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich">The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</a></i>. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3068079-3-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3068079-3-0"><bdi>978-0-3068079-3-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-3068079-3-0&rft.aulast=Zentner&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Bed%C3%BCrftig%2C+Friedemann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazi+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Program_of_the_NSDAP" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Program of the NSDAP">Program of the Nazi Party, its "Manifesto"</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MeinKampf_483">Text of <i>Mein Kampf</i></a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/weimar/innenpolitik/nsdap/index.html">Die Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) 1920–1933</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207000355/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/weimar/innenpolitik/nsdap/index.html">Archived</a> 7 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i>Lebendiges Museum Online</i>.</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/nsdap/index.html">Die Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (NSDAP) 1933–1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140706130717/http://www.dhm.de/lemo/html/nazi/innenpolitik/nsdap/index.html">Archived</a> 6 July 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <i>Lebendiges Museum Online</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/OrganisationsbuchNSDAP"><i>Organisationsbuch NSDAP</i> An encyclopedic reference guide to the Nazi Party, organisations, uniforms, flags etc. published by the party itself</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSDAP" title="Template talk:NSDAP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_Party124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazi Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Leader</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Anton Drexler</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1921–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich" title="Brown House, Munich">Brown House, Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6hm_scandal" title="Röhm scandal">Röhm scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt_Rosenberg" title="Amt Rosenberg">Amt Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Chancellery" title="Hitler's Chancellery">Hitler's Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Chancellery" title="Nazi Party Chancellery">Nazi Party Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Colonial_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy">Office of Colonial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Military_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Military Policy">Office of Military Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Office_of_Racial_Policy" title="Nazi Party Office of Racial Policy">Office of Racial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs">Office of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party/Foreign_Organization" title="Nazi Party/Foreign Organization">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Education_Office" title="SS Education Office">SS Education Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Innviertler_Heimatblatt" title="Innviertler Heimatblatt">Innviertler Heimatblatt</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Arbeitertum" title="Arbeitertum">Arbeitertum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kampfverlag" title="Kampfverlag">Kampfverlag</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Notable members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Axmann" title="Artur Axmann">Artur Axmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Kurt Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl">Ernst Hanfstaengl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a>) / <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Homeland_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Homeland (Germany)">The Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_Schools" title="Adolf Hitler Schools">Adolf Hitler Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Documentation_Centre_for_the_History_of_National_Socialism" title="Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism">Munich Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Political_Institutes_of_Education" title="National Political Institutes of Education">National Political Institutes of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_songs" title="Nazi songs">Nazi songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party">Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_branch_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Samoan branch of the Nazi Party">Samoan branch of the Nazi Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_parties_in_Germany_in_the_Weimar_Republic_(1918–1933)442" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weimar_Republic_political_parties" title="Template:Weimar Republic political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weimar_Republic_political_parties" title="Template talk:Weimar Republic political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weimar_Republic_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weimar Republic political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_parties_in_Germany_in_the_Weimar_Republic_(1918–1933)442" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Weimar_political_parties" title="Weimar political parties">Political parties</a> in Germany in the Weimar Republic (1918–1933)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany (KPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Workers' Party of Germany">Communist Workers Party of Germany (KAPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany_(Opposition)" title="Communist Party of Germany (Opposition)">Communist Party Opposition (KPO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social Democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic Socialist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany">Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany">Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (MSPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Old Social Democratic Party of Germany">Old Social Democratic Party of Germany (ASPD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Workers' Party of Germany">Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Peasants%27_League" title="Bavarian Peasants' League">Bavarian Peasants' League (BB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_League" title="Agricultural League">Agricultural League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Farmers_and_Farmworkers_Democracy" title="Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy">Schleswig-Holstein Farmers and Farmworkers Democracy (SHBLD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian-National_Peasants%27_and_Farmers%27_Party" title="Christian-National Peasants' and Farmers' Party">Christian National Peasants' and Farmers' Party (CNBL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Farmers%27_Party" title="German Farmers' Party">German Farmers' Party (DBP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political catholicism">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party (BVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party (Zentrum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_People%27s_Party_(Germany,_1920)" title="Christian People's Party (Germany, 1920)">Christian People's Party (CVP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party (DDP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party (DVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_State_Party" title="German State Party">German State Party (DStP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party (DnVp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Party_(Germany)" title="Economic Party (Germany)">Economic Party (WP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Justice_Party_(Germany)" title="People's Justice Party (Germany)">People's Justice Party (VRP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_People%27s_Service" title="Christian Social People's Service">Christian Social People's Service (CSVD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_People%27s_Party_(Germany)" title="Conservative People's Party (Germany)">Conservative People's Party (KVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-Hanoverian_Party" title="German-Hanoverian Party">German-Hanoverian Party (DHP)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group plain list" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkische</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party (DAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Party_(Weimar_Republic)" title="German Social Party (Weimar Republic)">German Social Party (DtSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Socialist_Party" title="German Socialist Party">German Socialist Party (DSP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community (GVG)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_V%C3%B6lkisch_Freedom_Party" title="German Völkisch Freedom Party">German Völkisch Freedom Party (DVFP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement (NSFB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannenbergbund" title="Tannenbergbund">Tannenberg Union (TB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Related topics: <a href="/wiki/Weimar_paramilitary_groups" title="Weimar paramilitary groups">Weimar paramilitary groups</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazism434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Nazi Party</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <p><a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Indo-Germanic_People#The_Third_Reich,_successor_of_the_Indogermans" title="Nordic Indo-Germanic People">Nordic Indo-Germanic people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></i></span></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <p>Pre-<i>Machtergreifung</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul> <p>Post-<i>Machtergreifung</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities<br /> and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside<br />Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement<br />(United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in <br /> German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism116" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_English_Defence_League" title="Ideology of the English Defence League">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_for_the_Defence_of_the_Republic" title="Coalition for the Defence of the Republic">Coalition for the Defence of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Movement_for_Development" title="National Revolutionary Movement for Development">National Revolutionary Movement for Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Democratic_Movement" title="Republican Democratic Movement">Republican Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Dutch_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Dutch Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">European Defence League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnarock" title="Ragnarock">Ragnarock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebelles_Europ%C3%A9ens" title="Rebelles Européens">Rebelles Européens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skrewdriver" title="Skrewdriver">Skrewdriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skullhead" title="Skullhead">Skullhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_(band)" title="Honor (band)">Honor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landser_(band)" title="Landser (band)">Landser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Colours_Records" title="No Colours Records">No Colours Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Records" title="PC Records">PC Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-O-Rama_Records" title="Rock-O-Rama Records">Rock-O-Rama Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_and_Sword_(festival)" title="Shield and Sword (festival)">Shield and Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stahlgewitter" title="Stahlgewitter">Stahlgewitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolovrat_(band)" title="Kolovrat (band)">Kolovrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokturnal_Mortum" title="Nokturnal Mortum">Nokturnal Mortum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obraz_(organization)" title="Obraz (organization)">Obraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia" class="mw-redirect" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Adityanath" title="Yogi Adityanath">Adityanath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragya_Singh_Thakur" title="Pragya Singh Thakur">Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stuart_Donaldson" title="Ian Stuart Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lake_(activist)" title="Alan Lake (activist)">Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Robinson" title="Tommy Robinson">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Behring_Breivik" title="Anders Behring Breivik">Breivik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Burdi" title="George Burdi">Burdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Darken" title="Rob Darken">Darken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kajuga_(Interahamwe)" title="Robert Kajuga (Interahamwe)">Kajuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboj%C5%A1a_M._Krsti%C4%87" title="Nebojša M. Krstić">Krstić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ngeze" title="Hassan Ngeze">Ngeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga_(singer)" title="Saga (singer)">Saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Ten_Commandments" title="Hutu Ten Commandments">Hutu Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncomfortable_Questions_for_Comfortable_Jews" title="Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews">Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerfaust_Records" title="Panzerfaust Records">Panzerfaust Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" title="People's Party Our Slovakia">People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Slovakia)">Republic (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Army for the Liberation of Rwanda">Army for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Goldshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics116" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahutu_Manifesto" title="Bahutu Manifesto">Bahutu Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_fascism" title="Criticism of fascism">Criticism of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7320#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2034" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7320#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2034" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7320#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121936797">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150803257">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/532681/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1012979-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79053942">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11884588x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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[\"CITEREFDelarue2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDomarus2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatwell1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEatwell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrenreich2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElzer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFest1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranz-Willing2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzsche1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerman_Historical_Institute2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGigliottiLang2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlaus1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldhagen1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottliebMorgensen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffen1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakim1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHancock2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarpern.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHistorischer_Verein_des_Kantons_Bern1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitler1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolocaust_Memorial_Museum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHöhne2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngrao2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJablonsky1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaman1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoachimsthaler1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJunker2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaracs1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershaw2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoehl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolb2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuntz2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLepage2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewkowicz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaier2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaternaRibbe1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMautner1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonough2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNab2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNab2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcNab2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerSchulz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitcham1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMusiał2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNiewykNicosia2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrlow2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanayi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfleiderer2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinbachGilman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRees2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosar1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaarschmidt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchom1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShirer1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimpson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpector2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteberGotto2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteves2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_History_Place2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevor-Roper2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeale2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeikart2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiting1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolf1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZentnerBedürftig1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_der_Vat1997\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 93,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"Color box\"] = 3,\n [\"Colorbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Composition bar\"] = 22,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Decrease\"] = 7,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 9,\n [\"End date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Fascism\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Hsp\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 4,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN?\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Increase\"] = 17,\n [\"Infobox political party\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 149,\n [\"Langx\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"NSDAP\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazism\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 7,\n [\"Party color\"] = 24,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 2,\n [\"Pp-move-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 169,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Weimar Republic political parties\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","18.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","14.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","360","12.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","180","6.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","160","5.4"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","4.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","100","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","3.4"],["type","80","2.7"],["[others]","720","24.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-8ndbz","timestamp":"20250216162353","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nazi Party","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Party","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7320","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7320","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-26T20:41:42Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T15:27:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/9\/92\/Parteiadler_Nationalsozialistische_Deutsche_Arbeiterpartei_%281933%E2%80%931945%29.svg","headline":"far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945"}</script> </body> </html>