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href="#Viking_Age_and_Norse_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Viking Age and Norse kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viking_Age_and_Norse_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_of_Norse_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_of_Norse_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decline of Norse rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_of_Norse_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_dominance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_dominance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>English dominance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_dominance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early Modern period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_Modern_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early Modern period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_and_Interregnum;_1642_to_1660" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_and_Interregnum;_1642_to_1660"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wars of the Three Kingdoms and Interregnum; 1642 to 1660</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_and_Interregnum;_1642_to_1660-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1660_Restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1660_Restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1660 Restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1660_Restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revestment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revestment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Revestment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revestment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Isle of Man</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="আইল অব ম্যানের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইল অব ম্যানের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_l%27Illa_de_Man" title="Història de l'Illa de Man – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de l'Illa de Man" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes_Ynys_Manaw" title="Hanes Ynys Manaw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hanes Ynys Manaw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_Isla_de_Man" title="Historia de la Isla de Man – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de la Isla de Man" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27%C3%AEle_de_Man" title="Histoire de l'île de Man – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'île de Man" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiednis_fan_Man" title="Skiednis fan Man – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skiednis fan Man" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shennaghys_Vannin" title="Shennaghys Vannin – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shennaghys Vannin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մեն կղզու պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեն կղզու պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Pulau_Man" title="Sejarah Pulau Man – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Pulau Man" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_dell%27Isola_di_Man" title="Storia dell'Isola di Man – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia dell'Isola di Man" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man-sziget_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="A Man-sziget történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A Man-sziget történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_het_eiland_Man" title="Geschiedenis van het eiland Man – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van het eiland Man" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mans_historie" title="Mans historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mans historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="История острова Мэн – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История острова Мэн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%B3%B6%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="曼島歷史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼島歷史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q459160#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" 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data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Special:EditPage/History of the Isle of Man">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+the+Isle+of+Man%22">"History of the Isle of Man"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+the+Isle+of+Man%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+the+Isle+of+Man%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+the+Isle+of+Man%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+the+Isle+of+Man%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+the+Isle+of+Man%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> had become physically separated from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> by 6500 BC. It appears that colonisation took place by sea sometime during the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> era (about 6500 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Brad8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brad8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island has been visited by various <a href="/wiki/Raid_(military)" title="Raid (military)">raiders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trading peoples</a> over the years. After being settled by people from Ireland in the first millennium <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a>, the Isle of Man was converted to Christianity and then suffered raids by <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a> from <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. After becoming subject to Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mann and the Isles">Kingdom of Mann and the Isles</a>, the Isle of Man later became a possession of the Scottish and then the English crowns. </p><p>Since 1866, the Isle of Man has been a <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependency" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Dependency">Crown Dependency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-government" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-government">self-government</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_House_of_Keys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Old_House_of_Keys.jpg/220px-Old_House_of_Keys.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Old_House_of_Keys.jpg/330px-Old_House_of_Keys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Old_House_of_Keys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Old_House_of_Keys" title="Old House of Keys">Old House of Keys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castletown,_Isle_of_Man" title="Castletown, Isle of Man">Castletown</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish.Sea.at.Man.cross.section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Irish.Sea.at.Man.cross.section.jpg/150px-Irish.Sea.at.Man.cross.section.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Irish.Sea.at.Man.cross.section.jpg/225px-Irish.Sea.at.Man.cross.section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Irish.Sea.at.Man.cross.section.jpg/300px-Irish.Sea.at.Man.cross.section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="420" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of the Irish Sea through Man, showing sea levels.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIIC_504.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/CIIC_504.gif/150px-CIIC_504.gif" decoding="async" width="150" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/CIIC_504.gif/225px-CIIC_504.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/CIIC_504.gif 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> stone from the Isle of Man showing the <i>droim</i> in centre. Text reads BIVAIDONAS MAQI MUCOI CUNAVA[LI]; in English: Of Bivaidonas, son of the tribe Cunava[li].</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mesolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Isle of Man effectively became an island around 8,500 years ago at around the time when rising sea levels caused by the melting glaciers cut <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> Britain off from continental Europe for the last time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There had earlier been a land bridge between the Isle of Man and Cumbria, but the location and opening of the land bridge remain poorly understood.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest traces of people on the Isle of Man date back to the Mesolithic Period (Middle Stone Age, 8000 BC - 4000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first residents lived in small natural shelters, <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunting, gathering and fishing</a> for their food. They used small tools made of <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> or bone, examples of which have been found near the coast. Examples of these artifacts are kept at the <a href="/wiki/Manx_National_Heritage" title="Manx National Heritage">Manx National Heritage</a> museum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic_to_Bronze_Age">Neolithic to Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neolithic to Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Period marked the coming of <a href="/wiki/Farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Farming">farming</a>, improved <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>. During this period <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic monuments</a> began to appear around the island. Examples are found at <a href="/wiki/Cashtal_yn_Ard" title="Cashtal yn Ard">Cashtal yn Ard</a> near <a href="/wiki/Maughold" title="Maughold">Maughold</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_Orry%27s_Grave" title="King Orry's Grave">King Orry's Grave</a> in <a href="/wiki/Laxey" title="Laxey">Laxey</a>, Meayll Circle near <a href="/wiki/Cregneash" title="Cregneash">Cregneash</a>, and Ballaharra Stones in <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s,_Isle_of_Man" title="St John's, Isle of Man">St John's</a>. The builders of the megaliths were not the only culture during this time; there are also remains of the local <a href="/wiki/Ronaldsway_culture" title="Ronaldsway culture">Ronaldsway culture</a> (lasting from the late Neolithic into the Bronze Age). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> marked the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> cultural influence. Large <a href="/wiki/Hill_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">hill forts</a> appeared on hill summits and smaller promontory forts along the coastal cliffs, while large timber-framed <a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">roundhouses</a> were built. </p><p>It is likely that the first Celts to inhabit the Island were <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Brythonic</a> tribes from mainland Britain. The secular history of the Isle of Man during the Brythonic period remains mysterious. It is not known if the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Romans</a> ever made a landing on the island and if they did, little evidence has been discovered. There is evidence for contact with Roman Britain as an <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> was discovered at the settlement on the <a href="/wiki/South_Barrule" title="South Barrule">South Barrule</a>; it is hypothesised this may have been trade goods or plunder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is generally assumed that Irish invasion or immigration formed the basis of the modern Manx language; Irish migration to the island probably began in the 5th century AD. This is evident in the change in language used in <a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> inscriptions. The transition between <i>Manx Brythonic</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Brythonic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Brythonic languages">Brythonic language</a> like modern <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Manx_Gaelic" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx Gaelic">Manx Gaelic</a></i> (a <a href="/wiki/Goidelic_languages" title="Goidelic languages">Goidelic language</a> like modern <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>) may have been gradual. One question is whether the present-day Manx language survives from pre-Norse days or reflects a linguistic reintroduction after the Norse invasion. The island lends its name to <i><a href="/wiki/Manann%C3%A1n_mac_Lir" title="Manannán mac Lir">Manannán</a></i>, the Brythonic and Gaelic sea god who is said in myth to have once ruled the island. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tradition attributes the island's conversion to Christianity to <a href="/wiki/St_Maughold" class="mw-redirect" title="St Maughold">St Maughold</a> (Maccul), an Irish missionary who gives his name to a parish. There are the remains of around 200 tiny early chapels called <a href="/wiki/Keeill" title="Keeill">keeils</a> scattered across the island. Evidence such as <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetic_drift&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetic drift (page does not exist)">magnetic drift</a> points to many of these being built around AD 550–600.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Brythonic</a> culture of <i>Manaw</i> appears throughout early British tradition and later <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">Welsh writings</a>. The family origins of <a href="/wiki/Gwriad_ap_Elidyr" title="Gwriad ap Elidyr">Gwriad ap Elidyr</a> (father of <a href="/wiki/Merfyn_Frych" title="Merfyn Frych">Merfyn Frych</a> and grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodri the Great">Rhodri the Great</a>) are attributed to a <i>Manaw</i> and he is sometimes named as <i>Gwriad Manaw</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd324_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd324-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1896 discovery of a cross inscribed <i>Crux Guriat</i> (Cross of Gwriad) and dated to the 8th or 9th century greatly supports this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKermode189748–53_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKermode189748–53-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best record of any event before the incursions of the Northmen is attributed to <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1et%C3%A1n_mac_Cairill" title="Báetán mac Cairill">Báetán mac Cairill</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, who (according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Ulster" title="Annals of Ulster">Annals of Ulster</a></i>) led an expedition to Man in 577–578, imposing his authority on the island (though some have thought this event may refer to <a href="/wiki/Manaw_Gododdin" title="Manaw Gododdin">Manau Gododdin</a> between the Firths of <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Clyde" title="Firth of Clyde">Clyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Forth</a>, rather than the Isle of Man).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Báetán's death in 581, his rival <a href="/wiki/%C3%81ed%C3%A1n_mac_Gabr%C3%A1in" title="Áedán mac Gabráin">Áedán mac Gabráin</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>, is said to have taken the island in 582. </p><p>Even if the supposed conquest of the Menavian islands – Mann and <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a> – by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a>, in 616, did take place, it could not have led to any permanent results, for when the English were driven from the coasts of <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> soon afterwards, they could not well have retained their hold on the island to the west of these coasts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One can speculate, however, that when <a href="/wiki/Ecgfrith_of_Northumbria" title="Ecgfrith of Northumbria">Ecgfrið</a>'s Northumbrians laid Ireland waste from Dublin to <a href="/wiki/Drogheda" title="Drogheda">Drogheda</a> in 684, they temporarily occupied Mann.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viking_Age_and_Norse_kingdom">Viking Age and Norse kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Viking Age and Norse kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Kingdom of the Isles</a></div> <p>The period of Scandinavian domination is divided into two main epochs – before and after the conquest of Mann by <a href="/wiki/Godred_Crovan" title="Godred Crovan">Godred Crovan</a> in 1079. Warfare and unsettled rule characterise the earlier epoch, the later saw comparatively more peace. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/220px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/330px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg/440px-Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1297" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mann and the Isles">Kingdom of Mann and the Isles</a> about the year 1100. Sodor and Mann in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between about AD 800 and 815 the Vikings came to Mann chiefly for plunder. Between about 850 and 990, when they settled, the island fell under the rule of the Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Dublin">Kings of Dublin</a> and between 990 and 1079, it became subject to the powerful <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Orkney" title="Earl of Orkney">Earls of Orkney</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a mint producing coins on Mann between c. 1025 and c. 1065. These Manx coins were minted from an imported type 2 <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Norse">Hiberno-Norse</a> penny die from <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. Hiberno-Norse coins were first minted under Sihtric, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Dublin">King of Dublin</a>. This illustrates that Mann may have been under the thumb of Dublin at this time. </p><p>Little is known about the conqueror, <a href="/wiki/Godred_Crovan" title="Godred Crovan">Godred Crovan</a>. According to the <i>Chronicon Manniae</i> he subdued Dublin, and a great part of <a href="/wiki/Leinster" title="Leinster">Leinster</a>, and held the Scots in such subjection that supposedly no one who set out to build a vessel dared to insert more than three bolts. The memory of such a ruler would be likely to survive in tradition, and it seems probable therefore that he is the person commemorated in Manx legend under the name of King Gorse or Orry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mann_and_the_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mann and the Isles">Kingdom of Mann and the Isles</a> in around 1079 including the south-western islands of Scotland until 1164, when two separate kingdoms were formed from it. In 1154, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Sodor_and_Man" title="Diocese of Sodor and Man">Diocese of Sodor and Man</a>, was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. </p><p>The islands under his rule were called the <i>Suðr-eyjar</i> (South isles, in contrast to the <i>Norðr-eyjar</i> North isles", i.e. Orkney and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a>), consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a>, all the smaller western islands of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, and Mann. At a later date his successors took the title of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Rex Manniae et Insularum</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/King_of_Mann_and_the_Isles" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Mann and the Isles">King of Mann and of the Isles</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdom's capital was on <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Isle" title="St Patrick's Isle">St Patrick's Isle</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Peel_Castle" title="Peel Castle">Peel Castle</a> was built on the site of a Celtic monastery. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Olaf_I_Godredsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf I Godredsson">Olaf</a>, Godred's son, exercised considerable power and according to the Chronicle, maintained such close alliance with the kings of Ireland and Scotland that no one ventured to disturb the Isles during his time (1113–1152). In 1156 his son <a href="/wiki/Godred_II_Olafsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Godred II Olafsson">Godred</a> (reigned 1153–1158), who for a short period also ruled over Dublin, lost the smaller islands off the coast of Argyll as a result of a quarrel with <a href="/wiki/Somerled" title="Somerled">Somerled</a> (the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Argyll" title="Argyll">Argyll</a>). An independent sovereignty thus appeared between<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the two divisions of his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1130s the Catholic Church sent a small mission to establish the first <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">bishopric</a> on the Isle of Man, and appointed <a href="/wiki/Wimund" title="Wimund">Wimund</a> as the first bishop. He soon afterwards embarked with a band of followers on a career of murder and looting throughout Scotland and the surrounding islands. </p><p>During the whole of the Scandinavian period, the Isles remained nominally under the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Norway">Kings of Norway</a> but the Norwegians only occasionally asserted it with any vigour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first such king to assert control over the region was likely <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Norway">Magnus Barelegs</a>, at the turn of the 12th century. It was not until Hakon Hakonarson's 1263 expedition that another king returned to the Isles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_of_Norse_rule">Decline of Norse rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline of Norse rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NW_Britain_11th_cent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/NW_Britain_11th_cent.jpg/300px-NW_Britain_11th_cent.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/NW_Britain_11th_cent.jpg/450px-NW_Britain_11th_cent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/NW_Britain_11th_cent.jpg/600px-NW_Britain_11th_cent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>11th century (north is to the right)</figcaption></figure> <p>From the middle of the 12th century until 1217 the suzerainty had remained of a very shadowy character; Norway had become a prey to civil dissensions. But after that date it became a reality, and Norway consequently came into collision with the growing power of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">kingdom of Scotland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early in the 13th century, when <a href="/wiki/Ragnald_IV_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragnald IV of the Isle of Man">Ragnald</a> (reigned 1187–1229) paid homage to King <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a> (reigned 1199–1216), we hear for the first time of English intervention in the affairs of Mann.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But a period of Scots domination would precede the establishment of full English control. </p><p>Finally, in 1261, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Scotland" title="Alexander III of Scotland">Alexander III of Scotland</a> sent envoys to Norway to negotiate for the cession of the isles, but their efforts led to no result. He therefore initiated a war, which ended in the indecisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Largs" title="Battle of Largs">Battle of Largs</a> against the Norwegian fleet in 1263. However, the Norwegian king <a href="/wiki/Haakon_IV_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon IV of Norway">Haakon Haakonsson</a> died the following winter, and this allowed King Alexander to bring the war to a successful conclusion. <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Olafsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus Olafsson">Magnus Olafsson, King of Mann and the Isles</a> (reigned 1252–1265), who had campaigned on the Norwegian side, had to surrender all the islands over which he had ruled, except Mann, for which he did <a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">homage</a>. Two years later Magnus died and in 1266 King <a href="/wiki/Magnus_VI_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus VI of Norway">Magnus VI of Norway</a> ceded the islands, including Mann, to Scotland in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Perth" title="Treaty of Perth">Treaty of Perth</a> in consideration of the sum of 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Mark_(money)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (money)">marks</a> (known as <span title="Scots-language text"><i lang="sco">merks</i></span> in Scotland) and an <a href="/wiki/Annuity" title="Annuity">annuity</a> of 100 marks. But Scotland's rule over Mann did not become firmly established until 1275, when the Manx suffered defeat in the decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronaldsway" title="Battle of Ronaldsway">Battle of Ronaldsway</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Castletown,_Isle_of_Man" title="Castletown, Isle of Man">Castletown</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537–538_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537–538-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_dominance">English dominance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: English dominance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1290 King <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> sent <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Huntercombe,_1st_Baron_Huntercombe" title="Walter de Huntercombe, 1st Baron Huntercombe">Walter de Huntercombe</a> to seize possession of Mann, and it remained in English hands until 1313, when <a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert I of Scotland">Robert Bruce</a> took it after besieging <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rushen" title="Castle Rushen">Castle Rushen</a> for five weeks. In about 1333 King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> granted Mann to <a href="/wiki/William_Montacute,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury" class="mw-redirect" title="William Montacute, 1st Earl of Salisbury">William de Montacute</a>, 3rd <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> Montacute (later the 1st <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a>), as his absolute possession, without reserving any service to be rendered to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then, in 1346, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neville%27s_Cross" title="Battle of Neville's Cross">Battle of Neville's Cross</a> decided the long struggle between England and Scotland in England's favour.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/David_II_of_Scotland" title="David II of Scotland">David II of Scotland</a>, Robert Bruce's last male heir, had been captured in the Battle of Neville's Cross and ransomed; however, when Scotland was unable to raise one of the ransom instalments, David made a secret agreement with King <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III of England</a> to cancel it, in return for transferring the Scottish kingdom to an English prince. </p><p>Following the secret agreement, there followed a confused period when Mann sometimes experienced English rule and sometimes Scottish. In 1388 the island was "ravaged" by <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Douglas_of_Nithsdale" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale">Sir William Douglas of Nithsdale</a> on his way home from the destruction of the town of <a href="/wiki/Carlingford,_County_Louth" title="Carlingford, County Louth">Carlingford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1392 William de Montacute's son sold the island, including sovereignty, to Sir <a href="/wiki/William_le_Scrope" class="mw-redirect" title="William le Scrope">William le Scrope</a>. In 1399 <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_England" title="Henry IV of England">Henry Bolinbroke</a> brought about the beheading of Le Scrope, who had taken the side of <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> when Bolinbroke usurped the throne and appointed himself Henry IV. The island then came into the de facto possession of Henry, who granted it to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Percy,_1st_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland">Henry Percy, 1st Earl of Northumberland</a>; but following the latter's later attainder, Henry IV, in 1405, made a lifetime grant of it, with the patronage of the bishopric, to Sir <a href="/wiki/John_I_Stanley_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="John I Stanley of the Isle of Man">John Stanley</a>. In 1406 this grant was extended – on a <a href="/wiki/Feudatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudatory">feudatory</a> basis under the English Crown – to Sir John's heirs and assigns, the feudal fee being the service of rendering <a href="/wiki/Homage_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Homage (medieval)">homage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">two falcons</a> to all future Kings of England on their <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Modern_period">Early Modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the accession of the Stanleys to the throne there begins a more settled epoch in Manx history. Though the island's new rulers rarely visited its shores, they placed it under governors, who, in the main, seem to have treated it with the justice of the time. Of the thirteen members of the family who ruled in Mann, the second <a href="/wiki/John_II_Stanley_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="John II Stanley of the Isle of Man">Sir John Stanley</a> (1414–1432), <a href="/wiki/James_Stanley,_7th_Earl_of_Derby" title="James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby">James, the 7th Earl</a> (1627–1651), and the <a href="/wiki/James_Stanley,_10th_Earl_of_Derby" title="James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby">10th Earl of the same name</a> (1702–1736) had the most important influence on it. They first curbed the power of the spiritual barons<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (January 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, introduced trial by jury, which superseded <a href="/wiki/Trial_by_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial by battle">trial by battle</a>, and ordered the laws to be written. The second, known as the Great Stanley, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Stanley,_Countess_of_Derby" title="Charlotte Stanley, Countess of Derby">Charlotte de la Tremoille</a> (or Tremouille), are probably the most striking figures in Manx history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_and_Interregnum;_1642_to_1660"><span id="Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms_and_Interregnum.3B_1642_to_1660"></span>Wars of the Three Kingdoms and Interregnum; 1642 to 1660</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wars of the Three Kingdoms and Interregnum; 1642 to 1660"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Stanley,_7th_Earl_of_Derby_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/James_Stanley%2C_7th_Earl_of_Derby_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg/180px-James_Stanley%2C_7th_Earl_of_Derby_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/James_Stanley%2C_7th_Earl_of_Derby_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg/270px-James_Stanley%2C_7th_Earl_of_Derby_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/James_Stanley%2C_7th_Earl_of_Derby_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg/360px-James_Stanley%2C_7th_Earl_of_Derby_by_Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="497" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Stanley,_7th_Earl_of_Derby" title="James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby">James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> began in June 1643, <a href="/wiki/James_Stanley,_7th_Earl_of_Derby" title="James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby">James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby</a> returned to Mann to find the island on the brink of rebellion. Among the causes were complaints at the level of <a href="/wiki/Tithes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tithes">tithes</a> payable to the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, and Derby's attempts to replace the Manx ‘tenure of straw’ by which many of his tenants held their lands, a customary tenure akin to freehold, with commercial leases. He managed to restore the situation through a series of meetings, but made minimal concessions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Six months after <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a> was executed on 30 January 1649, Derby received a summons from <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ireton" title="Henry Ireton">General Ireton</a> to surrender the island, but declined to do so. In August 1651, he and 300 Manxmen landed in Lancashire to take part in the <a href="/wiki/Third_English_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Third English Civil War">Third English Civil War</a>; defeated at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wigan_Lane" title="Battle of Wigan Lane">Wigan Lane</a> on 25 August 1651, Derby escaped with only 30 troops to join <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>. Captured after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Worcester" title="Battle of Worcester">Battle of Worcester</a> in September, he was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Chester_Castle" title="Chester Castle">Chester Castle</a>, tried by <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a> and executed at <a href="/wiki/Bolton" title="Bolton">Bolton</a> on 15 October.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoward2004_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoward2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after Stanley's death, the Manx Militia, under the command of William Christian (known by his <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a> name of <a href="/wiki/Illiam_Dhone" title="Illiam Dhone">Illiam Dhone</a>), rose against the Countess and captured all the insular forts except Rushen and Peel. They were then joined by a Parliamentarian force sent from the mainland, led by Colonels <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Birch_(English_Parliamentarian)" title="Thomas Birch (English Parliamentarian)">Thomas Birch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Duckenfield" title="Robert Duckenfield">Robert Duckenfield</a>, to whom the Countess surrendered after a brief resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooker185995_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooker185995-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a> had appointed <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax,_3rd_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Fairfax, 3rd Lord Fairfax of Cameron">Thomas Fairfax</a> "Lord of Mann and the Isles" in September 1651, so that Mann continued under a monarchical government and remained in the same relation to England as before.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1660_Restoration">1660 Restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1660 Restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The restoration of Stanley government in 1660 therefore caused as little friction and alteration as its temporary cessation had. One of the first acts of the new Lord, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanley,_8th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby">Charles Stanley, 8th Earl of Derby</a>, was to order Christian to be tried. He was found guilty and executed. Of the other persons implicated in the rebellion only three were excepted from the general amnesty. But by <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">Order in Council</a>, Charles II pardoned them, and the judges responsible for the sentence on Christian were punished.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles Stanley's next act was to dispute the permanency of the tenants' holdings, which they had not at first regarded as being affected by the acceptance of leases, a proceeding which led to an almost open rebellion against his authority and to the neglect of agriculture, in lieu of which the people devoted themselves to the fisheries and to contraband trade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Charles Stanley, who died in 1672, was succeeded first by his son William Richard George Stanley, 9th Earl of Derby until his death in 1702. </p><p>The agrarian question subsided only in 1704, when <a href="/wiki/James_Stanley,_10th_Earl_of_Derby" title="James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby">James Stanley, 10th Earl of Derby</a>, William's brother and successor, largely through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilson_(bishop)" title="Thomas Wilson (bishop)">Bishop Wilson</a>, entered into a compact with his tenants, which became embodied in an Act, called the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1704" title="Act of Settlement 1704">Act of Settlement</a>. Their compact secured the tenants in the possession of their estates in perpetuity subject only to a fixed rent, and a small fine on succession or <a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a>. From the great importance of this act to the Manx people it has been called their <i><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></i>. As time went on, and the value of the estates increased, the rent payable to the Lord became so small in proportion as to be almost nominal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> being extinguished by purchase in 1916. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revestment">Revestment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Revestment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>James died in 1736, and the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the isle passed to <a href="/wiki/James_Murray,_2nd_Duke_of_Atholl" title="James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl">James Murray, 2nd Duke of Atholl</a>, his first cousin and heir general. In 1764 he was succeeded by his only surviving child <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Murray,_Duchess_of_Atholl" title="Charlotte Murray, Duchess of Atholl">Charlotte, Baroness Strange</a>, and her husband, <a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_3rd_Duke_of_Atholl" title="John Murray, 3rd Duke of Atholl">John Murray</a>, who (<a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">in right of</a> his wife) became <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Mann" title="Lord of Mann">Lord of Mann</a>. In about 1720 the <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">contraband trade</a> had greatly increased. In 1726 <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> had checked it somewhat for a time, but during the last ten years of the Atholl regime (1756–1765) it assumed such proportions that, in the interests of the Imperial revenue, it became necessary to suppress it. With a view to so doing, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Purchase_Act_1765" title="Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765">Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765</a> (commonly called the <i>Revestment Act</i> by the Manx), under which it purchased the rights of the Atholls as <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Mann" title="Lord of Mann">Lords of Mann</a>, including the customs revenues of the island, for the sum of £70,000 <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">sterling</a>, and granted an <a href="/wiki/Annuity_(financial_contracts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Annuity (financial contracts)">annuity</a> to the Duke and Duchess. The Atholls still retained their <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manorial</a> rights, the patronage of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Sodor_and_Man" title="Bishop of Sodor and Man">bishopric</a>, and certain other <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perquisites" class="extiw" title="wikt:perquisites">perquisites</a>, until they sold them for the sum of £417,144 in 1828.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iom_mnh_1954_7451_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Iom_mnh_1954_7451_large.jpg/180px-Iom_mnh_1954_7451_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Iom_mnh_1954_7451_large.jpg/270px-Iom_mnh_1954_7451_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Iom_mnh_1954_7451_large.jpg/360px-Iom_mnh_1954_7451_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>The scene in Ramsey Bay after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bishops_Court" title="Battle of Bishops Court">Battle of Bishops Court</a> between the English and French squadrons, enacted off the Manx coast in 1760</figcaption></figure> <p>Up to the time of the revestment<a href="/w/index.php?title=Revestment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revestment (page does not exist)">‌</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/revestment" class="extiw" title="wikt:revestment">wikt</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Tynwald</a> had passed laws concerning the government of the island in all respects and had control over its finances, subject to the approval of the Lord of Mann. After the revestment, or rather after the passage of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Smuggling_Act_1765&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Smuggling Act 1765 (page does not exist)">Smuggling Act 1765</a> (commonly called the<i> Mischief Act</i> by the Manx), the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> at Westminster legislated with respect to customs, harbours and merchant shipping, and, in measures of a general character, it occasionally inserted clauses permitting the enforcement in the island of penalties in contravention of the Acts of which they formed part. It also assumed the control of the insular customs duties. Such changes, rather than the transference of the full <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> to the King of Great Britain and Ireland, modified the (unwritten) constitution of the Isle of Man. Its ancient laws and tenures remained untouched, but in many ways the revestment affected it adversely. The hereditary <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Mann" title="Lord of Mann">Lords of Mann</a> had seldom, if ever, functioned as model rulers, but most of them had taken some personal share in its government, and had interested themselves in the well-being of the inhabitants. But now the whole direction of its affairs became the work of officials who regarded the island as a pestilent nest of smugglers, from which it seemed their duty to extract as much revenue as possible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was some alleviation of this state of things between 1793 and 1826, when <a href="/wiki/John_Murray,_4th_Duke_of_Atholl" title="John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl">John Murray, 4th Duke of Atholl</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Governor of the Isle of Man">governor</a>, since, though he quarrelled with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Keys" title="House of Keys">House of Keys</a> and unduly cared for his own pecuniary interests, he did occasionally exert himself to promote the welfare of the island. After his departure the English officials resumed their sway, but they showed more consideration than before. Moreover, since smuggling, which the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Purchase_Act_1765" title="Isle of Man Purchase Act 1765">Isle of Man Purchase Act</a> had only checked – not suppressed – had by that time almost disappeared, and since the Manx revenue had started to produce a large and increasing surplus, the authorities looked more favourably on the Isle of Man, and, thanks to this fact and to the representations of the Manx people to British ministers in 1837, 1844 and 1853, it obtained a somewhat less stringent customs <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a> and an occasional <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dole" class="extiw" title="wikt:dole">dole</a> towards erecting its much neglected public works.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1866, when the Isle of Man obtained a nominal measure of <a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home Rule</a>, the Manx people have made remarkable progress, and currently form a prosperous community,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a thriving <a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">offshore financial centre</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourist</a> industry (albeit smaller than in the past) and a variety of other industries. </p><p>The Isle of Man was a base for alien civilian <a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">internment</a> camps in both the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> (1914–18) and the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> (1939–45). During the First World War there were two camps: one a requisitioned holiday camp in <a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a> and the other the purpose-built <a href="/wiki/Knockaloe_internment_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Knockaloe internment camp">Knockaloe camp</a> near <a href="/wiki/Peel,_Isle_of_Man" title="Peel, Isle of Man">Peel</a> in the parish of <a href="/wiki/Patrick_(parish)" title="Patrick (parish)">Patrick</a>. During the Second World War there were a number of smaller camps in Douglas, Peel, <a href="/wiki/Port_Erin" title="Port Erin">Port Erin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramsey,_Isle_of_Man" title="Ramsey, Isle of Man">Ramsey</a>. The (now disbanded) <a href="/wiki/Manx_Regiment" title="Manx Regiment">Manx Regiment</a> was raised in 1938 and saw action during the Second World War. </p><p>On 2 August 1973, a <a href="/wiki/Summerland_disaster" title="Summerland disaster">flash fire killed between 50 and 53 people</a> at the Summerland amusement centre in <a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greater_autonomy">Greater autonomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Greater autonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early 20th century saw a revival of music and dance, and a limited revival of the <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx language</a> – although the last "native" speaker of Manx Gaelic died in the 1970s. In July 1947 the <a href="/wiki/Taoiseach" title="Taoiseach">Taoiseach</a> of the Republic of Ireland, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">Éamon de Valera</a>, visited, and was so dissatisfied with the lack of support for Manx that he immediately had two recording vans sent over.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 20th century the Manx tourist economy declined, as the English and Irish started flying to <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> for <a href="/wiki/Package_holiday" class="mw-redirect" title="Package holiday">package holidays</a>. The Manx Government responded to this by successfully promoting the island, with its low tax rates, as an offshore financial centre,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Man has avoided a place on a 2009 UK <a href="/wiki/Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklist">blacklist</a> of tax havens.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The financial centre has had its detractors who have pointed to the potential for <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949 an <a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Executive Council of the Isle of Man">Executive Council</a>, chaired by the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man">Lieutenant-Governor</a> and including members of <a href="/wiki/Tynwald" title="Tynwald">Tynwald</a>, was established. This marked the start of a transfer of executive power from the unelected Lieutenant-Governor to democratically elected Manx politicians. Finance and the police passed to Manx control between 1958 and 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980 a chairman elected by Tynwald replaced the Lieutenant-Governor as Chairman of the Executive Council.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following legislation in 1984, the Executive Council was reconstituted in 1985 to include the chairmen of the eight principal Boards;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1986 they were given the title of Minister and the chairman was re-titled "Chief Minister".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986 <a href="/wiki/Miles_Walker" title="Miles Walker">Sir Miles Walker CBE</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister of the Isle of Man">Chief Minister of the Isle of Man</a>. In 1990 the Executive Council was renamed the "Council of Ministers".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1960s also saw a rise in <a href="/wiki/Manx_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx nationalism">Manx nationalism</a>, spawning the parties <a href="/wiki/Mec_Vannin" title="Mec Vannin">Mec Vannin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manx_National_Party" title="Manx National Party">Manx National Party</a>, as well as the now defunct <span title="Manx-language text"><i lang="gv">Fo Halloo</i></span> (literally "Underground"), which mounted a direct-action campaign of spray-painting and attempted house-burning. </p><p>On 5 July 1973 control of the postal service passed from the UK <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a> to the new <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Man Post">Isle of Man Post</a>, which began to issue its own <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a>. </p><p>The 1990s and early 21st century have seen a greater recognition of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Manx_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Manx culture">Manx culture</a>, including the opening of the first Manx-language primary school.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1983 the Isle of Man government has designated more than 250 historic structures as <a href="/wiki/Registered_Buildings_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered Buildings of the Isle of Man">Registered Buildings of the Isle of Man</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Mann" title="King of Mann">King of Mann</a> (1164–1504)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_concentration_and_internment_camps#Isle_of_Man" title="List of concentration and internment camps">Internment camps in the Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extinct_animals_from_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct animals from the Isle of Man">Extinct animals from the Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registered_Buildings_of_the_Isle_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Registered Buildings of the Isle of Man">Registered Buildings of the Isle of Man</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brad8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brad8_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBradley2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bradley_(archaeologist)" title="Richard Bradley (archaeologist)">Bradley, Richard</a> (2007). <i>The prehistory of Britain and Ireland</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-84811-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-84811-3"><bdi>0-521-84811-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prehistory+of+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-521-84811-3&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryMagazine/DestinationsUK/Isle-of-Man/">"The History of The Isle of Man"</a>. <i>Historic UK</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+UK&rft.atitle=The+History+of+The+Isle+of+Man&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historic-uk.com%2FHistoryMagazine%2FDestinationsUK%2FIsle-of-Man%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiverrellThomas2006" class="citation book cs1">Hiverrell, Richard & Thomas, Geoffrey, eds. (2006). <i>A New History of the Isle of Man, Volume 1 - The Evolution of the Natural Landscape</i> (1st ed.). Liverpool University Press. pp. 295–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85323-587-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85323-587-2"><bdi>0-85323-587-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+the+Isle+of+Man%2C+Volume+1+-+The+Evolution+of+the+Natural+Landscape&rft.pages=295-296&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-85323-587-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manxnationalheritage.im/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/MOTM-EarlyPeople-AMesolithic.pdf">"The Manx Mesolithic (8000 BC-4000 BC)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Manx National Heritage</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wessexarch.co.uk/files/62511_Isle%20of%20Man%20report.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Speke+Keeill%2C+Mount+Murray+Hotel%2C+Isle+of+Man%3A+Archaeological+Evaluation+and+Assessment+of+Results&rft.pub=Wessex+Archaeology&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wessexarch.co.uk%2Ffiles%2F62511_Isle%2520of%2520Man%2520report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd324-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd324_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Lloyd" title="John Edward Lloyd">Lloyd, John Edward</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NYwNAAAAIAAJ"><i>A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest</i></a>. Longmans, Green, & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_NYwNAAAAIAAJ/page/n346">324</a> and note<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2013</span>. <q>Gwriad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Edwardian+Conquest&rft.pages=324+and+note&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+%26+Co.&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=John+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_NYwNAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKermode189748–53-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKermode189748–53_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKermode1897">Kermode (1897)</a>, pp. 48–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1911">Moore (1911)</a>, p. 537.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537–538-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911537–538_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1911">Moore (1911)</a>, pp. 537–538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoore1911538_10-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore1911">Moore (1911)</a>, p. 538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Fraser_(historian)" title="William Fraser (historian)">Fraser, William</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/douglasbook01fras#page/899/mode/2up">"Sir William Douglas, Lord of Nithsdale"</a>. <i>The Douglas Book, Vol.I</i>. 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IMF. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-45198-665-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-45198-665-5"><bdi>978-1-45198-665-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Isle+of+Man%3A+Financial+Sector+Assessment+Program+Update%3A+Detailed+Assessment+of+Observance+of+the+Insurance+Core+Principles&rft.pub=IMF&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-45198-665-5&rft.au=International+Monetary+Fund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1451986653" title="Special:BookSources/1451986653">1451986653</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/isle_of_man/8030546.stm">"UK praises Manx tax list status"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+praises+Manx+tax+list+status&rft.date=2009-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2Fisle_of_man%2F8030546.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowellAndrews1999" class="citation news cs1">Cowell, Alan & Andrews, Edmund L. (24 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/24/business/international-business-undercurrents-safe-harbor-isle-man-corporations-enclave.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all">"International Business: Undercurrents at a Safe Harbor; Isle of Man (and Corporations) Is an Enclave of Intrigue"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=International+Business%3A+Undercurrents+at+a+Safe+Harbor%3B+Isle+of+Man+%28and+Corporations%29+Is+an+Enclave+of+Intrigue&rft.date=1999-09-24&rft.aulast=Cowell&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Edmund+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F09%2F24%2Fbusiness%2Finternational-business-undercurrents-safe-harbor-isle-man-corporations-enclave.html%3Fsec%3D%26spon%3D%26pagewanted%3Dall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Finance Act, 1958, Finance Act, 1962, Police (Isle of Man) Act, 1962, Governor's Financial and Judicial Functions (Transfer) Act, 1976: <i>Statutes of the Isle of Man</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution (Executive Council) (Amendment) Act, 1980.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution (Executive Council) Act, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constitution (Executive Council) (Amendment) Act, 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Council of Ministers Act, 1990.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSallabank2011" class="citation book cs1">Sallabank, Julia (2011). "Language Policy for Endangered Languages". In Austin, Peter K. & Sallabank, Julia (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Handbook of Endangered Languages</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 288–290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13950-083-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13950-083-8"><bdi>978-1-13950-083-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+Policy+for+Endangered+Languages&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Handbook+of+Endangered+Languages&rft.pages=288-290&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-13950-083-8&rft.aulast=Sallabank&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooker1859" class="citation book cs1">Booker, John (1859). <i>A History of the Ancient Chapel of Birch, in Manchester Parish; Volume XLVII</i>. Chetham House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ancient+Chapel+of+Birch%2C+in+Manchester+Parish%3B+Volume+XLVII&rft.pub=Chetham+House&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKermode1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/P._M._C._Kermode" class="mw-redirect" title="P. M. C. Kermode">Kermode, Philip Moore Callow</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Z4MAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA47-IA1">"A Welsh Inscription in the Isle of Man"</a>. In Meyer, Kuno; Stern, L. Chr. (eds.). <i>Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie</i>. Vol. I. Halle: Max Niemeyer. pp. 48–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Welsh+Inscription+in+the+Isle+of+Man&rft.btitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+celtische+Philologie&rft.place=Halle&rft.pages=48-53&rft.pub=Max+Niemeyer&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Kermode&rft.aufirst=Philip+Moore+Callow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Z4MAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA47-IA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoward2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Coward, Barry (2004). "Stanley, James, seventh earl of Derby". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26274">10.1093/ref:odnb/26274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stanley%2C+James%2C+seventh+earl+of+Derby&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F26274&rft.aulast=Coward&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_William_Moore" title="Arthur William Moore">Moore, Arthur William</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Man,_Isle_of" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Man, Isle of">Man, Isle of</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 534–539.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Man%2C+Isle+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=534-539&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Arthur+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiverrellThomas" class="citation book cs1">Chiverrell, R. & Thomas, G. (eds.). <i>A New History of the Isle of Man</i>. Liverpool University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+the+Isle+of+Man&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiverrellThomas2005" class="citation book cs1">Chiverrell, Richard; Thomas, Geoffrey (2005). <i>New History of the Isle of Man, Volume 1: The Evolution of the Natural Landscape</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+History+of+the+Isle+of+Man%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Evolution+of+the+Natural+Landscape&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Chiverrell&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Geoffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavey2010" class="citation book cs1">Davey, Peter (2010). <i>A New History of the Isle of Man, Volume 2: Prehistory</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+the+Isle+of+Man%2C+Volume+2%3A+Prehistory&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Davey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffy2005" class="citation book cs1">Duffy, Sean (2005). <i>A New History of the Isle of Man, Volume 3: The Medieval Period, 1000-1406</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+the+Isle+of+Man%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Medieval+Period%2C+1000-1406&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Duffy&rft.aufirst=Sean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelchem2001" class="citation book cs1">Belchem, John (2001). <i>A New History of the Isle of Man, Volume 5: The Modern Period, 1830-1999</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+the+Isle+of+Man%2C+Volume+5%3A+The+Modern+Period%2C+1830-1999&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Belchem&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGawne2009" class="citation book cs1">Gawne, C.W. (2009). <i>The Isle of Man and Britain: Controversy, 1651-1895, from Smuggling to the Common Purse</i>. Douglas: Manx Heritage Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isle+of+Man+and+Britain%3A+Controversy%2C+1651-1895%2C+from+Smuggling+to+the+Common+Purse&rft.place=Douglas&rft.pub=Manx+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Gawne&rft.aufirst=C.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelling1998" class="citation book cs1">Gelling, J. (1998). <i>A History of the Manx Church</i>. Douglas: Manx Heritage Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Manx+Church&rft.place=Douglas&rft.pub=Manx+Heritage+Foundation&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gelling&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoy2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Hoy, Michael John (April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010232829/http://repository.liv.ac.uk/2010267/1/HoyMic_Apr2015_2010267.pdf"><i>Isaac Barrow: Builder of foundations for a modern nation - The church, education and society in the Isle of Man, 1660-1800</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD). University of Liverpool. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.liv.ac.uk/2010267/1/HoyMic_Apr2015_2010267.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Isaac+Barrow%3A+Builder+of+foundations+for+a+modern+nation+-+The+church%2C+education+and+society+in+the+Isle+of+Man%2C+1660-1800&rft.inst=University+of+Liverpool&rft.date=2015-04&rft.aulast=Hoy&rft.aufirst=Michael+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.liv.ac.uk%2F2010267%2F1%2FHoyMic_Apr2015_2010267.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1900" class="citation book cs1">Moore, A. W. (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/fulltext/hist1900/"><i>A History of the Isle of Man</i></a>. London: Fisher Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Isle+of+Man&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isle-of-man.com%2Fmanxnotebook%2Ffulltext%2Fhist1900%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2011" class="citation book cs1">Moore, David W. (2011). <i>The Other British Isles: A History of Shetland, Orkney, the Hebrides, Isle of Man, Anglesey, Scilly, Isle of Wight and the Channel Islands</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+British+Isles%3A+A+History+of+Shetland%2C+Orkney%2C+the+Hebrides%2C+Isle+of+Man%2C+Anglesey%2C+Scilly%2C+Isle+of+Wight+and+the+Channel+Islands&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.im/mnh/heritage/story/storyofmann.xml">The Story of Mann</a> – Government site with a collections of links on Isle of Man history.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424004932/http://www.courts.im/courtinformation/ourbackground/history.xml">The History of the Courts on the Isle of Man</a> – Government site with a summary on the history of rulers on the Isle of Man.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isleofman.com/Genealogy/">Isle of Man Genealogy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416130418/https://www.isleofman.com/genealogy/">Archived</a> 16 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – information about the genealogy of the Isle of Man from isleofman.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isle-of-man.com/manxnotebook/">The Manx Notebook</a> – A vast electronic compendium of all matters, past and present regarding the Isle of Man at isleofman.com</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroderick" class="citation web cs1">Broderick, George. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091231015819/http://www.george-broderick.de/iom_docs/iom_place-names.htm">"Place-Names Of The Isle of Man"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.george-broderick.de/iom_docs/iom_place-names.htm">the original</a> on 31 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Place-Names+Of+The+Isle+of+Man&rft.aulast=Broderick&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.george-broderick.de%2Fiom_docs%2Fiom_place-names.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Isle+of+Man" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Isles" title="Template:British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Isles" title="Template talk:British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_British_Isles" title="Names of the British Isles">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">Terminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alba" title="Alba">Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albion" title="Albion">Albion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymru" title="Cymru">Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydain" title="Prydain">Prydain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_(place_name)" title="Britain (place name)">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire" title="Éire">Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Political cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Ireland–United Kingdom relations">Ireland–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Intergovernmental_Conference" title="British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference">British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Parliamentary_Assembly" title="British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly">British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" title="Common Travel Area">Common Travel Area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_the_Clyde" title="Islands of the Clyde">Islands of the Clyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrides" title="Hebrides">Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Isles" title="Northern Isles">Northern Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Lists of islands of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of islands of the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of islands of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_England" title="List of islands of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Scotland" title="List of islands of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_British_Isles" title="Outline of the history of the British Isles">outline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Island groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Current states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Kingdom of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">Modern languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auregnais" title="Auregnais">Auregnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guern%C3%A9siais" title="Guernésiais">Guernésiais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A8rriais" title="Jèrriais">Jèrriais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sercquiais" title="Sercquiais">Sercquiais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sign_Language" title="Irish Sign Language">Irish Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Sign_Language" title="Northern Ireland Sign Language">Northern Ireland Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.0em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanichal" title="Romanichal">English Gypsies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Irish Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kale_(Welsh_Roma)" title="Kale (Welsh Roma)">Kale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_people" title="Manx people">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Northern_Ireland" title="People of Northern Ireland">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_current_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Template:European history by country"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_history_by_country" title="Template talk:European history by country"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_history_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European history by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_current_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of current European countries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania" title="History of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Latvia" title="History of Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lithuania" title="History of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montenegro" title="History of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Macedonia" title="History of North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ukraine" title="History of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vatican_City" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transnistria" title="History of Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gibraltar" title="History of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Svalbard" title="History of Svalbard">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_British_Isles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Template talk:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_British_Isles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the British Isles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_British_Isles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">History of the British Isles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles" title="History of the British Isles">Overview</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Isle_of_Wight" title="History of the Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly#History" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shetland" title="History of Shetland">Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Orkney" title="History of Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Hebrides#History" title="Inner Hebrides">Inner Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Outer_Hebrides" title="History of the Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wales" title="History of Wales">Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglesey#History" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Isle of Man</a> (Mann)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands#History" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/75px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/113px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg/150px-Stonehenge_Closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Prehistoric" title="History of the British Isles">Prehistoric period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Prehistoric Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England#Prehistory" title="History of England">Prehistoric England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Scotland" title="Prehistoric Scotland">Prehistoric Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Shetland" title="Prehistoric Shetland">Prehistoric Shetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Orkney" title="Prehistoric Orkney">Prehistoric Orkney</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Wales" title="Prehistoric Wales">Prehistoric Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistoric Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Prehistory">Prehistoric Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Classical_period" title="History of the British Isles">Classical period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Roman Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Roman_era" title="Wales in the Roman era">Roman Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistoric Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">Roman Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">End of Roman rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Medieval_period" title="History of the British Isles">Medieval period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Middle Ages">Medieval England</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Early medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="England in the High Middle Ages">High medieval England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="England in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Scotland in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Middle Ages">Medieval Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Early Middle Ages">Early medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_High_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the High Middle Ages">High medieval Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_Late_Middle_Ages" title="Wales in the Late Middle Ages">Late medieval Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Ireland in the Middle Ages">Medieval Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">High medieval Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">Late medieval Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Middle_Ages">Medieval Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#Early_Modern_period" title="History of the British Isles">Early modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Britain" title="Early modern Britain">Early modern Britain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Early modern England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Scotland in the early modern period">Early modern Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period_in_Wales" title="Early modern period in Wales">Early modern Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">Early modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_Modern_period">Early modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Isles#19th_century" title="History of the British Isles">Late modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (since 1707) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">First World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_Britain" title="Interwar Britain">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom#Second_World_War_1939–1945" title="History of the United Kingdom">Second World War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">World Wars (Wales)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (political history)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_(1945%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social history of the United Kingdom (1945–present)">Post-war period (social history)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Late modern Ireland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Modern_period">Late modern Mann</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_monarchs_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of monarchs in the British Isles">Monarchs</a></li></ul> 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