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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Service under Constantius and Julian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_under_Constantius_and_Julian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaigns_in_Gaul_and_Germania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaigns_in_Gaul_and_Germania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Campaigns in Gaul and Germania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaigns_in_Gaul_and_Germania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Great_Conspiracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Great_Conspiracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Great Conspiracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Great_Conspiracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolt_in_Africa_and_crises_on_the_Danube" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolt_in_Africa_and_crises_on_the_Danube"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Revolt in Africa and crises on the Danube</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolt_in_Africa_and_crises_on_the_Danube-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reputation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reputation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Secondary accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Valentinian I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_I" title="Valentinianus I – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Valentinianus I" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I." title="Valentinian I. – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Valentinian I." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="فالنتينيان الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فالنتينيان الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentini%C3%A1n_I" title="Valentinián I – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Valentinián I" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentiniano_I" title="Valentiniano I – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Valentiniano I" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بیرینجی والنتینیان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی والنتینیان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_1-s%C3%A8" title="Valentinianus 1-sè – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Valentinianus 1-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BD_I" title="Валентыніян I – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Валентыніян I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Валентиниан I – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валентиниан I" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_Ia%C3%B1" title="Valentinian Iañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Valentinian Iañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentini%C3%A0_I" title="Valentinià I – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Valentinià I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_I." title="Valentinianus I. – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Valentinianus I." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Valentinian I" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_1." title="Valentinian 1. – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Valentinian 1." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I." title="Valentinian I. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Valentinian I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_I" title="Valentinianus I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Valentinianus I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%84" title="Ουαλεντινιανός Α΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουαλεντινιανός Α΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentiniano_I" title="Valentiniano I – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Valentiniano I" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentiniano_la_1-a" title="Valentiniano la 1-a – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Valentiniano la 1-a" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentiniano_I.a" title="Valentiniano I.a – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Valentiniano I.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%85" title="والنتینیان یکم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والنتینیان یکم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinien_Ier" title="Valentinien Ier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Valentinien Ier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falentinianus_I" title="Falentinianus I – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Falentinianus I" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentiniano_I" title="Valentiniano I – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Valentiniano I" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_1-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Valentinian 1-sṳ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Valentinian 1-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%A0%8C%ED%8B%B0%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EB%88%84%EC%8A%A4_1%EC%84%B8" title="발렌티니아누스 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발렌티니아누스 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinijan_I." title="Valentinijan I. – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Valentinijan I." data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_I" title="Valentinianus I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Valentinianus I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_1." title="Valentinianus 1. – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Valentinianus 1." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentiniano_I" title="Valentiniano I – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Valentiniano I" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ולנטיניאנוס הראשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולנטיניאנוס הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_I" title="ვალენტინიანე I – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვალენტინიანე I" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valent%C3%AEnianus_I" title="Valentînianus I – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Valentînianus I" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_I" title="Valentinianus I – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Valentinianus I" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentini%C4%81ns_I" title="Valentiniāns I – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valentiniāns I" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Valentinianus_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="I. Valentinianus római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Valentinianus római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Валентинијан I – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валентинијан I" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinien_Ier" title="Valentinien Ier – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Valentinien Ier" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="व्हॅलेंटिनियन पहिला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="व्हॅलेंटिनियन पहिला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="فالنتينيان الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فالنتينيان الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Valentinian I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_I" title="Valentinianus I – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Valentinianus I" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B91%E4%B8%96" title="ウァレンティニアヌス1世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウァレンティニアヌス1世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Valentinian I" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_Ier" title="Valentinian Ier – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Valentinian Ier" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Valentinian I" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walentynian_I" title="Walentynian I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walentynian I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentiniano_I" title="Valentiniano I – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Valentiniano I" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Valentinian I" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Валентиниан I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Валентиниан I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentiniani_I" title="Valentiniani I – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Valentiniani I" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valintinianu_I" title="Valintinianu I – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Valintinianu I" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentini%C3%A1n_I." title="Valentinián I. – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Valentinián I." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinijan_I." title="Valentinijan I. – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Valentinijan I." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Валентинијан I – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Валентинијан I" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinijan_I" title="Valentinijan I – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Valentinijan I" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_I" title="Valentinianus I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Valentinianus I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_I" title="Valentinianus I – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Valentinianus I" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentiniano_I" title="Valentiniano I – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Valentiniano I" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Valentinianus" title="I. Valentinianus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Valentinianus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_I" title="Валентиніан I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Валентиніан I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="والنتینیان اول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="والنتینیان اول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_I" title="Valentinianus I – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Valentinianus I" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_I" title="Valentinianus I – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Valentinianus I" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%A6%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="瓦伦提尼安一世 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瓦伦提尼安一世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_1k" title="Valentinian 1k – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Valentinian 1k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E5%80%AB%E6%8F%90%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="華倫提尼安一世 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="華倫提尼安一世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinianus_I" title="Valentinianus I – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Valentinianus I" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li 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.infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Valentinian I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Solidus_of_Valens,_Antioch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gold coin depicting a man with diadem facing right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gold_Solidus_of_Valens%2C_Antioch.jpg/220px-Gold_Solidus_of_Valens%2C_Antioch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gold_Solidus_of_Valens%2C_Antioch.jpg/330px-Gold_Solidus_of_Valens%2C_Antioch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gold_Solidus_of_Valens%2C_Antioch.jpg/440px-Gold_Solidus_of_Valens%2C_Antioch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2798" data-file-height="2797" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)"><i>Solidus</i></a> of Valentinian marked: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps"><abbr title="DOMINUS NOSTER">d·n·</abbr> valentinianus <abbr title="PIUS FELIX">p·f·</abbr> <abbr title="AUGUSTUS">aug·</abbr></span></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">West</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">26 February 364 – <span class="nowrap">17 November 375</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Co-emperor</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">East</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">321<br />Cibalae, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Pannonia</a>, Roman Empire <span style="font-size:85%;">(now <a href="/wiki/Vinkovci" title="Vinkovci">Vinkovci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 November 375 (aged 54)<br />Brigetio, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Valeria" title="Pannonia Valeria">Pannonia Valeria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(now <a href="/wiki/Sz%C5%91ny" title="Szőny">Szőny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Galla_(wife_of_Theodosius_I)" title="Galla (wife of Theodosius I)">Galla</a></li><li>Grata</li><li>Justa</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">Imperator</a> <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a> <a href="/wiki/Flavia_gens" title="Flavia gens">Flavius</a> Valentinianus <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius" title="Gratianus Funarius">Gratianus Funarius</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene Christianity</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Valentinian I</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Valentinianus</i>; 321 – 17 November 375), sometimes called <b>Valentinian the Great</b>, was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 364 to 375. He ruled the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western</a> half of the empire, while his brother <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> ruled the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">East</a>. During his reign, he fought successfully against the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, strengthening the border fortifications and conducting campaigns across the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. His general <a href="/wiki/Count_Theodosius" title="Count Theodosius">Theodosius</a> defeated a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy</a>, a coordinated assault on <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scoti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>. Valentinian founded the <a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a>, with his sons <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a> succeeding him in the western half of the empire. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Valentinian was born in 321 at Cibalae (now <a href="/wiki/Vinkovci" title="Vinkovci">Vinkovci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>) in southern <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1998_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1985259_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1985259-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> into a family of <a href="/wiki/Illyro-Roman" title="Illyro-Roman">Illyrian-Roman origin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200356_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200356-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valentinian and his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> were the sons of <a href="/wiki/Gratianus_Funarius" title="Gratianus Funarius">Gratianus</a> (nicknamed Funarius), a military officer renowned for his wrestling skills.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1998_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1985259_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1985259-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19732_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19732-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gratianus was promoted to <i><a href="/wiki/Comes" title="Comes">comes</a> Africae</i> in the late 320s or early 330s, and the young Valentinian accompanied his father to Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19734-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1985259_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1985259-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Gratianus was soon accused of embezzlement and retired.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19734-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1998_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1998-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valentinian joined the army in the late 330s and later probably acquired the position of <i><a href="/wiki/Domesticus_(Roman_Empire)" title="Domesticus (Roman Empire)">protector domesticus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19734-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20137_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20137-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gratianus was later recalled during the early 340s and was made <i>comes Britanniae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19734-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20137_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20137-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After holding this post, he retired to the family estate in Cibalae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19735_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19735-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20137_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20137-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 350, <a href="/wiki/Constans_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constans I">Constans I</a> was assassinated by agents of the <a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">usurper</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a>, a commander who proclaimed himself emperor in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004471_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004471-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a>, older brother of Constans and emperor in the East, promptly set forth towards Magnentius with a large army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20138_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year the two emperors met in Pannonia and fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mursa_Major" title="Battle of Mursa Major">Battle of Mursa Major</a>, which ended in a costly victory for Constantius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20138_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004473_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004473-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later Magnentius killed himself after another defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mons_Seleucus" title="Battle of Mons Seleucus">Battle of Mons Seleucus</a>, leaving Constantius sole ruler of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20138_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004474_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004474-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was around this time that Constantius confiscated Gratianus' property, for supposedly showing hospitality to Magnentius when he was in Pannonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20138_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his father's fall from favour, Valentinian does not seem to have been adversely affected at this time, making it unlikely he ever fought for the usurper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197313-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20138_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20138-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is known that Valentinian was in the region during the conflict, but what involvement he had in the war, if any, is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197313-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Service_under_Constantius_and_Julian">Service under Constantius and Julian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Service under Constantius and Julian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valentiniano_Primo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Valentiniano_Primo.jpg/220px-Valentiniano_Primo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Valentiniano_Primo.jpg/330px-Valentiniano_Primo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Valentiniano_Primo.jpg/440px-Valentiniano_Primo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Damaged head of a <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_dynasty" title="Valentinian dynasty">Valentinianic</a> emperor. It most likely depicts Valentinian I, or perhaps his brother, Valens. In <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The conflict between Magnentius and Constantius had allowed the <a href="/wiki/Alamanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamanni">Alamanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> to take advantage of the confusion and cross the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>, attacking several important settlements and fortifications.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19734-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197313-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 355, after deposing his cousin <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Gallus" title="Constantius Gallus">Gallus</a> but still feeling the crises of the empire too much for one emperor to handle, Constantius raised his cousin <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> to the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19734-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20139_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20139-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the situation in Gaul rapidly deteriorating, Julian was made at least nominal commander of one of the two main armies in Gaul, <a href="/wiki/Barbatio" title="Barbatio">Barbatio</a> being commander of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19734-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constantius devised a strategy where Julian and Barbatio would operate in a pincer movement against the Alamanni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197313-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a band of Alamanni slipped past Julian and Barbatio and attacked <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>). Julian sent the tribunes Valentinian and <a href="/wiki/Bainobaudes" title="Bainobaudes">Bainobaudes</a> to watch the road the raiders would have to return by. However, their efforts were hindered by Barbatio and his tribune Cella. The Alamanni king <a href="/wiki/Chnodomarius" title="Chnodomarius">Chnodomarius</a> took advantage of the situation and attacked the Romans, inflicting heavy losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197313-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbatio complained to Constantius and the debacle was blamed on Valentinian and Bainobaudes, who were cashiered from the army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197313-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201312_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201312-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his career in ruins, Valentinian returned to his new family estate in <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>. Two years later his first wife <a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a> gave birth to a son, <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197314_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197314-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201312_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201312-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the sole reign of the polytheist Julian, Valentinian's actions and location become uncertain, but he was likely exiled,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or perhaps simply sent to command a remote outpost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201316_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201316-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sources give contradictory accounts of what happened, with some versions saying that he refused to make pagan sacrifices and voluntarily chose to leave, and others saying he was merely dismissed for his Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the news of Julian's death on a campaign against the Sassanids, the army hastily declared <a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a> the new emperor. He extricated his soldiers from Persian territory by agreeing to a humiliating peace treaty, then started back to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197316_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197316-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Jovian's brief reign Valentinian was promoted to tribune of a <i><a href="/wiki/Scutarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutarii">Scutarii</a></i> (elite infantry) regiment, which Hughes considered to reflect the emperor’s trust in him, and dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Ancyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancyra">Ancyra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201318_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201318-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jovian died in mysterious circumstances before he reached the capital, and a meeting of civil and military officials was convened at Nicaea to choose a new emperor. <a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a>, who had already refused the throne after Julian's death, now did so again, first for himself and then on behalf of his son.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two other names were proposed: <a href="/wiki/Aequitius" class="mw-redirect" title="Aequitius">Aequitius</a>, a tribune of the first Scutarii, and Januarius, a relative of Jovian's in charge of military supplies in Illyricum. Both were rejected; Aequitius as too rough and boorish, Januarius because he was too far away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201318_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201318-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199880–81_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199880–81-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a man well qualified and at hand, the assembly finally agreed upon Valentinian and sent messengers to inform him in Ancyra. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-1867-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_II._%D0%9E%D0%BA._375%E2%80%94378_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>Valentinian and Valens enthroned on the reverse of a <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a></i> of Valens, marked <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">victoria <abbr title="AUGUSTORUM">augg·</abbr></span> ("<i>the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victory</a> of Our Augusti</i>"). They hold together the <a href="/wiki/Globus_cruciger" title="Globus cruciger">orb</a>, a symbol of power</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Valentinian_I" title="Special:EditPage/Valentinian I">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colosso-de-barletta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Colosso-de-barletta.jpg/220px-Colosso-de-barletta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Colosso-de-barletta.jpg/330px-Colosso-de-barletta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Colosso-de-barletta.jpg/440px-Colosso-de-barletta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="1170" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Colossus_of_Barletta" title="Colossus of Barletta">Colossus of Barletta</a>: Statue of a Roman emperor sometimes identified as Valentinian I. It probably depicts <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Valentinian accepted the acclamation on 25 or 26 February 364.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As he prepared to make his accession speech, the soldiers threatened to riot, apparently uncertain of his loyalties. Valentinian reassured them that the army was his greatest priority. According to <a href="/wiki/Ammianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammianus">Ammianus</a> the soldiers were astounded by Valentinian's bold demeanour and his willingness to assume the imperial authority. To further prevent a succession crisis he agreed to pick a co-<i>Augustus</i>, perhaps as a reassurance to civilian officials in the Eastern part of the Empire that someone with imperial authority would be present to protect their interests.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Valentinian selected his brother Valens as co-<i>Augustus</i> at Constantinople on 28 March 364.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done over the objections of <a href="/wiki/Dagalaifus_(magister_equitum)" title="Dagalaifus (magister equitum)">Dagalaifus</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">magister equitum</a></i>. Ammianus makes it clear that Valens was subordinate to his brother. The remainder of 364 was spent delegating administrative duties and military commands. According to the 5th century <a href="/wiki/Pagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagan">pagan</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_(historian)" title="Zosimus (historian)">Zosimus</a>, who was inclined to revile the restorer of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, all the ministers and officials appointed by <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a> were summarily dismissed in disgrace. This assertion was qualified by modern authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is certain that some reshuffling of commands occurred along with the division of the provinces, but the changes were strictly based on merit. The <a href="/wiki/Sophists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophists">Sophists</a> and philosophers who had proliferated in the court of the Julian, drawing large salaries for delusive services, were cashiered.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valentinian retained the services of Dagalaifus and promoted Aequitius to <i>Comes Illyricum</i>. Valens was given the <a href="/wiki/Prefecture_of_Oriens" class="mw-redirect" title="Prefecture of Oriens">Prefecture of Oriens</a>, governed by <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Salutius" title="Salutius">Salutius</a>. Valentinian gained control of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Prefecture_of_Gaul" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian Prefecture of Gaul">Gaul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Prefecture_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian Prefecture of Illyricum">Illyricum</a>. Valens resided in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, while Valentinian's court was situated in Milan (<a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaigns_in_Gaul_and_Germania">Campaigns in Gaul and Germania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Campaigns in Gaul and Germania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-3035-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/INC-3035-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-3035-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/INC-3035-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-3035-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/INC-3035-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-3035-r_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Reverse of a <i>solidus</i> of Valentinian marked: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">restitutor reipublicae</span> ("<i>restitutor of the Republic</i>")</figcaption></figure> <p>In 365 the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> crossed the Rhine and invaded Gaul. Simultaneously, <a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a> began his revolt against Valens in the east. According to Ammianus, Valentinian received news of both crises on 1 November while on his way to <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. He initially sent <a href="/wiki/Dagalaifus_(magister_equitum)" title="Dagalaifus (magister equitum)">Dagalaifus</a> to fight the Alemanni<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while he himself made preparations to march east and help Valens. After receiving counsel from his court and deputations from the leading Gallic cities begging him to stay and protect Gaul, he decided to remain and fight the Alemanni.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Valentinian advanced to <a href="/wiki/Durocortorum" title="Durocortorum">Durocortorum</a> and sent two generals, Charietto and Severianus, against the invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both generals were promptly defeated and killed;<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dagalaifus took their place in 366, but he was also ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late in the campaigning season Dagalaifus was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Jovinus_(consul)" title="Jovinus (consul)">Jovinus</a>, a general from the court of Valentinian. After several victories along the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> river, Jovinus fought and won a pitched battle with the Alemanni near Chalôn.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After his victory he pushed the Alemanni out of Gaul and was awarded the consulate the following year for his efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 367, <a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">crises in Britain and northern Gaul</a> postponed Valentinian's punitive expedition against the Alemanni, who promptly re-crossed the Rhine and plundered <a href="/wiki/Moguntiacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Moguntiacum">Moguntiacum</a>. Valentinian succeeded in arranging the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Vithicabius" title="Vithicabius">Vithicabius</a>, an Alemannic leader, but wanted to decisively end the conflict by bringing the Alemanni under Roman hegemony. Valentinian spent the entire winter of 367 gathering a massive army for a spring offensive. He summoned the <i>Comes Italiae</i> Sebastianus,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2013_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Italian and Illyrian legions, to join Jovinus and Severus, the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_peditum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magister peditum">magister peditum</a></i>. In the spring of 368 Valentinian, his eight-year-old son Gratian and the army crossed the Rhine and <a href="/wiki/Main_(river)" title="Main (river)">Main</a> rivers into Alemannic territory. Initially they encountered no resistance, burning any dwellings or food stores they found along the way. Finally, Valentinian fought the Alemanni in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solicinium" title="Battle of Solicinium">Battle of Solicinium</a>; the Romans were victorious<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but suffered heavy casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A temporary peace was reached and Valentinian returned to <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> for the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 369, Valentinian ordered new defensive works to be constructed and old structures refurbished along the length of the Rhine's west bank.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boldly, he ordered the construction of a fortress across the Rhine in the mountains near modern <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Alemanni sent envoys to protest, but they were dismissed. The Alemanni attacked the fortress while it was still under construction and destroyed it.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galleria_degli_Uffizi,_Florence_(32212815186).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait head of Valentinian or Valens on a modern bust." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg/220px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg/330px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg/440px-Galleria_degli_Uffizi%2C_Florence_%2832212815186%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a><figcaption>Life-size portrait head of Valentinian or Valens on a modern bust, <a href="/wiki/Uffizi" title="Uffizi">Uffizi Gallery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 370 the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> renewed their attacks on northern Gaul. Nannienus, the <i>comes</i> in charge of the troops in northern Gaul, urged Severus to come to his aid. After several modest successes, a truce was called and the Saxons handed over young men fit for duty in the Roman military, in exchange for free passage back to their homeland. The Romans ambushed them and destroyed the entire invading force.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Valentinian meanwhile tried to persuade the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> – bitter enemies of the Alemanni – to attack <a href="/wiki/Macrian" title="Macrian">Macrian</a>, a powerful Alemannic chieftain. If the Alamanni tried to flee, Valentinian would be waiting for them with his army. Negotiations with the Burgundians broke down when Valentinian, in his usual high-handed manner, refused to meet with the Burgundian envoys and personally assure them of Roman support. Nevertheless, rumors of a Roman alliance with the Burgundians did have the effect of scattering the Alemanni through fear of an imminent attack from their enemies. This event allowed the <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_equitum" title="Magister equitum">magister equitum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Count_Theodosius" title="Count Theodosius">Theodosius</a> to attack the Alemanni<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2013_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through Raetia. The many prisoners he took were settled in the <a href="/wiki/Po_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Po river">Po river</a> valley in Italy, where they still resided at the time Ammianus wrote his history. </p><p>Valentinian campaigned unsuccessfully for four more years to defeat Macrian, who in 372 barely escaped capture by Theodosius. Meanwhile, Valentinian continued to recruit heavily from Alemanni friendly to Rome. The Alemannic king Fraomarius was given the rank of <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">tribune</a> and sent to Britain in 372–373 with an army of reinforcements, and the noblemen Bitheridius and <a href="/wiki/Hortarius" title="Hortarius">Hortarius</a> became commanders in Valentinian's army, although Hortarius was soon executed for conspiring with Macrian. The campaigns against hostile Alemanni were hampered by troubles first in Africa, and later on the Danube river. In 374 Valentinian was forced to make peace with Macrian because the Emperor's presence was needed to counter an invasion of Illyricum by the Quadi and Sarmatians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Great_Conspiracy">The Great Conspiracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Great Conspiracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-3035-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/INC-3035-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-3035-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/INC-3035-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-3035-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/INC-3035-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-3035-a_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4._%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD_I._%D0%9E%D0%BA._367%E2%80%94375_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>A <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a></i> of Valentinian</figcaption></figure> <p>In 367, events known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Conspiracy" title="Great Conspiracy">Great Conspiracy</a> threatened Roman control of Britain. Valentinian received reports that a combined force of <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Picts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attacotti" title="Attacotti">Attacotti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scoti" title="Scoti">Scots</a> had attacked the province, killing the <i><a href="/wiki/Comes_litoris_Saxonici" class="mw-redirect" title="Comes litoris Saxonici">Comes litoris Saxonici</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Nectaridus" title="Nectaridus">Nectaridus</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dux_Britanniarum" title="Dux Britanniarum">Dux Britanniarum</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Fullofaudes" title="Fullofaudes">Fullofaudes</a>. At the same time, Frankish and Saxon forces were raiding the coastal areas of northern Gaul. Valentinian set out for Britain, sending <i>Comes domesticorum</i> Severus ahead of him to investigate. Severus was not able to correct the situation and returned to Gaul, meeting Valentinian at <a href="/wiki/Samarobriva" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarobriva">Samarobriva</a>. Valentinian then sent Jovinus to Britain and promoted Severus to <i>magister peditum</i>. It was at this time that Valentinian fell ill and a battle for succession broke out between Severus, a representative of the army, and Rusticus Julianus, <i>magister memoriae</i> and a representative of the Gallic nobility. The conflict dissipated when Valentinian recovered and appointed his son Gratian as his co-Augustus in the west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199883–84_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199883–84-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ammianus remarks that such an action was unprecedented. Jovinus quickly returned saying that he needed more men to take care of the situation. In 368 Valentinian appointed Theodosius as the new <i><a href="/wiki/Comes_Britanniarum" title="Comes Britanniarum">Comes Britanniarum</a></i> with instructions to return Britain to Roman rule. Meanwhile, Severus and Jovinus were to accompany the emperor on his campaign against the Alamanni. </p><p>Theodosius arrived in 368 with the <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a>, Jovii and Victores legions. Landing at <a href="/wiki/Rutupi%C3%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutupiæ">Rutupiæ</a>, he proceeded to <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a>, restoring order to southern Britain. Later, he rallied the remaining garrison which was originally stationed in Britain; it was apparent the units had lost their cohesiveness when Fullofaudes and Nectaridus had been defeated. Theodosius sent for <a href="/wiki/Civilis_(vicarius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilis (vicarius)">Civilis</a> to be installed as the new <a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">vicarius</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dulcitius" title="Dulcitius">Dulcitius</a> as an additional general. In 369, Theodosius set about reconquering the areas north of Londinium, putting down the revolt of <a href="/wiki/Valentinus_(rebel)" title="Valentinus (rebel)">Valentinus</a>, the brother-in-law of a <a href="/wiki/Vicarius" title="Vicarius">vicarius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_(praetorian_prefect)" title="Maximinus (praetorian prefect)">Maximinus</a>. Subsequently, Theodosius restored the rest of Britain to the empire and rebuilt many fortifications – renaming northern Britain '<a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia</a>'. After his return in 369, Valentinian promoted Theodosius to <i>magister equitum</i> in place of Jovinus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolt_in_Africa_and_crises_on_the_Danube">Revolt in Africa and crises on the Danube</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Revolt in Africa and crises on the Danube"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Missorio_di_valentiniano_I,_argento,_364-75_ca.,_dall%27arve,_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Missorio_di_valentiniano_I%2C_argento%2C_364-75_ca.%2C_dall%27arve%2C_02.JPG/220px-Missorio_di_valentiniano_I%2C_argento%2C_364-75_ca.%2C_dall%27arve%2C_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Missorio_di_valentiniano_I%2C_argento%2C_364-75_ca.%2C_dall%27arve%2C_02.JPG/330px-Missorio_di_valentiniano_I%2C_argento%2C_364-75_ca.%2C_dall%27arve%2C_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Missorio_di_valentiniano_I%2C_argento%2C_364-75_ca.%2C_dall%27arve%2C_02.JPG/440px-Missorio_di_valentiniano_I%2C_argento%2C_364-75_ca.%2C_dall%27arve%2C_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="2394" /></a><figcaption>Heavily-worn silver <i>missorium</i> (ca. 364–375) believed to depict Valentinian I. Flanked by infantry soldiers, the armoured and haloed emperor holds a <a href="/wiki/Labarum" title="Labarum">labarum</a> in one hand and an orb surmounted by a figure of Victory in the other</figcaption></figure> <p>In 372, the rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Firmus_(4th_century_usurper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Firmus (4th century usurper)">Firmus</a> broke out in the still-devastated African provinces. This rebellion was driven by the corruption of the <i>comes</i> Romanus. Romanus took sides in the murderous disputes among the legitimate and illegitimate children of Nubel, a Moorish prince and leading Roman client in Africa. Resentment of Romanus's personal use of public funds and his failure to defend the province from desert nomads caused some of the provincials to revolt. Valentinian sent in Theodosius to restore imperial control. Over the following two years Theodosius uncovered Romanus' crimes, arrested him and his supporters, and defeated both Firmus and the African tribes like the <a href="/wiki/Abanni" title="Abanni">Abanni</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caprarienses&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caprarienses (page does not exist)">Caprarienses</a> that supported him.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 373, hostilities erupted with the <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a>, a group of Germanic-speaking people living on the upper Danube. Like the Alamanni, the Quadi were outraged that Valentinian was building fortifications in their territory. They complained and sent deputations to the <i>magister armorum per Illyricum</i> Aequitius, who promised to refer the matter to Valentinian. However, the increasingly influential minister Maximinus, now praetorian prefect of Gaul, blamed Aequitius to Valentinian for the trouble, and managed to have him promote his son Marcellianus to finish the project.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protests of Quadic leaders continued to delay the project, and to put an end to their clamor Marcellianus murdered the Quadic king <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gabinius_(king)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gabinius (king) (page does not exist)">Gabinius</a> at a banquet ostensibly arranged for peaceful negotiations. This roused the Quadi to war, along with their allies the Sarmatians. During the fall, they crossed the Danube and began ravaging the province of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Valeria" title="Pannonia Valeria">Pannonia Valeria</a>. The marauders could not penetrate the fortified cities, but they heavily damaged the unprotected countryside. Two legions were sent in but failed to coordinate and were routed by the Sarmatians. Meanwhile, another group of Sarmatians invaded <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, but were driven back by the son of Theodosius, <i>Dux Moesiae</i> and later emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a>. </p><p>Valentinian did not receive news of these crises until late 374. The following spring he set out from Trier and arrived at <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a>, which was deserted. There he was met by Sarmatian envoys who begged forgiveness for their actions. Valentinian replied that he would investigate what had happened and act accordingly. Valentinian ignored Marcellianus’ treacherous actions and decided to punish the Quadi. He was accompanied by Sebastianus and <a href="/wiki/Merobaudes_(magister_peditum)" title="Merobaudes (magister peditum)">Merobaudes</a>, and spent the summer months preparing for the campaign. In the fall he crossed the Danube at <a href="/wiki/Aquincum" title="Aquincum">Aquincum</a> into Quadi territory.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After pillaging Quadi lands without opposition, he retired to <a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Savaria</a> to winter quarters.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death">Death</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Without waiting for the spring, Valentinian decided to continue campaigning and moved from Savaria to <a href="/wiki/Szony" class="mw-redirect" title="Szony">Brigetio</a>. He arrived on 17 November 375 and had a hostile meeting with a Quadi deputation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199886_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199886-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who received permission for their people to leave in peace in return for supplying fresh recruits to the Roman army. The envoys insisted that the conflict was caused by the building of Roman forts in their lands. They added that individual bands of Quadi, not affiliated with the chiefs who had made the treaties, might still attack the Romans at any time. Enraged, Valentinian began yelling abuse at the envoys and suffered a fatal stroke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2003142_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2003142-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As was the custom, he was <a href="/wiki/Deified" class="mw-redirect" title="Deified">deified</a>, becoming known as Latin: <i lang="la">Divus Valentinianus Senior</i>, <small><abbr title="Literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small>'the Divine Valentinian the Elder'.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9l-Kom%C3%A1rom_-_modern_memorial_plaque_of_the_Roman_imperator_Valentinianus_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/D%C3%A9l-Kom%C3%A1rom_-_modern_memorial_plaque_of_the_Roman_imperator_Valentinianus_I.jpg/220px-D%C3%A9l-Kom%C3%A1rom_-_modern_memorial_plaque_of_the_Roman_imperator_Valentinianus_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/D%C3%A9l-Kom%C3%A1rom_-_modern_memorial_plaque_of_the_Roman_imperator_Valentinianus_I.jpg/330px-D%C3%A9l-Kom%C3%A1rom_-_modern_memorial_plaque_of_the_Roman_imperator_Valentinianus_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/D%C3%A9l-Kom%C3%A1rom_-_modern_memorial_plaque_of_the_Roman_imperator_Valentinianus_I.jpg/440px-D%C3%A9l-Kom%C3%A1rom_-_modern_memorial_plaque_of_the_Roman_imperator_Valentinianus_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Modern memorial to Valentinian at <a href="/wiki/Sz%C5%91ny" title="Szőny">Szőny</a> (Latin: <i lang="la">Brigetio</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reputation">Reputation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reputation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern historian <a href="/wiki/A.H.M._Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="A.H.M. Jones">A.H.M. Jones</a> writes that although Valentinian I was "less of a boor" than his chief rival for election to the imperial throne, "he was of a violent and brutal temper, and not only uncultivated himself, but hostile to cultivated persons". According to <a href="/wiki/Ammianus_Marcellinus" title="Ammianus Marcellinus">Ammianus</a>, "he hated the well-dressed and educated and wealthy and well-born". Clearly, Valentinian had his enemies in Rome who wanted to defame him by describing him as an illiterate brute. This was not a complete picture: Ammianus concedes that Valentinian had some spontaneous oratorical skill, and also says that in his spare time the emperor was "an elegant painter and modeller [i.e., sculptor], and an inventor of new kinds of [weapons]" (XXX.9.4).<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appointed Ausonius, the most brilliant Latin scholar at that time, as tutor for his son Gratian,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showing an appreciation for the kind of classical education which he himself had been denied. An able soldier and a conscientious administrator, he took an interest in the welfare of the humbler classes, from which his father had risen. He founded schools, and provided medical attendance for the poor of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> by appointing a physician for each of the fourteen districts of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also reissued an edict of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> making infanticide a capital offence.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unfortunately Valentinian's good intentions were often frustrated by a bad choice of ministers, and "an obstinate belief in their merits despite all evidence to the contrary."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the benevolence of his more generous edicts was counterbalanced by remarkable cruelty and barbarism in his private affairs. He often had servants and attendants executed on trifling charges, and was reportedly accustomed to feed his victims to two bears, known as <i>Mica Aurea</i> (golden flake), and <i>Innocence</i>, whose iron cage was transported wherever the emperor went. At length <i>Innocence</i>, when she was considered to have faithfully discharged her office, was released with Valentinian's good wishes into her native wilds.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Valentinian was a <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> but permitted liberal religious freedom to all his subjects, proscribing only some forms of rituals such as particular types of sacrifices, and banning the practice of <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">magic</a>. In Christian affairs, he released <a href="/wiki/Edict" title="Edict">edicts</a> against the increasing wealth and worldliness of the clergy. One new law, issued via <a href="/wiki/Pope_Damasus_I" title="Pope Damasus I">Pope Damasus I</a>, prohibited the granting of bequests to clergymen, and another said that members of the sacerdotal order must discharge the public duties owed on account of their property, or else relinquish it.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An account by <a href="/wiki/Socrates_of_Constantinople" title="Socrates of Constantinople">Socrates Scholasticus</a>, in his <i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i>, has led some to describe Valentinian as <a href="/wiki/Polygamy_in_Christianity" title="Polygamy in Christianity">polygamous</a>. The text says that, having heard his wife <a href="/wiki/Marina_Severa" title="Marina Severa">Marina Severa</a> constantly praise the beauty of her friend <a href="/wiki/Justina_(empress)" title="Justina (empress)">Justina</a>, </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[t]he emperor, treasuring this description by his wife in his own mind, considered with himself how he could espouse Justina, without repudiating Severa, as she had borne him Gratian, whom he had created Augustus a little while before. He accordingly framed a law, and caused it to be published throughout all the cities, by which any man was permitted to have two lawful wives. The law was promulgated and he married Justina, by whom he had <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian the younger</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Socrates Scholasticus, Historia Ecclesiastica, IV.31</cite></div></blockquote><p><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This story is known only from Socrates, and there is no trace of any edict by any emperor allowing polygamy. Valentinian I and Severa may have divorced, a course permitted by Roman law (see <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Rome" title="Marriage in ancient Rome">marriage in ancient Rome</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since divorce was not acknowledged by Christians,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Socrates contemptuously describes him as a bigamist. It is also possible that Socrates attempted to accuse Justina, who was an <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arian</a>, of fornication, a common aspersion against other cults. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Nikiu" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Nikiu">John of Nikiu</a>, the empress Severa was banished by Valentinian I for conducting an illegal transaction, before he consorted with Justina. Barnes believes this story to be an attempt to justify the divorce of Valentinian I without accusing the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coin portraits of Valentinian and Valens are of dubious quality, showing "heavy" faces rendered with "no animation, and little consistency".<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more flattering physical description of Valentinian is given by Ammianus (XXX.9.6), who praises the emperor's "strong and muscular body, his brilliant complexion, his grey eyes, with a gaze that was always sidelong and stern, his fine stature, and his regular features".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name "Flavius" only appears in two single inscriptions, and only abbreviated as "Fl".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 4th century, "Flavius" had become a <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">courtesy title</a> used not only for emperors, but to all high-profile men, like the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consuls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%89pigraphique" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Année Épigraphique">L'Année Épigraphique</a></i> attests his full name as <i>Flavius Julius Valentinianus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources give different commands Valentinian held at the time and vastly different places of exile: <a href="/wiki/Philostorgius" title="Philostorgius">Philostorgius</a> says Constantius exiled Valentinian to <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Egypt" title="Thebes, Egypt">Thebes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sozomen" title="Sozomen">Sozomen</a> to <a href="/wiki/Melitene" class="mw-redirect" title="Melitene">Melitene</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Armenia" title="Lesser Armenia">Armenia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paschal_Chronicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Paschal Chronicle">Paschal Chronicle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Selymbria" title="Selymbria">Selymbria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Theodoret" title="Theodoret">Theodoret</a> to "a distant fort.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197314_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197314-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBagnallCameronSchwartzWorp1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_S._Bagnall" title="Roger S. Bagnall">Bagnall, Roger S.</a>; Cameron, Alan; Schwartz, Seth R.; <a href="/wiki/Klaas_Worp" title="Klaas Worp">Worp, Klaas A.</a> (1987). <i>Consuls of the Later Roman Empire</i>. American Philological Association. pp. 264–281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55540-099-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55540-099-X"><bdi>1-55540-099-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consuls+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=264-281&rft.pub=American+Philological+Association&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=1-55540-099-X&rft.aulast=Bagnall&rft.aufirst=Roger+S.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Alan&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Seth+R.&rft.au=Worp%2C+Klaas+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1988" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Alan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">"Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol"</a>. <i>Latomus</i>. <b>47</b> (1): 26–33. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41540754">41540754</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latomus&rft.atitle=Flavius%3A+a+Nicety+of+Protocol&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-33&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41540754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25606700">"Tables analytiques de la revue des publications épigraphiques"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique" title="L'Année épigraphique">L'Année épigraphique</a></i>. <b>1949</b>: 88. 1949. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-2348">0066-2348</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25606700">25606700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Ann%C3%A9e+%C3%A9pigraphique&rft.atitle=Tables+analytiques+de+la+revue+des+publications+%C3%A9pigraphiques&rft.volume=1949&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25606700%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0066-2348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25606700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts1998-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1998_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1998_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts1998_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts1998">Roberts 1998</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant1985259-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1985259_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1985259_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant1985259_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrant1985">Grant 1985</a>, p. 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski200356-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski200356_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2003">Lenski 2003</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19732-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19732_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomlin1973">Tomlin 1973</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19734-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19734_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomlin1973">Tomlin 1973</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20137-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20137_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20137_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20137_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin19735-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin19735_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomlin1973">Tomlin 1973</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004471-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004471_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter 2004</a>, p. 471.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20138-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20138_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20138_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20138_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20138_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20138_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004473-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004473_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter 2004</a>, p. 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004474-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPotter2004474_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPotter2004">Potter 2004</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197313-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197313_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomlin1973">Tomlin 1973</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://museum.classics.cam.ac.uk/collections/casts/valentinian-i">"Valentinian I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Classical_Archaeology,_Cambridge" title="Museum of Classical Archaeology, Cambridge">Museum of Classical Archaeology</a></i>. <q>This frowning head with staring eyes can be identified with accuracy by comparison with coins, and from a bronze head discovered in the early twentieth century at the Ponte Sisto in Rome.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Classical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Valentinian+I&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuseum.classics.cam.ac.uk%2Fcollections%2Fcasts%2Fvalentinian-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johansen, F. (1995). <i>Catalogue of the Roman Portraits III; Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</i>. Copenhagen. pp. 178–179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">García Ruiz, María P.; Quirogas Puertas, Alberto J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xo8cEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA150"><i>Emperors and Emperorship in Late Antiquity: Images and Narratives</i></a>. Brill. p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=950">http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-578 (J. Lenaghan)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes20139-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes20139_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201312-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201312_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201312_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197314-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197314_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197314_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomlin1973">Tomlin 1973</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201316-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201316_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, A.H.M.; Martindale, J.R. (1971). The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, Vol. I: AD 260–395. Cambridge University Press. p. 933.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomlin197316-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomlin197316_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTomlin1973">Tomlin 1973</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes201318-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201318_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes201318_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, <i>The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, (The Modern Library, 1932), ch. XXV., pp. 845, 846</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199880–81-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199880–81_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=813#:~:text=The%20colossal%20bronze%20statue%20now,a%20site%20by%20the%20harbour.">"Discussion: Colossal bronze statue of emperor in cuirass. Probably from Constantinople (now in Barletta). Late fourth to fifth century [LSA-441]"</a>. <i>Last Statues of Antiquity</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Last+Statues+of+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Discussion%3A+Colossal+bronze+statue+of+emperor+in+cuirass.+Probably+from+Constantinople+%28now+in+Barletta%29.+Late+fourth+to+fifth+century+%5BLSA-441%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk%2Fdatabase%2Fdiscussion.php%3Fid%3D813%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520colossal%2520bronze%2520statue%2520now%2Ca%2520site%2520by%2520the%2520harbour.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDen_Boeft2008" class="citation book cs1">Den Boeft, J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=viazS1MNryoC&pg=PA23"><i>Philological and historical commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus: XXVI</i></a>. Brill. pp. 23–24, 81–82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004163461" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004163461"><bdi>978-9004163461</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philological+and+historical+commentary+on+Ammianus+Marcellinus%3A+XXVI&rft.pages=23-24%2C+81-82&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004163461&rft.aulast=Den+Boeft&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DviazS1MNryoC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_W._Ermatinger2018" class="citation book cs1">James W. Ermatinger (2018). <i>The Roman Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1440838095" title="Special:BookSources/978-1440838095"><bdi>978-1440838095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1440838095&rft.au=James+W.+Ermatinger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, p. 849 note</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, ch. XXIII., pp. 771–773; ch. XXV., p. 849</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVI.5.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVI.5.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVI.5.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVII.1.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVII.1.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVII.2.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVII.2.1–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVII.2.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughes2013-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2013_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughes2013_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughes2013">Hughes 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVII.10.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVII.10.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVII.10.17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVIII.2.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVIII.2.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXVIII.2.8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk/database/discussion.php?id=954">http://laststatues.classics.ox.ac.uk, LSA-582 (J. Lenaghan)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rike, R.L., <i>Apex Omnium: Religion in the Res Gestae of Ammianus</i> (1987), p.. 91; Jones, Martindale and Morris, <i>The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</i> Vol. I (1971), pp. 615–616</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199883–84-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199883–84_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesanges1984" class="citation book cs1">Desanges, J. (1984). <i>Encyclopédie berbère</i>. Vol. 1. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A9die+berb%C3%A8re&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Desanges&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, p. 894</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXX.5.13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXX.5.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECurran199886-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECurran199886_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCurran1998">Curran 1998</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenski2003142-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenski2003142_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenski2003">Lenski 2003</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKulikowski2019" class="citation book cs1">Kulikowski, Michael (2019). <i>The Tragedy of Empire: From Constantine to the Destruction of Roman Italy</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674660137" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674660137"><bdi>978-0674660137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Empire%3A+From+Constantine+to+the+Destruction+of+Roman+Italy&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0674660137&rft.aulast=Kulikowski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcellinus1972" class="citation book cs1">Marcellinus, Ammianus (1972). <i>Loeb Classical Library: Ammianus Marcellinus, III</i>. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99365-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99365-9"><bdi>0-674-99365-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loeb+Classical+Library%3A+Ammianus+Marcellinus%2C+III&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+and+London&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd.&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-674-99365-9&rft.aulast=Marcellinus&rft.aufirst=Ammianus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Colton, "Ausonius and Juvenal", in: <i>The Classical Journal</i>, 1973, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Valentinian_I." class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Valentinian I.">Valentinian I.</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 851.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Valentinian+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=851&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, ch. XIV, p. 375; ch. XXV, p. 859</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.H.M. Jones, <i>The Later Roman Empire, 284–602: A Social, Economic and Administrative Survey</i> (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1986), p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ammianus Marcellinus, <i>Res Gestae</i> XXIX.3.9; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a>, <i>The Roman And The Teuton, A Series Of Lectures delivered before the University of Cambridge</i>, (Macmillan & Co., 1889, London), lecture II, <i>The Dying Empire</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, ch. XXV, p. 864; ch. XX, p. 662, editor's note</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translated by A.C. Zenos. From <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i>, Second Series, Vol. 2. Edited by Philip Schaff and Henry Wace. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1890.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frier, Bruce W. and McGinn, Thomas A.J.: <i>A Casebook on Roman Family Law</i> (American Philological Association) OUP US, 2003. Part D, "The End of Marriage"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew 19, 4–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy Barnes, "Ammianus Marcellinus and the Representation of Historical Reality" (1998), pp. 123–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKentHirmerHirmer1978" class="citation book cs1">Kent, J. P. C.; Hirmer, Max; Hirmer, Albert (1978). <i>Roman Coins</i>. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-23273-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-23273-3"><bdi>0-500-23273-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Coins&rft.place=London&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-500-23273-3&rft.aulast=Kent&rft.aufirst=J.+P.+C.&rft.au=Hirmer%2C+Max&rft.au=Hirmer%2C+Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcellinus1972" class="citation book cs1">Marcellinus, Ammianus (1972). <i>Loeb Classical Library: Ammianus Marcellinus, III</i>. Translated by Rolfe, John C. Cambridge, MA, and London: Harvard University Press and William Heinemann Ltd. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-99365-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-99365-9"><bdi>0-674-99365-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loeb+Classical+Library%3A+Ammianus+Marcellinus%2C+III&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA%2C+and+London&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+and+William+Heinemann+Ltd.&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-674-99365-9&rft.aulast=Marcellinus&rft.aufirst=Ammianus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ammianus Marcellinus. Rerum gestarum libri qui supersunt. W. Seyfarth, ed. 3 vols. Leipzig, 1978.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_(scholar)" title="Robert Charles (scholar)">Charles, Robert H.</a> (2007) [1916]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KgZ-DOr77OQC"><i>The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text</i></a>. Merchantville, NJ: Evolution Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781889758879" title="Special:BookSources/9781889758879"><bdi>9781889758879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+John%2C+Bishop+of+Nikiu%3A+Translated+from+Zotenberg%27s+Ethiopic+Text&rft.place=Merchantville%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Evolution+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781889758879&rft.aulast=Charles&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKgZ-DOr77OQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Consularia Constantinopolitana. T. Mommsen ed., Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi. Volume 9. Berlin, 1892.</li> <li>Codex Theodosianus. T. Mommsen, P.M. Meyer, and P. Krüger, eds. Theodosiani libri XVI cum constitutionibus Sirmondianis et leges novellae ad Theodosianum pertinentes (2 vols.). Berlin, 1905.</li> <li>Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. Vol. 6. T. Mommsen, ed. Berlin, 1875.</li> <li>Epitome de Caesaribus. F.R. Pichlmayr, ed. Leipzig, 1961.</li> <li>Jerome. Chronicon. R. Helm, ed., in Malcolm Drew Donalson, A Translation of Jerome's Chronicon with Historical Commentary. Lewiston, NY, 1996.</li> <li>Orosius. Adversus paganos historiarum libri septem. Z. Zangemeister, ed. Corpus scriptorum ecclesiasticorum latinorum 5. Vienna, 1882.</li> <li>Socrates. Historia Ecclesiastica. J.P. Migne ed., Patrologia Graeca 67. Paris, 1864.</li> <li>Sozomen. Historia Ecclesiastica. J.P. Migne ed., Patrologia Graeca 67. Paris, 1864.</li> <li>Theoderet. Historia Ecclesiastica. J.P. Migne ed., Patrologia Graeca 82. Paris, 1864.</li> <li>Zosimus. Historia nova. François Paschoud, ed. and trans., Zosime: Histoire Nouvelle (3 vols.). Paris, 1971–89.</li> <li>Ammian, Books 26–30 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ammian/home.html#26">Uchicago.edu</a>. English summaries. Main text in Latin.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_accounts">Secondary accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Secondary accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran1998" class="citation book cs1">Curran, John (1998). "From Jovian to Theodosius". In <a href="/wiki/Averil_Cameron" title="Averil Cameron">Averil Cameron</a> & <a href="/wiki/Peter_Garnsey" title="Peter Garnsey">Peter Garnsey</a> (eds.). <a href="//archive.org/details/the-cambridge-ancient-history-volume-13/mode/1up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:the-cambridge-ancient-history-volume-13/mode/1up"><i>The Cambridge Ancient History XIII: The Late Empire, A.D. 337–425</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30200-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30200-5"><bdi>0-521-30200-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Jovian+to+Theodosius&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History+XIII%3A+The+Late+Empire%2C+A.D.+337%E2%80%93425&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-30200-5&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErrington2006" class="citation book cs1">Errington, R. Malcolm (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PpGvoLVkLxYC"><i>Roman Imperial Policy from Julian to Theodosius</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8078-3038-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8078-3038-0"><bdi>0-8078-3038-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Imperial+Policy+from+Julian+to+Theodosius&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8078-3038-0&rft.aulast=Errington&rft.aufirst=R.+Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPpGvoLVkLxYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1998" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Walter E. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/vali.htm">"Valentinian I (364–375 A.D)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.atitle=Valentinian+I+%28364%E2%80%93375+A.D%29&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Fvali.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Grant, Michael</a> (1985). <i>The Roman emperors</i>. Michael Grant Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-18388-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-18388-9"><bdi>0-684-18388-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+emperors&rft.pub=Michael+Grant+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-684-18388-9&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2013" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Ian (5 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H5b9AwAAQBAJ"><i>Imperial Brothers: Valentinian, Valens and the Disaster at Adrianople</i></a>. Pen and Sword. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-2863-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-2863-6"><bdi>978-1-4738-2863-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Brothers%3A+Valentinian%2C+Valens+and+the+Disaster+at+Adrianople&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-2863-6&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH5b9AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenski2003" class="citation book cs1">Lenski, Noel (2003). <i>Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520928539" title="Special:BookSources/0520928539"><bdi>0520928539</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Failure+of+Empire%3A+Valens+and+the+Roman+State+in+the+Fourth+Century+A.D.&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0520928539&rft.aulast=Lenski&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David S. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanempireatbay0000pott"><i>The Roman Empire at Bay: AD 180–395</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10057-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10057-7"><bdi>0-415-10057-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+at+Bay%3A+AD+180%E2%80%93395&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-10057-7&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanempireatbay0000pott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomlin1973" class="citation book cs1">Tomlin, Roger (1973). <i>The Emperor Valentinian I</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Valentinian+I&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Tomlin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, <i>The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i>, 1776.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Valentinian I."><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Valentinian_I.">"Valentinian I." </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 851.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Valentinian+I.&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=851&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> Schmidt-Hofner, Sebastian. <i>Reagieren und Gestalten: der Regierungsstil des spaetroemischen Kaisers am Beispiel der Gesetzgebung Valentinians I</i>. Muenchen: Beck, 2008. 398 p. (Vestigia, Bd. 58).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Stein" title="Ernst Stein">Ernst Stein</a>, <i>Histoire du Bas-Empire,</i> vol. i, chap. 4 (1959).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Valentinian"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Valentinian">"Valentinian" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 16. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Valentinian&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AValentinian+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valentinian_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Valentinianus" class="extiw" title="commons:Flavius Valentinianus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Flavius Valentinianus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>This <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fourthcentury.com/index.php/imperial-laws-chart-364">list of Roman laws of the fourth century</a> shows laws passed by Valentinian I relating to Christianity.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Valentinian I </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Valentinianic_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentinianic dynasty">Valentinianic dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 321</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 17 November 375</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> </b><br />364–375 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Varronianus_(son_of_Jovian)" title="Varronianus (son of Jovian)">Varronianus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> </b><br />365<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dagalaifus_(magister_equitum)" title="Dagalaifus (magister equitum)">Dagalaifus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lupicinus_(magister_equitum)" title="Lupicinus (magister equitum)">Lupicinus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jovinus_(consul)" title="Jovinus (consul)">Iovinus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> II </b><br />368<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> II</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinianus_Galates" title="Valentinianus Galates">Valentinianus Galates</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Victor_(magister_equitum)" title="Victor (magister equitum)">Victor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valentinianus_Galates" title="Valentinianus Galates">Valentinianus Galates</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Victor_(magister_equitum)" title="Victor (magister equitum)">Victor</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> III </b><br />370<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> III</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> II<br /><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Claudius_Petronius_Probus" title="Sextus Claudius Petronius Probus">Sex. Claudius Petronius Probus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Domitius_Modestus" title="Domitius Modestus">Domitius Modestus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Arintheus" title="Arintheus">Arintheus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_consuls" title="List of Roman consuls">Roman consul</a> IV </b><br />373<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> IV</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a> III<br /><a href="/wiki/Equitius_(consul)" title="Equitius (consul)">Equitius</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a><br />284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius_(emperor)" title="Honorius (emperor)">Honorius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></u></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46720#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46720#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46720#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066303080">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76544789">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1497159248627304870004">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/28448/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJbttvfwbgpwMKtFx746rq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118803743">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78089084">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144982342">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144982342">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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