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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Burma Studies</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">22,475 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Burma Studies</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Burma_Studies">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70314543" data-work_id="70314543" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70314543/Eric_Brauns_Review_of_S_N_Goenka_Emissary_of_Insight">Eric Braun's Review of S. N. Goenka: Emissary of Insight</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">“Stuart has elected not to describe the nature of Goenka’s practice and the detailed (and easily accessible) theory that underpins it. … [T]he biographer describes Goenka as ‘dedicated to serving as a powerful channel for his teacher’s [U... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70314543" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">“Stuart has elected not to describe the nature of Goenka’s practice and the detailed (and easily accessible) theory that underpins it. … [T]he biographer describes Goenka as ‘dedicated to serving as a powerful channel for his teacher’s [U Ba Khin’s] vijjādhātu, . . . the psychic force of the wisdom of vipaśyanā [insight meditation] made available to Goenka and his students by the grace of U Ba Khin and his enlightened nonhuman guides.’”</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70314543" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1fffc9f1073833e528037ab74461eba1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80118504,"asset_id":70314543,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80118504/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1604762" href="https://sc.academia.edu/DanielMStuart">Daniel M Stuart</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1604762" type="text/json">{"id":1604762,"first_name":"Daniel","last_name":"Stuart","domain_name":"sc","page_name":"DanielMStuart","display_name":"Daniel M Stuart","profile_url":"https://sc.academia.edu/DanielMStuart?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1604762/5136784/35768051/s65_daniel.stuart.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70314543 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70314543"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70314543, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70314543", }); 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Stuart","profile_url":"https://sc.academia.edu/DanielMStuart?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1604762/5136784/35768051/s65_daniel.stuart.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":114,"name":"Hinduism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hinduism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":3389,"name":"Indian studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":3810,"name":"Mindfulness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness?f_ri=27881"},{"id":6926,"name":"South Asian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_History?f_ri=27881"},{"id":11355,"name":"South Asian Diaspora Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Diaspora_Literature?f_ri=27881"},{"id":11932,"name":"Secularization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Secularization?f_ri=27881"},{"id":12448,"name":"Contemplative Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemplative_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":17365,"name":"South Asian Literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/South_Asian_Literature?f_ri=27881"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":57275,"name":"Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Meditation?f_ri=27881"},{"id":75814,"name":"Indian History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_History?f_ri=27881"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":182867,"name":"Mindfulness Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mindfulness_Meditation?f_ri=27881"},{"id":298802,"name":"Buddhist Meditation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Meditation?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_78431344" data-work_id="78431344" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/78431344/Advancing_Religious_Freedom_and_Coexistence_in_Myanmar_Recommendations_for_the_Next_U_S_Administration">Advancing Religious Freedom and Coexistence in Myanmar: Recommendations for the Next U.S. Administration</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul 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data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5878" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism">Nationalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5878" type="text/json">{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=78431344]'), work: {"id":78431344,"title":"Advancing Religious Freedom and Coexistence in Myanmar: Recommendations for the Next U.S. 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Freedom","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Freedom?f_ri=27881"},{"id":953669,"name":"Routledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Routledge?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33704720" data-work_id="33704720" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33704720/_Uncertain_future_Prospects_of_political_stability_in_Nepal_and_Myanmar_">"Uncertain future: Prospects of political stability in Nepal & Myanmar"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Nepal and Myanmar have gone through difficult political transition, both countries have witnessed years of civil war and ruling elites of these countries have discriminated the rights of ethnic groups and minorities by leaving them... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33704720" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Nepal and Myanmar have gone through difficult political transition, both countries have witnessed years of civil war and ruling elites of these countries have discriminated the rights of ethnic groups and minorities by leaving them under-represented in government.Both countries can be considered among least developed and poor countries in the world. It gives a great opportunity to regional powers, India and China to influence on domestic and foreign policy of these countries. After few weeks, population of Myanmar will go to polls. Since, the “iconic leader” of the National League of Democracy Party, Aung San’s party favourite in elections, it boosts the hopes for positive changes and reforms.  On other hand, after 7 years work Nepal has finally adopted new constitution, which has been met with protests from major ethnic groups such as The Matheses and The Taire within countries, They accepted it as discrimination against them, taking into account the harsh reaction from the long-term partner and neighbour of the country India, it leaves the country on the verge of the new political crisis. On 11th of October 2015, Parliament has elected new Prime Minister, it can be considered as a major step from the side of government to open up dialogue with ethnic groups and to address the problem.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33704720" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d38c44f98c429cea590d50f11010aca3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53704260,"asset_id":33704720,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53704260/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3584593" href="https://coleurop.academia.edu/ElmirBadalov">Elmir Badalov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3584593" type="text/json">{"id":3584593,"first_name":"Elmir","last_name":"Badalov","domain_name":"coleurop","page_name":"ElmirBadalov","display_name":"Elmir Badalov","profile_url":"https://coleurop.academia.edu/ElmirBadalov?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3584593/1246147/17332646/s65_elmir.badalov.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33704720 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33704720"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33704720, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33704720", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33704720 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33704720; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33704720"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33704720 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33704720"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33704720; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33704720]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33704720").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33704720").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33704720"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China">China</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12108" type="text/json">{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="16946" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal">Nepal</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="16946" type="text/json">{"id":16946,"name":"Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33704720]'), work: {"id":33704720,"title":"\"Uncertain future: Prospects of political stability in Nepal \u0026 Myanmar\"","created_at":"2017-06-29T10:45:05.910-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33704720/_Uncertain_future_Prospects_of_political_stability_in_Nepal_and_Myanmar_?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_33704720","summary":"Nepal and Myanmar have gone through difficult political transition, both countries have witnessed years of civil war and ruling elites of these countries have discriminated the rights of ethnic groups and minorities by leaving them under-represented in government.Both countries can be considered among least developed and poor countries in the world. It gives a great opportunity to regional powers, India and China to influence on domestic and foreign policy of these countries. After few weeks, population of Myanmar will go to polls. Since, the “iconic leader” of the National League of Democracy Party, Aung San’s party favourite in elections, it boosts the hopes for positive changes and reforms. On other hand, after 7 years work Nepal has finally adopted new constitution, which has been met with protests from major ethnic groups such as The Matheses and The Taire within countries, They accepted it as discrimination against them, taking into account the harsh reaction from the long-term partner and neighbour of the country India, it leaves the country on the verge of the new political crisis. On 11th of October 2015, Parliament has elected new Prime Minister, it can be considered as a major step from the side of government to open up dialogue with ethnic groups and to address the problem.\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53704260,"asset_id":33704720,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3584593,"first_name":"Elmir","last_name":"Badalov","domain_name":"coleurop","page_name":"ElmirBadalov","display_name":"Elmir Badalov","profile_url":"https://coleurop.academia.edu/ElmirBadalov?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3584593/1246147/17332646/s65_elmir.badalov.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":12108,"name":"China","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":16946,"name":"Nepal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nepal?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881"},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=27881"},{"id":143894,"name":"Kathmandu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kathmandu?f_ri=27881"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=27881"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30729829" data-work_id="30729829" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30729829/Documents_on_Western_Burmese_Economic_History_edited_by_Michael_W_Charney">Documents on Western Burmese Economic History, edited by Michael W. Charney</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Republication of some trade relevant documents from Western Burma. This includes the History of the Mugs from 1777. Published in the SBBR (Spring, 2003).</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30729829" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b8c4518e1ccf46d56c85e16ba590e2ef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51177601,"asset_id":30729829,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51177601/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="136151" href="https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney">Michael W Charney</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="136151" type="text/json">{"id":136151,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Charney","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"MichaelCharney","display_name":"Michael W Charney","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/136151/36138/43430952/s65_michael.charney.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30729829 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30729829"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30729829, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30729829", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30729829 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30729829; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30729829"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30729829 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30729829"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30729829; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30729829]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30729829").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30729829").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30729829"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6888" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Ocean_History">Indian Ocean History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6888" type="text/json">{"id":6888,"name":"Indian Ocean History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Ocean_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="30707" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Ocean_Trade">Indian Ocean Trade</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="30707" type="text/json">{"id":30707,"name":"Indian Ocean Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Ocean_Trade?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="121209" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar">Burma Myanmar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="121209" type="text/json">{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30729829]'), work: {"id":30729829,"title":"Documents on Western Burmese Economic History, edited by Michael W. Charney","created_at":"2017-01-04T02:57:08.190-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30729829/Documents_on_Western_Burmese_Economic_History_edited_by_Michael_W_Charney?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_30729829","summary":"Republication of some trade relevant documents from Western Burma. This includes the History of the Mugs from 1777. Published in the SBBR (Spring, 2003).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51177601,"asset_id":30729829,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":136151,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Charney","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"MichaelCharney","display_name":"Michael W Charney","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/136151/36138/43430952/s65_michael.charney.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6888,"name":"Indian Ocean History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Ocean_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":30707,"name":"Indian Ocean Trade","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Ocean_Trade?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":611562,"name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bay_of_Bengal?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28533710" data-work_id="28533710" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28533710/Matt_Reeder_Slave_Gathering_Warfare_and_Cultural_Exchange_in_Burma_Thailand_and_Manipur_A_review_of_The_Creole_City_in_Mainland_Southeast_Asia_">Matt Reeder, Slave-Gathering Warfare and Cultural Exchange in Burma, Thailand, and Manipur: A review of "The Creole City in Mainland Southeast Asia"</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Who were the agents of cultural change in pre-colonial Southeast Asia? Scholars have identified such diverse characters as Brahmins journeying from South Asia, European sea captains looking down at indigenous Asians from the decks of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28533710" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Who were the agents of cultural change in pre-colonial Southeast Asia? Scholars have identified such diverse characters as Brahmins journeying from South Asia, European sea captains looking down at indigenous Asians from the decks of their sailing ships, local chiefs or monarchs seeking new accoutrements of status, monks on royally-sponsored missions, traders of all descriptions—all historical characters of status or privilege. But what if we see the agent of cultural hybridity as a lowly family of war captives, captured and transported to a new kingdom against its will? What happens when we see them as having the agency to mold something new out of the vestiges of their natal cultures, those of their captors, and those of their neighbors? Bryce Beemer’s dissertation takes theoretical inspiration from creolization theory, usually associated with scholarship on slaves in the Americas, to paint a vibrant and unruly picture of cultural rupture, exchange, and production in what he calls the “creole cities” of premodern Burma, Siam, and Manipur. He focuses especially on two groups of creole communities settled around the royal capitals of Upper Burma. The “Yodaya” were peasants, artisans, and experts taken captive from Ayutthaya (Siam) in 1767, and the “Kathe” were taken in raids against Manipur from the 1750s to the 1830s.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28533710" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="024a10cb0a46fe71c1f7d50c0b19643f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48885586,"asset_id":28533710,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48885586/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2818289" href="https://dku-cn.academia.edu/BryceBeemer">Bryce Beemer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2818289" type="text/json">{"id":2818289,"first_name":"Bryce","last_name":"Beemer","domain_name":"dku-cn","page_name":"BryceBeemer","display_name":"Bryce Beemer","profile_url":"https://dku-cn.academia.edu/BryceBeemer?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2818289/920893/1152645/s65_bryce.beemer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28533710 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28533710"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28533710, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28533710", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28533710 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28533710; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28533710"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28533710 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28533710"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28533710; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28533710]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28533710").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28533710").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28533710"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6283" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery">History of Slavery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6283" type="text/json">{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10096" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand">Thailand</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10096" type="text/json">{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28533710]'), work: {"id":28533710,"title":"Matt Reeder, Slave-Gathering Warfare and Cultural Exchange in Burma, Thailand, and Manipur: A review of \"The Creole City in Mainland Southeast Asia\"","created_at":"2016-09-16T08:06:11.125-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28533710/Matt_Reeder_Slave_Gathering_Warfare_and_Cultural_Exchange_in_Burma_Thailand_and_Manipur_A_review_of_The_Creole_City_in_Mainland_Southeast_Asia_?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_28533710","summary":"Who were the agents of cultural change in pre-colonial Southeast Asia? Scholars have identified such diverse characters as Brahmins journeying from South Asia, European sea captains looking down at indigenous Asians from the decks of their sailing ships, local chiefs or monarchs seeking new accoutrements of status, monks on royally-sponsored missions, traders of all descriptions—all historical characters of status or privilege. But what if we see the agent of cultural hybridity as a lowly family of war captives, captured and transported to a new kingdom against its will? What happens when we see them as having the agency to mold something new out of the vestiges of their natal cultures, those of their captors, and those of their neighbors? Bryce Beemer’s dissertation takes theoretical inspiration from creolization theory, usually associated with scholarship on slaves in the Americas, to paint a vibrant and unruly picture of cultural rupture, exchange, and production in what he calls the “creole cities” of premodern Burma, Siam, and Manipur. He focuses especially on two groups of creole communities settled around the royal capitals of Upper Burma. The “Yodaya” were peasants, artisans, and experts taken captive from Ayutthaya (Siam) in 1767, and the “Kathe” were taken in raids against Manipur from the 1750s to the 1830s.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48885586,"asset_id":28533710,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2818289,"first_name":"Bryce","last_name":"Beemer","domain_name":"dku-cn","page_name":"BryceBeemer","display_name":"Bryce Beemer","profile_url":"https://dku-cn.academia.edu/BryceBeemer?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2818289/920893/1152645/s65_bryce.beemer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":6283,"name":"History of Slavery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Slavery?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=27881"},{"id":86950,"name":"Manipur","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Manipur?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22989202" data-work_id="22989202" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22989202/Shan_virtual_insurgency_and_the_spectatorship_of_the_nation">Shan virtual insurgency and the spectatorship of the nation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Shan State Army-South (SSA-S) is today one of Burma's largest remaining ethnic opposition armies. This paper investigates ethnic politics of the SSA-S and their strategic use of media. It argues that Shan insurgency today has moved... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22989202" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Shan State Army-South (SSA-S) is today one of Burma's largest remaining ethnic opposition armies. This paper investigates ethnic politics of the SSA-S and their strategic use of media. It argues that Shan insurgency today has moved into a new phase characterised by its intense involvement with mass media. The paper examines, on the production side, the Shan insurgency's media products and its networking with the Thai press. On the reception side, it explores how the images of ethnic insurgency are consumed by Shan audiences living in exile, analysing how long-distance Shan nationalism is generated through the spectatorship of these 'militarised' images.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22989202" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d7f31c244ff63363e1ff70eb6efa2c90" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43506625,"asset_id":22989202,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43506625/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21267921" href="https://chiangmai.academia.edu/ampornjirattikorn">amporn jirattikorn</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21267921" type="text/json">{"id":21267921,"first_name":"amporn","last_name":"jirattikorn","domain_name":"chiangmai","page_name":"ampornjirattikorn","display_name":"amporn jirattikorn","profile_url":"https://chiangmai.academia.edu/ampornjirattikorn?f_ri=27881","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22989202 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22989202"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22989202, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22989202", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22989202 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22989202; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22989202"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22989202 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22989202"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22989202; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22989202]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22989202").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22989202").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22989202"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1223682" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_and_counterinsurgency">Insurgency and counterinsurgency</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1223682" type="text/json">{"id":1223682,"name":"Insurgency and counterinsurgency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_and_counterinsurgency?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22989202]'), work: {"id":22989202,"title":"Shan virtual insurgency and the spectatorship of the nation","created_at":"2016-03-08T07:02:28.830-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22989202/Shan_virtual_insurgency_and_the_spectatorship_of_the_nation?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_22989202","summary":"The Shan State Army-South (SSA-S) is today one of Burma's largest remaining ethnic opposition armies. This paper investigates ethnic politics of the SSA-S and their strategic use of media. It argues that Shan insurgency today has moved into a new phase characterised by its intense involvement with mass media. The paper examines, on the production side, the Shan insurgency's media products and its networking with the Thai press. On the reception side, it explores how the images of ethnic insurgency are consumed by Shan audiences living in exile, analysing how long-distance Shan nationalism is generated through the spectatorship of these 'militarised' images.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43506625,"asset_id":22989202,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21267921,"first_name":"amporn","last_name":"jirattikorn","domain_name":"chiangmai","page_name":"ampornjirattikorn","display_name":"amporn jirattikorn","profile_url":"https://chiangmai.academia.edu/ampornjirattikorn?f_ri=27881","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1223682,"name":"Insurgency and counterinsurgency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_and_counterinsurgency?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_20268326" data-work_id="20268326" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/20268326/Uneven_inclusion_consequences_of_universal_healthcare_in_Thailand">Uneven inclusion: consequences of universal healthcare in Thailand</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">‘Post-national’ scholars have taken the extension of social rights to migrants that are normally accorded to citizens as evidence of the growing importance of norms of ‘universal personhood’ and the declining importance of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_20268326" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">‘Post-national’ scholars have taken the extension of social rights to migrants that are normally accorded to citizens as evidence of the growing importance of norms of ‘universal personhood’ and the declining importance of the nation-state. However, the<br />distinct approach taken by the state toward another understudied category of noncitizen – stateless people – complicates these theories by demonstrating that the state<br />makes decisions about groups on different bases than theory would suggest. These findings suggest the need to pay more attention to how the state treats other categories of ‘semi-citizens’. This article examines the differential effects of universal healthcare reforms in Thailand on citizens, migrants, and stateless people and explores their ramifications on theories of citizenship and social rights. While the state has expanded its healthcare obligations toward people living within its borders, it has taken a variegated approach toward different groups. Citizens have been extended ‘differentiated but unambiguous rights’. Migrants have been granted ‘conditional<br />rights’ to healthcare coverage, dependent on their status as registered workers who pay mandatory contributions. Large numbers of stateless people, however, saw their right to state welfare programs disenfranchised following passage of the new universal healthcare law before later being granted ‘contingent rights’ through a new program.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/20268326" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d157219469f211e6873f8a0cbd43cdcd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":41135692,"asset_id":20268326,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/41135692/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24585174" href="https://bu.academia.edu/JosephHarris">Joseph Harris</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24585174" type="text/json">{"id":24585174,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Harris","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"JosephHarris","display_name":"Joseph Harris","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/JosephHarris?f_ri=27881","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_20268326 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="20268326"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 20268326, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_20268326", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_20268326 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20268326; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_20268326"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_20268326 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="20268326"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 20268326; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=20268326]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_20268326").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_20268326").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="20268326"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">31</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="201" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology">Political Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="201" type="text/json">{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1439" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization">Globalization</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1439" type="text/json">{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4486" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science">Political Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="4486" type="text/json">{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=20268326]'), work: {"id":20268326,"title":"Uneven inclusion: consequences of universal healthcare in Thailand","created_at":"2016-01-14T10:30:33.056-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/20268326/Uneven_inclusion_consequences_of_universal_healthcare_in_Thailand?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_20268326","summary":"‘Post-national’ scholars have taken the extension of social rights to migrants that are normally accorded to citizens as evidence of the growing importance of norms of ‘universal personhood’ and the declining importance of the nation-state. However, the\ndistinct approach taken by the state toward another understudied category of noncitizen – stateless people – complicates these theories by demonstrating that the state\nmakes decisions about groups on different bases than theory would suggest. These findings suggest the need to pay more attention to how the state treats other categories of ‘semi-citizens’. This article examines the differential effects of universal healthcare reforms in Thailand on citizens, migrants, and stateless people and explores their ramifications on theories of citizenship and social rights. While the state has expanded its healthcare obligations toward people living within its borders, it has taken a variegated approach toward different groups. Citizens have been extended ‘differentiated but unambiguous rights’. Migrants have been granted ‘conditional\nrights’ to healthcare coverage, dependent on their status as registered workers who pay mandatory contributions. Large numbers of stateless people, however, saw their right to state welfare programs disenfranchised following passage of the new universal healthcare law before later being granted ‘contingent rights’ through a new program.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":41135692,"asset_id":20268326,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24585174,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Harris","domain_name":"bu","page_name":"JosephHarris","display_name":"Joseph Harris","profile_url":"https://bu.academia.edu/JosephHarris?f_ri=27881","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":201,"name":"Political Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Sociology?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1439,"name":"Globalization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Globalization?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":4486,"name":"Political Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Science?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":4992,"name":"Global Citizenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Citizenship?f_ri=27881"},{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=27881"},{"id":10672,"name":"State Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Theory?f_ri=27881"},{"id":12570,"name":"Undocumented Immigration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Undocumented_Immigration?f_ri=27881"},{"id":15301,"name":"Migrant Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migrant_Health?f_ri=27881"},{"id":16124,"name":"Citizenship Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizenship_Theory?f_ri=27881"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health?f_ri=27881"},{"id":17126,"name":"Citizenship And Governance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizenship_And_Governance?f_ri=27881"},{"id":17972,"name":"Access to health services","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Access_to_health_services?f_ri=27881"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":27952,"name":"Stateless Peoples","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stateless_Peoples?f_ri=27881"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881"},{"id":41608,"name":"Citizenship","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizenship?f_ri=27881"},{"id":43495,"name":"Postnationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postnationalism?f_ri=27881"},{"id":43798,"name":"Statelessness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statelessness?f_ri=27881"},{"id":52815,"name":"Migrant workers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Migrant_workers?f_ri=27881"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":122600,"name":"Universal Health Care","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universal_Health_Care?f_ri=27881"},{"id":124064,"name":"Universal Coverage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universal_Coverage?f_ri=27881"},{"id":602128,"name":"Sociology of the State","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology_of_the_State?f_ri=27881"},{"id":993926,"name":"Human Rights and Social Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights_and_Social_Justice-1?f_ri=27881"},{"id":1178330,"name":"Universal Health Coverage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universal_Health_Coverage?f_ri=27881"},{"id":1214359,"name":"Universal Healthcare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Universal_Healthcare?f_ri=27881"},{"id":1276132,"name":"Access to Healthcare","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Access_to_Healthcare?f_ri=27881"},{"id":1306711,"name":"statelessness, EU law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/statelessness_EU_law?f_ri=27881"},{"id":1652033,"name":"Citizenship Law and Stateless Children","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citizenship_Law_and_Stateless_Children?f_ri=27881"},{"id":1723635,"name":"Public Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Policy?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12373121" data-work_id="12373121" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12373121/Law_and_development_in_its_Burmese_moment_Legal_reform_in_an_emerging_democracy">Law and development in its Burmese moment: Legal reform in an emerging democracy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This is chapter 20 of M Crouch and T Lindsey (ed), Law, Society and Transition in Myanmar (Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2014). In this chapter I report on the views of participants at a remarkable workshop at NUS in 2013. On the basis of this... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12373121" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This is chapter 20 of M Crouch and T Lindsey (ed), Law, Society and Transition in Myanmar (Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2014). In this chapter I report on the views of participants at a remarkable workshop at NUS in 2013. On the basis of this report I argue for a changed approach to law and development. after 50 years and faced with a new situation in Myanmar we can adopt a more contextual and more informed approach to law and development.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12373121" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="00d55fb6701f41541862ce9156d687dd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37626841,"asset_id":12373121,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37626841/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9312676" href="https://nus.academia.edu/AndrewHarding">Andrew J Harding</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9312676" type="text/json">{"id":9312676,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Harding","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"AndrewHarding","display_name":"Andrew J Harding","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/AndrewHarding?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9312676/3594786/15340912/s65_andrew.harding.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_12373121 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12373121"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12373121, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12373121", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12373121 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12373121; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12373121"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12373121 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12373121"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12373121; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12373121]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12373121").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12373121").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12373121"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="546" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law">Comparative Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="546" type="text/json">{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Society">Law and Society</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3767" type="text/json">{"id":3767,"name":"Law and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Society?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6272" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Development">Law and Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6272" type="text/json">{"id":6272,"name":"Law and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Development?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7495" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Economics">Law and Economics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7495" type="text/json">{"id":7495,"name":"Law and Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Economics?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12373121]'), work: {"id":12373121,"title":"Law and development in its Burmese moment: Legal reform in an emerging democracy","created_at":"2015-05-13T18:17:34.047-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/12373121/Law_and_development_in_its_Burmese_moment_Legal_reform_in_an_emerging_democracy?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_12373121","summary":"This is chapter 20 of M Crouch and T Lindsey (ed), Law, Society and Transition in Myanmar (Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2014). In this chapter I report on the views of participants at a remarkable workshop at NUS in 2013. On the basis of this report I argue for a changed approach to law and development. after 50 years and faced with a new situation in Myanmar we can adopt a more contextual and more informed approach to law and development.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37626841,"asset_id":12373121,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9312676,"first_name":"Andrew","last_name":"Harding","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"AndrewHarding","display_name":"Andrew J Harding","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/AndrewHarding?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9312676/3594786/15340912/s65_andrew.harding.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":546,"name":"Comparative Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Law?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":3767,"name":"Law and Society","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Society?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":6272,"name":"Law and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Development?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":7495,"name":"Law and Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Law_and_Economics?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":45062,"name":"International Law and Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law_and_Development?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43231673 coauthored" data-work_id="43231673" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43231673/Myanmar_How_to_Become_an_Attractive_Destination_for_Renewable_Energy_Investment">Myanmar: How to Become an Attractive Destination for Renewable Energy Investment?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Myanmar is endowed with abundant renewable energy resources, and its solar potential is the greatest in the Greater Mekong Subregion – yet, this potential remains largely untapped. The country’s 50% electrification rate remains the lowest... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43231673" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Myanmar is endowed with abundant renewable energy resources, and its solar potential is the greatest in the Greater Mekong Subregion – yet, this potential remains largely untapped. The country’s 50% electrification rate remains the lowest in ASEAN, and the government plans to electrify the entire country by 2030. The share of renewable energy in the energy mix is expected to rise from less than 1% in 2020 to 12% in 2025. In addition to expanding electricity access, renewable energy could also stimulate much-needed employment and economic growth in Myanmar. We propose five actions that can improve the investment climate in Myanmar for renewable energy investment: strengthen renewable energy governance; join IRENA and intensify capacity building; adopt a feed-in tariff or auction mechanism; build a regulatory framework for renewable energy; simplify the business environment for investors.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43231673" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8bcb26d02ba98254e6cb9c926d04db44" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63500881,"asset_id":43231673,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63500881/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31422077" href="https://nupi.academia.edu/RomanVakulchuk">Roman Vakulchuk</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31422077" type="text/json">{"id":31422077,"first_name":"Roman","last_name":"Vakulchuk","domain_name":"nupi","page_name":"RomanVakulchuk","display_name":"Roman Vakulchuk","profile_url":"https://nupi.academia.edu/RomanVakulchuk?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31422077/14951183/34943152/s65_roman.vakulchuk.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-43231673">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-43231673"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://nupi.academia.edu/IndraOverland">Indra Overland</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-43231673'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-43231673').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43231673 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43231673"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43231673, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43231673", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_43231673 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 43231673; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_43231673"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); 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The country’s 50% electrification rate remains the lowest in ASEAN, and the government plans to electrify the entire country by 2030. The share of renewable energy in the energy mix is expected to rise from less than 1% in 2020 to 12% in 2025. In addition to expanding electricity access, renewable energy could also stimulate much-needed employment and economic growth in Myanmar. We propose five actions that can improve the investment climate in Myanmar for renewable energy investment: strengthen renewable energy governance; join IRENA and intensify capacity building; adopt a feed-in tariff or auction mechanism; build a regulatory framework for renewable energy; simplify the business environment for investors.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63500881,"asset_id":43231673,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31422077,"first_name":"Roman","last_name":"Vakulchuk","domain_name":"nupi","page_name":"RomanVakulchuk","display_name":"Roman Vakulchuk","profile_url":"https://nupi.academia.edu/RomanVakulchuk?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31422077/14951183/34943152/s65_roman.vakulchuk.png"},{"id":1220363,"first_name":"Indra","last_name":"Overland","domain_name":"nupi","page_name":"IndraOverland","display_name":"Indra Overland","profile_url":"https://nupi.academia.edu/IndraOverland?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1220363/10170590/11349345/s65_indra.overland.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1512,"name":"Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Climate_Change?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":2738,"name":"Renewable Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":2798,"name":"Wind Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wind_Energy?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=27881"},{"id":18186,"name":"Renewable energy resources","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_energy_resources?f_ri=27881"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":38972,"name":"ASEAN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ASEAN?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":63431,"name":"Solar Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Solar_Energy?f_ri=27881"},{"id":91836,"name":"Improving Investment Climate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Improving_Investment_Climate?f_ri=27881"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":161235,"name":"Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI )","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foreign_Direct_Investment_FDI_-1?f_ri=27881"},{"id":183140,"name":"ASEAN Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ASEAN_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":241224,"name":"Small Hydro Power","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Small_Hydro_Power?f_ri=27881"},{"id":253457,"name":"Feed-In Tariffs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Feed-In_Tariffs?f_ri=27881"},{"id":394945,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies/ Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies_Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":397046,"name":"Small and Mini Hydropower","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Small_and_Mini_Hydropower?f_ri=27881"},{"id":399288,"name":"Energy transition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_transition?f_ri=27881"},{"id":1557164,"name":"Renewable Energy and Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Renewable_Energy_and_Climate_Change?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7172311" data-work_id="7172311" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7172311/The_Idealization_of_a_Lost_Paradise_Narratives_of_Nostalgia_and_Traumatic_Return_Migration_among_Indian_Repatriates_from_Burma_since_the_1960s_2014_">The Idealization of a Lost Paradise: Narratives of Nostalgia and Traumatic Return Migration among Indian Repatriates from Burma since the 1960s (2014)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Drawing on recent interviews of Indian returnees from Burma, this article sheds light on a well-known yet understudied moment of Burma’s postcolonial history, the forced repatriation of Indian communities during the 1960s. The research... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_7172311" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Drawing on recent interviews of Indian returnees from Burma, this article sheds light on a well-known yet understudied moment of Burma’s postcolonial history, the forced repatriation of Indian communities during the 1960s. The research has gathered first-hand narratives about the traumatic experiences shared by Indian repatriated families, from their much debated decision to leave Burma, to the perceived humiliation of departure and the dramatic (re)migration to India. The article builds on the scholarship on exile and nostalgia, which claims that repatriation processes often lead to a retrospective idealization by the returnees of what has been left behind. Interviews have indeed revealed how nostalgic memories of a “golden past” and a “paradise lost” in Burma have been shaped among the first generation of Indian repatriates ever since their resettlement in India. In contrast with the classic diaspora literature, which postulates that diasporic groups tend to idealize their homeland, Indians in Burma have tended to rather romanticize their Burmese host- land. They cherish the “golden days” they once lived in Burma, whilst expressing highly condescending feelings about their new Indian “homeland” where resettlement and re-integration to the Indian national space have proved harsher than expected.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7172311" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="51a1c798cac77dbdc7e2cb996a8e2d31" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33809289,"asset_id":7172311,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33809289/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10032517" href="https://cityu-hk.academia.edu/RenaudEgreteau">Renaud Egreteau</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10032517" type="text/json">{"id":10032517,"first_name":"Renaud","last_name":"Egreteau","domain_name":"cityu-hk","page_name":"RenaudEgreteau","display_name":"Renaud Egreteau","profile_url":"https://cityu-hk.academia.edu/RenaudEgreteau?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10032517/3100512/3649116/s65_renaud.egreteau.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7172311 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7172311"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7172311, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7172311", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7172311 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7172311; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7172311"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7172311 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7172311"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7172311; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7172311]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7172311").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7172311").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7172311"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diaspora">Diaspora</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8084" type="text/json">{"id":8084,"name":"Diaspora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diaspora?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13144" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Diaspora_Migration_and_Ethnicity_">Indian Diaspora (Migration and Ethnicity)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13144" type="text/json">{"id":13144,"name":"Indian Diaspora (Migration and Ethnicity)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indian_Diaspora_Migration_and_Ethnicity_?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14580" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forced_Migration">Forced Migration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14580" type="text/json">{"id":14580,"name":"Forced Migration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Forced_Migration?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7172311]'), work: {"id":7172311,"title":"The Idealization of a Lost Paradise: Narratives of Nostalgia and Traumatic Return Migration among Indian Repatriates from Burma since the 1960s (2014)","created_at":"2014-05-27T01:33:03.837-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7172311/The_Idealization_of_a_Lost_Paradise_Narratives_of_Nostalgia_and_Traumatic_Return_Migration_among_Indian_Repatriates_from_Burma_since_the_1960s_2014_?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_7172311","summary":"Drawing on recent interviews of Indian returnees from Burma, this article sheds light on a well-known yet understudied moment of Burma’s postcolonial history, the forced repatriation of Indian communities during the 1960s. The research has gathered first-hand narratives about the traumatic experiences shared by Indian repatriated families, from their much debated decision to leave Burma, to the perceived humiliation of departure and the dramatic (re)migration to India. The article builds on the scholarship on exile and nostalgia, which claims that repatriation processes often lead to a retrospective idealization by the returnees of what has been left behind. Interviews have indeed revealed how nostalgic memories of a “golden past” and a “paradise lost” in Burma have been shaped among the first generation of Indian repatriates ever since their resettlement in India. In contrast with the classic diaspora literature, which postulates that diasporic groups tend to idealize their homeland, Indians in Burma have tended to rather romanticize their Burmese host- land. They cherish the “golden days” they once lived in Burma, whilst expressing highly condescending feelings about their new Indian “homeland” where resettlement and re-integration to the Indian national space have proved harsher than expected. 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Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Art?f_ri=27881"},{"id":472636,"name":"Birmania","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birmania?f_ri=27881"},{"id":703310,"name":"Birmanie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Birmanie?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_65461608" data-work_id="65461608" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65461608/Matthew_Foley_The_Cold_War_and_National_Assertion_in_Southeast_Asia">Matthew Foley, The Cold War and National Assertion in Southeast Asia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a 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class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="107139791" href="https://korea-kr.academia.edu/BalazsSzalontai">Balazs Szalontai</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="107139791" type="text/json">{"id":107139791,"first_name":"Balazs","last_name":"Szalontai","domain_name":"korea-kr","page_name":"BalazsSzalontai","display_name":"Balazs Szalontai","profile_url":"https://korea-kr.academia.edu/BalazsSzalontai?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/107139791/32588744/29398817/s65_balazs.szalontai.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_65461608 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="65461608"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 65461608, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_65461608", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_65461608 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65461608; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_65461608"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_65461608 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="65461608"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 65461608; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=65461608]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_65461608").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_65461608").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="65461608"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5214" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War">Cold War</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5214" type="text/json">{"id":5214,"name":"Cold War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25419" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War_International_Relations">Cold War International Relations</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25419" type="text/json">{"id":25419,"name":"Cold War International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War_International_Relations?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=65461608]'), work: {"id":65461608,"title":"Matthew Foley, The Cold War and National Assertion in Southeast Asia","created_at":"2021-12-22T02:33:08.508-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/65461608/Matthew_Foley_The_Cold_War_and_National_Assertion_in_Southeast_Asia?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_65461608","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77048029,"asset_id":65461608,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":107139791,"first_name":"Balazs","last_name":"Szalontai","domain_name":"korea-kr","page_name":"BalazsSzalontai","display_name":"Balazs Szalontai","profile_url":"https://korea-kr.academia.edu/BalazsSzalontai?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/107139791/32588744/29398817/s65_balazs.szalontai.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5214,"name":"Cold War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":25419,"name":"Cold War International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War_International_Relations?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":35802,"name":"Cold War history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cold_War_history?f_ri=27881"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30694310" data-work_id="30694310" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30694310/Review_of_Turner_Saving_Buddhism_pdf">Review of Turner Saving Buddhism.pdf</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Book review of Alicia Marie Turner. Saving Buddhism:  e Impermanence of Religion in Colonial Burma (2015).</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30694310" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b0272ae07cf40ea0f246a25fca5ae993" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51138242,"asset_id":30694310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51138242/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="136151" href="https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney">Michael W Charney</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="136151" type="text/json">{"id":136151,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Charney","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"MichaelCharney","display_name":"Michael W Charney","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/136151/36138/43430952/s65_michael.charney.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30694310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30694310"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30694310, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30694310", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30694310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30694310; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30694310"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30694310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30694310"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30694310; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30694310]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30694310").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30694310").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30694310"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6556" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism">Colonialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6556" type="text/json">{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25051" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="25051" type="text/json">{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37322" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history">Burmese/Myanmar history</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37322" type="text/json">{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30694310]'), work: {"id":30694310,"title":"Review of Turner Saving Buddhism.pdf","created_at":"2017-01-01T02:48:40.567-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30694310/Review_of_Turner_Saving_Buddhism_pdf?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_30694310","summary":"Book review of Alicia Marie Turner. Saving Buddhism: e Impermanence of Religion in Colonial Burma (2015).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51138242,"asset_id":30694310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":136151,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Charney","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"MichaelCharney","display_name":"Michael W Charney","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/136151/36138/43430952/s65_michael.charney.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6556,"name":"Colonialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonialism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":42487,"name":"Burmese History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_History?f_ri=27881"},{"id":68885,"name":"Religious Communities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_Communities?f_ri=27881"},{"id":214978,"name":"modernity Burma Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/modernity_Burma_Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19772149" data-work_id="19772149" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19772149/Judicial_Power_in_Myanmar_and_the_Challenge_of_Judicial_Independence">Judicial Power in Myanmar and the Challenge of Judicial Independence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">What can be learnt about the idea and ideal of judicial independence in authoritarian regimes? While idealised international standards and declarations of judicial independence note the need for separation from the executive, there is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19772149" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">What can be learnt about the idea and ideal of judicial independence in authoritarian regimes? While idealised international standards and declarations of judicial independence note the need for separation from the executive, there is more often silence on the relative position of the courts in relation to the military. Yet in country’s like Myanmar’s semi-military regime (2011-), discussions of judicial independence from the executive and legislature make little sense unless we first consider separation from military rule. Military involvement in the courts, both at a personal and institutional level, has become the norm over past decades in Myanmar. In light of this reality, this chapter considers the nature of judicial power of the Constitutional Tribunal and Supreme Court. It highlights debates raised over appointment and removal procedures, questions over which court should have jurisdiction on constitutional review matters, concerns of military-executive interference and the domineering attitude of the Parliament towards the courts. As a recent yellow ribbon campaign protesting against military transfers into the courts highlights, independence of the courts from military influence is a necessary yet difficult first step forward.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19772149" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="63336e81c7aee0a7db0a3d38b04f8a4d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60437116,"asset_id":19772149,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60437116/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="796940" href="https://unsw.academia.edu/MelissaCrouch">Melissa Crouch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="796940" type="text/json">{"id":796940,"first_name":"Melissa","last_name":"Crouch","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"MelissaCrouch","display_name":"Melissa Crouch","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/MelissaCrouch?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/796940/850359/25493042/s65_melissa.crouch.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19772149 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19772149"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19772149, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19772149", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19772149 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19772149; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19772149"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19772149 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19772149"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19772149; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19772149]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19772149").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19772149").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19772149"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3680" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts">Courts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3680" type="text/json">{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37690" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary">The role of the judiciary</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37690" type="text/json">{"id":37690,"name":"The role of the judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19772149]'), work: {"id":19772149,"title":"Judicial Power in Myanmar and the Challenge of Judicial Independence","created_at":"2015-12-21T11:50:53.613-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19772149/Judicial_Power_in_Myanmar_and_the_Challenge_of_Judicial_Independence?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_19772149","summary":"What can be learnt about the idea and ideal of judicial independence in authoritarian regimes? While idealised international standards and declarations of judicial independence note the need for separation from the executive, there is more often silence on the relative position of the courts in relation to the military. Yet in country’s like Myanmar’s semi-military regime (2011-), discussions of judicial independence from the executive and legislature make little sense unless we first consider separation from military rule. Military involvement in the courts, both at a personal and institutional level, has become the norm over past decades in Myanmar. In light of this reality, this chapter considers the nature of judicial power of the Constitutional Tribunal and Supreme Court. It highlights debates raised over appointment and removal procedures, questions over which court should have jurisdiction on constitutional review matters, concerns of military-executive interference and the domineering attitude of the Parliament towards the courts. As a recent yellow ribbon campaign protesting against military transfers into the courts highlights, independence of the courts from military influence is a necessary yet difficult first step forward.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60437116,"asset_id":19772149,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":796940,"first_name":"Melissa","last_name":"Crouch","domain_name":"unsw","page_name":"MelissaCrouch","display_name":"Melissa Crouch","profile_url":"https://unsw.academia.edu/MelissaCrouch?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/796940/850359/25493042/s65_melissa.crouch.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":37690,"name":"The role of the judiciary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/The_role_of_the_judiciary?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_5642884 coauthored" data-work_id="5642884" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5642884/Community_Initiated_Tourism_for_Development">Community-Initiated Tourism for Development</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The 2013 National Tourism Strategy for Myanmar emphasises community-initiated tourism as a key driver for economic growth. This paper explores the economic benefits and costs for local communities but also suggests that an explicitly... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_5642884" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The 2013 National Tourism Strategy for Myanmar emphasises community-initiated tourism as a key driver for economic growth. This paper explores the economic benefits and costs for local communities but also suggests that an explicitly multi-sectoral approach is necessary to facilitate a managed mass tourism sector operating alongside niche tourism such as eco-tourism or community-based tourism. This should take place within a framework of responsible tourism and will require an integrated approach and regular monitoring.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/5642884" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4899da8640c9efaf20e74b5bec975e19" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33988156,"asset_id":5642884,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33988156/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="6284" href="https://kent.academia.edu/MarkHampton">Mark Hampton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="6284" type="text/json">{"id":6284,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Hampton","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"MarkHampton","display_name":"Mark Hampton","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/MarkHampton?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6284/2432/35263507/s65_mark.hampton.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-5642884">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-5642884"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://mmu.academia.edu/JuliaJeyacheya">Julia Jeyacheya</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-5642884'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-5642884').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_5642884 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="5642884"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 5642884, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_5642884", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_5642884 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5642884; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_5642884"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_5642884 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="5642884"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 5642884; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=5642884]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_5642884").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_5642884").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5642884"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="262" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography">Human Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="262" type="text/json">{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="909" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies">Tourism Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="909" type="text/json">{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="943" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management">Tourism Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="943" type="text/json">{"id":943,"name":"Tourism Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies">Development Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="977" type="text/json">{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=5642884]'), work: {"id":5642884,"title":"Community-Initiated Tourism for Development","created_at":"2014-01-08T02:03:08.482-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/5642884/Community_Initiated_Tourism_for_Development?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_5642884","summary":"The 2013 National Tourism Strategy for Myanmar emphasises community-initiated tourism as a key driver for economic growth. This paper explores the economic benefits and costs for local communities but also suggests that an explicitly multi-sectoral approach is necessary to facilitate a managed mass tourism sector operating alongside niche tourism such as eco-tourism or community-based tourism. This should take place within a framework of responsible tourism and will require an integrated approach and regular monitoring.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33988156,"asset_id":5642884,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":6284,"first_name":"Mark","last_name":"Hampton","domain_name":"kent","page_name":"MarkHampton","display_name":"Mark Hampton","profile_url":"https://kent.academia.edu/MarkHampton?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6284/2432/35263507/s65_mark.hampton.jpg"},{"id":985983,"first_name":"Julia","last_name":"Jeyacheya","domain_name":"mmu","page_name":"JuliaJeyacheya","display_name":"Julia Jeyacheya","profile_url":"https://mmu.academia.edu/JuliaJeyacheya?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/985983/2808908/3276512/s65_julia.jeyacheya.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":909,"name":"Tourism Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":943,"name":"Tourism Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism_Management?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":977,"name":"Development Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Development_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":7453,"name":"Rural Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rural_Development?f_ri=27881"},{"id":14396,"name":"Sustainable Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Tourism?f_ri=27881"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38274289" data-work_id="38274289" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38274289/Adoniram_Judson_Missionary_to_Burma">Adoniram Judson, Missionary to Burma</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38274289" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="88678ba041c4d32d3bfde07539adb86a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58319377,"asset_id":38274289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58319377/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="100975700" href="https://hkbu.academia.edu/DomenicMarbaniang">Domenic Marbaniang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="100975700" type="text/json">{"id":100975700,"first_name":"Domenic","last_name":"Marbaniang","domain_name":"hkbu","page_name":"DomenicMarbaniang","display_name":"Domenic Marbaniang","profile_url":"https://hkbu.academia.edu/DomenicMarbaniang?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/100975700/22159229/21489311/s65_domenic.marbaniang.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38274289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38274289"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38274289, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38274289", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38274289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38274289; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38274289"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38274289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38274289"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38274289; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38274289]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38274289").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38274289").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38274289"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="166847" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Missionaries">Missionaries</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="166847" type="text/json">{"id":166847,"name":"Missionaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Missionaries?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="739826" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adoniram_Judson">Adoniram Judson</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="739826" type="text/json">{"id":739826,"name":"Adoniram Judson","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adoniram_Judson?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38274289]'), work: {"id":38274289,"title":"Adoniram Judson, Missionary to Burma","created_at":"2019-02-02T10:38:07.812-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38274289/Adoniram_Judson_Missionary_to_Burma?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_38274289","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58319377,"asset_id":38274289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":100975700,"first_name":"Domenic","last_name":"Marbaniang","domain_name":"hkbu","page_name":"DomenicMarbaniang","display_name":"Domenic Marbaniang","profile_url":"https://hkbu.academia.edu/DomenicMarbaniang?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/100975700/22159229/21489311/s65_domenic.marbaniang.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":166847,"name":"Missionaries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Missionaries?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":739826,"name":"Adoniram Judson","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adoniram_Judson?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40273137" data-work_id="40273137" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40273137/BUDDHISM_THE_ROYAL_IMAGINARY_AND_LIMITS_IN_WARFARE_THE_MODERATING_INFLUENCE_OF_PRECOLONIAL_MYANMAR_ROYAL_CAMPAIGNS_ON_EVERYDAY_WARRIORS">BUDDHISM, THE ROYAL IMAGINARY, AND LIMITS IN WARFARE: THE MODERATING INFLUENCE OF PRECOLONIAL MYANMAR ROYAL CAMPAIGNS ON EVERYDAY WARRIORS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recent research by the author (Charney 2017 and 2020, forthcoming) on the precolonial Myanmar army has emphasized the importance of villagers and village ways of combat in larger campaigns that that are normally understood through... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40273137" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recent research by the author (Charney 2017 and 2020, forthcoming) on the precolonial Myanmar army has emphasized the importance of villagers and village ways of combat in larger campaigns that that are normally understood through depictions in the chronicles that are heavily formulaic and court-scopic. Beneath the veneer of ordered and obedient soldiery, however, was a chronic tension between the court, its generals, and ministers, on the one hand, who sought to regulate the limits of warfare in line with a royal imaginary predicated on beneficent rulership, Buddhist values, and the establishment of universal harmony with the behaviour of local commanders and village warriors, on the other, who dealt with the weak administrative structures that required obedience through spectacular displays of violence and pre-existing ways of waging local wars in rural Myanmar. The present paper examines the ways in which the Myanmar court attempted to set the limits of war and the impact of the removal of the king at the end of the Third Anglo-Myanmar War in November 1885 as a crucial moderating influence, and the introduction of a more unlimited colonial approach to war and violence. It is argued that there is an existing model for limiting violence in warfare that is not an imposition of the West but has emerged entirely within the Myanmar-Buddhist historical experience.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40273137" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d9249fbe05fe2d64956f18b5ced0596c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60509841,"asset_id":40273137,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60509841/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="136151" href="https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney">Michael W Charney</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="136151" type="text/json">{"id":136151,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Charney","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"MichaelCharney","display_name":"Michael W Charney","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/136151/36138/43430952/s65_michael.charney.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40273137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40273137"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40273137, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40273137", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40273137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40273137; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40273137"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40273137 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40273137"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40273137; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40273137]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40273137").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40273137").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40273137"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6746" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6746" type="text/json">{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22685" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil-military_relations">Civil-military relations</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22685" type="text/json">{"id":22685,"name":"Civil-military relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil-military_relations?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40273137]'), work: {"id":40273137,"title":"BUDDHISM, THE ROYAL IMAGINARY, AND LIMITS IN WARFARE: THE MODERATING INFLUENCE OF PRECOLONIAL MYANMAR ROYAL CAMPAIGNS ON EVERYDAY WARRIORS","created_at":"2019-09-06T12:26:33.546-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40273137/BUDDHISM_THE_ROYAL_IMAGINARY_AND_LIMITS_IN_WARFARE_THE_MODERATING_INFLUENCE_OF_PRECOLONIAL_MYANMAR_ROYAL_CAMPAIGNS_ON_EVERYDAY_WARRIORS?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_40273137","summary":"Recent research by the author (Charney 2017 and 2020, forthcoming) on the precolonial Myanmar army has emphasized the importance of villagers and village ways of combat in larger campaigns that that are normally understood through depictions in the chronicles that are heavily formulaic and court-scopic. Beneath the veneer of ordered and obedient soldiery, however, was a chronic tension between the court, its generals, and ministers, on the one hand, who sought to regulate the limits of warfare in line with a royal imaginary predicated on beneficent rulership, Buddhist values, and the establishment of universal harmony with the behaviour of local commanders and village warriors, on the other, who dealt with the weak administrative structures that required obedience through spectacular displays of violence and pre-existing ways of waging local wars in rural Myanmar. The present paper examines the ways in which the Myanmar court attempted to set the limits of war and the impact of the removal of the king at the end of the Third Anglo-Myanmar War in November 1885 as a crucial moderating influence, and the introduction of a more unlimited colonial approach to war and violence. It is argued that there is an existing model for limiting violence in warfare that is not an imposition of the West but has emerged entirely within the Myanmar-Buddhist historical experience. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60509841,"asset_id":40273137,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":60509701,"asset_id":40273137,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":136151,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Charney","domain_name":"soas","page_name":"MichaelCharney","display_name":"Michael W Charney","profile_url":"https://soas.academia.edu/MichaelCharney?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/136151/36138/43430952/s65_michael.charney.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":22685,"name":"Civil-military relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil-military_relations?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881"},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=27881"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":213583,"name":"Burmese Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Buddhism?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34945480" data-work_id="34945480" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34945480/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88_%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8_The_Ethical_Implications_of_Economic_Sanctions_as_a_Foreign_Policy_Tool_">นัยทางจริยธรรมต่อมาตรการลงโทษทางเศรษฐกิจ ในฐานะเครื่องมือในการดำเนินนโยบายต่างประเทศ [The Ethical Implications of Economic Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool]</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This research aimed to analyze moral implications towards the practice of economic sanctions as a tool in conducting foreign policy. Observing through the moral aspect, the study based on human security concept which encouraged that the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34945480" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This research aimed to analyze moral implications towards the practice of economic sanctions as a tool in conducting foreign policy. Observing through the moral aspect, the study based on human security concept which encouraged that the most important morality was the upholding in the practice of non-violation of positive individual security. Also this practice should be applied in all economic, social and political fields regardless of the situations. The study found that the imposing of economic sanctions were inconsistent with the morality; the reasons claimed by the states which imposed the sanction (the sanctioner) seemed to be contradict to the means and effects. Moreover, the sanctions have achieved only the slightest aims. On the other hand, they caused difficulties towards people in the target states. The explicit cases could be seen from the United Nations economic sanction towards Iraq and the US economic sanction towards Myanmar.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34945480" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="638a28ae4f774e906cbcd62ebefb6b2b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54807786,"asset_id":34945480,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54807786/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1324232" href="https://chula.academia.edu/AnekchaiRueangrattanakorn">Anekchai Rueangrattanakorn</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1324232" type="text/json">{"id":1324232,"first_name":"Anekchai","last_name":"Rueangrattanakorn","domain_name":"chula","page_name":"AnekchaiRueangrattanakorn","display_name":"Anekchai Rueangrattanakorn","profile_url":"https://chula.academia.edu/AnekchaiRueangrattanakorn?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1324232/488128/49295661/s65_anekchai.rueangrattanakorn.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34945480 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34945480"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34945480, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34945480", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34945480]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34945480").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34945480").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34945480"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10678" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Security">Human Security</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10678" type="text/json">{"id":10678,"name":"Human Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Security?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11589" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq">Iraq</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11589" type="text/json">{"id":11589,"name":"Iraq","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34945480]'), work: {"id":34945480,"title":"นัยทางจริยธรรมต่อมาตรการลงโทษทางเศรษฐกิจ ในฐานะเครื่องมือในการดำเนินนโยบายต่างประเทศ [The Ethical Implications of Economic Sanctions as a Foreign Policy Tool]","created_at":"2017-10-24T10:10:24.030-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34945480/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88_%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7_%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8D%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95_%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8_The_Ethical_Implications_of_Economic_Sanctions_as_a_Foreign_Policy_Tool_?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_34945480","summary":"This research aimed to analyze moral implications towards the practice of economic sanctions as a tool in conducting foreign policy. Observing through the moral aspect, the study based on human security concept which encouraged that the most important morality was the upholding in the practice of non-violation of positive individual security. Also this practice should be applied in all economic, social and political fields regardless of the situations. The study found that the imposing of economic sanctions were inconsistent with the morality; the reasons claimed by the states which imposed the sanction (the sanctioner) seemed to be contradict to the means and effects. Moreover, the sanctions have achieved only the slightest aims. On the other hand, they caused difficulties towards people in the target states. The explicit cases could be seen from the United Nations economic sanction towards Iraq and the US economic sanction towards Myanmar. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54807786,"asset_id":34945480,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1324232,"first_name":"Anekchai","last_name":"Rueangrattanakorn","domain_name":"chula","page_name":"AnekchaiRueangrattanakorn","display_name":"Anekchai Rueangrattanakorn","profile_url":"https://chula.academia.edu/AnekchaiRueangrattanakorn?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1324232/488128/49295661/s65_anekchai.rueangrattanakorn.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":10678,"name":"Human Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Security?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":11589,"name":"Iraq","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":316988,"name":"Economic Sanctions","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sanctions?f_ri=27881"},{"id":715385,"name":"Economic Sanctions In U.S Foreign Policy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Sanctions_In_U.S_Foreign_Policy?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45364933" data-work_id="45364933" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45364933/Burmese_Women_in_the_Colonial_Imaginary_Gendered_Representations_in_Kiplings_Mandalay_and_Crokers_The_Road_to_Mandalay">Burmese Women in the Colonial Imaginary: Gendered Representations in Kipling's ``Mandalay'' and Croker's The Road to Mandalay</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Burmese women occupied a pivotal if not exactly central role in colonial narratives about Burma. With British travelers and authors routinely marveling at their comparative social autonomy, and marital and more temporary unions between... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45364933" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Burmese women occupied a pivotal if not exactly central role in colonial narratives about Burma. With British travelers and authors routinely marveling at their comparative social autonomy, and marital and more temporary unions between European men and Burmese women remaining acceptable until the First World War, the country’s female population as presented in colonial literature was an object as fascinating as it was contentious. In reading the female Burmese characters in both Rudyard Kipling’s famed poem, “Mandalay”, and Bithia Mary Croker’s Anglo-Indian romance novel, The Road to Mandalay, different and to a degree competing visions of the British empire emerge. In Kipling, colonies such as Burma offer the colonizing man a sphere freed from the moral duties prescribed by the metropole, while in Croker, moral diligence is demanded as a safeguard against the perils inherent to non-British—that is to say, non-white—societies. In each case, the specter of the Burmese woman represents a different figuration of empire for the narrative’s protagonist, suggesting that this colonial archetype was imagined in terms that reflected the gendered roles of colonizing women and men.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45364933" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="74ad38c9f6a9f07035a9915dea0dd705" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65895741,"asset_id":45364933,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65895741/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="113108197" href="https://tilburguniversity.academia.edu/SeanSmith">Sean P Smith</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="113108197" type="text/json">{"id":113108197,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Smith","domain_name":"tilburguniversity","page_name":"SeanSmith","display_name":"Sean P Smith","profile_url":"https://tilburguniversity.academia.edu/SeanSmith?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/113108197/31000676/86389441/s65_sean.smith.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45364933 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45364933"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45364933, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45364933", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45364933 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45364933; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45364933"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45364933 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45364933"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45364933; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45364933]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45364933").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45364933").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45364933"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2860" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies">Postcolonial Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2860" type="text/json">{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5453" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity">Race and Ethnicity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5453" type="text/json">{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20652" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_literature">Colonial literature</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="20652" type="text/json">{"id":20652,"name":"Colonial literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_literature?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45364933]'), work: {"id":45364933,"title":"Burmese Women in the Colonial Imaginary: Gendered Representations in Kipling's ``Mandalay'' and Croker's The Road to Mandalay","created_at":"2021-03-04T17:47:05.471-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45364933/Burmese_Women_in_the_Colonial_Imaginary_Gendered_Representations_in_Kiplings_Mandalay_and_Crokers_The_Road_to_Mandalay?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_45364933","summary":"Burmese women occupied a pivotal if not exactly central role in colonial narratives about Burma. With British travelers and authors routinely marveling at their comparative social autonomy, and marital and more temporary unions between European men and Burmese women remaining acceptable until the First World War, the country’s female population as presented in colonial literature was an object as fascinating as it was contentious. In reading the female Burmese characters in both Rudyard Kipling’s famed poem, “Mandalay”, and Bithia Mary Croker’s Anglo-Indian romance novel, The Road to Mandalay, different and to a degree competing visions of the British empire emerge. In Kipling, colonies such as Burma offer the colonizing man a sphere freed from the moral duties prescribed by the metropole, while in Croker, moral diligence is demanded as a safeguard against the perils inherent to non-British—that is to say, non-white—societies. In each case, the specter of the Burmese woman represents a different figuration of empire for the narrative’s protagonist, suggesting that this colonial archetype was imagined in terms that reflected the gendered roles of colonizing women and men.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65895741,"asset_id":45364933,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":113108197,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Smith","domain_name":"tilburguniversity","page_name":"SeanSmith","display_name":"Sean P Smith","profile_url":"https://tilburguniversity.academia.edu/SeanSmith?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/113108197/31000676/86389441/s65_sean.smith.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":2860,"name":"Postcolonial Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postcolonial_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":20652,"name":"Colonial literature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Colonial_literature?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":39559,"name":"Rudyard Kipling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rudyard_Kipling?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47723909" data-work_id="47723909" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47723909/The_Politics_of_Love_in_Myanmar_by_Lynette_Chua">The Politics of Love in Myanmar, by Lynette Chua</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To what politics of love does the title of Lynette Chua’s The Politics of Love in Myanmar refer? If Chua’s goal in going to Myanmar in 2012 was to study how lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) activists made sense of human... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47723909" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To what politics of love does the title of Lynette Chua’s The Politics of Love in Myanmar refer? If Chua’s goal in going to Myanmar in 2012 was to study how lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) activists made sense of human rights and acted upon them to mobilize for social change, then what did she learn that led her to put it this way? What is distinctively political about love as a mode of human rights practice? What is noteworthy about its politics?<br /><br />Chua does not theorize these politics of love in their abstractions. Instead, she describes and theorizes them via their particulars. She does so by giving voice to her interviewees as they recall lost lovers, recount winding journeys to human rights practice, and reveal the emotional contents of their activism. Emotions are, Chua writes, “the LGBT movement’s genesis for political action, its heart and soul” (p. 18). Emotions generate fealty to human rights and comprise bonds among the activists themselves. They make possible what Chua denotes at the outset as “the book’s central concept: the practice of human rights as a way of life” (p. 11). This she designates a “key component” of the movement’s “distinctive emotion culture” (p. 103). The emotion culture is distinctive, Chua says, because, by infusing human rights ideas with feelings of suffering and transforming these to hopeful emotions, the LGBT movement departs from established queer communities in Myanmar, which, in offering a refuge from society, decline to do anything significant to change it...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47723909" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="71b8ade4d9c4004669fae7b3652d0bdb" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66672147,"asset_id":47723909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66672147/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="712922" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman">nick cheesman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="712922" type="text/json">{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47723909 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47723909"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47723909, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47723909", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_47723909 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47723909; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_47723909"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_47723909 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="47723909"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 47723909; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=47723909]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_47723909").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_47723909").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="47723909"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6667" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LGBT_Issues">LGBT Issues</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6667" type="text/json">{"id":6667,"name":"LGBT Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LGBT_Issues?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=47723909]'), work: {"id":47723909,"title":"The Politics of Love in Myanmar, by Lynette Chua","created_at":"2021-04-25T00:48:27.483-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/47723909/The_Politics_of_Love_in_Myanmar_by_Lynette_Chua?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_47723909","summary":"To what politics of love does the title of Lynette Chua’s The Politics of Love in Myanmar refer? If Chua’s goal in going to Myanmar in 2012 was to study how lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgendered (LGBT) activists made sense of human rights and acted upon them to mobilize for social change, then what did she learn that led her to put it this way? What is distinctively political about love as a mode of human rights practice? What is noteworthy about its politics?\n\nChua does not theorize these politics of love in their abstractions. Instead, she describes and theorizes them via their particulars. She does so by giving voice to her interviewees as they recall lost lovers, recount winding journeys to human rights practice, and reveal the emotional contents of their activism. Emotions are, Chua writes, “the LGBT movement’s genesis for political action, its heart and soul” (p. 18). Emotions generate fealty to human rights and comprise bonds among the activists themselves. They make possible what Chua denotes at the outset as “the book’s central concept: the practice of human rights as a way of life” (p. 11). This she designates a “key component” of the movement’s “distinctive emotion culture” (p. 103). The emotion culture is distinctive, Chua says, because, by infusing human rights ideas with feelings of suffering and transforming these to hopeful emotions, the LGBT movement departs from established queer communities in Myanmar, which, in offering a refuge from society, decline to do anything significant to change it...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66672147,"asset_id":47723909,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":6667,"name":"LGBT Issues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LGBT_Issues?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":175096,"name":"Lgbtq","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lgbtq?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37629893" data-work_id="37629893" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37629893/The_Buddhas_Wizards_Magic_Protection_and_Healing_in_Burmese_Buddhism">The Buddha's Wizards Magic, Protection, and Healing in Burmese Buddhism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized"><a href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-buddhas-wizards/9780231187602" rel="nofollow">https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-buddhas-wizards/9780231187602</a> Wizards with magical powers to heal the sick, possess the bodies of their followers, and defend their tradition against outside threats are far from the typical picture of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37629893" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden"><a href="https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-buddhas-wizards/9780231187602" rel="nofollow">https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-buddhas-wizards/9780231187602</a><br /><br />Wizards with magical powers to heal the sick, possess the bodies of their followers, and defend their tradition against outside threats are far from the typical picture of Buddhism. Yet belief in wizard-saints who protect their devotees and intervene in the world is widespread among Burmese Buddhists. The Buddha’s Wizards is a historically informed ethnographic study that explores the supernatural landscape of Buddhism in Myanmar to explain the persistence of wizardry as a form of lived religion in the modern era.<br /><br />Thomas Nathan Patton explains the world of wizards, spells, and supernatural powers in terms of both the broader social, political, and religious context and the intimate roles that wizards play in people’s everyday lives. He draws on affect theory, material and visual culture, long-term participant observation, and the testimonies of the devout to show how devotees perceive the protective power of wizard-saints. Patton considers beliefs and practices associated with wizards to be forms of defending Buddhist traditions from colonial and state power and culturally sanctioned responses to restrictive gender roles. The book also offers a new lens on the political struggles and social transformations that have taken place in Myanmar in recent years. Featuring close attention to the voices of individual wizard devotees and the wizards themselves, The Buddha’s Wizards provides a striking new look at a little-known aspect of Buddhist belief that helps expand our ways of thinking about the daily experience of lived religious practices.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37629893" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c54fb2fe8215245c45bb41b9f5ffdab3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57614483,"asset_id":37629893,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57614483/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43363888" href="https://cityu-hk.academia.edu/ThomasPatton">Thomas N Patton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43363888" type="text/json">{"id":43363888,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Patton","domain_name":"cityu-hk","page_name":"ThomasPatton","display_name":"Thomas N Patton","profile_url":"https://cityu-hk.academia.edu/ThomasPatton?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43363888/11630907/16695882/s65_thomas.patton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37629893 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37629893"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37629893, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37629893", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37629893 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37629893; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37629893"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37629893 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37629893"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37629893; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37629893]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37629893").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37629893").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37629893"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography">Ethnography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2170" type="text/json">{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20701" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirit_Possession_Anthropology_">Spirit Possession (Anthropology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20701" type="text/json">{"id":20701,"name":"Spirit Possession (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirit_Possession_Anthropology_?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24220" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lived_Religion">Lived Religion</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24220" type="text/json">{"id":24220,"name":"Lived Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lived_Religion?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37629893]'), work: {"id":37629893,"title":"The Buddha's Wizards Magic, Protection, and Healing in Burmese Buddhism","created_at":"2018-10-22T17:25:08.052-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37629893/The_Buddhas_Wizards_Magic_Protection_and_Healing_in_Burmese_Buddhism?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_37629893","summary":"https://cup.columbia.edu/book/the-buddhas-wizards/9780231187602\n\nWizards with magical powers to heal the sick, possess the bodies of their followers, and defend their tradition against outside threats are far from the typical picture of Buddhism. Yet belief in wizard-saints who protect their devotees and intervene in the world is widespread among Burmese Buddhists. The Buddha’s Wizards is a historically informed ethnographic study that explores the supernatural landscape of Buddhism in Myanmar to explain the persistence of wizardry as a form of lived religion in the modern era.\n\nThomas Nathan Patton explains the world of wizards, spells, and supernatural powers in terms of both the broader social, political, and religious context and the intimate roles that wizards play in people’s everyday lives. He draws on affect theory, material and visual culture, long-term participant observation, and the testimonies of the devout to show how devotees perceive the protective power of wizard-saints. Patton considers beliefs and practices associated with wizards to be forms of defending Buddhist traditions from colonial and state power and culturally sanctioned responses to restrictive gender roles. The book also offers a new lens on the political struggles and social transformations that have taken place in Myanmar in recent years. Featuring close attention to the voices of individual wizard devotees and the wizards themselves, The Buddha’s Wizards provides a striking new look at a little-known aspect of Buddhist belief that helps expand our ways of thinking about the daily experience of lived religious practices.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57614483,"asset_id":37629893,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43363888,"first_name":"Thomas","last_name":"Patton","domain_name":"cityu-hk","page_name":"ThomasPatton","display_name":"Thomas N Patton","profile_url":"https://cityu-hk.academia.edu/ThomasPatton?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43363888/11630907/16695882/s65_thomas.patton.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":2170,"name":"Ethnography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnography?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":20701,"name":"Spirit Possession (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spirit_Possession_Anthropology_?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":24220,"name":"Lived Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lived_Religion?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=27881"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69212942" data-work_id="69212942" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/69212942/Transnational_support_and_legal_education_reform_in_developing_countries_findings_and_lessons_from_Burma_Myanmar">Transnational support and legal education reform in developing countries: findings and lessons from Burma/Myanmar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Myanmar&#39;s current transition involves a concerted international effort to promote the rule of law. Legal education is integral to promoting the rule of law, and so calls for development aid that works to improve a country&#39;s legal... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69212942" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Myanmar&#39;s current transition involves a concerted international effort to promote the rule of law. Legal education is integral to promoting the rule of law, and so calls for development aid that works to improve a country&#39;s legal education system. The nature of development aid, however, calls for some analysis of its efficacy. This paper contributes to this call by taking as a case study the state of transnational aid efforts to improve legal education in Burma/Myanmar, and finds issues that threaten the efficacy of international aid efforts to reform legal education in developing countries. The analysis concludes with recommendations to mitigate such issues.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69212942" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c855b504dd123855a12a729727809bac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79394079,"asset_id":69212942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79394079/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3703890" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/JonathanLiljeblad">Jonathan Liljeblad</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3703890" type="text/json">{"id":3703890,"first_name":"Jonathan","last_name":"Liljeblad","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"JonathanLiljeblad","display_name":"Jonathan Liljeblad","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/JonathanLiljeblad?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3703890/1320864/14908704/s65_jonathan.liljeblad.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69212942 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69212942"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69212942, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69212942", }); 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Legal education is integral to promoting the rule of law, and so calls for development aid that works to improve a country\u0026#39;s legal education system. The nature of development aid, however, calls for some analysis of its efficacy. This paper contributes to this call by taking as a case study the state of transnational aid efforts to improve legal education in Burma/Myanmar, and finds issues that threaten the efficacy of international aid efforts to reform legal education in developing countries. 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17272928/Rendezvous_With_Rebels_Journey_to_Meet_Indias_Most_Wanted_Men">Rendezvous With Rebels: Journey to Meet India's Most Wanted Men</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A journalist's covert journey of nearly four months in Myanmar to a rebel base where separatist insurgents from India's Northeast have pitched tent.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17272928" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a 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","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39410319,"asset_id":17272928,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21478801,"first_name":"Rajeev","last_name":"Bhattacharyya","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RajeevBhattacharyya","display_name":"Rajeev Bhattacharyya","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RajeevBhattacharyya?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/21478801/5912304/6713189/s65_rajeev.bhattacharyya.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1660,"name":"Terrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terrorism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":5686,"name":"Political Violence and 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India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insurgency_Movements_In_Northeast_India?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_77260949" data-work_id="77260949" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/77260949/Min_gyi_nyo_the_Shan_Invasions_of_Ava_1524_27_and_the_Beginnings_of_Expansionary_Warfare_in_Toungoo_Burma_1486_1539">Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524-27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486-1539</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm 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type="text/json">{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History">Ancient History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130" type="text/json">{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History">Military History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="133" type="text/json">{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5293" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Formation">State Formation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5293" type="text/json">{"id":5293,"name":"State Formation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Formation?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=77260949]'), work: {"id":77260949,"title":"Min-gyi-nyo, the Shan Invasions of Ava (1524-27), and the Beginnings of Expansionary Warfare in Toungoo Burma: 1486-1539","created_at":"2022-04-22T03:56:32.056-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/77260949/Min_gyi_nyo_the_Shan_Invasions_of_Ava_1524_27_and_the_Beginnings_of_Expansionary_Warfare_in_Toungoo_Burma_1486_1539?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_77260949","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84690899,"asset_id":77260949,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4628626,"first_name":"Jon","last_name":"Fernquest","domain_name":"mfuth","page_name":"JonFernquest","display_name":"Jon Fernquest","profile_url":"https://mfuth.academia.edu/JonFernquest?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4628626/1936920/2291976/s65_jon.fernquest.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":130,"name":"Ancient History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancient_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":133,"name":"Military History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Military_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":5293,"name":"State Formation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/State_Formation?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881"},{"id":37322,"name":"Burmese/Myanmar history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burmese_Myanmar_history?f_ri=27881"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_63467773" data-work_id="63467773" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/63467773/The_Bengal_Famine_Japan_Climate_and_the_Dark_Math_of_War">The Bengal Famine - Japan, Climate, and the Dark Math of War</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper argues that while Britain has been portrayed as the main variable in the Bengal famine, it was in fact caused by a combination of British actions, cyclones, drought, and Japanese aggression, particularly their interference with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_63467773" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper argues that while Britain has been portrayed as the main variable in the Bengal famine, it was in fact caused by a combination of British actions, cyclones, drought, and Japanese aggression, particularly their interference with traditional Burmese trade routes. It argues against unitary causation and against genocidal intent on the part of the British to establish the Japanese invasion of Burma as the primary cause.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/63467773" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6866c60a877f6dc2ddf518ccb7f515db" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":75889567,"asset_id":63467773,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75889567/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="349750" href="https://asu.academia.edu/ArdenEby">Arden Eby</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="349750" type="text/json">{"id":349750,"first_name":"Arden","last_name":"Eby","domain_name":"asu","page_name":"ArdenEby","display_name":"Arden Eby","profile_url":"https://asu.academia.edu/ArdenEby?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/349750/94476/92317437/s65_arden.eby.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_63467773 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="63467773"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 63467773, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_63467773", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_63467773 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63467773; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_63467773"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_63467773 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="63467773"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63467773; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63467773]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_63467773").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_63467773").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="63467773"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13390" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Bengal">History of Bengal</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13390" type="text/json">{"id":13390,"name":"History of Bengal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Bengal?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18970" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperialism">British Imperialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18970" type="text/json">{"id":18970,"name":"British Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperialism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History">British Imperial and Colonial History</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="41327" type="text/json">{"id":41327,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=63467773]'), work: {"id":63467773,"title":"The Bengal Famine - Japan, Climate, and the Dark Math of War","created_at":"2021-12-07T10:32:20.660-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/63467773/The_Bengal_Famine_Japan_Climate_and_the_Dark_Math_of_War?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_63467773","summary":"This paper argues that while Britain has been portrayed as the main variable in the Bengal famine, it was in fact caused by a combination of British actions, cyclones, drought, and Japanese aggression, particularly their interference with traditional Burmese trade routes. It argues against unitary causation and against genocidal intent on the part of the British to establish the Japanese invasion of Burma as the primary cause. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75889567,"asset_id":63467773,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":349750,"first_name":"Arden","last_name":"Eby","domain_name":"asu","page_name":"ArdenEby","display_name":"Arden Eby","profile_url":"https://asu.academia.edu/ArdenEby?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/349750/94476/92317437/s65_arden.eby.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":13390,"name":"History of Bengal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Bengal?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":18970,"name":"British Imperialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperialism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":41327,"name":"British Imperial and Colonial History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Imperial_and_Colonial_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":41661,"name":"World War II Pacific Theatre","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_War_II_Pacific_Theatre?f_ri=27881"},{"id":3434605,"name":"China-Burma-India (CBI), World War II","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/China-Burma-India_CBI_World_War_II?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43650301" data-work_id="43650301" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43650301/Resistance_refusal_Politics_of_manoeuvre_under_diffuse_regimes_of_governmentality">Resistance/refusal: Politics of manoeuvre under diffuse regimes of governmentality</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">How do contemporary subjects navigate, withstand and even contest the particular governmental assemblages that define regimes of power today? The article addresses this question by considering 'refusal', which has emerged as an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43650301" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">How do contemporary subjects navigate, withstand and even contest the particular governmental assemblages that define regimes of power today? The article addresses this question by considering 'refusal', which has emerged as an increasingly potent empirico-theoretical anthropological concept by, in part, marking an explicit contrast with the longer-standing concept of 'resistance'. Through analysis of resistance and refusal literatures, and with reference to fieldwork with Burmese grassroots activists and Rohingya civil society actors, the article delineates resistance and refusal as divergent but intertwined tools for engaging different aspects of any given apparatus of power. Where resistance describes opposition to direct domination (sovereign modes of power, following Foucault's schema), refusal describes the disavowals, rejections and manoeuvrings with and away from diffuse and mediated forms of power (governmentality). To the extent that contemporary apparatuses of power typically constitute a hybrid assemblage of sovereign and governmental forces, subjects of population groups draw upon both resistance and refusal tactics in their navigations of these apparatuses, navigations that refigure the collective resisting/refusing subject. Resistance and refusal hence operate in a quasi-dialectical relation, meaning that through a play of recursivity between apparent converse strategies (direct confrontation versus evasion) groups come to fortify stronger positions from which they can persist. Resistance and refusal not only constitute the conditions of each other's possibility , sharpening the particular interventions that each makes, but demonstrate the necessity of a politics of manoeuvre in which subjects—as individuals and part of collective groups—oscillate between direct confrontation and governmental navigation</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43650301" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e3bf5401ea7f0ce003d4e5919c7842df" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63950732,"asset_id":43650301,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63950732/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="212384" href="https://nus.academia.edu/ElliottPrasseFreeman">Elliott Prasse-Freeman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="212384" type="text/json">{"id":212384,"first_name":"Elliott","last_name":"Prasse-Freeman","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"ElliottPrasseFreeman","display_name":"Elliott Prasse-Freeman","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/ElliottPrasseFreeman?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/212384/613796/2395146/s65_elliott.prasse-freeman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43650301 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43650301"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43650301, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43650301", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43650301]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43650301").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43650301").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43650301"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="208" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements">Social Movements</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="208" type="text/json">{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="767" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology">Anthropology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="767" type="text/json">{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3231" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality">Governmentality</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3231" type="text/json">{"id":3231,"name":"Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8004" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance_Social_">Resistance (Social)</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8004" type="text/json">{"id":8004,"name":"Resistance (Social)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance_Social_?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43650301]'), work: {"id":43650301,"title":"Resistance/refusal: Politics of manoeuvre under diffuse regimes of governmentality","created_at":"2020-07-17T19:49:34.027-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43650301/Resistance_refusal_Politics_of_manoeuvre_under_diffuse_regimes_of_governmentality?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_43650301","summary":"How do contemporary subjects navigate, withstand and even contest the particular governmental assemblages that define regimes of power today? The article addresses this question by considering 'refusal', which has emerged as an increasingly potent empirico-theoretical anthropological concept by, in part, marking an explicit contrast with the longer-standing concept of 'resistance'. Through analysis of resistance and refusal literatures, and with reference to fieldwork with Burmese grassroots activists and Rohingya civil society actors, the article delineates resistance and refusal as divergent but intertwined tools for engaging different aspects of any given apparatus of power. Where resistance describes opposition to direct domination (sovereign modes of power, following Foucault's schema), refusal describes the disavowals, rejections and manoeuvrings with and away from diffuse and mediated forms of power (governmentality). To the extent that contemporary apparatuses of power typically constitute a hybrid assemblage of sovereign and governmental forces, subjects of population groups draw upon both resistance and refusal tactics in their navigations of these apparatuses, navigations that refigure the collective resisting/refusing subject. Resistance and refusal hence operate in a quasi-dialectical relation, meaning that through a play of recursivity between apparent converse strategies (direct confrontation versus evasion) groups come to fortify stronger positions from which they can persist. Resistance and refusal not only constitute the conditions of each other's possibility , sharpening the particular interventions that each makes, but demonstrate the necessity of a politics of manoeuvre in which subjects—as individuals and part of collective groups—oscillate between direct confrontation and governmental navigation","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63950732,"asset_id":43650301,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":212384,"first_name":"Elliott","last_name":"Prasse-Freeman","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"ElliottPrasseFreeman","display_name":"Elliott Prasse-Freeman","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/ElliottPrasseFreeman?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/212384/613796/2395146/s65_elliott.prasse-freeman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":208,"name":"Social Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Movements?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":3231,"name":"Governmentality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Governmentality?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":8004,"name":"Resistance (Social)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance_Social_?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":11927,"name":"Michel Foucault","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Michel_Foucault?f_ri=27881"},{"id":14834,"name":"Gramsci","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gramsci?f_ri=27881"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":36402,"name":"Activism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Activism?f_ri=27881"},{"id":36740,"name":"Refusal","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refusal?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":564378,"name":"Maneuver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Maneuver?f_ri=27881"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38587842" data-work_id="38587842" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38587842/Critical_Analysis_On_Why_The_Island_Experiment_of_Bhasan_Char_Is_Not_An_Option_For_Rohingya_Refugees">Critical Analysis On Why The Island Experiment of Bhasan Char Is Not An Option For Rohingya Refugees</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">On the notion of Bhasan Char, the island, it is imperative that the Bangladeshi plans of ‘relocating’ or perhaps more correctly ‘forcibly removing’ 103,000 Rohingya next month (April 2019) are challenged sufficiently. There can be no... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38587842" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">On the notion of Bhasan Char, the island, it is imperative that the Bangladeshi plans of ‘relocating’ or perhaps more correctly ‘forcibly removing’ 103,000 Rohingya next month (April 2019) are challenged sufficiently. There can be no doubt that the island is not fit for purpose – that is if the purpose is of housing a refugee population.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38587842" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d45aeb969488f9b89dce9a736619db08" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58664912,"asset_id":38587842,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58664912/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24223234" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AhmedMabrur">Mabrur Ahmed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24223234" type="text/json">{"id":24223234,"first_name":"Mabrur","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AhmedMabrur","display_name":"Mabrur Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AhmedMabrur?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24223234/20142572/35079405/s65_mabrur.ahmed.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38587842 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38587842"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38587842, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38587842", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38587842 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38587842; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38587842"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38587842 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38587842"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38587842; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38587842]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38587842").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38587842").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38587842"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies">Refugee Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2835" type="text/json">{"id":2835,"name":"Refugee Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="18895" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="18895" type="text/json">{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38587842]'), work: {"id":38587842,"title":"Critical Analysis On Why The Island Experiment of Bhasan Char Is Not An Option For Rohingya Refugees","created_at":"2019-03-20T01:57:34.350-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38587842/Critical_Analysis_On_Why_The_Island_Experiment_of_Bhasan_Char_Is_Not_An_Option_For_Rohingya_Refugees?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_38587842","summary":"On the notion of Bhasan Char, the island, it is imperative that the Bangladeshi plans of ‘relocating’ or perhaps more correctly ‘forcibly removing’ 103,000 Rohingya next month (April 2019) are challenged sufficiently. There can be no doubt that the island is not fit for purpose – that is if the purpose is of housing a refugee population. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58664912,"asset_id":38587842,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24223234,"first_name":"Mabrur","last_name":"Ahmed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AhmedMabrur","display_name":"Mabrur Ahmed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AhmedMabrur?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24223234/20142572/35079405/s65_mabrur.ahmed.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2835,"name":"Refugee Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":18895,"name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bangladesh?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":134693,"name":"Refugees and Forced Migration Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugees_and_Forced_Migration_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims?f_ri=27881"},{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_60291983" data-work_id="60291983" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60291983/Why_is_Peace_Elusive_in_Myanmar_An_Answer_from_the_Perspective_of_Thai_Philosopher_Prawase_Wasi">Why is Peace Elusive in Myanmar? An Answer from the Perspective of Thai Philosopher Prawase Wasi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We re-evaluate Burmese history from the perspective of Thai philosopher Prawase Wasi who asserts that the basis for society is not simply individuals but the "selfforming group. " He discusses the essential nature of a self-forming group... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_60291983" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We re-evaluate Burmese history from the perspective of Thai philosopher Prawase Wasi who asserts that the basis for society is not simply individuals but the "selfforming group. " He discusses the essential nature of a self-forming group which is embodied in the Thai Buddhist concept of taam, which are sacred virtues emerging from self-organizing groups. In between the taam and self-forming groups are institutions of the state, economy, and education, etc. Prawase Wasi's approach has been used in Thailand to guide government policies for the last twenty years. In this article, we apply this model to the history of conflict in Burma. We contrast this approach with the more traditional focus on individualism and utilitarianism in western high modernism which typically shapes development policies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/60291983" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f268bdcd0807fce75f18c87416597a29" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73803854,"asset_id":60291983,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73803854/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3356783" href="https://leuphana.academia.edu/TonyWaters">Tony Waters</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3356783" type="text/json">{"id":3356783,"first_name":"Tony","last_name":"Waters","domain_name":"leuphana","page_name":"TonyWaters","display_name":"Tony Waters","profile_url":"https://leuphana.academia.edu/TonyWaters?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3356783/2789764/3252558/s65_tony.waters.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_60291983 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="60291983"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 60291983, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_60291983", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=60291983]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_60291983").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_60291983").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="60291983"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies">Southeast Asian Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031" type="text/json">{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=60291983]'), work: {"id":60291983,"title":"Why is Peace Elusive in Myanmar? An Answer from the Perspective of Thai Philosopher Prawase Wasi","created_at":"2021-10-29T03:49:14.089-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/60291983/Why_is_Peace_Elusive_in_Myanmar_An_Answer_from_the_Perspective_of_Thai_Philosopher_Prawase_Wasi?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_60291983","summary":"We re-evaluate Burmese history from the perspective of Thai philosopher Prawase Wasi who asserts that the basis for society is not simply individuals but the \"selfforming group. \" He discusses the essential nature of a self-forming group which is embodied in the Thai Buddhist concept of taam, which are sacred virtues emerging from self-organizing groups. In between the taam and self-forming groups are institutions of the state, economy, and education, etc. Prawase Wasi's approach has been used in Thailand to guide government policies for the last twenty years. In this article, we apply this model to the history of conflict in Burma. We contrast this approach with the more traditional focus on individualism and utilitarianism in western high modernism which typically shapes development policies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73803854,"asset_id":60291983,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3356783,"first_name":"Tony","last_name":"Waters","domain_name":"leuphana","page_name":"TonyWaters","display_name":"Tony Waters","profile_url":"https://leuphana.academia.edu/TonyWaters?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3356783/2789764/3252558/s65_tony.waters.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":2459,"name":"Social Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Philosophy?f_ri=27881"},{"id":3499,"name":"Social and Cultural Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_and_Cultural_Anthropology?f_ri=27881"},{"id":8356,"name":"Culture Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Culture_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=27881"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53359,"name":"Asian 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u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">В статье рассматриваются научные труды известного бирманиста, историка, писателя и коллекционера Игоря Всеволодовича Можейко (1934–2003), известного под псевдонимом Кир Булычев, и исследуется вопрос о его отношении к московской школе... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37545634" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">В статье рассматриваются научные труды известного бирманиста, историка, писателя и коллекционера Игоря Всеволодовича Можейко (1934–2003), известного под псевдонимом Кир Булычев, и исследуется вопрос о его отношении к московской школе востоковедения, в частности, к школе исследований Юго-Восточной Азии, основанной акад. А.А. Губером (1902–1971). Школа А.А. Губера отличалась преимущественным вниманием к изучению социально-экономических проблем. На основании анализа трудов И.В. Можейко, в том числе его монографий и автобиографии, а также на основании воспоминаний его коллег, можно предположить, что он находился вне любой школы, хотя формально работал в Институте востоковедения АН СССР, ныне РАН. Это подтверждается преимущественно научно-популярным стилем изложения, не характерным для академического востоковедения, вниманием к конкретным личностям, а не к социально-экономическим исследованиям, широкими сравнительно-историческими исследованиями, которые не сопровождались теоретическими построениями, считающимися до сих пор признаками серьёзного научного исследования. Но по глубине владения материалом самых разных стран и эпох И.В. Можейко не уступал лучшим энциклопедистам своего времени.<br />"Igor Mozheiko (Kir Bulychev) and the Moscow School of Oriental Studies", in: Southeast Asia: Actual Problems of Development, Т. I, № 1 (38). Pp. 5–23.<br />The article examines the scientific legacy of the famous Soviet science fiction writer, historian and collector Igor Vsevolodovich Mozheiko who was known under the nickname Kir Bulychev (1934–2003). His specialty in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was the history of Burma (Myanmar). He worked there twice, in 1957–59 and in 1962–63, first in the Soviet Embassy, second as a Soviet journalist. He obtained his PhD in 1965 for the Thesis on the Pagan Empire. But his fields of interest were very diverse. He wrote about European missionaries and conquerors, Buddhist community of Burma and the Burmese state, the Second World War in the Pacific and the greatest architectural monuments of humankind, corsairs and raiders, merchants and politicians… The Moscow school of Southeast Asian studies was founded by the Academician Alexander Guber (1902–1971). Its main sphere was the socio-economic studies in accordance with historical materialism of the Soviet state ideology. But Igor Mozheiko wrote about humans in their true nature. He paid little attention to economic studies. Moreover, his passion was collecting. He collected medals, decorations, orders, stamps, paintings, headdresses, costumes and various military objects, except firearms. He wrote primarily in a popular science genre. Mozheiko occupied a place of his own among Soviet historians of Asia due to his peculiar writing style, breadth of interests and humanizing of history.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37545634" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="12d24ee4a7b1477b0b95a33c9e39dbc4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57520561,"asset_id":37545634,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57520561/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24241664" href="https://ivran.academia.edu/AntonZakharov">Anton Zakharov</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24241664" type="text/json">{"id":24241664,"first_name":"Anton","last_name":"Zakharov","domain_name":"ivran","page_name":"AntonZakharov","display_name":"Anton Zakharov","profile_url":"https://ivran.academia.edu/AntonZakharov?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24241664/6543277/49699602/s65_anton.zakharov.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37545634 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37545634"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37545634, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37545634", }); 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А.А. Губером (1902–1971). Школа А.А. Губера отличалась преимущественным вниманием к изучению социально-экономических проблем. На основании анализа трудов И.В. Можейко, в том числе его монографий и автобиографии, а также на основании воспоминаний его коллег, можно предположить, что он находился вне любой школы, хотя формально работал в Институте востоковедения АН СССР, ныне РАН. Это подтверждается преимущественно научно-популярным стилем изложения, не характерным для академического востоковедения, вниманием к конкретным личностям, а не к социально-экономическим исследованиям, широкими сравнительно-историческими исследованиями, которые не сопровождались теоретическими построениями, считающимися до сих пор признаками серьёзного научного исследования. Но по глубине владения материалом самых разных стран и эпох И.В. Можейко не уступал лучшим энциклопедистам своего времени.\n\"Igor Mozheiko (Kir Bulychev) and the Moscow School of Oriental Studies\", in: Southeast Asia: Actual Problems of Development, Т. I, № 1 (38). Pp. 5–23.\nThe article examines the scientific legacy of the famous Soviet science fiction writer, historian and collector Igor Vsevolodovich Mozheiko who was known under the nickname Kir Bulychev (1934–2003). His specialty in the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was the history of Burma (Myanmar). He worked there twice, in 1957–59 and in 1962–63, first in the Soviet Embassy, second as a Soviet journalist. He obtained his PhD in 1965 for the Thesis on the Pagan Empire. But his fields of interest were very diverse. He wrote about European missionaries and conquerors, Buddhist community of Burma and the Burmese state, the Second World War in the Pacific and the greatest architectural monuments of humankind, corsairs and raiders, merchants and politicians… The Moscow school of Southeast Asian studies was founded by the Academician Alexander Guber (1902–1971). Its main sphere was the socio-economic studies in accordance with historical materialism of the Soviet state ideology. But Igor Mozheiko wrote about humans in their true nature. He paid little attention to economic studies. Moreover, his passion was collecting. He collected medals, decorations, orders, stamps, paintings, headdresses, costumes and various military objects, except firearms. He wrote primarily in a popular science genre. Mozheiko occupied a place of his own among Soviet historians of Asia due to his peculiar writing style, breadth of interests and humanizing of history.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57520561,"asset_id":37545634,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24241664,"first_name":"Anton","last_name":"Zakharov","domain_name":"ivran","page_name":"AntonZakharov","display_name":"Anton Zakharov","profile_url":"https://ivran.academia.edu/AntonZakharov?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/24241664/6543277/49699602/s65_anton.zakharov.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":380,"name":"Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1567,"name":"Soviet History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":29245,"name":"Southeast Asian history","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_history?f_ri=27881"},{"id":55112,"name":"Oriental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oriental_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":118325,"name":"Aspects of the history of Soviet historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aspects_of_the_history_of_Soviet_historiography?f_ri=27881"},{"id":201284,"name":"Soviet Historiography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soviet_Historiography?f_ri=27881"},{"id":358461,"name":"History of Oriental studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Oriental_studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":789956,"name":"востоковедение","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37264241 coauthored" data-work_id="37264241" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37264241/Ambitious_Alignments_New_Histories_of_Southeast_Asian_Art_1945_1990">Ambitious Alignments: New Histories of Southeast Asian Art, 1945–1990</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This new volume, co-published by Power Publications and National Gallery Singapore, explores the art and architecture of Southeast Asia in the postwar period. Ten essays by emerging scholars draw upon unexplored archives and works of art,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37264241" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This new volume, co-published by Power Publications and National Gallery Singapore, explores the art and architecture of Southeast Asia in the postwar period. Ten essays by emerging scholars draw upon unexplored archives and works of art, bearing witness to rich local histories and uncovering complex artistic exchanges across Cambodia, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and beyond.<br /><br />The collection sheds new light on the significance of architecture, painting, installation, photography, and sculpture in the historical narratives of this period and offers fresh insights into artistic production and reception within the cultural and political contexts of postcolonialism and the Cold War, the legacies of which continue to shape the region today.<br /><br /><a href="https://shop.powerpublications.com.au/products/ambitious-alignments-new-histories-of-southeast-asian-art-1945-1990" rel="nofollow">https://shop.powerpublications.com.au/products/ambitious-alignments-new-histories-of-southeast-asian-art-1945-1990</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37264241" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2137772aa8977b1beed069f96af1a33c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57217952,"asset_id":37264241,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57217952/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2421274" href="https://courtauld.academia.edu/StephenWhiteman">Stephen Whiteman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2421274" type="text/json">{"id":2421274,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Whiteman","domain_name":"courtauld","page_name":"StephenWhiteman","display_name":"Stephen Whiteman","profile_url":"https://courtauld.academia.edu/StephenWhiteman?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2421274/761396/2592581/s65_stephen.whiteman.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-37264241">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-37264241"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://usm.academia.edu/SarenaAbdullah">Sarena Abdullah</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-37264241'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-37264241').html(); 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Ten essays by emerging scholars draw upon unexplored archives and works of art, bearing witness to rich local histories and uncovering complex artistic exchanges across Cambodia, Indonesia, Hong Kong, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and beyond.\n\nThe collection sheds new light on the significance of architecture, painting, installation, photography, and sculpture in the historical narratives of this period and offers fresh insights into artistic production and reception within the cultural and political contexts of postcolonialism and the Cold War, the legacies of which continue to shape the region today.\n\nhttps://shop.powerpublications.com.au/products/ambitious-alignments-new-histories-of-southeast-asian-art-1945-1990","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57217952,"asset_id":37264241,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2421274,"first_name":"Stephen","last_name":"Whiteman","domain_name":"courtauld","page_name":"StephenWhiteman","display_name":"Stephen Whiteman","profile_url":"https://courtauld.academia.edu/StephenWhiteman?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2421274/761396/2592581/s65_stephen.whiteman.jpg"},{"id":44986,"first_name":"Sarena","last_name":"Abdullah","domain_name":"usm","page_name":"SarenaAbdullah","display_name":"Sarena Abdullah","profile_url":"https://usm.academia.edu/SarenaAbdullah?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44986/14301/118774422/s65_sarena.abdullah.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":915,"name":"Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":6519,"name":"Cultural Landscapes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Landscapes?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":6818,"name":"Malaysia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malaysia?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":7655,"name":"Architectural History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Architectural_History?f_ri=27881"},{"id":8783,"name":"Indonesia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Indonesia?f_ri=27881"},{"id":8785,"name":"Philippines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philippines?f_ri=27881"},{"id":10096,"name":"Thailand","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thailand?f_ri=27881"},{"id":25021,"name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hong_Kong?f_ri=27881"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":367722,"name":"Southeast Asian Art History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Art_History?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3664507" data-work_id="3664507" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3664507/_Ethnicity_Conflict_and_History_in_Burma_The_Myths_of_Panglong_Asian_Survey_48_6_November_December_2008_889_910">“Ethnicity, Conflict, and History in Burma: The Myths of Panglong,” Asian Survey, 48:6 (November/December 2008): 889-910.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The effects of the 1947 Panglong Agreement on Burma’s ethnic minority groups can still be seen today in calls for a return to the spirit of Panglong, but there are confl icting versions of this event and its legacy. In order to grasp the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3664507" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The effects of the 1947 Panglong Agreement on Burma’s ethnic minority groups can still be seen today in calls for a return to the spirit of Panglong, but there are confl icting versions of this event and its legacy. In order to grasp the prospects for ethnic unity in Burma, it is necessary to deconstruct the various “myths” of Panglong.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3664507" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9cb90371008eace21044c2fc91c592c7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":31356148,"asset_id":3664507,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31356148/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3415422" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton">Matthew Walton</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3415422" type="text/json">{"id":3415422,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Walton","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"MatthewWalton","display_name":"Matthew Walton","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3415422/2307423/2693077/s65_matthew.walton.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3664507 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3664507"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3664507, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3664507", }); 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In order to grasp the prospects for ethnic unity in Burma, it is necessary to deconstruct the various “myths” of Panglong.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31356148,"asset_id":3664507,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3415422,"first_name":"Matthew","last_name":"Walton","domain_name":"utoronto","page_name":"MatthewWalton","display_name":"Matthew Walton","profile_url":"https://utoronto.academia.edu/MatthewWalton?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3415422/2307423/2693077/s65_matthew.walton.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil 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Gale-Cengage's collection of India Office Records on the Chinese borderlands: "China and the Modern World: Diplomacy and Political Secrets 1869-1950".</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42327217" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="995bdf811f62e4ecf769be8f1acea6c7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62483785,"asset_id":42327217,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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Morrison","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/AlexanderMorrison?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/130/234/106984/s65_alexander.morrison.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42327217 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42327217"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42327217, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42327217", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42327217 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42327217; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51804" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yunnan">Yunnan</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51804" type="text/json">{"id":51804,"name":"Yunnan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yunnan?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42327217]'), work: {"id":42327217,"title":"British India and the Chinese Borderlands, 1869-1950.","created_at":"2020-03-26T02:02:38.540-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42327217/British_India_and_the_Chinese_Borderlands_1869_1950?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_42327217","summary":"A short essay written to accompany Gale-Cengage's collection of India Office Records on the Chinese borderlands: \"China and the Modern World: Diplomacy and Political Secrets 1869-1950\".","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62483785,"asset_id":42327217,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":130,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Morrison","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"AlexanderMorrison","display_name":"Alexander Morrison","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/AlexanderMorrison?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/130/234/106984/s65_alexander.morrison.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12017,"name":"Xinjiang","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xinjiang?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":22650,"name":"Central Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asia?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":51804,"name":"Yunnan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yunnan?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":75686,"name":"Ladakhi Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ladakhi_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":158605,"name":"Chinese Turkestan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chinese_Turkestan?f_ri=27881"},{"id":198582,"name":"British Indian Empire","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/British_Indian_Empire?f_ri=27881"},{"id":205471,"name":"Turkestan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turkestan?f_ri=27881"},{"id":389465,"name":"Kashgar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kashgar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":648311,"name":"Ladakh, Tibet , Himalayan areas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ladakh_Tibet_Himalayan_areas?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_21881276" data-work_id="21881276" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21881276/Grassroots_Protest_Movements_and_Mutating_Conceptions_of_the_Political_in_an_Evolving_Burma">Grassroots Protest Movements and Mutating Conceptions of "the Political" in an Evolving Burma</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/21881276" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9517" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protest">Protest</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9517" type="text/json">{"id":9517,"name":"Protest","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protest?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156477" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Grabbing">Land Grabbing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="156477" type="text/json">{"id":156477,"name":"Land Grabbing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Grabbing?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=21881276]'), work: {"id":21881276,"title":"Grassroots Protest Movements and Mutating Conceptions of \"the Political\" in an Evolving Burma","created_at":"2016-02-12T08:47:02.491-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/21881276/Grassroots_Protest_Movements_and_Mutating_Conceptions_of_the_Political_in_an_Evolving_Burma?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_21881276","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42619136,"asset_id":21881276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":212384,"first_name":"Elliott","last_name":"Prasse-Freeman","domain_name":"nus","page_name":"ElliottPrasseFreeman","display_name":"Elliott Prasse-Freeman","profile_url":"https://nus.academia.edu/ElliottPrasseFreeman?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/212384/613796/2395146/s65_elliott.prasse-freeman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3768,"name":"Legal Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legal_Anthropology?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":9517,"name":"Protest","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protest?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":156477,"name":"Land Grabbing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Land_Grabbing?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1146045" data-work_id="1146045" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1146045/How_an_authoritarian_regime_in_Burma_used_special_courts_to_defeat_judicial_independence">How an authoritarian regime in Burma used special courts to defeat judicial independence</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Why do authoritarian rulers establish special courts? One view is that they do so to insulate the judiciary from politically oriented cases and allow it continued, albeit limited, independence. In this article I present a contrary case... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_1146045" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Why do authoritarian rulers establish special courts? One view is that they do so to insulate the judiciary from politically oriented cases and allow it continued, albeit limited, independence. In this article I present a contrary case study of an authoritarian regime in Burma that used special courts not to insulate the judiciary but to defeat it. Through comparison to other Asian cases I suggest that the Burmese regime’s composition and character better explain its strategy than does extant judicial authority or formal ideology. The regime consisted of war fighters for whom the courts were enemy territory. But absent popular support, the regime’s leaders could not embark immediately on a radical project for legal change that might compromise their hold on power. Consequently, they used special courts and other strategies to defeat judicial independence incrementally, until they could displace the professional judiciary and bring the courts fully under executive control.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1146045" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="871ac15f69119c78c282f0a978d2a6b7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30317684,"asset_id":1146045,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30317684/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="712922" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman">nick cheesman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="712922" type="text/json">{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1146045 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1146045"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1146045, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1146045", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1146045]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1146045").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1146045").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1146045"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3680" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts">Courts</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3680" type="text/json">{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9625" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_independence">Judicial independence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9625" type="text/json">{"id":9625,"name":"Judicial independence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_independence?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29170" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma">Burma</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29170" type="text/json">{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1146045]'), work: {"id":1146045,"title":"How an authoritarian regime in Burma used special courts to defeat judicial independence","created_at":"2011-12-09T11:36:02.608-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1146045/How_an_authoritarian_regime_in_Burma_used_special_courts_to_defeat_judicial_independence?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_1146045","summary":"Why do authoritarian rulers establish special courts? One view is that they do so to insulate the judiciary from politically oriented cases and allow it continued, albeit limited, independence. In this article I present a contrary case study of an authoritarian regime in Burma that used special courts not to insulate the judiciary but to defeat it. Through comparison to other Asian cases I suggest that the Burmese regime’s composition and character better explain its strategy than does extant judicial authority or formal ideology. The regime consisted of war fighters for whom the courts were enemy territory. But absent popular support, the regime’s leaders could not embark immediately on a radical project for legal change that might compromise their hold on power. Consequently, they used special courts and other strategies to defeat judicial independence incrementally, until they could displace the professional judiciary and bring the courts fully under executive control.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30317684,"asset_id":1146045,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":712922,"first_name":"nick","last_name":"cheesman","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"NickCheesman","display_name":"nick cheesman","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/NickCheesman?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/712922/854962/136151561/s65_nick.cheesman.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3680,"name":"Courts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Courts?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":9625,"name":"Judicial independence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Judicial_independence?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":34598,"name":"Authoritarianism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Authoritarianism?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_1210286" data-work_id="1210286" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1210286/Le_Grand_Ecran_en_Terre_Dor%C3%A9e_Histoire_du_Cin%C3%A9ma_Birman_The_Silver_Screen_in_the_Golden_Land_A_History_of_Burmese_Cinema_">Le Grand Ecran en Terre Dorée: Histoire du Cinéma Birman” [The Silver Screen in the Golden Land: A History of Burmese Cinema] </a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">A brief summary of the history of Burmese cinema, from 1920 to present.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/1210286" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="25afa91b074bd95239f3b671d1df91d7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":30424144,"asset_id":1210286,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/30424144/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="721468" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/JaneFerguson">Jane M Ferguson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="721468" type="text/json">{"id":721468,"first_name":"Jane","last_name":"Ferguson","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"JaneFerguson","display_name":"Jane M Ferguson","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/JaneFerguson?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/721468/246463/104482452/s65_jane.ferguson.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_1210286 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="1210286"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 1210286, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_1210286", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=1210286]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_1210286").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_1210286").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="1210286"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1555" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies">Film Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1555" type="text/json">{"id":1555,"name":"Film Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12444" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_History">Film History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12444" type="text/json">{"id":12444,"name":"Film History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=1210286]'), work: {"id":1210286,"title":"Le Grand Ecran en Terre Dorée: Histoire du Cinéma Birman” [The Silver Screen in the Golden Land: A History of Burmese Cinema] ","created_at":"2012-01-09T11:11:04.340-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/1210286/Le_Grand_Ecran_en_Terre_Dor%C3%A9e_Histoire_du_Cin%C3%A9ma_Birman_The_Silver_Screen_in_the_Golden_Land_A_History_of_Burmese_Cinema_?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_1210286","summary":"A brief summary of the history of Burmese cinema, from 1920 to present.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":30424144,"asset_id":1210286,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":721468,"first_name":"Jane","last_name":"Ferguson","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"JaneFerguson","display_name":"Jane M Ferguson","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/JaneFerguson?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/721468/246463/104482452/s65_jane.ferguson.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1555,"name":"Film Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":12444,"name":"Film History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Film_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_7247718" data-work_id="7247718" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7247718/Sidelined_or_re_inventing_themselves_Exiled_Activists_in_Myanmar_s_Political_Reforms_In_Debating_Democratization_in_Myanmar_ed_Cheesman_Farrelly_Wilson_2014">Sidelined or re-inventing themselves? Exiled Activists in Myanmar’s Political Reforms’ In Debating Democratization in Myanmar, ed Cheesman, Farrelly, Wilson 2014</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/7247718" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="10b4ac9f0cf4e4c1c5a39e031965b1dc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33864156,"asset_id":7247718,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33864156/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12623891" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KerstinDuell">Dr Kerstin Duell</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12623891" type="text/json">{"id":12623891,"first_name":"Dr Kerstin","last_name":"Duell","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KerstinDuell","display_name":"Dr Kerstin Duell","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KerstinDuell?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12623891/3599914/54860112/s65_dr_kerstin.duell.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_7247718 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="7247718"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 7247718, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_7247718", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_7247718 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7247718; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_7247718"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_7247718 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="7247718"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 7247718; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=7247718]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_7247718").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_7247718").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="7247718"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28106" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diaspora_and_transnationalism">Diaspora and transnationalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28106" type="text/json">{"id":28106,"name":"Diaspora and transnationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diaspora_and_transnationalism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="53953" type="text/json">{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=7247718]'), work: {"id":7247718,"title":"Sidelined or re-inventing themselves? Exiled Activists in Myanmar’s Political Reforms’ In Debating Democratization in Myanmar, ed Cheesman, Farrelly, Wilson 2014","created_at":"2014-06-03T15:18:57.443-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/7247718/Sidelined_or_re_inventing_themselves_Exiled_Activists_in_Myanmar_s_Political_Reforms_In_Debating_Democratization_in_Myanmar_ed_Cheesman_Farrelly_Wilson_2014?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_7247718","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33864156,"asset_id":7247718,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12623891,"first_name":"Dr Kerstin","last_name":"Duell","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KerstinDuell","display_name":"Dr Kerstin Duell","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KerstinDuell?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12623891/3599914/54860112/s65_dr_kerstin.duell.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":28106,"name":"Diaspora and transnationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diaspora_and_transnationalism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33404050" data-work_id="33404050" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33404050/Environmental_Impact_Assessment_Review_Evaluation_of_the_environmental_impact_assessment_system_and_implementation_in_Myanmar_Its_significance_in_oil_and_gas_industry">Environmental Impact Assessment Review Evaluation of the environmental impact assessment system and implementation in Myanmar: Its significance in oil and gas industry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A B S T R A C T Myanmar's political and economic transformation and drastic expansion of foreign direct investment in natural resource sector necessitate systematic safeguards to mitigate impacts from its development activities. Myanmar... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33404050" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A B S T R A C T Myanmar's political and economic transformation and drastic expansion of foreign direct investment in natural resource sector necessitate systematic safeguards to mitigate impacts from its development activities. Myanmar promulgated the first national EIA law and procedure only recently, in 2016, and the country's institutional and financial capacity is extremely limited to implement effective EIA. This article evaluates Myanmar's EIA system against a set of evaluative criteria developed by Wood (1995) and modified by Annandle (2001). The evaluation was based on the review of the literature, investigation of EIA legislative and administrative framework, and several other sources of data and information. Opinions of professionals from international and government agencies, and researchers are also solicited. The paper then evaluates the rate of EIA disclosure in O & G sector and whether EIA in Myanmar is significance in mitigating the impact of O & G operations on the environment. The review of EIA system indicates that Myanmar generally has sound legal and administrative framework for EIA, however, its practical implementation reveals several major challenges and weaknesses. The presence of more than one standard EIA procedure and lack of interdepartmental coordination and consultation are also major concerns. Overall, the quality of EIA reports and the level of disclosure in O & G sector is higher than that of other sectors in Myanmar. Through the analysis, the paper summarizes the fundamental challenges faced by companies and government, opportunities and good practices in implementing EIA systems and propose recommendations to strengthen EIA performance. The findings of this study expect to contribute to strengthening EIA system and performance in Myanmar and other developing countries, especially in Southeast Asia.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33404050" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="235c9b1fb2b1314708dbea33e15e103e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53458841,"asset_id":33404050,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53458841/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15282567" href="https://pkustl.academia.edu/ThirishwesinAung">Thirishwesin Aung</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15282567" type="text/json">{"id":15282567,"first_name":"Thirishwesin","last_name":"Aung","domain_name":"pkustl","page_name":"ThirishwesinAung","display_name":"Thirishwesin Aung","profile_url":"https://pkustl.academia.edu/ThirishwesinAung?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15282567/5478145/17549762/s65_thirishwesin.aung.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33404050 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33404050"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33404050, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33404050", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33404050 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33404050; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33404050"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33404050 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33404050"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33404050; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33404050]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33404050").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33404050").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33404050"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3407" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies">Environmental Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3407" type="text/json">{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13496" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_and_Gas_Law">Oil and Gas Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13496" type="text/json">{"id":13496,"name":"Oil and Gas Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_and_Gas_Law?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17331" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17331" type="text/json">{"id":17331,"name":"Oil and gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_and_gas?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33404050]'), work: {"id":33404050,"title":"Environmental Impact Assessment Review Evaluation of the environmental impact assessment system and implementation in Myanmar: Its significance in oil and gas industry","created_at":"2017-06-10T10:11:01.183-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33404050/Environmental_Impact_Assessment_Review_Evaluation_of_the_environmental_impact_assessment_system_and_implementation_in_Myanmar_Its_significance_in_oil_and_gas_industry?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_33404050","summary":"A B S T R A C T Myanmar's political and economic transformation and drastic expansion of foreign direct investment in natural resource sector necessitate systematic safeguards to mitigate impacts from its development activities. Myanmar promulgated the first national EIA law and procedure only recently, in 2016, and the country's institutional and financial capacity is extremely limited to implement effective EIA. This article evaluates Myanmar's EIA system against a set of evaluative criteria developed by Wood (1995) and modified by Annandle (2001). The evaluation was based on the review of the literature, investigation of EIA legislative and administrative framework, and several other sources of data and information. Opinions of professionals from international and government agencies, and researchers are also solicited. The paper then evaluates the rate of EIA disclosure in O \u0026 G sector and whether EIA in Myanmar is significance in mitigating the impact of O \u0026 G operations on the environment. The review of EIA system indicates that Myanmar generally has sound legal and administrative framework for EIA, however, its practical implementation reveals several major challenges and weaknesses. The presence of more than one standard EIA procedure and lack of interdepartmental coordination and consultation are also major concerns. Overall, the quality of EIA reports and the level of disclosure in O \u0026 G sector is higher than that of other sectors in Myanmar. Through the analysis, the paper summarizes the fundamental challenges faced by companies and government, opportunities and good practices in implementing EIA systems and propose recommendations to strengthen EIA performance. The findings of this study expect to contribute to strengthening EIA system and performance in Myanmar and other developing countries, especially in Southeast Asia.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53458841,"asset_id":33404050,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15282567,"first_name":"Thirishwesin","last_name":"Aung","domain_name":"pkustl","page_name":"ThirishwesinAung","display_name":"Thirishwesin Aung","profile_url":"https://pkustl.academia.edu/ThirishwesinAung?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15282567/5478145/17549762/s65_thirishwesin.aung.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3407,"name":"Environmental Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":13496,"name":"Oil and Gas Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_and_Gas_Law?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":17331,"name":"Oil and gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oil_and_gas?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":47514,"name":"EIA Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/EIA_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":800271,"name":"Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Impact_Assessment_EIA_?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_51217468" data-work_id="51217468" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/51217468/Buddhism_Politics_and_Political_Thought_in_Myanmar">Buddhism, Politics and Political Thought in Myanmar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/51217468" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2e0e0d8b7d736cfd3d33b43d638caee8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":69032583,"asset_id":51217468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/69032583/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="30703487" href="https://chiangmai.academia.edu/AshleySouth">Ashley South</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="30703487" type="text/json">{"id":30703487,"first_name":"Ashley","last_name":"South","domain_name":"chiangmai","page_name":"AshleySouth","display_name":"Ashley South","profile_url":"https://chiangmai.academia.edu/AshleySouth?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30703487/31591189/28930644/s65_ashley.south.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_51217468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="51217468"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 51217468, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_51217468", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_51217468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51217468; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_51217468"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_51217468 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="51217468"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 51217468; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=51217468]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_51217468").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_51217468").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="51217468"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="113" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="113" type="text/json">{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1222" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy">Buddhist Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1222" type="text/json">{"id":1222,"name":"Buddhist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory">Political Theory</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1696" type="text/json">{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="25051" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="25051" type="text/json">{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=51217468]'), work: {"id":51217468,"title":"Buddhism, Politics and Political Thought in Myanmar","created_at":"2021-09-03T18:38:12.970-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/51217468/Buddhism_Politics_and_Political_Thought_in_Myanmar?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_51217468","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":69032583,"asset_id":51217468,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":30703487,"first_name":"Ashley","last_name":"South","domain_name":"chiangmai","page_name":"AshleySouth","display_name":"Ashley South","profile_url":"https://chiangmai.academia.edu/AshleySouth?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/30703487/31591189/28930644/s65_ashley.south.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":113,"name":"Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1222,"name":"Buddhist Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Philosophy?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1696,"name":"Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Theory?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":25051,"name":"Theravada Buddhism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theravada_Buddhism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=27881"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881"},{"id":32660,"name":"Comparative Political Theory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Political_Theory?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":1767785,"name":"Contemporary Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Asia?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6501150" data-work_id="6501150" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6501150/Birma_centrum_kontra_peryferie_Kwestia_etniczna_we_wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesnej_Birmie_1948_2013_Burma_Center_versus_Peripheries_The_Ethnic_Question_in_Contemporary_Burma_1948_2013_ca%C5%82a_ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka_ju%C5%BC_w_wolnym_dost%C4%99pnie">Birma: centrum kontra peryferie. Kwestia etniczna we współczesnej Birmie (1948-2013); (Burma: Center versus Peripheries. The 'Ethnic Question' in Contemporary Burma 1948-2013) cała książka już w wolnym dostępnie</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The whole book is available in free access, the English abstract is posted below: Burma: Center versus Peripheries. The „Ethnic question” in Contemporary Burma Since the very beginning of Burma’s independence, the ”ethnic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6501150" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The whole book is available in free access, the English abstract is posted below: <br /> <br />Burma: Center versus Peripheries. The „Ethnic question” in Contemporary Burma  <br /> <br />Since the very beginning of Burma’s independence, the ”ethnic question” has been its “Achilles' heel”. The inability of setting stable relation between the Burman majority and non-Burman minorities led to the outbreak of a civil war and directly contributed to the failure of creating successful, modern Burmese statehood. In this work I borrow Immanuel Wallerstein's concept of core-periphery and apply it to the Burmese conditions, my main argument being that the center vs periphery conflict  has been the most important domestic problem of Burma. The “ethnic question” directly, though not exclusively, contributed to the army’s growing importance and its coup d’état in 1962. Until 1988 this never ending conflict created a political stalemate – none of the sides was able to achieve victory. This changed in the last period of last 25 years, when the Burmese army became  able to beat most of the guerilla units and achieved an unprecedented in  history, direct control over most of Burma’s territories. The victory, however, has never been complete: in the deep peripheries, some minorities, like Kachins and Was, not only defended their autonomy, but became more and more vulnerable to China’s influence. In the changing geopolitical situation, in which Burma suddenly becomes the playground for US-China rivalry, this may have a devastating effect for the Burmese state. <br /> <br />(….) <br /> <br />The ethnic question remains the key aspect of Burma’s domestic policy. It is the toughest challenge standing in front of this changing country and is potentially the biggest obstacle on the way to a much awaited success. If this question is skillfully solved, it may bring Burma back to its lost regional power status, but if it remains unsolved, we might see history repeating itself in Burma, with a renewed destabilization along the ethnic lines.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6501150" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="267c2a1dc90b7fc287e1909d0d206789" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33280271,"asset_id":6501150,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33280271/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10359623" href="https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina">Michal Lubina</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10359623" type="text/json">{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6501150 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6501150"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6501150, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6501150", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6501150]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6501150").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6501150").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6501150"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="294" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies">Ethnic Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="294" type="text/json">{"id":294,"name":"Ethnic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5453" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity">Race and Ethnicity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5453" type="text/json">{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7978" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History">Political History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7978" type="text/json">{"id":7978,"name":"Political History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6501150]'), work: {"id":6501150,"title":"Birma: centrum kontra peryferie. Kwestia etniczna we współczesnej Birmie (1948-2013); (Burma: Center versus Peripheries. The 'Ethnic Question' in Contemporary Burma 1948-2013) cała książka już w wolnym dostępnie","created_at":"2014-03-21T19:58:29.473-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/6501150/Birma_centrum_kontra_peryferie_Kwestia_etniczna_we_wsp%C3%B3%C5%82czesnej_Birmie_1948_2013_Burma_Center_versus_Peripheries_The_Ethnic_Question_in_Contemporary_Burma_1948_2013_ca%C5%82a_ksi%C4%85%C5%BCka_ju%C5%BC_w_wolnym_dost%C4%99pnie?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_6501150","summary":"The whole book is available in free access, the English abstract is posted below:\r\n\r\nBurma: Center versus Peripheries. The „Ethnic question” in Contemporary Burma \r\n\r\nSince the very beginning of Burma’s independence, the ”ethnic question” has been its “Achilles' heel”. The inability of setting stable relation between the Burman majority and non-Burman minorities led to the outbreak of a civil war and directly contributed to the failure of creating successful, modern Burmese statehood. In this work I borrow Immanuel Wallerstein's concept of core-periphery and apply it to the Burmese conditions, my main argument being that the center vs periphery conflict has been the most important domestic problem of Burma. The “ethnic question” directly, though not exclusively, contributed to the army’s growing importance and its coup d’état in 1962. Until 1988 this never ending conflict created a political stalemate – none of the sides was able to achieve victory. This changed in the last period of last 25 years, when the Burmese army became able to beat most of the guerilla units and achieved an unprecedented in history, direct control over most of Burma’s territories. The victory, however, has never been complete: in the deep peripheries, some minorities, like Kachins and Was, not only defended their autonomy, but became more and more vulnerable to China’s influence. In the changing geopolitical situation, in which Burma suddenly becomes the playground for US-China rivalry, this may have a devastating effect for the Burmese state. \r\n\r\n(….)\r\n\r\nThe ethnic question remains the key aspect of Burma’s domestic policy. It is the toughest challenge standing in front of this changing country and is potentially the biggest obstacle on the way to a much awaited success. If this question is skillfully solved, it may bring Burma back to its lost regional power status, but if it remains unsolved, we might see history repeating itself in Burma, with a renewed destabilization along the ethnic lines. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33280271,"asset_id":6501150,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false},{"id":33280269,"asset_id":6501150,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10359623,"first_name":"Michal","last_name":"Lubina","domain_name":"jagiellonian","page_name":"MichalLubina","display_name":"Michal Lubina","profile_url":"https://jagiellonian.academia.edu/MichalLubina?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10359623/3158824/34436694/s65_michal.lubina.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":294,"name":"Ethnic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":5453,"name":"Race and Ethnicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Ethnicity?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":7978,"name":"Political History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":28981,"name":"Ethnic Conflict and Civil War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_Conflict_and_Civil_War?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37372284" data-work_id="37372284" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37372284/Flight_school_for_the_spirit_of_Myanmar_Aerial_nationalism_and_Burmese_Japanese_cinematic_collaboration_in_the_1930s">Flight school for the spirit of Myanmar: Aerial nationalism and Burmese- Japanese cinematic collaboration in the 1930s</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In 1935, two Burmese filmmakers traveled to Tokyo with the intention of acquiring the latest sound recording equipment and training in sound-on-film production. In addition to these stated goals, in Japan they co-produced the feature film... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37372284" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In 1935, two Burmese filmmakers traveled to Tokyo with the intention of acquiring the latest sound recording equipment and training in sound-on-film production. In addition to these stated goals, in Japan they co-produced the feature film Japan Yin Thwe/Nippon Musume, 'Japanese Darling.' The film depicts daring young Burmese aviators and a budding romance with a Japanese woman. The active harnessing of the symbolic capital of aviation – the ideological notion of airmindedness – through the mimetic capacities of cinema, could be seen as a prescient example of Pan-Asianism, predating Daitoa Kyoeiken 'Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere' propaganda. The film's explicit encouragement of Burmese techno-nationalism offers a compelling contrast to other examples of anti-colonial nationalism, which emphasize notions of ethnic history and Buddhist morality and concerns of religious decline in the face of foreign imperialism. However, a comprehensive analysis of the film industry and commercial aviation in Japan in the 1930s reveals a structural impetus for this collaboration, arguably overshadowing ideological motivations and results. The penultimate scene is a lovelorn farewell: two handsome young Burmese aviators sporting flight gear, leather helmets, and goggles wave goodbye as they climb into their aeroplane. A heartbroken Japanese woman in a kimono stands adjacent at the Tokyo airfield; she runs up to the plane before it leaves and shouts to her lover, wishing him success in his journey. The young pilots set out on their flight to Rangoon, and we watch their plane take off into the horizon.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37372284" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8a39ec9bd7e9d4be4ebf277ac14bcf71" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57334259,"asset_id":37372284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57334259/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="721468" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/JaneFerguson">Jane M Ferguson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="721468" type="text/json">{"id":721468,"first_name":"Jane","last_name":"Ferguson","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"JaneFerguson","display_name":"Jane M Ferguson","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/JaneFerguson?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/721468/246463/104482452/s65_jane.ferguson.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37372284 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37372284"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37372284, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37372284", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37372284]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37372284").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37372284").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37372284"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Cinema">Japanese Cinema</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6696" type="text/json">{"id":6696,"name":"Japanese Cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Cinema?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12100" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aviation">Aviation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12100" type="text/json">{"id":12100,"name":"Aviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aviation?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14452" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aviation_History_Transport_History_">Aviation History (Transport History)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14452" type="text/json">{"id":14452,"name":"Aviation History (Transport History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aviation_History_Transport_History_?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19258" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cinema">Cinema</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="19258" type="text/json">{"id":19258,"name":"Cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cinema?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37372284]'), work: {"id":37372284,"title":"Flight school for the spirit of Myanmar: Aerial nationalism and Burmese- Japanese cinematic collaboration in the 1930s","created_at":"2018-09-10T01:53:09.504-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37372284/Flight_school_for_the_spirit_of_Myanmar_Aerial_nationalism_and_Burmese_Japanese_cinematic_collaboration_in_the_1930s?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_37372284","summary":"In 1935, two Burmese filmmakers traveled to Tokyo with the intention of acquiring the latest sound recording equipment and training in sound-on-film production. In addition to these stated goals, in Japan they co-produced the feature film Japan Yin Thwe/Nippon Musume, 'Japanese Darling.' The film depicts daring young Burmese aviators and a budding romance with a Japanese woman. The active harnessing of the symbolic capital of aviation – the ideological notion of airmindedness – through the mimetic capacities of cinema, could be seen as a prescient example of Pan-Asianism, predating Daitoa Kyoeiken 'Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere' propaganda. The film's explicit encouragement of Burmese techno-nationalism offers a compelling contrast to other examples of anti-colonial nationalism, which emphasize notions of ethnic history and Buddhist morality and concerns of religious decline in the face of foreign imperialism. However, a comprehensive analysis of the film industry and commercial aviation in Japan in the 1930s reveals a structural impetus for this collaboration, arguably overshadowing ideological motivations and results. The penultimate scene is a lovelorn farewell: two handsome young Burmese aviators sporting flight gear, leather helmets, and goggles wave goodbye as they climb into their aeroplane. A heartbroken Japanese woman in a kimono stands adjacent at the Tokyo airfield; she runs up to the plane before it leaves and shouts to her lover, wishing him success in his journey. The young pilots set out on their flight to Rangoon, and we watch their plane take off into the horizon.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57334259,"asset_id":37372284,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":721468,"first_name":"Jane","last_name":"Ferguson","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"JaneFerguson","display_name":"Jane M Ferguson","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/JaneFerguson?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/721468/246463/104482452/s65_jane.ferguson.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":6696,"name":"Japanese Cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Japanese_Cinema?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":12100,"name":"Aviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aviation?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":14452,"name":"Aviation History (Transport History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aviation_History_Transport_History_?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":19258,"name":"Cinema","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cinema?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_24013988" data-work_id="24013988" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/24013988/Interview_with_Melford_E_Spiro_Dec_2013_2015_">Interview with Melford E. Spiro - Dec. 2013 (2015)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><a href="http://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb16058659" rel="nofollow">http://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb16058659</a></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/24013988" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4ca9f9ecbb7b4b2163ebea31e91e8969" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44394520,"asset_id":24013988,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44394520/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22299165" href="https://uh.academia.edu/KeithMcNeal">Keith McNeal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22299165" type="text/json">{"id":22299165,"first_name":"Keith","last_name":"McNeal","domain_name":"uh","page_name":"KeithMcNeal","display_name":"Keith McNeal","profile_url":"https://uh.academia.edu/KeithMcNeal?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22299165/12119658/13499703/s65_keith.mcneal.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_24013988 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="24013988"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 24013988, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_24013988", }); 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South Asia Research Series (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In the Shade of the Golden Palace explores the work of the prolific Bengali poet Ālāol (fl. 1651-71), who translated five narrative poems and one versified treatise from medieval Hindi and Persian into Bengali. The book maps the genres,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35109178" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In the Shade of the Golden Palace explores the work of the prolific Bengali poet Ālāol (fl. 1651-71), who translated five narrative poems and one versified treatise from medieval Hindi and Persian into Bengali. The book maps the genres, structures, and themes of Ālāol's works, paying special attention to his discourse on poetics and his literary genealogy, which included Sanskrit, Avadhi, Maithili, Persian, and Bengali authors. D'Hubert focuses on courtly speech in Ālāol’s poetry, his revisiting of classical categories in a vernacular context, and the prominent role of performing arts in his conceptualization of the poetics of the written word. The foregrounding of this audacious theory of meaning in Ālāol’s poetry is a crucial contribution of the book, both in terms of general conceptual analysis and for its significance in the history of Bengali poetry. <br /> <br />This book shows how multilingual literacy fostered a variety of literary experiments in the remote kingdom of Arakan, which lay between present-day southeastern Bangladesh and Myanmar, in the mid-17th century. D'Hubert also presents a detailed analysis of Middle Bengali narrative poems, as well as translations of Old Maithili, Brajabuli, and Middle Bengali lyric poems that illustrate the major poetic styles in the regional courts of eastern South Asia. In the Shade of the Golden Palace therefore fulfills three functions: it is a unique guide for readers of Middle Bengali poetry, a detailed study of the cultural history of the frontier region of Arakan, and an original contribution to the poetics of South Asian literatures.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35109178" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4653700237fc9dd31fe107c2870a7d10" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56359208,"asset_id":35109178,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56359208/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8489787" href="https://chicago.academia.edu/ThibautdHubert">Thibaut d'Hubert</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8489787" type="text/json">{"id":8489787,"first_name":"Thibaut","last_name":"d'Hubert","domain_name":"chicago","page_name":"ThibautdHubert","display_name":"Thibaut d'Hubert","profile_url":"https://chicago.academia.edu/ThibautdHubert?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8489787/11138863/12430500/s65_thibaut.d_hubert.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35109178 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35109178"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35109178, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35109178", }); 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D'Hubert focuses on courtly speech in Ālāol’s poetry, his revisiting of classical categories in a vernacular context, and the prominent role of performing arts in his conceptualization of the poetics of the written word. The foregrounding of this audacious theory of meaning in Ālāol’s poetry is a crucial contribution of the book, both in terms of general conceptual analysis and for its significance in the history of Bengali poetry. \r\n\r\nThis book shows how multilingual literacy fostered a variety of literary experiments in the remote kingdom of Arakan, which lay between present-day southeastern Bangladesh and Myanmar, in the mid-17th century. D'Hubert also presents a detailed analysis of Middle Bengali narrative poems, as well as translations of Old Maithili, Brajabuli, and Middle Bengali lyric poems that illustrate the major poetic styles in the regional courts of eastern South Asia. In the Shade of the Golden Palace therefore fulfills three functions: it is a unique guide for readers of Middle Bengali poetry, a detailed study of the cultural history of the frontier region of Arakan, and an original contribution to the poetics of South Asian literatures.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56359208,"asset_id":35109178,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8489787,"first_name":"Thibaut","last_name":"d'Hubert","domain_name":"chicago","page_name":"ThibautdHubert","display_name":"Thibaut d'Hubert","profile_url":"https://chicago.academia.edu/ThibautdHubert?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8489787/11138863/12430500/s65_thibaut.d_hubert.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1228,"name":"Medieval 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Houtman","profile_url":"https://therai.academia.edu/GustaafHoutman?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/898154/2321082/2707871/s65_gustaaf.houtman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":1031,"name":"Southeast Asian Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asian_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":6746,"name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Southeast_Asia?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":12739,"name":"Second World War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":29170,"name":"Burma","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":198088,"name":"Aung San Suu Kyi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_9587031" data-work_id="9587031" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9587031/New_Technologies_Established_Practices_Developing_Narratives_of_Muslim_Threat_in_Myanmar">New Technologies, Established Practices: Developing Narratives of Muslim Threat in Myanmar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This chapter was prompted by concern for Buddhist-Muslim violence in Myanmar. Drawing methodological inspiration from a study into the significance of mobile phones in India (Jeffrey and Doron 2013; 2012), the chapter asks: What are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_9587031" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This chapter was prompted by concern for Buddhist-Muslim violence in Myanmar. Drawing methodological inspiration from a study into the significance of mobile phones in India (Jeffrey and Doron 2013; 2012), the chapter asks: What are established communication practices in Myanmar that might be disrupted – or align particularly powerfully – with the growing use of new technologies and media that will arrive along with telecommunications networks? The chapter seeks to answer this question using an approach of ‘observant participation’ (Vargas, in Hale & Calhoun 2008), drawing from experiences living in western Yangon and participating in activist networks seeking to disrupt anti-Muslim violence. After a section (I) detailing technological change under way in Myanmar, the chapter turns to a discussion of those established practices (habitus; metis) developed to communicate during life under authoritarian rule (section II). The section following then explores everyday narratives regarding Islam as they are currently produced by organized political forces and circulate online and through everyday life in western Yangon (section III). The final section (IV) discusses potential alignments between new technologies and established practices, situated in the context of these narratives.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/9587031" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c31badc15ef19d33d0209ead271c0664" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36823425,"asset_id":9587031,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36823425/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="10417404" href="https://umich.academia.edu/MattSchissler">Matt Schissler</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="10417404" type="text/json">{"id":10417404,"first_name":"Matt","last_name":"Schissler","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"MattSchissler","display_name":"Matt Schissler","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/MattSchissler?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10417404/7587016/8516678/s65_matt.schissler.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_9587031 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="9587031"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 9587031, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_9587031", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=9587031]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_9587031").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_9587031").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="9587031"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies">Buddhist Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2906" type="text/json">{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5878" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism">Nationalism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5878" type="text/json">{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9246" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media">Social Media</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9246" type="text/json">{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11150" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies">Islamic Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="11150" type="text/json">{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=9587031]'), work: {"id":9587031,"title":"New Technologies, Established Practices: Developing Narratives of Muslim Threat in Myanmar","created_at":"2014-12-01T23:22:19.230-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/9587031/New_Technologies_Established_Practices_Developing_Narratives_of_Muslim_Threat_in_Myanmar?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_9587031","summary":"This chapter was prompted by concern for Buddhist-Muslim violence in Myanmar. Drawing methodological inspiration from a study into the significance of mobile phones in India (Jeffrey and Doron 2013; 2012), the chapter asks: What are established communication practices in Myanmar that might be disrupted – or align particularly powerfully – with the growing use of new technologies and media that will arrive along with telecommunications networks? The chapter seeks to answer this question using an approach of ‘observant participation’ (Vargas, in Hale \u0026 Calhoun 2008), drawing from experiences living in western Yangon and participating in activist networks seeking to disrupt anti-Muslim violence. After a section (I) detailing technological change under way in Myanmar, the chapter turns to a discussion of those established practices (habitus; metis) developed to communicate during life under authoritarian rule (section II). The section following then explores everyday narratives regarding Islam as they are currently produced by organized political forces and circulate online and through everyday life in western Yangon (section III). The final section (IV) discusses potential alignments between new technologies and established practices, situated in the context of these narratives.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36823425,"asset_id":9587031,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":10417404,"first_name":"Matt","last_name":"Schissler","domain_name":"umich","page_name":"MattSchissler","display_name":"Matt Schissler","profile_url":"https://umich.academia.edu/MattSchissler?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/10417404/7587016/8516678/s65_matt.schissler.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2906,"name":"Buddhist Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Buddhist_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":9246,"name":"Social Media","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Social_Media?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":11150,"name":"Islamic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islamic_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":13872,"name":"Facebook","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Facebook?f_ri=27881"},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":58119,"name":"Facebook Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Facebook_Studies?f_ri=27881"},{"id":121209,"name":"Burma Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Myanmar?f_ri=27881"},{"id":314506,"name":"political research for democracy and human rights in Burma (Myanmar).","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/political_research_for_democracy_and_human_rights_in_Burma_Myanmar_?f_ri=27881"},{"id":960598,"name":"Religious and Political Violence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Religious_and_Political_Violence?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_4005541" data-work_id="4005541" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4005541/Categorizing_Gender_in_Queer_Yangon">Categorizing Gender in Queer Yangon</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">“Queer” research invariably entails practices of labelling and ascription, often through the adoption of local vernacular categories from the field. In Myanmar, practices of labelling are commonly unarticulated, and local terms are... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_4005541" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">“Queer” research invariably entails practices of labelling and ascription, often through the adoption of local vernacular categories from the field. In Myanmar, practices of labelling are commonly unarticulated, and local terms are contested. Acts of categorization are thus challenged. The two dominant, non-gender normative subject positions are “open”, denoting a feminine image, and “hider”, denoting a masculine image. An examination of the elements of external image, internal mind/heart and karma and of the boundaries between Burmese “open” and “hider” subject positions permits a better understanding of these positions. While Burmese “queer” categories mark out a field of gender liminality, their use for individual ascription complicates existing conventions.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/4005541" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9b9b86f16cd4a07e476bdba420f19f0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33242502,"asset_id":4005541,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33242502/download_file?st=MTczMzAzNzAyNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2757932" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/DavidGilbert">David Gilbert</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2757932" type="text/json">{"id":2757932,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Gilbert","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"DavidGilbert","display_name":"David Gilbert","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/DavidGilbert?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2757932/895844/2953388/s65_david.gilbert.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_4005541 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="4005541"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4005541, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_4005541", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_4005541 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4005541; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_4005541"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_4005541 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4005541"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4005541; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4005541]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_4005541").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_4005541").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="4005541"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="696" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies">Gender Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="696" type="text/json">{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="699" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies">Queer Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="699" type="text/json">{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5272" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_">Identity (Culture)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5272" type="text/json">{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27881" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies">Burma Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27881" type="text/json">{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=4005541]'), work: {"id":4005541,"title":"Categorizing Gender in Queer Yangon","created_at":"2013-07-11T13:53:31.299-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/4005541/Categorizing_Gender_in_Queer_Yangon?f_ri=27881","dom_id":"work_4005541","summary":"“Queer” research invariably entails practices of labelling and ascription, often through the adoption of local vernacular categories from the field. In Myanmar, practices of labelling are commonly unarticulated, and local terms are contested. Acts of categorization are thus challenged. The two dominant, non-gender normative subject positions are “open”, denoting a feminine image, and “hider”, denoting a masculine image. An examination of the elements of external image, internal mind/heart and karma and of the boundaries between Burmese “open” and “hider” subject positions permits a better understanding of these positions. While Burmese “queer” categories mark out a field of gender liminality, their use for individual ascription complicates existing conventions.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33242502,"asset_id":4005541,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2757932,"first_name":"David","last_name":"Gilbert","domain_name":"anu-au","page_name":"DavidGilbert","display_name":"David Gilbert","profile_url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/DavidGilbert?f_ri=27881","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2757932/895844/2953388/s65_david.gilbert.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":696,"name":"Gender Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":699,"name":"Queer Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Queer_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":5272,"name":"Identity (Culture)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identity_Culture_?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":27881,"name":"Burma Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?f_ri=27881","nofollow":false},{"id":53953,"name":"Myanmar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar?f_ri=27881"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?after=50%2C4005541" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Burma_Studies?page=last">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"><div class="panel panel-flat u-mt7x"><div class="panel-heading u-p5x"><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-taCenter u-fw700 u-textUppercase">Related Topics</div></div><ul class="list-group"><li class="list-group-item media_v2 u-mt0x u-p3x"><div class="media-body"><div class="u-tcGrayDarker u-fw700"><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Myanmar">Myanmar</a></div></div><div 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