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Ray</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Surajit Ray"> <meta name="keywords" content="Surajit Ray"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" 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id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Surajit Ray"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 11</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Surajit Ray</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> The Modality of Multivariate Skew Normal Mixture</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bader%20Alruwaili">Bader Alruwaili</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Ray"> Surajit Ray</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Finite mixtures are a flexible and powerful tool that can be used for univariate and multivariate distributions, and a wide range of research analysis has been conducted based on the multivariate normal mixture and multivariate of a t-mixture. Determining the number of modes is an important activity that, in turn, allows one to determine the number of homogeneous groups in a population. Our work currently being carried out relates to the study of the modality of the skew normal distribution in the univariate and multivariate cases. For the skew normal distribution, the aims are associated with studying the modality of the skew normal distribution and providing the ridgeline, the ridgeline elevation function, the $\Pi$ function, and the curvature function, and this will be conducive to an exploration of the number and location of mode when mixing the two components of skew normal distribution. The subsequent objective is to apply these results to the application of real world data sets, such as flow cytometry data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mode" title="mode">mode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modality" title=" modality"> modality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multivariate%20skew%20normal" title=" multivariate skew normal"> multivariate skew normal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20mixture" title=" finite mixture"> finite mixture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=number%20of%20mode" title=" number of mode"> number of mode</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68912/the-modality-of-multivariate-skew-normal-mixture" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/68912.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">488</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> Host-Assisted Delivery of a Model Drug to Genomic DNA: Key Information From Ultrafast Spectroscopy and in Silico Study</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ria%20Ghosh">Ria Ghosh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Soumendra%20Singh"> Soumendra Singh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dipanjan%20Mukherjee"> Dipanjan Mukherjee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susmita%20Mondal"> Susmita Mondal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Monojit%20Das"> Monojit Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Uttam%20Pal"> Uttam Pal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aniruddha%20Adhikari"> Aniruddha Adhikari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aman%20Bhushan"> Aman Bhushan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Bose"> Surajit Bose</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siddharth%20Sankar%20Bhattacharyya"> Siddharth Sankar Bhattacharyya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debasish%20Pal"> Debasish Pal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tanusri%20Saha-Dasgupta"> Tanusri Saha-Dasgupta</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maitree%20Bhattacharyya"> Maitree Bhattacharyya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Debasis%20Bhattacharyya"> Debasis Bhattacharyya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Asim%20Kumar%20Mallick"> Asim Kumar Mallick</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ranjan%20Das"> Ranjan Das</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Samir%20Kumar%20Pal"> Samir Kumar Pal</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Drug delivery to a target without adverse effects is one of the major criteria for clinical use. Herein, we have made an attempt to explore the delivery efficacy of SDS surfactant in a monomer and micellar stage during the delivery of the model drug, Toluidine Blue (TB) from the micellar cavity to DNA. Molecular recognition of pre-micellar SDS encapsulated TB with DNA occurs at a rate constant of k1 ~652 s 1. However, no significant release of encapsulated TB at micellar concentration was observed within the experimental time frame. This originated from the higher binding affinity of TB towards the nano-cavity of SDS at micellar concentration which does not allow the delivery of TB from the nano-cavity of SDS micelles to DNA. Thus, molecular recognition controls the extent of DNA recognition by TB which in turn modulates the rate of delivery of TB from SDS in a concentration-dependent manner. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drug%20delivery" title=" drug delivery"> drug delivery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=micelle" title=" micelle"> micelle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-micelle" title=" pre-micelle"> pre-micelle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SDS" title=" SDS"> SDS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=toluidine%20blue" title=" toluidine blue"> toluidine blue</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154090/host-assisted-delivery-of-a-model-drug-to-genomic-dna-key-information-from-ultrafast-spectroscopy-and-in-silico-study" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/154090.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Reconstruction of Holographic Dark Energy in Chameleon Brans-Dicke Cosmology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Chattopadhyay">Surajit Chattopadhyay</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Accelerated expansion of the current universe is well-established in the literature. Dark energy and modified gravity are two approaches to account for this accelerated expansion. In the present work, we consider scalar field models of dark energy, namely, tachyon and DBI essence in the framework of chameleon Brans-Dicke cosmology. The equation of state parameter is reconstructed and the subsequent cosmological implications are studied. We examined the stability for the obtained solutions of the crossing of the phantom divide under a quantum correction of massless conformally invariant fields and we have seen that quantum correction could be small when the phantom crossing occurs and the obtained solutions of the phantom crossing could be stable under the quantum correction. In the subsequent phase, we have established a correspondence between the NHDE model and the quintessence, the DBI-essence and the tachyon scalar field models in the framework of chameleon Brans–Dicke cosmology. We reconstruct the potentials and the dynamics for these three scalar field models we have considered. The reconstructed potentials are found to increase with the evolution of the universe and in a very late stage they are observed to decay. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20energy" title="dark energy">dark energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=holographic%20principle" title=" holographic principle"> holographic principle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=modified%20gravity" title=" modified gravity"> modified gravity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reconstruction" title=" reconstruction"> reconstruction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32547/reconstruction-of-holographic-dark-energy-in-chameleon-brans-dicke-cosmology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32547.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Speed Breaker/Pothole Detection Using Hidden Markov Models: A Deep Learning Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Chakrabarty">Surajit Chakrabarty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Piyush%20Chauhan"> Piyush Chauhan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Subhasis%20Panda"> Subhasis Panda</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sujoy%20Bhattacharya"> Sujoy Bhattacharya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A large proportion of roads in India are not well maintained as per the laid down public safety guidelines leading to loss of direction control and fatal accidents. We propose a technique to detect speed breakers and potholes using mobile sensor data captured from multiple vehicles and provide a profile of the road. This would, in turn, help in monitoring roads and revolutionize digital maps. Incorporating randomness in the model formulation for detection of speed breakers and potholes is crucial due to substantial heterogeneity observed in data obtained using a mobile application from multiple vehicles driven by different drivers. This is accomplished with Hidden Markov Models, whose hidden state sequence is found for each time step given the observables sequence, and are then fed as input to LSTM network with peephole connections. A precision score of 0.96 and 0.63 is obtained for classifying bumps and potholes, respectively, a significant improvement from the machine learning based models. Further visualization of bumps/potholes is done by converting time series to images using Markov Transition Fields where a significant demarcation among bump/potholes is observed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=deep%20learning" title="deep learning">deep learning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hidden%20Markov%20model" title=" hidden Markov model"> hidden Markov model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pothole" title=" pothole"> pothole</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=speed%20breaker" title=" speed breaker"> speed breaker</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121459/speed-breakerpothole-detection-using-hidden-markov-models-a-deep-learning-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/121459.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">144</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Intra-miR-ExploreR, a Novel Bioinformatics Platform for Integrated Discovery of MiRNA:mRNA Gene Regulatory Networks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Bhattacharya">Surajit Bhattacharya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20Veltri"> Daniel Veltri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Atit%20A.%20Patel"> Atit A. Patel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Daniel%20N.%20Cox"> Daniel N. Cox</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> miRNAs have emerged as key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, however identification of biologically-relevant target genes for this epigenetic regulatory mechanism remains a significant challenge. To address this knowledge gap, we have developed a novel tool in R, Intra-miR-ExploreR, that facilitates integrated discovery of miRNA targets by incorporating target databases and novel target prediction algorithms, using statistical methods including Pearson and Distance Correlation on microarray data, to arrive at high confidence intragenic miRNA target predictions. We have explored the efficacy of this tool using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism for bioinformatics analyses and functional validation. A number of putative targets were obtained which were also validated using qRT-PCR analysis. Additional features of the tool include downloadable text files containing GO analysis from DAVID and Pubmed links of literature related to gene sets. Moreover, we are constructing interaction maps of intragenic miRNAs, using both micro array and RNA-seq data, focusing on neural tissues to uncover regulatory codes via which these molecules regulate gene expression to direct cellular development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miRNA" title="miRNA">miRNA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miRNA%3AmRNA%20target%20prediction" title=" miRNA:mRNA target prediction"> miRNA:mRNA target prediction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20methods" title=" statistical methods"> statistical methods</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=miRNA%3AmRNA%20interaction%20network" title=" miRNA:mRNA interaction network"> miRNA:mRNA interaction network</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27427/intra-mir-explorer-a-novel-bioinformatics-platform-for-integrated-discovery-of-mirnamrna-gene-regulatory-networks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">511</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Improved Performance of Mn Substituted Ceria Nanospheres for Water Gas Shift Reaction: Influence of Preparation Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhairi%20Lakshminarayana">Bhairi Lakshminarayana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Sarker"> Surajit Sarker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ch.%20Subrahmanyam"> Ch. Subrahmanyam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present study reports the development of noble metal free nano catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation and water gas shift reaction. Mn-substituted CeO2 solid solution catalysts were synthesized by co-precipitation, combustion and hydrothermal methods. The formation of solid solution was confirmed by XRD with Rietveld refinement and the percentage of carbon and nitrogen doping was ensured by CHNS analyzer. Raman spectroscopic confirmed the oxygen vacancies. The surface area, pore volume and pore size distribution confirmed by N2 physisorption analysis, whereas, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and XPS data confirmed the oxidation state of the Mn ion. The particle size and morphology (spherical shape) of the material was confirmed using FESEM and HRTEM analysis. Ce0.8Mn0.2O2-δ was calcined at 400 °C, 600 °C and 800 °C. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the catalyst calcined at 400 °C has the best redox properties. The activity of the designed catalysts for CO oxidation (0.2 vol%), carried out with GHSV of 21,000 h-1 and it has been observed that co-precipitation favored the best active catalyst towards CO oxidation and water gas shift reaction, due to the high surface area, improved reducibility, oxygen mobility and highest quantity of surface oxygen species. The activation energy of low temperature CO oxidation on Ce0.8Mn0.2O2- δ (combustion) was 5.5 kcal.K-1.mole-1. The designed catalysts were tested for water gas shift reaction. The present study demonstrates that Mn ion substituted ceria at 400 °C calcination temperature prepared by co-precipitation method promise to revive a green sustainable energy production approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ce0.8Mn0.2O2-%C3%B0" title="Ce0.8Mn0.2O2-ð">Ce0.8Mn0.2O2-ð</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO%20oxidation" title=" CO oxidation"> CO oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=physicochemical%20characterization" title=" physicochemical characterization"> physicochemical characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=water%20gas%20shift%20reaction%20%28WGS%29" title=" water gas shift reaction (WGS)"> water gas shift reaction (WGS)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47110/improved-performance-of-mn-substituted-ceria-nanospheres-for-water-gas-shift-reaction-influence-of-preparation-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/47110.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">237</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Application of Regularized Spatio-Temporal Models to the Analysis of Remote Sensing Data</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Salihah%20Alghamdi">Salihah Alghamdi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Ray"> Surajit Ray</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Space-time data can be observed over irregularly shaped manifolds, which might have complex boundaries or interior gaps. Most of the existing methods do not consider the shape of the data, and as a result, it is difficult to model irregularly shaped data accommodating the complex domain. We used a method that can deal with space-time data that are distributed over non-planner shaped regions. The method is based on partial differential equations and finite element analysis. The model can be estimated using a penalized least squares approach with a regularization term that controls the over-fitting. The model is regularized using two roughness penalties, which consider the spatial and temporal regularities separately. The integrated square of the second derivative of the basis function is used as temporal penalty. While the spatial penalty consists of the integrated square of Laplace operator, which is integrated exclusively over the domain of interest that is determined using finite element technique. In this paper, we applied a spatio-temporal regression model with partial differential equations regularization (ST-PDE) approach to analyze a remote sensing data measuring the greenness of vegetation, measure by an index called enhanced vegetation index (EVI). The EVI data consist of measurements that take values between -1 and 1 reflecting the level of greenness of some region over a period of time. We applied (ST-PDE) approach to irregular shaped region of the EVI data. The approach efficiently accommodates the irregular shaped regions taking into account the complex boundaries rather than smoothing across the boundaries. Furthermore, the approach succeeds in capturing the temporal variation in the data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=irregularly%20shaped%20domain" title="irregularly shaped domain">irregularly shaped domain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=partial%20differential%20equations" title=" partial differential equations"> partial differential equations</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20analysis" title=" finite element analysis"> finite element analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20boundray" title=" complex boundray"> complex boundray</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92276/application-of-regularized-spatio-temporal-models-to-the-analysis-of-remote-sensing-data" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/92276.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Prediction of Positive Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Striking Zones for Charged Thundercloud Based on Line Charge Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Das%20Barman">Surajit Das Barman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rakibuzzaman%20Shah"> Rakibuzzaman Shah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apurv%20Kumar"> Apurv Kumar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Bushfire is known as one of the ascendant factors to create pyrocumulus thundercloud that causes the ignition of new fires by pyrocumulonimbus (pyroCb) lightning strikes and creates major losses of lives and property worldwide. A conceptual model-based risk planning would be beneficial to predict the lightning striking zones on the surface of the earth underneath the pyroCb thundercloud. PyroCb thundercloud can generate both positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) and negative cloud-to-ground (-CG) lightning in which +CG tends to ignite more bushfires and cause massive damage to nature and infrastructure. In this paper, a simple line charge structured thundercloud model is constructed in 2-D coordinates using the method of image charge to predict the probable +CG lightning striking zones on the earth’s surface for two conceptual thundercloud charge configurations: titled dipole and conventional tripole structure with excessive lower positive charge regions that lead to producing +CG lightning. The electric potential and surface charge density along the earth’s surface for both structures via continuously adjusting the position and the charge density of their charge regions is investigated. Simulation results for tilted dipole structure confirm the down-shear extension of the upper positive charge region in the direction of the cloud’s forward flank by 4 to 8 km, resulting in negative surface density, and would expect +CG lightning to strike within 7.8 km to 20 km around the earth periphery in the direction of the cloud’s forward flank. On the other hand, the conceptual tripole charge structure with enhanced lower positive charge region develops negative surface charge density on the earth’s surface in the range |x| < 6.5 km beneath the thundercloud and highly favors producing +CG lightning strikes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pyrocumulonimbus" title="pyrocumulonimbus">pyrocumulonimbus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cloud-to-ground%20lightning" title=" cloud-to-ground lightning"> cloud-to-ground lightning</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=charge%20structure" title=" charge structure"> charge structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surface%20charge%20density" title=" surface charge density"> surface charge density</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forward%20flank" title=" forward flank"> forward flank</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148259/prediction-of-positive-cloud-to-ground-lightning-striking-zones-for-charged-thundercloud-based-on-line-charge-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/148259.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> 2,7-Diazaindole as a Photophysical Probe for Excited State Hydrogen/Proton Transfer</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simran%20Baweja">Simran Baweja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhavika%20Kalal"> Bhavika Kalal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Maity"> Surajit Maity</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Photoinduced tautomerization reactions have been the centre of attention among the scientific community over the past several decades because of their significance in various biological systems. 7-azaindole (7AI) is considered a model system for DNA base pairing and to understand the role of such tautomerization reactions in mutations. To the best of our knowledge, extensive studies have been carried out on 7-azaindole and its solvent clusters exhibiting proton/ hydrogen transfer in both solution as well as gas phases. Derivatives of the above molecule, like 2,7- and 2,6-diazaindoles are proposed to have even better photophysical properties due to the presence of -aza group on the 2nd position. However, there are studies in the solution phase that suggest the relevance of these molecules, but there are no experimental studies reported in the gas phase yet. In our current investigation, we present the first gas phase spectroscopic data of 2,7-diazaindole (2,7-DAI) and its solvent cluster (2,7-DAI-H2O). In this, we have employed state-of-the-art laser spectroscopic methods such as fluorescence excitation (LIF), dispersed fluorescence (DF), resonant two-photon ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (2C-R2PI), photoionization efficiency spectroscopy (PIE), IR-UV double resonance spectroscopy, i.e., fluorescence-dip infrared spectroscopy (FDIR) and resonant ion-dip infrared spectroscopy (IDIR) to understand the electronic structure of the molecule. The origin band corresponding to the S1 ← S0 transition of the bare 2,7-DAI is found to be positioned at 33910 cm-1, whereas the origin band corresponding to S1 ← S0 transition of the 2,7-DAI-H2O is positioned at 33074 cm-1. The red-shifted transition in the case of solvent cluster suggests the enhanced feasibility of excited state hydrogen/ proton transfer. The ionization potential for the 2,7-DAI molecule is found to be 8.92 eV which is significantly higher than the previously reported 7AI (8.11 eV) molecule, making it a comparatively complex molecule to study. The ionization potential is reduced by 0.14 eV in the case of 2,7-DAI-H2O (8.78 eV) cluster compared to that of 2,7-DAI. Moreover, on comparison with the available literature values of 7AI, we found the origin band of 2,7-DAI and 2,7-DAI-H2O to be red-shifted by -729 and -280 cm-1 respectively. The ground and excited state N-H stretching frequencies of the 27DAI molecule were determined using fluorescence-dip infrared spectra (FDIR) and resonant ion dip infrared spectroscopy (IDIR), obtained at 3523 and 3467 cm-1, respectively. The lower value of vNH in the electronically excited state of 27DAI implies the higher acidity of the group compared to the ground state. Moreover, we have done extensive computational analysis, which suggests that the energy barrier in the excited state reduces significantly as we increase the number of catalytic solvent molecules (S= H2O, NH3) as well as the polarity of solvent molecules. We found that the ammonia molecule is a better candidate for hydrogen transfer compared to water because of its higher gas-phase basicity. Further studies are underway to understand the excited state dynamics and photochemistry of such N-rich chromophores. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=excited%20state%20hydrogen%20transfer" title="excited state hydrogen transfer">excited state hydrogen transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supersonic%20expansion" title=" supersonic expansion"> supersonic expansion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20phase%20spectroscopy" title=" gas phase spectroscopy"> gas phase spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IR-UV%20double%20resonance%20spectroscopy" title=" IR-UV double resonance spectroscopy"> IR-UV double resonance spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=laser%20induced%20fluorescence" title=" laser induced fluorescence"> laser induced fluorescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoionization%20efficiency%20spectroscopy" title=" photoionization efficiency spectroscopy"> photoionization efficiency spectroscopy</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171374/27-diazaindole-as-a-photophysical-probe-for-excited-state-hydrogenproton-transfer" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171374.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> 2,7-diazaindole as a Potential Photophysical Probe for Excited State Deactivation Processes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simran%20Baweja">Simran Baweja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bhavika%20Kalal"> Bhavika Kalal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Maity"> Surajit Maity</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Photoinduced tautomerization reactions have been the centre of attention among scientific community over past several decades because of their significance in various biological systems. 7-azaindole (7AI) is considered as a model system for DNA base pairing and to understand the role of such tautomerization reactions in mutations. To the best of our knowledge, extensive studies have been carried on 7-azaindole and its solvent clusters exhibiting proton/ hydrogen transfer in both solution as well as gas phase. Derivatives of above molecule, like 2,7- and 2,6-diazaindoles are proposed to have even better photophysical properties due to the presence of -aza group on the 2nd position. However, there are a few studies in the solution phase which suggest the relevance of these molecules, but there are no experimental studies reported in the gas phase yet. In our current investigation, we present the first gas phase spectroscopic data of 2,7-diazaindole (2,7-DAI) and its solvent cluster (2,7-DAI-H2O). In this, we have employed state-of-the-art laser spectroscopic methods such as fluorescence excitation (LIF), dispersed fluorescence (DF), resonant two-photon ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (2C-R2PI), photoionization efficiency spectroscopy (PIE), IR-UV double resonance spectroscopy i.e. fluorescence-dip infrared spectroscopy (FDIR) and resonant ion-dip infrared spectroscopy (IDIR) to understand the electronic structure of the molecule. The origin band corresponding to S1 ← S0 transition of the bare 2,7-DAI is found to be positioned at 33910 cm-1 whereas the origin band corresponding to S1 ← S0 transition of the 2,7-DAI-H2O is positioned at 33074 cm-1. The red shifted transition in case of solvent cluster suggests the enhanced feasibility of excited state hydrogen/ proton transfer. The ionization potential for the 2,7-DAI molecule is found to be 8.92 eV, which is significantly higher that the previously reported 7AI (8.11 eV) molecule, making it a comparatively complex molecule to study. The ionization potential is reduced by 0.14 eV in case of 2,7-DAI-H2O (8.78 eV) cluster compared to that of 2,7-DAI. Moreover, on comparison with the available literature values of 7AI, we found the origin band of 2,7-DAI and 2,7-DAI-H2O to be red shifted by -729 and -280 cm-1 respectively. The ground and excited state N-H stretching frequencies of the 27DAI molecule were determined using fluorescence-dip infrared spectra (FDIR) and resonant ion dip infrared spectroscopy (IDIR), obtained at 3523 and 3467 cm-1, respectively. The lower value of vNH in the electronic excited state of 27DAI implies the higher acidity of the group compared to the ground state. Moreover, we have done extensive computational analysis, which suggests that the energy barrier in excited state reduces significantly as we increase the number of catalytic solvent molecules (S= H2O, NH3) as well as the polarity of solvent molecules. We found that the ammonia molecule is a better candidate for hydrogen transfer compared to water because of its higher gas-phase basicity. Further studies are underway to understand the excited state dynamics and photochemistry of such N-rich chromophores. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=photoinduced%20tautomerization%20reactions" title="photoinduced tautomerization reactions">photoinduced tautomerization reactions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gas%20phse%20spectroscopy" title=" gas phse spectroscopy"> gas phse spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=%29" title=" )"> )</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=IR-UV%20double%20resonance%20spectroscopy" title=" IR-UV double resonance spectroscopy"> IR-UV double resonance spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=resonant%20two-photon%20ionization%20time%20of%20flight%20mass%20spectrometry%20%282C-R2PI%29" title=" resonant two-photon ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (2C-R2PI)"> resonant two-photon ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (2C-R2PI)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171887/27-diazaindole-as-a-potential-photophysical-probe-for-excited-state-deactivation-processes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/171887.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">86</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Re-Entrant Direct Hexagonal Phases in a Lyotropic System Induced by Ionic Liquids </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saheli%20Mitra">Saheli Mitra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ramesh%20Karri"> Ramesh Karri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Praveen%20K.%20Mylapalli"> Praveen K. Mylapalli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arka.%20B.%20Dey"> Arka. B. Dey</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gourav%20Bhattacharya"> Gourav Bhattacharya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gouriprasanna%20Roy"> Gouriprasanna Roy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syed%20M.%20Kamil"> Syed M. Kamil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Surajit%20Dhara"> Surajit Dhara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sunil%20K.%20Sinha"> Sunil K. Sinha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajal%20K.%20Ghosh"> Sajal K. Ghosh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The most well-known structures of lyotropic liquid crystalline systems are the two dimensional hexagonal phase of cylindrical micelles with a positive interfacial curvature and the lamellar phase of flat bilayers with zero interfacial curvature. In aqueous solution of surfactants, the concentration dependent phase transitions have been investigated extensively. However, instead of changing the surfactant concentrations, the local curvature of an aggregate can be altered by tuning the electrostatic interactions among the constituent molecules. Intermediate phases with non-uniform interfacial curvature are still unexplored steps to understand the route of phase transition from hexagonal to lamellar. Understanding such structural evolution in lyotropic liquid crystalline systems is important as it decides the complex rheological behavior of the system, which is one of the main interests of the soft matter industry. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is an anionic surfactant and can be considered as a unique system to tune the electrostatics by cationic additives. In present study, imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) with different number of carbon atoms in their single hydrocarbon chain were used as the additive in the aqueous solution of SDS. At a fixed concentration of total non-aqueous components (SDS and IL), the molar ratio of these components was changed, which effectively altered the electrostatic interactions between the SDS molecules. As a result, the local curvature is observed to modify, and correspondingly, the structure of the hexagonal liquid crystalline phases are transformed into other phases. Polarizing optical microscopy of SDS and imidazole-based-IL systems have exhibited different textures of the liquid crystalline phases as a function of increasing concentration of the ILs. The small angle synchrotron x-ray diffraction (SAXD) study has indicated the hexagonal phase of direct cylindrical micelles to transform to a rectangular phase at the presence of short (two hydrocarbons) chain IL. However, the hexagonal phase is transformed to a lamellar phase at the presence of long (ten hydrocarbons) chain IL. Interestingly, at the presence of a medium (four hydrocarbons) chain IL, the hexagonal phase is transformed to another hexagonal phase of direct cylindrical micelles through the lamellar phase. To the best of our knowledge, such a phase sequence has not been reported earlier. Even though the small angle x-ray diffraction study has revealed the lattice parameters of these phases to be similar to each other, their rheological behavior has been distinctly different. These rheological studies have shed lights on how these phases differ in their viscoelastic behavior. Finally, the packing parameters, calculated for these phases based on the geometry of the aggregates, have explained the formation of the self-assembled aggregates. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lyotropic%20liquid%20crystals" title="lyotropic liquid crystals">lyotropic liquid crystals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=polarizing%20optical%20microscopy" title=" polarizing optical microscopy"> polarizing optical microscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rheology" title=" rheology"> rheology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surfactants" title=" surfactants"> surfactants</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=small%20angle%20x-ray%20diffraction" title=" small angle x-ray diffraction"> small angle x-ray diffraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104719/re-entrant-direct-hexagonal-phases-in-a-lyotropic-system-induced-by-ionic-liquids" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/104719.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div 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