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<span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firearm_noise_anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firearm_noise_anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Firearm noise anatomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firearm_noise_anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design and construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design and construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baffles_and_spacers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baffles_and_spacers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Baffles and spacers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baffles_and_spacers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wipes_and_packing_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wipes_and_packing_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Wipes and packing material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wipes_and_packing_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attachment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attachment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Attachment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attachment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advanced_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advanced_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Advanced types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advanced_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Captive-piston_silencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Captive-piston_silencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Captive-piston silencer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Captive-piston_silencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improvised_silencers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improvised_silencers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Improvised silencers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improvised_silencers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsonic_ammunition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsonic_ammunition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Subsonic ammunition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsonic_ammunition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_suppressed_firearms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_suppressed_firearms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notable suppressed firearms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_suppressed_firearms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_muzzle_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_muzzle_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other muzzle devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_muzzle_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Silencer (firearms)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD)" title="كاتم صوت (سلاح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتم صوت (سلاح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Глушыцель – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глушыцель" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Глушыльнік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Глушыльнік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Оръжеен заглушител – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оръжеен заглушител" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduer-son" title="Reduer-son – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Reduer-son" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenciador" title="Silenciador – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Silenciador" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlumi%C4%8D_hluku_v%C3%BDst%C5%99elu" title="Tlumič hluku výstřelu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tlumič hluku výstřelu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distawydd_(dryll)" title="Distawydd (dryll) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Distawydd (dryll)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydd%C3%A6mper" title="Lyddæmper – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lyddæmper" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalld%C3%A4mpfer_(Waffe)" title="Schalldämpfer (Waffe) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schalldämpfer (Waffe)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Summuti_(relvandus)" title="Summuti (relvandus) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Summuti (relvandus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenciador_(armas_de_fuego)" title="Silenciador (armas de fuego) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Silenciador (armas de fuego)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%87%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86_(%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="صداخفه‌کن (جنگ‌افزار) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صداخفه‌کن (جنگ‌افزار)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silencieux_(armement)" title="Silencieux (armement) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Silencieux (armement)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EC%9D%8C%EA%B8%B0" title="소음기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소음기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peredam_suara" title="Peredam suara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peredam suara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenziatore_(armi)" title="Silenziatore (armi) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Silenziatore (armi)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C" title="משתיק קול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="משתיק קול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%87_(%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Үн басаңдаткыч (ок атуучу курал) – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Үн басаңдаткыч (ок атуучу курал)" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C4%81p%C4%93t%C4%81js" title="Slāpētājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Slāpētājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangtomp%C3%ADt%C3%B3" title="Hangtompító – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hangtompító" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knaldemper_(wapen)" title="Knaldemper (wapen) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Knaldemper (wapen)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%97%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC" title="サプレッサー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サプレッサー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyddemper" title="Lyddemper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lyddemper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CA%BBndirgich_(o%CA%BBtochar_qurol)" title="Soʻndirgich (oʻtochar qurol) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soʻndirgich (oʻtochar qurol)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82umik_d%C5%BAwi%C4%99ku" title="Tłumik dźwięku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tłumik dźwięku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenciador_(armas)" title="Silenciador (armas) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Silenciador (armas)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Оружейный глушитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оружейный глушитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amudadore_(de_armas_de_fogu)" title="Amudadore (de armas de fogu) – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Amudadore (de armas de fogu)" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenciatori" title="Silenciatori – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Silenciatori" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suppressor" title="Suppressor – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Suppressor" data-language-autonym="Simple 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Suppressor&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressor">Suppressor</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Device which reduces sound intensity or muzzle flash on a firearm</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Suppressor" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Suppressor_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Suppressor (disambiguation)">Suppressor (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sound suppressor" and "Sound moderator" redirect here. For a method for reducing unwanted sound, see <a href="/wiki/Active_noise_control" title="Active noise control">Active noise control</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GSL_Suppressors_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/GSL_Suppressors_.jpg/300px-GSL_Suppressors_.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/GSL_Suppressors_.jpg/450px-GSL_Suppressors_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/GSL_Suppressors_.jpg/600px-GSL_Suppressors_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3462" data-file-height="1588" /></a><figcaption>A case of suppressors produced by <a href="/wiki/Gemtech" title="Gemtech">Gemtech</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suppressors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Suppressors.jpg/300px-Suppressors.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Suppressors.jpg/450px-Suppressors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Suppressors.jpg/600px-Suppressors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Suppressed firearms with their <a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">magazines</a> removed<br /> Top to bottom: <div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15 style rifle">AR-15</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heckler_%26_Koch_USP" title="Heckler & Koch USP">Heckler & Koch USP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Beretta_92" title="Beretta 92">Beretta 92FS</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/SIG_Mosquito" class="mw-redirect" title="SIG Mosquito">SIG Mosquito</a></li></ul></div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cross_section_of_a_suppressor_01_noBG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cross_section_of_a_suppressor_01_noBG.jpg/300px-Cross_section_of_a_suppressor_01_noBG.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cross_section_of_a_suppressor_01_noBG.jpg/450px-Cross_section_of_a_suppressor_01_noBG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cross_section_of_a_suppressor_01_noBG.jpg/600px-Cross_section_of_a_suppressor_01_noBG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3850" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Cutaway of a suppressor</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>silencer</b>, also known as a <b>sound suppressor</b>, <b>suppressor</b>, or <b>sound moderator</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel#Muzzle" title="Gun barrel">muzzle</a> device that suppresses the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_blast" title="Muzzle blast">blast</a> created when a <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">gun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">firearm</a> or <a href="/wiki/Airgun" class="mw-redirect" title="Airgun">airgun</a>) is discharged, thereby reducing the <a href="/wiki/Sound_intensity" title="Sound intensity">acoustic intensity</a> of the muzzle report (sound of a gunshot) and <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">jump</a>, by modulating the speed and pressure of the propellant gas released from the muzzle. Like other muzzle devices, a silencer can be a detachable accessory mounted to the muzzle, or an integral part of the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">barrel</a>. </p><p>A typical silencer is a metallic (usually <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a> or <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>) <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">cylinder</a> containing numerous internal <a href="/wiki/Sound_baffle" title="Sound baffle">sound baffles</a>, with a hollow bore to allow the <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullet</a> to exit normally. During firing, the bullet passes through the bore with little hindrance, but most of the expanding gas <a href="/wiki/Ejecta" title="Ejecta">ejecta</a> behind it is redirected through a longer and convoluted escape path created by the baffles, prolonging the release time. This slows down the gas and dissipates its <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_energy" title="Kinetic energy">kinetic energy</a> into a larger surface area, reducing the blast <a href="/wiki/Intensity_(physics)" title="Intensity (physics)">intensity</a>, thus lowering the <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silencers can also reduce the recoil during shooting, but unlike a <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_brake" title="Muzzle brake">muzzle brake</a> or a recoil compensator, which reduce recoil by <a href="/wiki/Vector_(mathematics_and_physics)" title="Vector (mathematics and physics)">vectoring</a> the muzzle blast sideways, silencers release almost all the gases towards the front. However, the internal baffles significantly prolong the time of the gas release and thereby decrease the rearward <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> generated – as for the same <a href="/wiki/Impulse_(physics)" title="Impulse (physics)">impulse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Force" title="Force">force</a> is inversely proportional to time. The weight of the silencer itself and the <a href="/wiki/Leverage_(mechanics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leverage (mechanics)">leverage</a> of its mounting location (at the far front end of the barrel) will also help counter <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">muzzle rise</a>. </p><p>Because the internal baffles will slow and cool the released gas and contain gunpowder that is still burning upon exit from the muzzle, silencers also reduce or even eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_flash" title="Muzzle flash">muzzle flash</a>. This is different from a <a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">flash suppressor</a>, which reduces the amount of flash by dispersing burning gases that are already released <i>outside</i> the muzzle, without necessarily reducing sound or recoil. A flash hider, or <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">muzzle shroud</a>, in contrast, conceals visible flashes by screening them from the direct line of sight, rather than reducing the intensity of the flash. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1892, Swiss inventor Jakob Stahel patented a silencer intended for killing cattle, though he claimed it could be adapted to other firearms too.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894 another silencer for use with firearms was patented by another Swiss inventor, C.A. Aeppli.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American inventor <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Percy_Maxim" title="Hiram Percy Maxim">Hiram Percy Maxim</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Maxim_gun" title="Maxim gun">Maxim gun</a> inventor <a href="/wiki/Hiram_Stevens_Maxim" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiram Stevens Maxim">Hiram Stevens Maxim</a>, and co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Radio_Relay_League" title="American Radio Relay League">American Radio Relay League</a>, is usually credited with inventing and selling the first commercially successful silencer around 1902. He received his patent on March 30, 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-USPTO-958935_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USPTO-958935-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-popular_science_1923_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popular_science_1923-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USAR1989_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAR1989-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maxim gave his device the <a href="/wiki/Generic_trademark" title="Generic trademark">popularly trademarked</a> name "Maxim Silencer,"<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman1997_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman1997-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was regularly advertised in sporting goods magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-Gage_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gage-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Muffler" title="Muffler">muffler</a> for <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a> was developed in parallel with the firearm silencer by Maxim in the early 20th century, using many of the same techniques to provide quieter-running engines, and in many English-speaking countries automobile mufflers are called silencers.<sup id="cite_ref-Goddard2000_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former president of the United States <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> was known to purchase and use Maxim silencers.<sup id="cite_ref-Boorman2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boorman2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silencers were regularly used by agents of the United States <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">Office of Strategic Services</a>, who favored the newly designed <a href="/wiki/High_Standard_HDM" title="High Standard HDM">High Standard HDM</a> <a href="/wiki/.22_LR" class="mw-redirect" title=".22 LR">.22 LR</a> pistol during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. OSS Director <a href="/wiki/William_Joseph_Donovan" class="mw-redirect" title="William Joseph Donovan">William Joseph "Wild Bill" Donovan</a> demonstrated the pistol for President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>. According to OSS research chief Stanley Lovell,<sup id="cite_ref-Lovell_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lovell-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Donovan, an old and trusted friend of the President, was waved into the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, where Roosevelt was dictating a letter. When Roosevelt finished, Donovan turned his back and fired a shot into a sandbag he had brought with him, announced what he had done and handed the smoking gun to the astonished president.<sup id="cite_ref-Kessler1994_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kessler1994-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE) <a href="/wiki/Welrod" title="Welrod">Welrod</a> pistol with an integral silencer was also used by the American OSS on clandestine operations in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi</a>-occupied Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Bull2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bull2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a> began to field suppressors in its combat units, citing improved communication on a <a href="/wiki/Squad" title="Squad">squad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platoon" title="Platoon">platoon</a> level because of the reduced sound. The USMC purchased 7,000 suppressors in 2020, and planned to have a total of 30,000 by the end of 2023, making them the first armed service to issue suppressors for general usage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silencers_Suppressors_different_types_vertical_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silencers_Suppressors_different_types_vertical_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg/220px-Silencers_Suppressors_different_types_vertical_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="479" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silencers_Suppressors_different_types_vertical_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg/330px-Silencers_Suppressors_different_types_vertical_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Silencers_Suppressors_different_types_vertical_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg/440px-Silencers_Suppressors_different_types_vertical_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1738" /></a><figcaption>Different Silencer designs</figcaption></figure><p>Gun rights advocates and gun media generally claim that the word "silencer" is defined as meaning <i>total</i> silence, while "suppressor" or "moderator" are defined as meaning only reduced sound intensity, in spite of its original definition.<sup id="cite_ref-Devaney2017_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devaney2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenwald2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenwald2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, "suppressor" and "moderator" have become the suggested terms.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HO2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HO2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The US <a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Act" title="National Firearms Act">National Firearms Act</a> (NFA) of 1934 defined silencers and established regulations limiting their sale and ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">US Department of Justice</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> (ATF) use the term <i>silencer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-atf34_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atf34-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hiram Percy Maxim, the original inventor of the device, marketed them as "Maxim Silencers".<sup id="cite_ref-Greener2002_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greener2002-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest use of the technical term <i>suppressor</i> to refer to firearm noise reduction is in US Patent 4530417, July 23, 1985, "A suppressor for reducing the muzzle blast of firearms or the like".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (August 2023)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> In <a href="/wiki/UK_English" class="mw-redirect" title="UK English">UK English</a>, <i>moderator</i> is the more commonly used term.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goddard2000_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goddard2000-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HO2022_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HO2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">American Heritage</a>, and other dictionaries apply the term <i>suppressor</i> to such contexts as <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_shielding" title="Electromagnetic shielding">electromagnetic shielding</a> devices, <a href="/wiki/Suppressor_mutation" title="Suppressor mutation">genetics</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, but not firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-OEDsilencer_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDsilencer-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEDsuppressor_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDsuppressor-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AHDsuppressor_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHDsuppressor-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DictionarySupressor_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictionarySupressor-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These dictionaries define both <i>silencer</i> and <i>suppressor</i> as essentially equivalent and interchangeable, neither applying exclusively or primarily to sound, and both being applicable as much to complete and total quiet or to partial reduction of sound.<sup id="cite_ref-OEDsilencer_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDsilencer-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEDsuppressor_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEDsuppressor-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AHDsuppressor_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHDsuppressor-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DictionarySupressor_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DictionarySupressor-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a> began a campaign to increase the civilian use of silencers for hunting and sport shooting in the US, setting the goals of easing the restrictions in the <a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Act_of_1934" class="mw-redirect" title="National Firearms Act of 1934">Federal NFA of 1934</a>, and in various state laws, regulating the sale and ownership of firearm silencers. In the same year, the American Silencer Association (ASA) was founded by US manufacturers of silencers, with the same goals of moving silencers into the mainstream.<sup id="cite_ref-LaSorte2011_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaSorte2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Devaney2017_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devaney2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with state and federal legislative lobbying efforts, the NRA and ASA began public information campaigns designed to change the perception of silencers from their association with espionage, assassination, crime or military special operation use, to instead show that silencers can have health and safety benefits, primarily protecting the hearing of shooters and people in the vicinity, and to debunk the perceived myth in popular television, film and video game media that silencers are so effective that gunshot sounds can go totally unnoticed, such as by people in the next room of a building.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollywood_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollywood-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LaSorte2011_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LaSorte2011-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenwald2017_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenwald2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the ASA changed its name to American Suppressor Association "in a continuing effort to dispel myths about suppressors".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gun control advocates have said that changing the name from "silencer" to "suppressor" is semantic propaganda similar to the efforts to avoid terms like "<a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">assault rifle</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Assault_weapon" title="Assault weapon">assault weapon</a>" in favor of friendlier-sounding language like "<a href="/wiki/Modern_sporting_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern sporting rifle">modern sporting rifle</a>", while gun-rights advocates make essentially the opposite argument, and also that the widespread term <i>silencer</i> reflects technical ignorance and is poorly defined.<sup id="cite_ref-Devaney2017_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devaney2017-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rosenwald2017_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosenwald2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Firearm_noise_anatomy">Firearm noise anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Firearm noise anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Special:EditPage/Silencer (firearms)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When discharged, a firearm makes sound from three sources: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_blast" title="Muzzle blast">Muzzle blast</a> – <a href="/wiki/Shockwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shockwave">shockwave</a> generated by high-pressure gases escaping and expanding from the muzzle after the <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">projectile</a> exits the barrel and breaks the functional <a href="/wiki/Seal_(mechanical)" title="Seal (mechanical)">seal</a> restraining the gas inside the <a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel#Bore" title="Gun barrel">bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_boom" title="Sonic boom">Sonic boom</a> – sharp <a href="/wiki/Bullwhip" title="Bullwhip">bullwhip</a>-cracking sound associated with high-frequency shockwaves caused by an object (in this case, the <a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">bullet</a>) flying <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonically</a> through the air</li> <li>Mechanical noise generated by the internal moving parts of the <a href="/wiki/Firearm_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm action">firearm action</a></li></ul> <p>A silencer can affect only the noise generated by the muzzle blast. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Service_revolver_firing_with_French_silencer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Service_revolver_firing_with_French_silencer.jpg/220px-Service_revolver_firing_with_French_silencer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Service_revolver_firing_with_French_silencer.jpg/330px-Service_revolver_firing_with_French_silencer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Service_revolver_firing_with_French_silencer.jpg/440px-Service_revolver_firing_with_French_silencer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Revolver with suppressor. Gas can be seen escaping between barrel and cylinder</figcaption></figure> <p>While using <a href="/wiki/Subsonic_ammunition" title="Subsonic ammunition">subsonic ammunition</a> can negate the sonic boom, mechanical noise can be reduced but is nearly impossible to eliminate. For these reasons, it is difficult to completely silence any firearm, or achieve a high level of noise suppression in <a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">revolvers</a>. Revolvers have a looser gas seal between the barrel and the <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">cylinder</a> that emits noise from escaping gases. Some revolver designs attempt to overcome this, such as the Russian <a href="/wiki/Nagant_M1895" title="Nagant M1895">Nagant M1895</a> and <a href="/wiki/OTs-38" class="mw-redirect" title="OTs-38">OTs-38</a>, and the US <a href="/wiki/S%26W_QSPR" class="mw-redirect" title="S&W QSPR">S&W QSPR</a>. </p><p>Muzzle blast generated by firearm discharge is directly proportional to the amount of <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellant</a> to be combusted within the <a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">cartridge</a>. Therefore, the greater the case capacity (i.e. a <a href="/wiki/Magnum_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnum cartridge">magnum cartridge</a>), the louder the muzzle blast, and consequently a more efficient or larger silencer system is required. A gunshot (the combination of the sonic boom, the vacuum release, and hot gases) will almost always be louder than the sound of the action cycling of an <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_firearm" title="Semi-automatic firearm">autoloading firearm</a>. Alan C. Paulson, a renowned firearms specialist, claimed to have encountered an integrally suppressed .22 LR gun that had such a quiet report.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Properly evaluating the sound generated by a firearm can be done only with a <a href="/wiki/Decibel_Meters" class="mw-redirect" title="Decibel Meters">decibel meter</a> in conjunction with a <a href="/wiki/Frequency_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency spectrum">frequency spectrum</a> analyzer during live tests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_and_construction">Design and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png/300px-Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png/450px-Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png/600px-Patent_DE1553874_07-Oct-1971_Handfeuerwaffe_mit_Schalldaempfer_Heckler_und_Koch.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of a suppressor integral to the firearm</figcaption></figure> <p>A silencer is typically a hollow metal tube made from <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> and contains expansion chambers. It is usually cylindrical in shape, and attaches to the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearm)">muzzle</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine gun</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifle</a>. Some can-type silencers, named for their resemblance to beverage cans, are detachable, and can be attached to a different firearm. In contrast, integral silencers consist of an expansion chamber or chambers surrounding the barrel. The barrel has openings or ports that bleed off-gases into the chambers. This type of silencer is part of the firearm, and maintenance of the suppressor requires that the firearm be at least partially disassembled.<sup id="cite_ref-Heard2011_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heard2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both types of silencers reduce noise by allowing the rapidly expanding gases from the firing of the cartridge to be decelerated and cooled through a series of hollow chambers. The trapped gas exits the suppressor over a longer period of time and at a greatly reduced speed, producing less noise signature. The chambers are divided by either <i>baffles</i> or <i>wipes</i>. There are typically at least four and up to perhaps fifteen chambers in a suppressor, depending on the intended use and design details. Often, a single, larger expansion chamber is located at the muzzle end of a can-type silencer, which allows the propellant gas to expand considerably and slow down before it encounters the baffles or wipes. This larger chamber may be "reflexed" toward the rear of the barrel to minimize the overall length of the combined firearm and silencer, especially with longer weapons such as rifles. </p><p>Silencers vary greatly in size and efficiency. One disposable type developed in the 1980s by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> for <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm" class="mw-redirect" title="9×19mm">9×19mm</a> pistols was 150 mm (5.9 in) long and 45 mm (1.8 in) in outside diameter, and was designed for six shots with standard ammunition or up to thirty shots with <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">subsonic</a> (slower than the speed of sound) <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>. In contrast, one suppressor designed for rifles firing the powerful <a href="/wiki/.50_BMG" title=".50 BMG">.50 caliber (BMG)</a> cartridge is 509 mm (20.0 in) long and 76 mm (3.0 in) in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Barrett_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barrett-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two ancillary advantages of the silencer are recoil reduction and flash suppression. Muzzle flash is reduced both by being contained in the suppressor and by the arresting of unburned powder that would ordinarily burn in the air and intensify the flash. Recoil reduction results from the slowing of propellant gases that contribute 30–50% of recoil velocity. However, some suppressors can increase the backpressure produced by the propellant gases. This can cause them to function somewhat like a <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_booster" title="Muzzle booster">muzzle booster</a> and thus increase the felt recoil. The weight of the silencer and the location of that additional weight at the muzzle reduces recoil through the basic mass as well as muzzle flip because of the location of this mass. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ReflexSuppressor-WP-Drwg.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section drawing of a centerfire rifle suppressor, showing expansion chamber "reflexed" (going back around) the rifle barrel, and four sound baffles. The diffractor and baffles are carefully shaped to deflect gas."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ReflexSuppressor-WP-Drwg.png/240px-ReflexSuppressor-WP-Drwg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ReflexSuppressor-WP-Drwg.png/360px-ReflexSuppressor-WP-Drwg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/ReflexSuppressor-WP-Drwg.png/480px-ReflexSuppressor-WP-Drwg.png 2x" data-file-width="1274" data-file-height="637" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section drawing of a centerfire rifle suppressor, showing expansion chamber "reflexed" (going back around) the rifle barrel, and four sound baffles. The diffractor and baffles are carefully shaped to deflect gas.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-Drwg.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section drawing of a rimfire rifle suppressor, showing short expansion chamber and thirteen plastic baffles. These baffles use alternating angled flat surfaces to repeatedly deflect gas expanding through the suppressor. In the actual suppressor, baffles are orientated at 90 degrees to one another about the axis of bullet travel. (The illustration does not demonstrate this well.)"><img alt="Cross-section drawing of a rimfire rifle suppressor, showing short expansion chamber and thirteen plastic baffles. These baffles use alternating angled flat surfaces to repeatedly deflect gas expanding through the suppressor. In the actual suppressor, baffles are orientated at 90 degrees to one another about the axis of bullet travel. (The illustration does not demonstrate this well.)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-Drwg.png/240px-Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-Drwg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-Drwg.png/360px-Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-Drwg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-Drwg.png/480px-Vaime-Suppressor-22-WP-Drwg.png 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section drawing of a rimfire rifle suppressor, showing short expansion chamber and thirteen plastic baffles. These baffles use alternating angled flat surfaces to repeatedly deflect gas expanding through the suppressor. In the actual suppressor, baffles are orientated at 90 degrees to one another about the axis of bullet travel. (The illustration does not demonstrate this well.)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 275px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 270px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy-HushPuppy-WP-Drwg.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Cross-section drawing of a pistol suppressor, showing expansion chamber wrapped around inner suppressor assembly, and four wipes. The bullet pushes a bullet-diameter hole through the wipes, trapping propellant gas behind it entirely until the bullet has passed through the wipe completely"><img alt="Cross-section drawing of a pistol suppressor, showing expansion chamber wrapped around inner suppressor assembly, and four wipes. The bullet pushes a bullet-diameter hole through the wipes, trapping propellant gas behind it entirely until the bullet has passed through the wipe completely" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Navy-HushPuppy-WP-Drwg.png/239px-Navy-HushPuppy-WP-Drwg.png" decoding="async" width="239" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Navy-HushPuppy-WP-Drwg.png/358px-Navy-HushPuppy-WP-Drwg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Navy-HushPuppy-WP-Drwg.png/477px-Navy-HushPuppy-WP-Drwg.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cross-section drawing of a pistol suppressor, showing expansion chamber wrapped around inner suppressor assembly, and four wipes. The bullet pushes a bullet-diameter hole through the wipes, trapping propellant gas behind it entirely until the bullet has passed through the wipe completely</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components">Components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baffles_and_spacers">Baffles and spacers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baffles and spacers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG/220px-Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG/330px-Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG/440px-Huntertown_Kestrel_5.56_disassembled.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Firearm suppressor disassembled to show (counterclockwise from bottom) blast chamber, baffles, and sections of the outer tube</figcaption></figure> <p>Baffles are usually circular metal dividers that separate the expansion chambers. Each baffle has a hole in its center to permit the passage of the bullet through the silencer and toward the target. The hole is typically at least 1mm larger than the bullet caliber to minimize the risk of the bullet hitting the baffle, called a baffle strike. Baffles are typically made of stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, or alloys such as <a href="/wiki/Inconel" title="Inconel">Inconel</a>, and are either <a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">machined</a> out of solid metal or <a href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">stamped</a> out of sheet metal. A few silencers for low-powered cartridges such as the <a href="/wiki/.22_Long_Rifle" title=".22 Long Rifle">.22 Long Rifle</a> have successfully used plastic baffles (certain models by Vaime and others).<sup id="cite_ref-Paulson_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 186–187">: 186–187 </span></sup> </p><p>There are several unique baffle designs. M, K, Z, monolithic core<sup id="cite_ref-Sparrow_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparrow-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ω (Omega) are the most prevalent. M-type, an inverted <a href="/wiki/Cone_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cone (geometry)">cone</a>, is the crudest. K forms slanted obstructions diverging from the sidewalls, creating <a href="/wiki/Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Gauge_(bore_diameter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge (bore diameter)">boreline</a>. Z is expensive to machine and includes pockets of dead airspace along the sidewalls which trap expanded gases and hold them thereby lengthening the time that the gases cool before exiting. Omega-type baffles form a series of spaced cones drawing gas away from the borderline and incorporate a scalloped mouth creating cross-bore turbulence, which is in turn directed to a "mouse-hole" opening between the baffle stack and sidewall. </p><p>Propellant gas heats and erodes the baffles, causing wear, which is worsened by high rates of fire. Aluminum baffles are seldom used with fully <a href="/wiki/Automatic_firearm" title="Automatic firearm">automatic weapons</a> because service life is unacceptably short. Some modern suppressors using steel or high-temperature alloy baffles can endure extended periods of fully automatic fire without damage. The highest-quality rifle suppressors available today have a claimed service life of greater than 30,000 rounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulson_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 363–364">: 363–364 </span></sup> Baffles have not been given any specific angles, a specific size, or weight to meet any standards; they are created on a trial and error basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spacers separate baffles and keep them aligned at a specified distance from one another inside the silencer. Many baffles and spacers are manufactured as a single assembly and several suppressor designs have all the baffles attached together with spacers as a one-piece helical baffle stack. Modern baffles are usually carefully shaped to divert the propellant gases effectively into the chambers. This shaping can be a slanted flat surface, canted at an angle to the bore, or a conical or otherwise curved surface. One popular technique is to have alternating angled surfaces through the stack of baffles.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wipes_and_packing_material">Wipes and packing material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wipes and packing material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wipes are inner dividers intended to touch the bullet as it passes through the silencer, and are typically made of rubber, plastic, or <a href="/wiki/Foam" title="Foam">foam</a>. Each wipe may have either a hole drilled in it before use or a pattern stamped into its surface at the point where the bullet will strike it, or it may simply be punched through by the bullet. Wipes typically last for a small number of firings (perhaps no more than five) before their performance is greatly degraded. While many suppressors used wipes in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> era, most modern suppressors do not use them as anything that touches the projectile degrades accuracy. All wipes deteriorate quickly and require disassembly and spare parts replacement.<sup id="cite_ref-Dockery2007_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wet silencers or wet cans use a small quantity of water, oil, grease, or <a href="/wiki/Gel" title="Gel">gel</a> in the expansion chambers to cool the propellant gases and reduce their volume (see <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">Ideal gas law</a>). The coolant lasts only a few shots before it must be replenished, but can greatly increase the effectiveness of the suppressor. Water is most effective, because of its high <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of vaporization">heat of vaporization</a>, but it can run or evaporate out of the silencer. Grease, while messier and less effective than water, can be left in the suppressor indefinitely without losing effectiveness. Oil is the least effective and least preferable, as it runs while being as messy as grease, and leaves behind a fine mist of <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosolized</a> oil after each shot. Water-based gels, such as wire-pulling lubricant gel, are a good compromise; they offer the efficacy of water with less mess, as they do not run or drip. However, they take longer to apply, as they must be cleared from the bore of the suppressor to ensure a clear path for the bullet (grease requires this step as well). Generally, only pistol silencers are shot wet, as rifle silencers handle such high pressure and heat that the liquid is gone within 1–3 shots. Many manufacturers will not warranty their rifle suppressors for wet fire, as some feel this may even result in a dangerous over-pressurization of the silencer.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Packing materials such as metal <a href="/wiki/Mesh" title="Mesh">mesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel_wool" title="Steel wool">steel wool</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Washer_(hardware)" title="Washer (hardware)">metal washers</a> may be used to fill the chambers and further dissipate and cool the gases. These are somewhat more effective than empty chambers but less effective than wet designs.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulson_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 130">: 130 </span></sup> Metal mesh, if properly used, may last for hundreds or thousands of shots of spaced semi-automatic fire; however, steel wool usually degrades within ten shots, with stainless steel wool lasting longer than regular steel wool. Like wipes, packing materials are rarely found in modern silencers.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wipes, packing materials, and purpose-designed wet cans have been generally abandoned in 21st-century suppressor design because they decrease overall accuracy and require excessive cleaning and maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-Dockery2007_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The instructions from several manufacturers state that their suppressors need not be cleaned at all.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Which manufacturers? Where is this stated? (April 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Furthermore, legal changes in the United States during the 1980s and 1990s made it much more difficult for end-users to legally replace internal silencer parts, and the newer designs reflect this reality.<sup id="cite_ref-Explosives_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Explosives-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attachment">Attachment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attachment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg/220px-CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg/330px-CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg/440px-CZ_452_A_silencer_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>Hunting rifle with silencer</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from integral silencers that are integrated as a part of the firearm's barrel, most suppressors have a female threaded end, which attaches to male threads cut into the exterior of the barrel. These types of silencers are mostly used on handguns and rifles chambered in .22LR. More powerful rifles may use this type of attachment, but harsh recoil may cause the suppressor to over-tighten to the barrel and the suppressor can become difficult to remove.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/SilencerCo" title="SilencerCo">SilencerCo</a>'s Salvo silencer for shotguns attaches via internal barrel threading normally used to mount removable <a href="/wiki/Choke_(firearms)" title="Choke (firearms)">chokes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Military rifles such as the <a href="/wiki/M16_rifle" title="M16 rifle">M16</a> or <a href="/wiki/M14_rifle" title="M14 rifle">M14</a> often use quick-detach suppressors that use coarser than normal threads and are installed over an existing muzzle device such as a flash suppressor and can include a secondary locking mechanism to allow the shooter to quickly and safely add or remove a sound suppressor based on individual needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_38-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advanced_types">Advanced types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Advanced types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Special:EditPage/Silencer (firearms)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG/220px-SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG/330px-SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG/440px-SilencerCo_Osprey_.45.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SilencerCo" title="SilencerCo">SilencerCo</a> Osprey .45 suppressor on a Springfield pistol</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to containing and slowly releasing the gas pressure associated with muzzle blast or reducing pressure through the use of coolant mediums, advanced silencer designs attempt to modify the properties of the sound waves generated by the muzzle blast. In these designs, effects known as <a href="/wiki/Frequency_shifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency shifting">frequency shifting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interference_(wave_propagation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Interference (wave propagation)">phase cancellation</a> (or destructive interference) are used in an attempt to make the suppressor quieter. These effects are achieved by separating the flow of gases and causing them to collide with one another or by venting them through precision-made holes. The intended effect of frequency shifting is to shift audible sound waves frequencies into <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a> (above 20 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kHz</a>), beyond the range of human hearing. The Russian <a href="/wiki/AN-94" title="AN-94">AN-94</a> assault rifle has a muzzle attachment that claims apparent noise reduction by venting some gases through a "dog-whistle" type channel. Phase cancellation occurs when similar sound waves encounter one another 180° out of phase, cancelling the amplitude of the wave and eliminating the pressure variations perceived as sound. </p><p>An alternate method under development is called an "anti-phase destructive interference generator."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The process duplicates the sound waves generated by the muzzle blast and then uses them to create an anti-phase auditory signal. Currently, this is a muzzle attached device and is only being tested to cancel out the gunshot sound of the firearm. The devices tested incorporate multiple microphones, speakers, and an auditory processor. The first shot fired is recorded, and then played back precisely out of sync(180 degrees out of phase) with each subsequent shot. This has proven successful with small caliber(.17-.22) rifles, but the amplitude has not been matched efficiently with larger cartridges. With the use of subsonic ammunition, the resultant sound waves effectively cancel out one another, and with the exception of the sound of the action cycling, eliminate any gunshot sound. In the current development stage, this has worked only in close proximity to the shooter, and the pressure wave (p-wave) can still be felt. Each time a different type of ammunition or firearm is used, the device needs recalibration. </p><p>Taking advantage of either property requires that the silencer be designed within the specification of the muzzle blast in mind. For example, the velocity of the sound waves is a major factor. This figure can change significantly between different cartridges and barrel lengths. </p><p>However, these concepts are controversial because a muzzle blast creates <a href="/wiki/White_noise" title="White noise">broadband noise</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Pure_tone" title="Pure tone">pure tones</a>, and phase cancellation in particular is therefore extremely difficult (if not impossible) to achieve. Some suppressor manufacturers claim to use phase cancellation in their designs.<sup id="cite_ref-WebbDoherty2010_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WebbDoherty2010-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From a physics standpoint, supersonic cartridge loads are impractical to suppress past the levels that are merely hearing-safe for the shooter due to the sonic boom emitted by the bullet, and cartridges such as <a href="/wiki/.22_LR" class="mw-redirect" title=".22 LR">.22 LR</a> and <a href="/wiki/.45_ACP" title=".45 ACP">.45 ACP</a> have long been recognized as the easiest to suppress even if using technology dating back to the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-assassin_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-assassin-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Supersonic_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Supersonic-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Captive-piston_silencer">Captive-piston silencer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Captive-piston silencer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gassiegel_Patrone_CC_BY-SA_4.0_Autor_Grasyl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gassiegel_Patrone_CC_BY-SA_4.0_Autor_Grasyl.svg/220px-Gassiegel_Patrone_CC_BY-SA_4.0_Autor_Grasyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gassiegel_Patrone_CC_BY-SA_4.0_Autor_Grasyl.svg/330px-Gassiegel_Patrone_CC_BY-SA_4.0_Autor_Grasyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Gassiegel_Patrone_CC_BY-SA_4.0_Autor_Grasyl.svg/440px-Gassiegel_Patrone_CC_BY-SA_4.0_Autor_Grasyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>Kinematics of the PSS pistol</figcaption></figure><p>Another silencer technology uses a captive piston cartridge; examples are the Smith & Wesson Quiet Special Purpose Revolver (QSPR) and the Soviet and Russian <a href="/wiki/PSS_silent_pistol" title="PSS silent pistol">PSS silent pistol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sadj_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadj-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OTs-38_Stechkin_silent_revolver" title="OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver">OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver</a> and the MTs-116M suppressed sniper rifle, a 12.7mm silenced development of the 7.62mm MTs-116M.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large calibre allows the bullet to be fired at subsonic speed, eliminating a major source of noise, while retaining accuracy, range, and effectiveness. All of these weapons use special, very expensive, captive-piston ammunition; QSPR ammunition resembled metal-cased .410-bore shotgun shells. The cartridge case internally works as a piston to trap the gases; the piston pushes the bullet, but the gases are retained in the cartridge case instead of being expelled noisily; in tests of the PSS the sound pressure level was 124.6<a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a>, similar to a suppressed .22 rimfire pistol.<sup id="cite_ref-sadj_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadj-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ammunition itself, rather than the weapon, is silent; in the US each individual round is considered to be a silencer, subject to regulations on silencers.<sup id="cite_ref-sadj_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sadj-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Improvised_silencers">Improvised silencers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Improvised silencers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Improvised silencers have been made from a variety of materials. In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Sheriff%27s_Department" title="Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department">Los Angeles County sheriff deputies</a> recovered a <a href="/wiki/Sa_vz._23" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa vz. 23">Sa vz. 26</a> <a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">submachine gun</a> with an automobile <a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">oil filter</a> attached.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride#Pipes" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC pipes</a>, plastic water bottles, and foam-filled pillows are also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollenbach_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollenbach-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Emerson_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emerson-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, improvised silencers are governed by the same laws as manufactured ones.<sup id="cite_ref-Hollenbach_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hollenbach-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg/220px-Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg/330px-Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/58/Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg/440px-Nielsen_device_area_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Rear of a suppressor with the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_booster" title="Muzzle booster">Nielsen device</a> protruding (completely assembled)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg/220px-Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg/330px-Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg/440px-Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_partially_removed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Retaining ring unscrewed and Nielsen device partially removed</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg/220px-Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg/330px-Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f8/Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg/440px-Nielsen_device_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_completely_disassembled.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Nielsen device completely removed and disassembled</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg/220px-Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg/330px-Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9d/Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg/440px-Rotational_indexing_system_of_YHM_Cobra_.45_suppressor_Nielsen_device.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Rear of suppressor showing the rotational indexing system incorporated into some Nielsen devices</figcaption></figure> <p>Functionally, a suppressor is meant to diminish the report of a discharged round, or make its sound unrecognizable. Other sounds emanating from the weapon remain unchanged. Even subsonic bullets make distinct sounds by their passage through the air and striking targets, and supersonic bullets produce a small sonic boom, resulting in a ballistic crack. Semi-automatic and fully automatic firearms also make distinct noises as their actions cycle, ejecting the fired cartridge case and loading a new round. </p><p>Aside from reductions in volume, suppressors tend to alter the sound to something that is not identifiable as a gunshot.<sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty2012_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty2012-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reduces or eliminates attention drawn to the shooter. A Finnish expression dating from the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> says that "A silencer does not make a soldier silent, but it does make him invisible."<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silencers are particularly useful in enclosed spaces where the sound, flash and pressure effects of a weapon being fired are amplified. Such effects may disorient the shooter, affecting <a href="/wiki/Situational_awareness" class="mw-redirect" title="Situational awareness">situational awareness</a>, concentration and accuracy, and can permanently damage hearing very quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-Dater2007_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dater2007-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the suppressed sound of firing is overshadowed by ballistic crack, observers can be deceived as to the location of the shooter, often from 90 to 180 degrees from his actual location. However, <a href="/wiki/Counter-sniper_tactics" title="Counter-sniper tactics">counter-sniper tactics</a> can include <a href="/wiki/Gunfire_locator" title="Gunfire locator">gunfire locators</a>, such as the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(mobile_shooter_detection_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boomerang (mobile shooter detection system)">Boomerang</a> system, where sensitive microphones are coupled to computers running algorithms, and use the ballistic crack to detect and localize the origin of the shot. </p><p>There are advantages to using a silencer that are not related to sound suppression. Hunters using <a href="/wiki/Centerfire_ammunition" title="Centerfire ammunition">centerfire rifles</a> find silencers bring various important benefits that outweigh the extra weight and resulting change in the firearm's center of gravity. The most important advantage of a suppressor is the hearing protection for the shooter as well as his or her companions. Many hunters have suffered permanent hearing damage due to someone else firing a high-caliber gun too closely without warning.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By reducing noise, recoil and muzzle-blast, it also enables the firer to follow through calmly on their first shot and fire a further carefully aimed shot without delay if necessary. <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> of all kinds are often confused as to the direction of the source of a well-suppressed shot. In the field, however, the comparatively large size of a centerfire rifle suppressor can cause unwanted noise if it bumps or rubs against vegetation or rocks, so many users cover them with <a href="/wiki/Neoprene" title="Neoprene">neoprene</a> sleeves.<sup id="cite_ref-Mann2014_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mann2014-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silencers reduce firing <a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">recoil</a>, primarily by diverting and trapping the propellant gas. The gas generally has much less mass than the projectile, but it exits the muzzle at multiples of the projectile velocity, so reducing the speed and quantity of the gas expelled can significantly reduce the total <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a> of the matter (gas and projectile) leaving the barrel, the negation of which, because momentum is <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_momentum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation of momentum">conserved</a>, is transferred to the gun as recoil. Paulson <i>et al.</i>, discussing low-velocity pistol calibers, suggest the recoil reduction is around 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-Paulson_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paulson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 38–40">: 38–40 </span></sup> With high-velocity calibers, recoil reduction runs in the range of 20–30%.<sup id="cite_ref-MarkWhite_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkWhite-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The added mass of the suppressor—normally 300 to 500 grams—also helps to manage the recoil. </p><p>A suppressor also cools the hot gases coming out of the barrel enough that most of the <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>-laced <a href="/wiki/Vapor" title="Vapor">vapor</a> that leaves the barrel <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condenses</a> inside the silencer, reducing the amount of lead that might be inhaled by the shooter and others around them. However, in auto-loading actions, this might be offset by increased <a href="/wiki/Back_pressure" title="Back pressure">back pressure</a>, which results in propellant gas blowing back into a shooter's face through the chamber during case ejection.<sup id="cite_ref-Emptormaven_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emptormaven-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsonic_ammunition">Subsonic ammunition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Subsonic ammunition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schalld%C3%A4mpfer-Masseentkoppler_auf_R%C3%BCcksto%C3%9Flader_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Schalld%C3%A4mpfer-Masseentkoppler_auf_R%C3%BCcksto%C3%9Flader_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg/220px-Schalld%C3%A4mpfer-Masseentkoppler_auf_R%C3%BCcksto%C3%9Flader_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Schalld%C3%A4mpfer-Masseentkoppler_auf_R%C3%BCcksto%C3%9Flader_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg/330px-Schalld%C3%A4mpfer-Masseentkoppler_auf_R%C3%BCcksto%C3%9Flader_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Schalld%C3%A4mpfer-Masseentkoppler_auf_R%C3%BCcksto%C3%9Flader_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg/440px-Schalld%C3%A4mpfer-Masseentkoppler_auf_R%C3%BCcksto%C3%9Flader_CC_BY-SA_4.0_by_Grasyl.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1329" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Kinematics of a Nielsen Device</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subsonic_ammunition" title="Subsonic ammunition">Subsonic ammunition</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Silencer_(firearms)" title="Special:EditPage/Silencer (firearms)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In weapons firing <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> ammunition, the bullet itself produces a loud and very sharp sound as it leaves the muzzle in excess of the speed of sound and gradually reducing speed as it travels downrange. This is a small sonic boom, and is referred to in the firearm field as ballistic crack or sonic signature. Subsonic ammunition eliminates this sound, but at the cost of lower velocity, resulting in decreased range and much decreased <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">muzzle energy</a>, thus lessening effectiveness on the target; this can be compensated for by increasing bullet weight. For example, if the muzzle velocity is reduced from 2,700 ft/s (820 m/s) (common for the <a href="/wiki/.308_Winchester" title=".308 Winchester">.308 Winchester</a>, for example) to a subsonic 950 ft/s (290 m/s), the muzzle energy is reduced by a factor of 8. Military marksmen and police units may use subsonic ammunition in suppressed rifles when minimal noise is more important than range and energy.<sup id="cite_ref-sniper_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sniper-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the numeric effectiveness of subsonic rounds is, again, misrepresented by media.<sup id="cite_ref-Dockery2007_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent testing of commercially available firearm suppressors with commercially available subsonic rounds has found that .308 subsonic rounds decreased the volume at the muzzle by 10 to 12dB when compared to the same caliber of suppressed supersonic ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-results_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-results-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When combined with silencers, the subsonic .308 rounds metered between 121 and 137dB. </p><p>The ballistic crack depends on the speed of sound, which in turn depends mainly on air temperature. At sea level, an ambient temperature of 70 °F (21 °C), and under normal atmospheric conditions, the speed of sound is approximately 1,140 feet per second (350 m/s). Bullets that travel near the speed of sound are considered <a href="/wiki/Transonic" title="Transonic">transonic</a>, which means that the airflow over the surface of the bullet, which at points travels faster than the bullet itself, can break the speed of sound. <a href="/wiki/Bullet#Pointed_bullets" title="Bullet">Pointed bullets</a>, which gradually displace air, can get closer to the speed of sound than round- or snub-nosed bullets before becoming transonic. </p><p>Special cartridges have been developed for use with a silencer. These cartridges use very heavy bullets to make up for the energy lost by keeping the bullet subsonic. A good example of this is the <a href="/wiki/.300_Whisper" title=".300 Whisper">.300 Whisper</a> cartridge, which is formed from a necked-up <a href="/wiki/.221_Remington_Fireball" title=".221 Remington Fireball">.221 Remington Fireball</a> cartridge case. The subsonic .300 Whisper fires up to a 250 grains (16 g), .30 caliber bullet at about 980 feet per second (300 m/s), generating about 533 foot-pounds force (723 J) of energy at the muzzle. While this is similar to the energy available from the .45 ACP pistol cartridge, the reduced diameter, and streamlined shape of the heavy .30 caliber bullet provides far better <a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">external ballistic</a> performance, improving range substantially. </p><p><a href="/wiki/9%C3%9719mm_Parabellum" title="9×19mm Parabellum">9×19mm Parabellum</a>, a very popular caliber for suppressed shooting, can use almost any factory-loaded 147 grains (9.5 g) weight round to achieve subsonic performance. These 147gr weight bullets typically have a velocity of 900–980 feet per second (270–300 m/s), which is less than the 1,140 feet per second (350 m/s) speed of sound.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayoob2011_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayoob2011-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-AS_Val_%26_VSS_Vintorez_-_RaceofHeroes-part2-34_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2239" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Integral suppressor on <a href="/wiki/VSS_Vintorez" class="mw-redirect" title="VSS Vintorez">VSS Vintorez</a> sniper rifle and <a href="/wiki/AS_Val" class="mw-redirect" title="AS Val">AS Val</a> assault rifle</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a>/Russian <a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_shot_and_shell#Small_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor-piercing shot and shell">armor-piercing</a> <a href="/wiki/9%C3%9739mm" title="9×39mm">9×39mm</a> ammunition used in rifles such as the <a href="/wiki/AS_Val" class="mw-redirect" title="AS Val">AS Val</a> has a high subsonic <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">ballistic coefficient</a>, high retained downrange energy, high <a href="/wiki/Sectional_density" title="Sectional density">sectional density</a>, and moderate recoil.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilstra2014_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilstra2014-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Without using subsonic ammunition, the <a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">muzzle velocity</a> of a supersonic bullet can be lowered by other means, before it leaves the barrel. Some silencer designs, called integrals, do this by allowing gas to bleed off along the length of the barrel before the projectile exits. The <a href="/wiki/MP5SD" class="mw-redirect" title="MP5SD">MP5SD</a> is an example of this, with holes right after the chamber of the barrel used to reduce a regular 115 or 124gr ammunition to subsonic velocities.<sup id="cite_ref-Heard2011_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heard2011-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silencerco_Osprey_9,_SWR_Octane_45,_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG/220px-Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG/330px-Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG/440px-Silencerco_Osprey_9%2C_SWR_Octane_45%2C_and_Silencerco_Saker_5.56.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Firearm suppressors including the SilencerCo Osprey 9, SWR Octane 45, and SilencerCo Saker 5.56</figcaption></figure> <p>Live tests by independent reviewers of numerous commercially available suppressors find that even low-power, unsuppressed .22LR handguns produce gunshots over 160 <a href="/wiki/Decibels" class="mw-redirect" title="Decibels">decibels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-results_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-results-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent study of various suppressors reported peak sound pressure level reductions between 17dB and 24dB.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study evaluated two calibers of rifle and nine suppressors, .223 caliber <a href="/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15 style rifle">AR-15</a> (five suppressors) and .300 caliber AAC Blackout (four suppressors), and reported noise reduction of the peak sound level pressure between 7 dB and 32 dB.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/De_Lisle_carbine" title="De Lisle carbine">De Lisle carbine</a>, a British World War II suppressed rifle used in small numbers by Special Forces, was recorded at 85.5 dB in official firing tests.<sup id="cite_ref-Rome_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rome-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Comparatively, ear protection commonly used while shooting provides 18 to 32 dB of sound reduction at the ear.<sup id="cite_ref-Hearing_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearing-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For additional comparison, chainsaws, rock concerts, rocket engines, pneumatic drills, small firecrackers, and ambulance sirens are rated between 100 and 140 dB.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some consider the noise reduction of a suppressor significant enough to permit safe shooting without hearing protection ("hearing safe"), <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-induced hearing loss</a> may occur at 85 time-weighted-average decibels or above if exposed for a prolonged period,<sup id="cite_ref-NIHL_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIHL-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suppressed gunshots regularly meter above 130 dB. However, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration</a> uses 140 dB as the safety cutoff for <a href="/wiki/Impulse_noise_(audio)" class="mw-redirect" title="Impulse noise (audio)">impulsive noise</a>, which has led most U.S. manufacturers to advertise sub-140dB silencers as hearing safe. Current OSHA standards would allow less than a single second of cumulative exposure to impact noise over 130 dB per 24 hours. That would equate to a single .308 round fired through a very efficient suppressor. This result effectively requires all users of silencers to wear additional ear protection. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Department of Veterans Affairs">United States Department of Veterans Affairs</a> has stated that the most prominent disability in former servicemen is reduced and damaged hearing and that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>' decision to purchase and use suppressors would solve this problem.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional measures of suppressor noise reduction have focused on the change in the peak sound pressure level between suppressed and unsuppressed conditions. Because of the MIL-STD 1474D, the ability to reduce the suppressed level to below 140 dB peak sound pressure level (dB pSPL) was the goal for firearm suppressor manufacturers. In MIL-STD 1474D, materiel that produced peak levels below 140 dB were not subject to a requirement to wear hearing protection devices that could affect a person's situational awareness. Firearms have different levels of perceived loudness. This difference can be related to the peak sound pressure level but also to the initial duration of the impulse. A longer initial duration (also known as the A-duration) can create a sensation that impulses with the same sound pressure level (dB pSPL) are louder because the muzzle blast interacts with the body for a longer period of time. For instance, the peak levels of a Remington model 788, 22" barrel .308 caliber, 150-grain bullet rifle and a Winchester Mossberg 4x4, 24" barrel .300 caliber, 150 grain bullet rifle were 169 and 171 dB pSPL, respectively. The mean A-duration of the .308 Remington was 0.35 milliseconds and the A-duration of the .300 Winchester was 0.42 ms, 20% longer. When the impulses' peak sound pressure levels are normalized to the same level (170 dB pSPL), the equivalent energy of the .300 Winchester was approximately 1 dB greater than that of the .308 Remington. In other words, greater energy was present for the impulse with a longer A-duration.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Measurements relying upon sound level meters are often unable to capture the waveform details to accurately describe the impulse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legal regulation of silencers varies widely around the world. In some nations, such as Finland, France, and New Zealand some or all types of suppressors are essentially unregulated and are sold through retail stores or by mail-order.<sup id="cite_ref-Dockery2007_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other countries, their possession or use is more restricted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_in_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_in_Europe.svg/240px-Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_in_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_in_Europe.svg/360px-Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_in_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_in_Europe.svg/480px-Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_in_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000d8; color:white;"> </span> Suppressors are unregulated</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008100; color:white;"> </span> Suppressors are legal to own for firearms owners (for reasons like hunting, sport, self-defence or no reason asked)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#f89111; color:black;"> </span> Suppressors are legal to own with special permit only</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d50000; color:white;"> </span> Suppressors are prohibited to own</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d0d0d0; color:black;"> </span> Missing or non-clear info</div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Czech Republic: C-category accessory, i.e. they are available to gun license holders and subject to registration<sup id="cite_ref-zbrojnice-novela-2021_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zbrojnice-novela-2021-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Denmark: the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Danish_Weapons_And_Explosives_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Danish Weapons And Explosives Law (page does not exist)">Danish Weapons And Explosives Law</a> makes the unlicensed possession of a silencer illegal. As of 7 May 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it is legal to own and use silencers for hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Finland: a firearm silencer is classified as a firearm part by law. Purchasing a suppressor requires a firearm ownership permit, which must be shown to the vendor at the moment of purchase.<sup id="cite_ref-Baum2013_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baum2013-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>France: silencers for <a href="/wiki/Rimfire_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rimfire (firearms)">rimfire</a> pistols are sold without government oversight in France.<sup id="cite_ref-Dockery2007_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dockery2007-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Germany: a silencer is treated the same in the eyes of the law as the weapon it is designed for. Accordingly, suppressors for <a href="/wiki/BB_gun" title="BB gun">air guns</a>, which can be purchased by anyone over 18 years of age, can be purchased by anyone over 18. A hunting license allows the purchase of a suppressor for long guns for centerfire ammunition.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Italy: a silencer is considered a restricted firearms accessory, which can only be sold to the armed forces, police and government agencies.(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:1975-04-18;110!vig">Law april 18 1975 Art. 2</a>). The exception to this is any silencers acquired before 4 November 2013, where these items can be freely retained and used. No registration is needed for these.<sup id="cite_ref-Suppressors_In_Italy_(Italian)_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suppressors_In_Italy_(Italian)-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Norway: not regulated and can be purchased by anyone for any firearm. No licence or permit is necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Poland: In 2020, a new amendment to the <i>Arms and Ammunition Act</i> allowed police to issue permits for firearms with sound suppressors for hunting permits. Hunters are allowed to use them only for the sanitary shooting of animals.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Portugal: Silencers "Sound Moderators" are permitted for hunters and sport shooters since 22 September 2019. As they are only classified as accessories, prior authorization is not required for their acquisition, and they can be purchased by gun license holders upon presentation of the respective gun license. Moderators don't need to be registered <sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Russian Federation: firearm silencers use (legally defined as "devices for noiseless shooting") is prohibited, and dealers are prohibited from selling them, but there is no penalty for purchasing or possession of such devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter2002_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter2002-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Spain: firearms silencers are prohibited by the Decree regulating firearms (technically, the law just references the Decree). Airgun "moderators" are not explicitly mentioned, so they are tolerated. Ambiguous rulings by authorities are common.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sweden: Since 1 July 2022, silencers are regulated the same way as ammunition. Anyone who has the right to possess a certain weapon for shooting may possess silencers that fit the weapon.<sup id="cite_ref-Suppressors_Sweden_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suppressors_Sweden-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>United Kingdom: Sound Moderators are regulated as controlled components and require an entry on the owner's <a href="/wiki/Firearm_certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm certificate">firearm certificate</a> (FAC). It is generally taken that good reason to possess the firearm "should normally imply "good reason" to possess a sound moderator".<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the U.K. Government undertook a consultation on removing sound moderators from licencing controls entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg/240px-Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg/360px-Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg/480px-Legality_of_firearm_suppressors_by_US_jurisdiction.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Legality of firearm suppressors by US jurisdiction<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#008000; color:white;"> </span> Legal</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFA500; color:black;"> </span> Legal, but illegal to hunt with. It is now legal to hunt with suppressors in Vermont</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF0000; color:black;"> </span> Illegal</div></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In Canada, a device to muffle or stop the sound of a firearm is a "prohibited device" under the <a href="/wiki/Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LOIS_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LOIS-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A prohibited device is not inherently illegal in Canada but it does require an uncommon and very specific prohibited device license for its possession, use, and transport. Silencers cannot be imported into the country by civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-CBSA_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBSA-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gun politics in Canada">Gun politics in Canada</a>.</i></li> <li>In the United States, taxes and strict regulations affect the manufacture and sale of silencers under the <a href="/wiki/National_Firearms_Act" title="National Firearms Act">National Firearms Act</a>. They are legal for individuals to possess and use for lawful purposes in 42 of the 50 states. However, a prospective owner must go through an application process administered by the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives</a> (ATF), which requires a federal tax payment of $200 and a thorough criminal <a href="/wiki/Background_check" title="Background check">background check</a>. The tax payment buys a <a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamp" title="Revenue stamp">revenue stamp</a>, which is the legal document allowing possession of a silencer. The eight states that have explicitly banned any civilian from possessing a silencer are: <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-VSA_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VSA-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>. The state of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> allows silencer ownership, but prohibit using silencers while hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal legal requirements to manufacture a silencer in the United States are enumerated in <a href="/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Code" title="Internal Revenue Code">Title 26</a>, Chapter 53 of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell-53_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-53-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual states and several municipalities also have their specific requirements. Federal law provides severe penalties for crimes of violence committed using firearms equipped with silencers, with a minimum prison sentence of 30 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell-924_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell-924-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In Australia, use, and ownership of silencers is generally limited to government, security, and law enforcement use only and prohibited for private firearm owners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In New Zealand, following firearm law changes in April 2019, suppressors could still be fitted to a standard firearm.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_II_weapons" title="Title II weapons">Title II weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piston_effect#Tunnel_boom" title="Piston effect">Piston effect § Tunnel boom</a>, for a similar device but far bigger, on ends of railway tunnels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_blimp" title="Sound blimp">Sound blimp</a>, a device to reduce the noise made by a camera's shutter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_suppressed_firearms">Notable suppressed firearms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable suppressed firearms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Lisle_carbine" title="De Lisle carbine">De Lisle carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAC-10" title="MAC-10">MAC-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSP_Groza_silent_pistol" title="MSP Groza silent pistol">MSP Groza silent pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OTs-38_Stechkin_silent_revolver" title="OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver">OTs-38 Stechkin silent revolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PBS-1_Suppressor" class="mw-redirect" title="PBS-1 Suppressor">PBS-1 Suppressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sten_submachine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Sten submachine gun">STEN Mk IIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSS_Vintorez" class="mw-redirect" title="VSS Vintorez">VSS Vintorez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welrod" title="Welrod">Welrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAC_Honey_Badger" title="AAC Honey Badger">AAC Honey Badger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ShAK-12" title="ShAK-12">ShAK-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QSW-06" title="QSW-06">QSW-06</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_muzzle_devices">Other muzzle devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other muzzle devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_brake" title="Muzzle brake">Muzzle brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">Flash suppressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_booster" title="Muzzle booster">Muzzle booster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">Muzzle shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blank-firing_adapter" title="Blank-firing adapter">Blank-firing adapter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atf.gov/firearms/firearms-guides-importation-verification-firearms-gun-control-act-definition-silencer">"Firearms - Gun Control Act Definition - Silencer"</a>. <i>atf.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atf.gov&rft.atitle=Firearms+-+Gun+Control+Act+Definition+-+Silencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.atf.gov%2Ffirearms%2Ffirearms-guides-importation-verification-firearms-gun-control-act-definition-silencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US516236A/en?q=F41A21%2f30&sort=old&page=3">"Jakob stahel"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jakob+stahel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS516236A%2Fen%3Fq%3DF41A21%252f30%26sort%3Dold%26page%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent" id="CITEREFAeppli1894"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/patent/search/family/004196535/publication/CH8453A?q=pn%3DCH8453A">CH8453A</a>, Aeppli, C.A., "Knall-Dämpfungsapparat für Feuerwaffen", issued 1894-03-20</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=CH8453A&rft.cc=&rft.title=Knall-D%C3%A4mpfungsapparat+f%C3%BCr+Feuerwaffen&rft.inventor=Aeppli&rft.date=1894-03-20"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bt-ag.ch/firma/geschichte/">"Die Geschichte der B&T AG"</a>. <i>Brügger & Thomet</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Br%C3%BCgger+%26+Thomet&rft.atitle=Die+Geschichte+der+B%26T+AG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbt-ag.ch%2Ffirma%2Fgeschichte%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USPTO-958935-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USPTO-958935_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US958935A/en">"US Patent 958935A - Silent Firearm"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Patent+958935A+-+Silent+Firearm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatents.google.com%2Fpatent%2FUS958935A%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popular_science_1923-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popular_science_1923_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossman1923" class="citation journal cs1">Crossman, Edward (1923). Popular Science (ed.). "Maxim's House of Silence". <i>The Popular Science Monthly</i>. <b>100</b> (2). Bonnier Corporation: 48. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Maxim%27s+House+of+Silence&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=48&rft.date=1923&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft.aulast=Crossman&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAR1989-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USAR1989_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAR1989" class="citation book cs1">USAR, William S. Brophy (1 May 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mdC3DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA653"><i>Marlin Firearms: A History of the Guns and the Company That Made Them</i></a>. Stackpole Books. p. 653. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-4694-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-4694-6"><bdi>978-0-8117-4694-6</bdi></a>. <q>During the early 1900s, Hiram Percy Maxim designed and patented gun silencers. His efforts were directed toward both military and sporting arms and resulted in his forming the Maxim Silencer Company, Hartford, Conn.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marlin+Firearms%3A+A+History+of+the+Guns+and+the+Company+That+Made+Them&rft.pages=653&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1989-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8117-4694-6&rft.aulast=USAR&rft.aufirst=William+S.+Brophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmdC3DAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freeman1997-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1997_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1997" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Morton S. (18 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dujiiVP2KJIC&pg=PA165"><i>A New Dictionary of Eponyms</i></a>. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509354-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-509354-4"><bdi>978-0-19-509354-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Dictionary+of+Eponyms&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=1997-12-18&rft.isbn=978-0-19-509354-4&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Morton+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdujiiVP2KJIC%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gage-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gage_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGage1913" class="citation book cs1">Gage (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6382AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA53"><i>Electrical Record and Buyer's Reference</i></a>. New York: Buyers' Reference Company. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrical+Record+and+Buyer%27s+Reference&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Buyers%27+Reference+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Gage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6382AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goddard2000-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard2000_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goddard2000_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoddard2000" class="citation book cs1">Goddard, Stephen B. (11 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6RVbAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA227"><i>Colonel Albert Pope and His American Dream Machines: The Life and Times of a Bicycle Tycoon Turned Automotive Pioneer</i></a>. McFarland. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1334-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-1334-5"><bdi>978-1-4766-1334-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonel+Albert+Pope+and+His+American+Dream+Machines%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+a+Bicycle+Tycoon+Turned+Automotive+Pioneer&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2000-11-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-1334-5&rft.aulast=Goddard&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6RVbAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boorman2001-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boorman2001_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoorman2001" class="citation book cs1">Boorman, Dean K. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZmlpZivhU8C&pg=PA74"><i>The History of Winchester Firearms</i></a>. Globe Pequot Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-307-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-307-0"><bdi>978-1-58574-307-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Winchester+Firearms&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58574-307-0&rft.aulast=Boorman&rft.aufirst=Dean+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdZmlpZivhU8C%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lovell-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lovell_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovell1963" class="citation book cs1">Lovell, Stanley (1963). <i>Of Spies and Stratagems</i>. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+Spies+and+Stratagems&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Lovell&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span> – Lovell claimed that a weapon so quiet would be more efficient than any death ray.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kessler1994-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kessler1994_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler1994" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, Ronald (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l_EvNUJHTSoC&pg=PA187"><i>Inside the CIA</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-73458-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-73458-9"><bdi>978-0-671-73458-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+CIA&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-671-73458-9&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl_EvNUJHTSoC%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bull2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bull2004_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBull2004" class="citation book cs1">Bull, Stephen (1 January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HN3AUx_3Mn4C&pg=PA237"><i>Encyclopedia of Military Technology and Innovation</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-557-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57356-557-8"><bdi>978-1-57356-557-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Military+Technology+and+Innovation&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2004-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-57356-557-8&rft.aulast=Bull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHN3AUx_3Mn4C%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2021" class="citation web cs1">Moss, Matthew (13 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefirearmblog.com/blog/2021/01/13/usmc-suppressor-roll-out/">"USMC Begins Roll Out of Suppressors"</a>. <i>The Firearm Blog</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Firearm+Blog&rft.atitle=USMC+Begins+Roll+Out+of+Suppressors&rft.date=2021-01-13&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefirearmblog.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F01%2F13%2Fusmc-suppressor-roll-out%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzales" class="citation web cs1">Gonzales, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvidshub.net/news/385998/marine-corps-begins-widespread-fielding-suppressors">"Marine Corps begins widespread fielding of suppressors"</a>. <i>DVIDS</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DVIDS&rft.atitle=Marine+Corps+begins+widespread+fielding+of+suppressors&rft.aulast=Gonzales&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dvidshub.net%2Fnews%2F385998%2Fmarine-corps-begins-widespread-fielding-suppressors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devaney2017-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devaney2017_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devaney2017_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devaney2017_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevaney2017" class="citation cs2">Devaney, Tim (May 5, 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/business-a-lobbying/335348-gun-lobby-seeks-to-calm-fears-about-silencers/">"Gun lobby seeks to calm fears about silencers"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Gun+lobby+seeks+to+calm+fears+about+silencers&rft.date=2017-05-05&rft.aulast=Devaney&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fbusiness-a-lobbying%2F335348-gun-lobby-seeks-to-calm-fears-about-silencers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenwald2017-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenwald2017_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenwald2017_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenwald2017_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenwald2017" class="citation cs2">Rosenwald, Michael S. (January 9, 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/gun-silencers-are-hard-to-buy-donald-trump-jr-and-silencer-makers-want-to-change-that/2017/01/07/0764ab4c-d2d2-11e6-9cb0-54ab630851e8_story.html">"Gun silencers are hard to buy. Donald Trump Jr. and silencer makers want to change that"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Gun+silencers+are+hard+to+buy.+Donald+Trump+Jr.+and+silencer+makers+want+to+change+that&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft.aulast=Rosenwald&rft.aufirst=Michael+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fgun-silencers-are-hard-to-buy-donald-trump-jr-and-silencer-makers-want-to-change-that%2F2017%2F01%2F07%2F0764ab4c-d2d2-11e6-9cb0-54ab630851e8_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kgun9.com/news/local-news/how-silent-are-gun-silencers">"How Silent Are Gun Silencers?"</a>. <i>KGUN 9</i>. 2023-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-05-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KGUN+9&rft.atitle=How+Silent+Are+Gun+Silencers%3F&rft.date=2023-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kgun9.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fhow-silent-are-gun-silencers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HO2022-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HO2022_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HO2022_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/636a6dbf8fa8f5358665f4b9/Firearms_guide_November_2022.pdf">"Guide on Firearms Licensing Law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gov.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a>. November 2022. p. 111. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20231230022048/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/636a6dbf8fa8f5358665f4b9/Firearms_guide_November_2022.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2024</span>. <q>12.77 Sound moderators are subject to certificate control under section 57(1) of the 1968 Act as an accessory "designed or adapted to diminish the noise or flash caused by firing" a firearm.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.uk&rft.atitle=Guide+on+Firearms+Licensing+Law&rft.pages=111&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.publishing.service.gov.uk%2Fmedia%2F636a6dbf8fa8f5358665f4b9%2FFirearms_guide_November_2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 1(a), Public Law No. 474, Ch. 757, 48 Stat. 1236 (June 26, 1934).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atf34-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-atf34_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atf.gov/firearms/faq/firearms-technology.html">"Silencer FAQ"</a>. Firearms technology. U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Silencer+FAQ&rft.series=Firearms+technology&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Alcohol%2C+Tobacco%2C+Firearms%2C+and+Explosives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atf.gov%2Ffirearms%2Ffaq%2Ffirearms-technology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greener2002-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greener2002_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreener2002" class="citation book cs1">Greener, W. W. (1 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=obxNmpITIPkC&pg=PR9"><i>The Gun and Its Development</i></a>. Lyons Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58574-734-4"><bdi>978-1-58574-734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gun+and+Its+Development&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2002-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-58574-734-4&rft.aulast=Greener&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DobxNmpITIPkC%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US4530417">US 4530417</a></span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=4530417&rft.cc=US&rft.title="><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shootinguk.co.uk/guns/sound-moderators-86396">"Five sound moderators on test - Shooting UK"</a>. <i>Shooting UK</i>. 2016-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shooting+UK&rft.atitle=Five+sound+moderators+on+test+-+Shooting+UK&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shootinguk.co.uk%2Fguns%2Fsound-moderators-86396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/NRA-Handbook-2024.pdf"><i>The NRA Handbook 2024</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Rifle Association (United Kingdom)">National Rifle Association</a>. 2024. p. 71<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+NRA+Handbook+2024&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=National+Rifle+Association&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnra.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FNRA-Handbook-2024.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDsilencer-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEDsilencer_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEDsilencer_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-silencer" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=silencer">"silencer"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=silencer&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dsilencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEDsuppressor-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEDsuppressor_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEDsuppressor_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-suppressor" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=suppressor">"suppressor"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=suppressor&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dsuppressor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHDsuppressor-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHDsuppressor_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHDsuppressor_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-suppressor" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=suppressor">"suppressor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=suppressor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dsuppressor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DictionarySupressor-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DictionarySupressor_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DictionarySupressor_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/suppressor">"suppressor"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a></i> (Online). n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=suppressor&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsuppressor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaSorte2011-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LaSorte2011_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LaSorte2011_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaSorte2011" class="citation cs2">LaSorte, Darren (December 22, 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrifleman.org/articles/2011/12/22/suppressors-for-hearing-and-the-shooting-sports/">"Suppressors: For Hearing and the Shooting Sports"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/American_Rifleman" title="American Rifleman">American Rifleman</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="National Rifle Association of America">National Rifle Association of America</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Rifleman&rft.atitle=Suppressors%3A+For+Hearing+and+the+Shooting+Sports&rft.date=2011-12-22&rft.aulast=LaSorte&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanrifleman.org%2Farticles%2F2011%2F12%2F22%2Fsuppressors-for-hearing-and-the-shooting-sports%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollywood-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hollywood_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Examples of blaming Hollywood exaggeration of silencer effectiveness: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweeney2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Sweeney, Patrick (February 10, 2017). "Ruger silent-SR: One of the great names in firearms takes the plunge into a once-taboo market". <i><a href="/wiki/Firearms_News" title="Firearms News">Firearms News</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Sportsman_Group" title="Outdoor Sportsman Group">Outdoor Sportsman Group</a>  – via <a href="/wiki/General_OneFile" class="mw-redirect" title="General OneFile">General OneFile</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> . pp. 32 ff. <q>With subsonic ammunition, the Silent-SR provided the Hollywood 'phuut-phuut' noise that all movie suppressors are supposed to deliver</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Firearms+News&rft.atitle=Ruger+silent-SR%3A+One+of+the+great+names+in+firearms+takes+the+plunge+into+a+once-taboo+market&rft.pages=32+ff&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Sweeney&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCombie2014" class="citation magazine cs1">McCombie, Brian (August 28, 2014). "Joshua Waldron: How two guys in a rock band redesigned silencers and became the biggest suppressor maker in the nation". <i><a href="/wiki/Gun_Digest" title="Gun Digest">Gun Digest</a></i>. Gun Digest Books  – via <a href="/wiki/General_OneFile" class="mw-redirect" title="General OneFile">General OneFile</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> . pp. 48 ff. <q>[Joshua Waldron, co-founder of SilencerCo] "So I see a big part of my job as educating the public about silencers and trying to undo so much of that stupid Hollywood idea about silencers being an assassin's tool.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gun+Digest&rft.atitle=Joshua+Waldron%3A+How+two+guys+in+a+rock+band+redesigned+silencers+and+became+the+biggest+suppressor+maker+in+the+nation&rft.pages=48+ff&rft.date=2014-08-28&rft.aulast=McCombie&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCombie2012" class="citation magazine cs1">McCombie, Brian (June–July 2012). "Hush-up: How sound suppressors work and why you should own one". <i><a href="/wiki/Outdoor_Life" title="Outdoor Life">Outdoor Life</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Bonnier_Corporation" title="Bonnier Corporation">Bonnier Corporation</a>  – via <a href="/wiki/General_OneFile" class="mw-redirect" title="General OneFile">General OneFile</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> . p. 82. <q>Despite their Hollywood image, suppressors are not 'silencers'. They won't completely muffle rifle or handgun noise, and they won't stop the sonic crack of a bullet that comes from traveling beyond the speed of sound.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outdoor+Life&rft.atitle=Hush-up%3A+How+sound+suppressors+work+and+why+you+should+own+one&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2012-06%2F2012-07&rft.aulast=McCombie&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Hollywood has a lot to answer for". <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i>. E. Garrett Bewkes IV  – via <a href="/wiki/General_OneFile" class="mw-redirect" title="General OneFile">General OneFile</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span> . February 6, 2017. p. 10. <q>In the real world, 'silencers' are actually 'suppressors', and they don't eliminate the sound of a gunshot so much as slightly reduce it —</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Hollywood+has+a+lot+to+answer+for&rft.pages=10&rft.date=2017-02-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlowik2014" class="citation cs2">Slowik, Max (May 9, 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guns.com/2014/05/09/asa-changes-its-name-to-american-suppressor-association/"><i>ASA changes its name to American Suppressor Association</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ASA+changes+its+name+to+American+Suppressor+Association&rft.date=2014-05-09&rft.aulast=Slowik&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guns.com%2F2014%2F05%2F09%2Fasa-changes-its-name-to-american-suppressor-association%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paulson-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paulson_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulson_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulson_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulson_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paulson_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulson" class="citation book cs1">Paulson, Alan C. <i>Silencer: History and performance</i>. Vol. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silencer%3A+History+and+performance&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Alan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heard2011-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heard2011_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heard2011_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeard2011" class="citation book cs1">Heard, Brian J. (17 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qd8TkbuC_bAC&pg=PT32"><i>Handbook of Firearms and Ballistics: Examining and Interpreting Forensic Evidence</i></a>. John Wiley and Sons. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-96477-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-96477-3"><bdi>978-1-119-96477-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Firearms+and+Ballistics%3A+Examining+and+Interpreting+Forensic+Evidence&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft.isbn=978-1-119-96477-3&rft.aulast=Heard&rft.aufirst=Brian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqd8TkbuC_bAC%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guns.connect.fi/rs/btxgraaf.html">"Reflex suppressor for Barrett M82A1 - BR reflex suppressors (Finland)"</a>. Guns.connect.fi<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reflex+suppressor+for+Barrett+M82A1+-+BR+reflex+suppressors+%28Finland%29&rft.pub=Guns.connect.fi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guns.connect.fi%2Frs%2Fbtxgraaf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparrow-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sparrow_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108045602/http://www.silencerco.com/?section=Products&page=Sparrow">"Suppressors - Silencers - SilencerCo"</a>. <i>SilencerCo</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silencerco.com/?section=Products&page=Sparrow">the original</a> on 2011-01-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SilencerCo&rft.atitle=Suppressors+-+Silencers+-+SilencerCo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silencerco.com%2F%3Fsection%3DProducts%26page%3DSparrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walker_38-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2013" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Robert E. (2013-03-21). <i>Cartridges and Firearm Identification</i>. Fort Myers, Florida: CRC Press. pp. 210–214, 295. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-8881-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4665-8881-3"><bdi>978-1-4665-8881-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartridges+and+Firearm+Identification&rft.place=Fort+Myers%2C+Florida&rft.pages=210-214%2C+295&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2013-03-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4665-8881-3&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dockery2007-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dockery2007_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dockery2007_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dockery2007_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dockery2007_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dockery2007_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDockery2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Dockery_(author)" title="Kevin Dockery (author)">Dockery, Kevin</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYWZFOKFQ2gC&pg=PT218"><i>Stalkers and Shooters: A History of Snipers</i></a>. New York: Penguin Group US. pp. 218–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-2890-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4406-2890-0"><bdi>978-1-4406-2890-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalkers+and+Shooters%3A+A+History+of+Snipers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=218-235&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+US&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4406-2890-0&rft.aulast=Dockery&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYWZFOKFQ2gC%26pg%3DPT218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Explosives-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Explosives_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9encMNU8mwsC&pg=PA176"><i>Federal Firearms Regulations Reference Guide</i></a>. Firearms Programs Division. U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-5186-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4289-5186-0"><bdi>978-1-4289-5186-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2013</span> – via DIANE Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Federal+Firearms+Regulations+Reference+Guide&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Alcohol%2C+Tobacco%2C+Firearms%2C+and+Explosives&rft.isbn=978-1-4289-5186-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9encMNU8mwsC%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Waldron, Len. "SilencerCo Salvo 12 Gauge Suppressor Review." <i>Guns &</i> Ammo<i>. March 7, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gunsandammo.com/gear-accessories/suppressors/silencerco-salvo-12-suppressor-review/">[1]</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WebbDoherty2010-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WebbDoherty2010_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebbDoherty2010" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Brandon; Doherty, Glen (15 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ClPffwtcYGMC&pg=PT71"><i>21st Century Sniper: The complete guide</i></a>. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 71–72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-001-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61608-001-3"><bdi>978-1-61608-001-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+Century+Sniper%3A+The+complete+guide&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-61608-001-3&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft.au=Doherty%2C+Glen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DClPffwtcYGMC%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-assassin-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-assassin_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assassinstradecraft.com/Silencers.html">".22 and .45 as easy to suppress ammunition"</a>. <i>AssassinsTradeCraft.com</i>. Silencers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AssassinsTradeCraft.com&rft.atitle=.22+and+.45+as+easy+to+suppress+ammunition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assassinstradecraft.com%2FSilencers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Supersonic-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Supersonic_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://guns.connect.fi/gow/highpow.html">"Sound Suppressors on High-Powered Rifles"</a>. <i>connect.fi</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=connect.fi&rft.atitle=Sound+Suppressors+on+High-Powered+Rifles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fguns.connect.fi%2Fgow%2Fhighpow.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sadj-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sadj_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sadj_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sadj_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sadefensejournal.com/wp/beyond-quiet-the-russian-pss-captive-piston-pistol/">"Beyond Quiet: The Russian PSS Captive Piston Pistol (2 Web pages)"</a>. <i>Small Arms Defense Journal</i>. 16 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Small+Arms+Defense+Journal&rft.atitle=Beyond+Quiet%3A+The+Russian+PSS+Captive+Piston+Pistol+%282+Web+pages%29&rft.date=2011-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sadefensejournal.com%2Fwp%2Fbeyond-quiet-the-russian-pss-captive-piston-pistol%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambling2018" class="citation web cs1">Hambling, David (25 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/a22862616/russia-silent-sniper-rifle/">"The Science of Russia's New Silent Sniper Rifle"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=The+Science+of+Russia%27s+New+Silent+Sniper+Rifle&rft.date=2018-08-25&rft.aulast=Hambling&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularmechanics.com%2Fmilitary%2Fweapons%2Fa22862616%2Frussia-silent-sniper-rifle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeingarten2015" class="citation news cs1">Weingarten, Dean (November 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2015/11/dean-weingarten/homeless-mans-black-market-submachine-guns-improvised-silencer/">"Homeless Man's Black Market Submachine Guns and Improvised Silencer"</a>. <i>thetruthaboutguns.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=thetruthaboutguns.com&rft.atitle=Homeless+Man%27s+Black+Market+Submachine+Guns+and+Improvised+Silencer&rft.date=2015-11-27&rft.aulast=Weingarten&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetruthaboutguns.com%2F2015%2F11%2Fdean-weingarten%2Fhomeless-mans-black-market-submachine-guns-improvised-silencer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollenbach-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hollenbach_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollenbach_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollenbach1996" class="citation book cs1">Hollenbach, George M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX_KAwAAQBAJ"><i>Workbench Silencers: The Art Of Improvised Designs</i></a>. Paladin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1610046773" title="Special:BookSources/1610046773"><bdi>1610046773</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Workbench+Silencers%3A+The+Art+Of+Improvised+Designs&rft.pub=Paladin+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1610046773&rft.aulast=Hollenbach&rft.aufirst=George+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfX_KAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emerson-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emerson_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson2015" class="citation book cs1">Emerson, Clint (Oct 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-rCgAAQBAJ"><i>100 Deadly Skills: The SEAL Operative's Guide to Eluding Pursuers, Evading Capture, and Surviving Any Dangerous Situation</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476796055" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476796055"><bdi>978-1476796055</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Deadly+Skills%3A+The+SEAL+Operative%27s+Guide+to+Eluding+Pursuers%2C+Evading+Capture%2C+and+Surviving+Any+Dangerous+Situation&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2015-10-13&rft.isbn=978-1476796055&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=Clint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXi-rCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItabashi2011" class="citation book cs1">Itabashi, Hideo H. (2011). "Injuries Due to Firearms and Other Missile-Launching Devices". <i>Forensic Neuropathology: A Practical Review of the Fundamentals</i>. Academic Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080549842" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080549842"><bdi>978-0080549842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Injuries+Due+to+Firearms+and+Other+Missile-Launching+Devices&rft.btitle=Forensic+Neuropathology%3A+A+Practical+Review+of+the+Fundamentals&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0080549842&rft.aulast=Itabashi&rft.aufirst=Hideo+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dougherty2012-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dougherty2012_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDougherty2012" class="citation book cs1">Dougherty, Martin J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXNBdeseO1AC&pg=PT43"><i>SAS and Elite Forces Guide Sniper: Sniping Skills from the World's Elite Forces</i></a>. Lyons Press. pp. 43–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-8876-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-8876-7"><bdi>978-0-7627-8876-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SAS+and+Elite+Forces+Guide+Sniper%3A+Sniping+Skills+from+the+World%27s+Elite+Forces&rft.pages=43-44&rft.pub=Lyons+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-8876-7&rft.aulast=Dougherty&rft.aufirst=Martin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnXNBdeseO1AC%26pg%3DPT43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulson2004" class="citation journal cs1">Paulson, Al (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170511212159/http://www.canadiantactical.ca/PaulsonArticle2.html">"Finland's Silenced .338 Long-Range Sniper:Sako TRG42 Rifle and BR-Tuote T8M Reflex Suppressor"</a>. <i>Guns & Weapons for Law Enforcement</i>. <b>1</b> (8). New York: Harris Publications. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiantactical.ca/PaulsonArticle2.html">the original</a> on 2017-05-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Guns+%26+Weapons+for+Law+Enforcement&rft.atitle=Finland%27s+Silenced+.338+Long-Range+Sniper%3ASako+TRG42+Rifle+and+BR-Tuote+T8M+Reflex+Suppressor&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=Al&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiantactical.ca%2FPaulsonArticle2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dater2007-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dater2007_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaterDockery2007" class="citation book cs1">Dater, Philip; Dockery, Kevin (July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_2zqCm-QRHoC&pg=PA234">"Chapter 28"</a>. <i>Stalkers and Shooters: A history of snipers</i>. Berkley Publishing Group. pp. 228–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-425-21542-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-425-21542-5"><bdi>978-0-425-21542-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+28&rft.btitle=Stalkers+and+Shooters%3A+A+history+of+snipers&rft.pages=228-235&rft.pub=Berkley+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007-07&rft.isbn=978-0-425-21542-5&rft.aulast=Dater&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Dockery%2C+Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_2zqCm-QRHoC%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewartMeinkeFlammeMurphy2017" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, Michael; Meinke, Deanna K.; Flamme, Gregory A.; Murphy, William J.; Finan, Donald S.; Lankford, James E.; Tasko, Stephen M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hearingconservation.org/assets/docs/NHCA_position_paper_on_firea.pdf">"NHCA Position Statement, Recreational Firearm Noise"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Hearing Conservation Association</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Hearing+Conservation+Association&rft.atitle=NHCA+Position+Statement%2C+Recreational+Firearm+Noise&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Meinke%2C+Deanna+K.&rft.au=Flamme%2C+Gregory+A.&rft.au=Murphy%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Finan%2C+Donald+S.&rft.au=Lankford%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Tasko%2C+Stephen+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hearingconservation.org%2Fassets%2Fdocs%2FNHCA_position_paper_on_firea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann2014-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mann2014_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2014" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Richard A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.cornell.edu&rft.atitle=Title+18%2C+United+States+Code%2C+Section+924%28c%29%281%29%28B%29%28ii%29&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F18%2F924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Paul A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westerncriminology.org/documents/WCR/v08n2/clark.pdf">"Criminal Use of Firearm Silencers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Western Criminology Review<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Criminal+Use+of+Firearm+Silencers&rft.pub=Western+Criminology+Review&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westerncriminology.org%2Fdocuments%2FWCR%2Fv08n2%2Fclark.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.police.govt.nz/advice/firearms-and-safety/changes-firearms-law-prohibited-firearms/firearms-changes-faqs">"Firearms changes FAQs"</a>. <i>New Zealand Police</i>. 15 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Police&rft.atitle=Firearms+changes+FAQs&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.police.govt.nz%2Fadvice%2Ffirearms-and-safety%2Fchanges-firearms-law-prohibited-firearms%2Ffirearms-changes-faqs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASilencer+%28firearms%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silencer_(firearms)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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title="Coursing">Coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_stalker" title="Game stalker">Game stalkering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigging" title="Gigging">Gigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_hunting" title="Green hunting">Green hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">Falconry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_with_eagles" title="Hunting with eagles">Eagles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_sports" title="Field sports">Field sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowling" title="Fowling">Fowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_hunting" title="Handgun hunting">Handgun hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_hunting" title="Internet hunting">Internet hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layout_hunting" title="Layout hunting">Layout hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monter%C3%ADa_(hunt)" title="Montería (hunt)">Montería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muttonbirding" title="Muttonbirding">Muttonbirding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistence_hunting" title="Persistence hunting">Persistence hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pest_control" title="Pest control">Pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_hunting" title="Plume hunting">Plume hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotlighting" title="Spotlighting">Spotlighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_hunting" title="Trophy hunting">Trophy hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Trapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_hunting" title="Trail hunting">Trail hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeing" title="Treeing">Treeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_hunting" title="Upland hunting">Upland hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_hunting" title="Varmint hunting">Varmint hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venatio" title="Venatio">Venatio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfowl_hunting" title="Waterfowl hunting">Waterfowl hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_call" title="Game call">Game call</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duck_call" title="Duck call">Duck call</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_bag" title="Hunting bag">Hunting bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_weapon" title="Hunting weapon">Hunting weapon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_gun" title="Air gun">Air gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assegai" title="Assegai">Assegai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_spear" title="Bear spear">Bear spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_spear" title="Boar spear">Boar spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">Blowgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossbow" title="Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_sword" title="Hunting sword">Sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">Throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_brake" title="Shooting brake">Shooting brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sticks_(weapon_mount)" title="Shooting sticks (weapon mount)">Shooting sticks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Game</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_hunting" title="Alligator hunting">Alligator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_hunting" title="Bear hunting">Bear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_five_game" title="Big five game">Big five</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boar_hunting" title="Boar hunting">Boar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coon_hunting" title="Coon hunting">Raccoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_hunting" title="Deer hunting">Deer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deer_stalking" title="Deer stalking">Stalking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_hunting" title="Fox hunting">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_hunting" title="Human hunting">Human</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">Headhunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal_coursing" title="Jackal coursing">Jackal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mink_hunting" title="Mink hunting">Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_game" title="Plains game">Plains game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbiting" title="Rabbiting">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rook_shooting" title="Rook shooting">Rook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_hunting" title="Tiger hunting">Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_hunting" title="Turkey hunting">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtling_(hunting)" title="Turtling (hunting)">Turtle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_hunting" title="Lion hunting">Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quail_hunting" title="Quail hunting">Quail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting" title="Wolf hunting">Wolf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_hunting_with_dogs" title="Wolf hunting with dogs">With dogs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal</a></li> <li>Squirrel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squirrel_poaching" title="Squirrel poaching">Poaching</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_whaling" title="Aboriginal whaling">Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_drive_hunting" title="Dolphin drive hunting">Dolphin drive hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_hunting_of_the_bowhead_whale" title="Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale">Subsistence hunting of the bowhead whale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_pound" title="Buffalo pound">Buffalo pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">Chase (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">Deer park (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_forest" title="Deer forest">Deer forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_kite" title="Desert kite">Desert kite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_larder" title="Game larder">Game larder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">Game reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_farm" title="Game farm">Game farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_blind" title="Hunting blind">Hunting blind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_hide" title="Bird hide">Bird hide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salter_(trap)" title="Salter (trap)">Salter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_lodge" title="Sporting lodge">Sporting lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jagdschloss" title="Jagdschloss">Jagdschloss</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_trap" title="Wolf trap">Wolf trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Australia" title="Hunting in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dugong_hunting_in_Australia" title="Dugong hunting in Australia">Dugong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_industry" title="Kangaroo industry">Kangaroo</a></li></ul></li> <li>Azerbaijan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_tiger_hunts_in_Azerbaijan" title="Historical tiger hunts in Azerbaijan">Tiger</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Cambodia" title="Hunting in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li>Chad <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Chad" title="Elephant hunting in Chad">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Greenland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer_hunting_in_Greenland" title="Reindeer hunting in Greenland">Reindeer</a></li></ul></li> <li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_poaching_in_India" title="Tiger poaching in India">Tiger poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_poaching_in_Assam" title="Rhino poaching in Assam">Rhino poaching in Assam</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kenya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_hunting_in_Kenya" title="Elephant hunting in Kenya">Elephant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_New_Zealand" title="Hunting in New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter-based_hunting_in_Fiordland" title="Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland">Helicopter-based hunting in Fiordland</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trophy_Hunting_in_Pakistan" title="Trophy Hunting in Pakistan">Trophy Hunting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Russia" title="Hunting in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Romania" title="Hunting in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_Spain" title="Hunting in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li>Switzerland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_hunting_reserves_in_Switzerland" title="List of federal hunting reserves in Switzerland">Federal hunting reserves</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tonga <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_snaring" title="Pigeon snaring">Pigeon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_in_the_United_States" title="Hunting in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_fishing_in_Alaska" title="Hunting and fishing in Alaska">Alaska</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driven_grouse_shooting" title="Driven grouse shooting">Driven grouse shooting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation and conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_(fishing_and_hunting)" title="Bag (fishing and hunting)">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag_limits" title="Bag limits">Bag limits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_officer" title="Conservation officer">Conservation officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_management" title="Deer management">Deer management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Act_1831" title="Game Act 1831">Game Act 1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_law" title="Game law">Game law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_preservation" title="Game preservation">Game preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">Hunting license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004" title="Hunting Act 2004">Hunting Act 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_season" title="Hunting season">Hunting season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_hunting" title="Sustainable hunting">Sustainable hunting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambi_effect" title="Bambi effect">Bambi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blooding_(hunting)" title="Blooding (hunting)">Blooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canned_hunt" title="Canned hunt">Canned hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_hawking" title="Car hawking">Car hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_ague" title="Duck ague">Duck ague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconry_training_and_technique" title="Falconry training and technique">Falconry training and technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_chase" title="Fair chase">Fair chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_dressing_(hunting)" title="Field dressing (hunting)">Field dressing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamekeepers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom">Gamekeepers in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillie" title="Gillie">Gillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_dog" title="Hunting dog">Hunting dog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_dog" title="Gun dog">Gun dog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_magic" title="Hunting magic">Hunting magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hunting_deities" title="List of hunting deities">List of hunting deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_big-game_hunters" title="List of big-game hunters">List of big-game hunters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_hunting" title="Opposition to hunting">Opposition to hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parahawking" title="Parahawking">Parahawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_hunter" title="Professional hunter">Professional hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Cecil_the_lion" title="Killing of Cecil the lion">Killing of Cecil the lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raptor_persecution" title="Raptor persecution">Raptor persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_orange" title="Safety orange">Safety orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari" title="Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Take_(hunting)" title="Take (hunting)">Take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_(hunting)" title="Tracking (hunting)">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_hunter" title="White hunter">White hunter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boone_and_Crockett_Club" title="Boone and Crockett Club">Boone and Crockett Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countryside_Alliance" title="Countryside Alliance">Countryside Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Associations_for_Hunting_and_Conservation_of_the_EU" title="Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU">Federation of Associations for Hunting and Conservation of the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Hunters%27_Association" title="Finnish Hunters' Association">Finnish Hunters' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humane_Society_of_the_United_States" title="Humane Society of the United States">Humane Society of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_Against_Cruel_Sports" title="League Against Cruel Sports">League Against Cruel Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Falconers_Association" title="North American Falconers Association">North American Falconers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_Club_International" title="Safari Club International">Safari Club International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowfishing" title="Bowfishing">Bowfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bounty_hunter" title="Bounty hunter">Bounty hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_sport" title="Blood sport">Blood sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_hunting" title="Drag hunting">Drag hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_trial" title="Field trial">Field trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_hunting" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_strategy" title="Hunting strategy">Hunting strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">Insect collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_hunting" title="Orchid hunting">Orchid hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Overview of gun laws by nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_hunting" title="Pearl hunting">Pearl hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Firearms_(list,_glossary,_and_topics)" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Firearms" title="Template:Firearms"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Firearms" title="Template talk:Firearms"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Firearms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Firearms"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Firearms_(list,_glossary,_and_topics)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearms</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_firearms" title="List of firearms">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_firearms_terms" title="Glossary of firearms terms">glossary</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms" title="Category:Firearms">topics</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firearm" title="Firearm">Firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_firearms" title="Category:Lists of firearms">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">Weapon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_firearms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Firearm#Types" title="Firearm">Types of firearms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloader</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">muzzleloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_guns" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination guns">Combination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_gun" title="Elephant gun">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_gun" title="Flare gun">Flare gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_thrower" title="Line thrower">Line thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gun" title="Long gun">Long gun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">Carbine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">Musket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takedown_gun" title="Takedown gun">Takedown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-barrel_firearm" title="Multiple-barrel firearm">Multiple-barrel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple-barrel_firearms" title="List of multiple-barrel firearms">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlegun" title="Needlegun">Needler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_gun" title="Net gun">Net gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pen_gun" title="Pen gun">Pen gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_gun" title="Riot gun">Riot gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_cannon" title="Rotary cannon">Rotary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeve_gun" title="Sleeve gun">Sleeve gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoothbore" title="Smoothbore">Smoothbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring-gun" title="Spring-gun">Spring-gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_firearm" title="Underwater firearm">Underwater firearm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Handgun" title="Handgun">Handguns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cane_gun" title="Cane gun">Cane gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derringer" title="Derringer">Derringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duelling_pistol" title="Duelling pistol">Duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">Pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pistols" title="List of pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_pistol" title="Machine pistol">Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepper-box" title="Pepper-box">Pepper-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_pistol" title="Pocket pistol">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolvers" title="List of revolvers">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_pistol" title="Semi-automatic pistol">Semi-automatic pistol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_semi-automatic_pistols" title="List of semi-automatic pistols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_caliber_carbine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol caliber carbine">Pistol caliber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_defence_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal defence weapon">Personal defence weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submachine_gun" title="Submachine gun">Submachine gun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starting_pistol" title="Starting pistol">Starting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallet_gun" title="Wallet gun">Wallet gun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">Rifles</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_rifles" title="List of rifles">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-materiel_rifle" title="Anti-materiel rifle">Anti-materiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_rifle" title="Anti-tank rifle">Anti-tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_rifle" title="Assault rifle">Assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assault_rifles" title="List of assault rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_rifle" title="Automatic rifle">Automatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_rifle" title="Battle rifle">Battle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battle_rifles" title="List of battle rifles">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbine_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbine rifle">Carbine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_carbines" title="List of carbines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_rifle" title="Double rifle">Double</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunting rifle">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_rifle" title="Buffalo rifle">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Elephant rifle">Elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Express_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="Express rifle">Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punt_gun" title="Punt gun">Punt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varmint_rifle" title="Varmint rifle">Varmint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Designated_marksman_rifle" title="Designated marksman rifle">Marksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling" title="Rifling">Rifling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_rifling" title="Polygonal rifling">Polygonal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_rifle" title="Repeating rifle">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sniper_rifle" title="Sniper rifle">Sniper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sniper_rifles" title="List of sniper rifles">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">Machine guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_purpose_machine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="General purpose machine gun">General purpose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_machine_gun" title="Light machine gun">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_machine_gun" title="Medium machine gun">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_machine_gun" title="Heavy machine gun">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squad_automatic_weapon" title="Squad automatic weapon">SAW</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shotgun" title="Shotgun">Shotguns</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_shotguns" title="List of shotguns">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_shotgun" title="Automatic shotgun">Automatic shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coach_gun" title="Coach gun">Coach gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_shotgun" title="Combat shotgun">Combat shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double-barreled_shotgun" title="Double-barreled shotgun">Double-barreled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riot_shotgun" title="Riot shotgun">Riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawed-off_shotgun" title="Sawed-off shotgun">Sawed-off</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ammunition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20-gauge_shotgun" title="20-gauge shotgun">20-gauge shotgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breaching_round" title="Breaching round">Breaching round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_breath_(ammunition)" title="Dragon's breath (ammunition)">Dragon's breath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Shotgun shell">Shotgun shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/.410_bore" title=".410 bore">.410 bore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_(pellet)" title="Shot (pellet)">Shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shotgun_slug" title="Shotgun slug">Slug</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_firearm" title="History of the firearm">Historic</a> or famous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AK-47" title="AK-47">AK-47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AR-15_style_rifle" class="mw-redirect" title="AR-15 style rifle">AR-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M16" class="mw-redirect" title="M16">M16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antique_firearms" title="Antique firearms">Antique firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatling_gun" title="Gatling gun">Gatling gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_rifle" title="Winchester rifle">Winchester rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1_Garand" title="M1 Garand">M1 Garand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauser_rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauser rifles">Mauser rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Tommy Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP_40" title="MP 40">MP 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzi" title="Uzi">Uzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_Single_Action_Army" title="Colt Single Action Army">Colt Peacemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M1911" class="mw-redirect" title="M1911">M1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glock" title="Glock">Glock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mechanics_and_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mechanics and <a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_components" title="Category:Firearm components">Components</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_barrel" title="Gun barrel">Barrel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_ramp" title="Feed ramp">Feed ramp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slug_barrel" title="Slug barrel">Slug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_threads" title="Barrel threads">Threads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunnion" title="Trunnion">Trunnion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayonet" title="Bayonet">Bayonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_(firearms)" title="Belt (firearms)">Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blank-firing_adapter" title="Blank-firing adapter">Blank-firing adapter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechblock" title="Breechblock">Breechblock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechface" title="Breechface">Breechface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_(firearms)" title="Bolt (firearms)">Bolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_bolt" title="Rotating bolt">Rotating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescoping_bolt" title="Telescoping bolt">Telescoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flapper_locking" title="Flapper locking">Flapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_locked" title="Roller locked">Roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilting_bolt" title="Tilting bolt">Tilting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bump_stock" title="Bump stock">Bump stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_(firearms)" title="Chamber (firearms)">Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocking_handle" title="Cocking handle">Cocking handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(firearms)" title="Cylinder (firearms)">Cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractor_(firearms)" title="Extractor (firearms)">Extractor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firing_pin" title="Firing pin">Firing pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_suppressor" title="Flash suppressor">Flash suppressor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluting_(firearms)" title="Fluting (firearms)">Fluting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_assist" title="Forward assist">Forward assist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freebore" title="Freebore">Freebore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forearm_(firearm_component)" title="Forearm (firearm component)">Forearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_forward_grip" title="Vertical forward grip">Foregrip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)" title="Hammer (firearms)">Hammer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half-cock" title="Half-cock">Half-cock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Linear_hammer" title="Hammer (firearms)">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_(firearms)#Striker" title="Hammer (firearms)">Striker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_(firearm)" title="Lock (firearm)">Lock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flintlock" title="Flintlock">Flintlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheellock" title="Wheellock">Wheellock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magazine_(firearms)" title="Magazine (firearms)">Magazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_metal" title="Bottom metal">Bottom metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clip_(firearms)" title="Clip (firearms)">Clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_magazine" title="Drum magazine">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine" title="High-capacity magazine">High-capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedloader" title="Speedloader">Speedloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripper_clip" title="Stripper clip">Stripper clip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_brake" title="Muzzle brake">Muzzle brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_shroud" title="Muzzle shroud">Muzzle shroud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_grip" title="Pistol grip">Pistol grip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_slide" title="Pistol slide">Pistol slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_system_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail system (firearms)">Rail system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receiver_(firearms)" title="Receiver (firearms)">Receiver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_pad" title="Recoil pad">Recoil pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim_(firearms)" title="Rim (firearms)">Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_(firearms)" title="Safety (firearms)">Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sear_(firearm)" title="Sear (firearm)">Sear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_sear" title="Auto sear">Auto sear</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel_shroud" title="Barrel shroud">Shroud</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squeeze_bore" title="Squeeze bore">Squeeze bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choke_(firearms)" title="Choke (firearms)">Choke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronization_gear" title="Synchronization gear">Synchronization gear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapering_(firearms)" title="Tapering (firearms)">Tapering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">Trigger</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trigger_guard" title="Trigger guard">guard</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sight_(device)" title="Sight (device)">Sights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diopter_sight" title="Diopter sight">Diopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finderscope" title="Finderscope">Finderscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_sight" title="Globe sight">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_weapon_sight" title="Holographic weapon sight">Holographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_sights" title="Iron sights">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_sight_(firearms)" title="Laser sight (firearms)">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticle" title="Reticle">Reticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflex_sight" class="mw-redirect" title="Reflex sight">Reflex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_dot_sight" title="Red dot sight">Red dot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sight_magnifier" title="Sight magnifier">Magnifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scope_mount" title="Scope mount">Scope mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_sight" title="Tang sight">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">Telescopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-vision_device" title="Night-vision device">Night vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_weapon_sight" title="Thermal weapon sight">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sighting_in" title="Sighting in">Zeroing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Action_(firearms)" title="Action (firearms)">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(firearms)" title="Blowback (firearms)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow-forward" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow-forward">Blow-forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolt_action" title="Bolt action">Bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxlock_action" title="Boxlock action">Boxlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breechloader" title="Breechloader">Breechloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_action" title="Break action">Break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_bolt" title="Open bolt">Open bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_bolt" title="Closed bolt">Closed bolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_firing" title="Electronic firing">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-operated_reloading" title="Gas-operated reloading">Gas-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lever_action" title="Lever action">Lever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzleloader" title="Muzzleloader">Muzzleloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-battery" title="Out-of-battery">Out-of-battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_action" title="Pump action">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_feed_and_controlled_feed" title="Push feed and controlled feed">Push/Controlled feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil_operation" title="Recoil operation">Recoil-operated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repeating_firearm" title="Repeating firearm">Repeating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolver" title="Revolver">Revolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-loading_rifle" title="Self-loading rifle">Self-loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-shot" title="Single-shot">Single-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slamfire" title="Slamfire">Slamfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistics" title="Ballistics">Ballistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_coefficient" title="Ballistic coefficient">Ballistic coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_ballistics" title="External ballistics">External</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_ballistics" title="Terminal ballistics">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_ballistics" title="Transitional ballistics">Transitional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_firearms" title="Physics of firearms">Physics of firearms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangefinder" title="Rangefinder">Rangefinding/keeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_discussion_of_rangekeeping" title="Mathematical discussion of rangekeeping">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding" title="Stadiametric rangefinding">Stadiametric</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accurizing" title="Accurizing">Accurizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bore_axis" title="Bore axis">Bore axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliber" title="Caliber">Caliber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_error_probable" title="Circular error probable">Circular error probable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_range#Weapons" title="Effective range">Effective range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(firearms)" title="Gauge (firearms)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_chronograph" title="Gun chronograph">Gun chronograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_harmonisation" title="Gun harmonisation">Gun harmonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headspace_(firearms)" title="Headspace (firearms)">Headspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_of_pull" title="Length of pull">Length of pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_time" title="Lock time">Lock time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_grade" title="Match grade">Match grade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">Mean time between failures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minute_and_second_of_arc#Firearms" title="Minute and second of arc">Minute of Angle (MOA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_(firearms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzzle (firearms)">Muzzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_energy" title="Muzzle energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_rise" title="Muzzle rise">Rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzzle_velocity" title="Muzzle velocity">Velocity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_(weaponry)" title="Penetration (weaponry)">Penetration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_factor_(shooting_sports)" title="Power factor (shooting sports)">Power factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precision-guided_firearm" title="Precision-guided firearm">Precision-guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_fire" title="Rate of fire">Rate of fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoil" title="Recoil">Recoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot_grouping" title="Shot grouping">Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_(firearms)#Stock_measurements" title="Stock (firearms)">Stock measurements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stopping_power" title="Stopping power">Stopping power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handgun_effectiveness" title="Handgun effectiveness">Handgun effectiveness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifling#Twist_rate" title="Rifling">Twist rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Shooting_and_ammunition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Shooting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_fire" title="Dry fire">Dry fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">Firing (Shooting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunshot" title="Gunshot">Gunshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shootout" title="Shootout">Firefight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_maintenance" title="Firearm maintenance">Maintenance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_strip" title="Field strip">Field strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">Fouling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_malfunction" title="Firearm malfunction">Malfunction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_off" title="Cooking off">Cooking off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hang_fire" title="Hang fire">Hang fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squib_load" title="Squib load">Squib load</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet" title="Ricochet">Ricochet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">Ignition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_forming" title="Fire forming">Fire forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturation" title="Obturation">Obturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primer_(firearms)" title="Primer (firearms)">Primer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">Percussion cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimfire_ammunition" title="Rimfire ammunition">Rimfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubes_and_primers_for_ammunition" title="Tubes and primers for ammunition">Tubes and Primers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_propellant" title="Firearm propellant">Propellant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ball_propellant" title="Ball propellant">Ball propellant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">Cordite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improved_military_rifle_powder" title="Improved military rifle powder">Improved Military Rifle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramrod" title="Ramrod">Ramrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">Smokeless powder</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">Ammunition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannelure" title="Cannelure">Cannelure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_round" title="Dummy round">Dummy round</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Snap_cap" title="Snap cap">Snap cap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flechette" title="Flechette">Flechette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_check" title="Gas check">Gas check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpressure_ammunition" title="Overpressure ammunition">Overpressure ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer-cased_ammunition" title="Polymer-cased ammunition">PCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabot_(firearms)" title="Sabot (firearms)">Sabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadding" title="Wadding">Wadding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bullet" title="Bullet">Bullets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armor-piercing_bullet" title="Armor-piercing bullet">Armour piercing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_bullet" title="Cast bullet">Cast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanding_bullet" title="Expanding bullet">Expanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_metal_jacket_(ammunition)" title="Full metal jacket (ammunition)">Full metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frangible_bullet" title="Frangible bullet">Frangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_bullet" title="Green bullet">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_ammunition" title="Incendiary ammunition">Incendiary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary" title="High-explosive incendiary">High explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-explosive_incendiary/armor-piercing_ammunition" title="High-explosive incendiary/armor-piercing ammunition">HEIAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">Projectile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raufoss_Mk_211" title="Raufoss Mk 211">Raufoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_shot" title="Round shot">Round shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saboted_light_armor_penetrator" title="Saboted light armor penetrator">SLAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-point_bullet" title="Soft-point bullet">Soft point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercavitating_ammunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Supercavitating ammunition">Supercavitating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_metal_jacket" title="Total metal jacket">Total metal jacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracer_ammunition" title="Tracer ammunition">Tracer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-base_bullet" title="Hollow-base bullet">Hollow base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow-point_bullet" title="Hollow-point bullet">Hollow point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini%C3%A9_ball" title="Minié ball">Minié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meplat" title="Meplat">Meplat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-tipped_bullet" title="Plastic-tipped bullet">Plastic tipped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armour-piercing,_capped,_ballistic_capped_shell" title="Armour-piercing, capped, ballistic capped shell">ABCBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_shot" title="Snake shot">Snake shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitzer_(bullet)" title="Spitzer (bullet)">Spitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very-low-drag_bullet" title="Very-low-drag bullet">VLD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_(firearms)" title="Cartridge (firearms)">Cartridges</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">Blank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caseless_ammunition" title="Caseless ammunition">Caseless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centerfire_cartridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Centerfire cartridge">Centrefire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handloading" title="Handloading">Handloading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle_cartridge" title="Rifle cartridge">Rifle cartridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fully_powered_cartridge" title="Fully powered cartridge">Fully powered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_cartridge" title="Intermediate cartridge">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rifle_cartridges" title="List of rifle cartridges">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_cartridge" title="Paper cartridge">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinfire_cartridge" title="Pinfire cartridge">Pinfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcat_cartridge" title="Wildcat cartridge">Wildcat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society,_safety,_industry,_and_laws" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">industry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">laws</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celebratory_gunfire" title="Celebratory gunfire">Celebratory gunfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_ownership" title="Gun ownership">Civilian gun ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percent_of_households_with_guns_by_country" title="Percent of households with guns by country">Household ownership rates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_shooting" title="Exhibition shooting">Exhibition shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_cultures" title="Gun cultures">Gun cultures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_culture_in_the_United_States" title="Gun culture in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shows_in_the_United_States" title="Gun shows in the United States">Gun shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_firearms" title="List of U.S. state firearms">State firearms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_style_(firearm_magazines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle style (firearm magazines)"><i>Jungle style</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistol_duelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistol duelling">Pistol duelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_gun_politics_articles" title="Index of gun politics articles">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_sports" title="Shooting sports">Shooting sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civilian_Marksmanship_Program" title="Civilian Marksmanship Program">Civilian Marksmanship Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence" title="Gun violence">Gun violence</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Gun violence in the United States">in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_assassinations_by_firearm" title="List of assassinations by firearm">Assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_firearm-related_death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by firearm-related death rate">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_firearm_examination" title="Forensic firearm examination">Forensics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunfighter" title="Gunfighter">Gunfighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_safety" title="Gun safety">Gun safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firearm_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Firearm industry">Firearm industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printed_firearm" title="3D printed firearm">3D printed firearm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D_printed_weapons_and_parts" title="List of 3D printed weapons and parts">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_firearm_brands" title="List of firearm brands">Firearm brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearms_by_country" title="Category:Firearms by country">Firearms by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_shop" title="Gun shop">Gun shops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Firearm_commerce" title="Category:Firearm commerce">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_firearm" title="Improvised firearm">Improvised firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_firearms" title="List of most-produced firearms">Most-produced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privately_made_firearm" class="mw-redirect" title="Privately made firearm">Privately made</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_arms_trade" title="Small arms trade">Small arms trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arms_control" title="Arms control">Arms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gun_control" title="Gun control">Gun control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disarmament" title="Disarmament">Disarmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Arms_Trade" title="Campaign Against Arms Trade">Campaign Against Arms Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Featureless_rifles" title="Featureless rifles">Featureless rifles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Gun laws</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel_with_firearms_and_ammunition" title="Air travel with firearms and ammunition">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Assault weapons">Assault weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry" title="Concealed carry">Concealed carry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_carry_in_the_United_States" title="Concealed carry in the United States">in the U.S.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_license" title="Firearms license">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-capacity_magazine_ban" title="High-capacity magazine ban">High-capacity magazine ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_and_Light_Weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Arms and Light Weapons">Small Arms & Light Weapons (SALW)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal;">United States Gun</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_law_in_the_United_States" title="Gun law in the United States">Laws</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Gun laws in the United States by state">by U.S. state</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_weapons_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Assault weapons legislation in the United States">Legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Assault_Weapons_Ban" title="Federal Assault Weapons Ban">Federal Assault Weapons Ban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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