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breakdown</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: vacuum breakdown"> <meta name="keywords" content="vacuum breakdown"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="vacuum breakdown"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 692</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: vacuum breakdown</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">692</span> Effect of Supply Frequency on Pre-Breakdown and Breakdown Phenomena in Unbridged Vacuum Gaps</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=T.C.%20Balachandra">T.C. Balachandra</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Habibuddin%20Shaik"> Habibuddin Shaik </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents experimental results leading towards a better understanding of pre-breakdown and breakdown behavior of vacuum gaps under variable frequency alternating excitations. The frequency variation is in the range of 30 to 300 Hz in steps of 10 Hz for a fixed gap spacing of 0.5 mm. The results indicate that the pre-breakdown currents show an inverse relation with the breakdown voltage in general though erratic behavior was observed over a certain range of frequencies. A breakdown voltage peak was observed at 130 Hz. This was pronounced when the electrode pair was of stainless steel and less pronounced when copper and aluminum electrodes were used. The experimental results are explained based on F-N emission, I-F emission, and also thermal interaction due to quasi-continuous shower of anode micro-particles. Further, it is speculated that the ostensible cause for time delay between voltage and current peaks is due to the presence of neutral molecules in the gap. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anode%20hot-spots" title="anode hot-spots">anode hot-spots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=F-N%20emission" title=" F-N emission"> F-N emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=I-F%20emission" title=" I-F emission"> I-F emission</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microparticle" title=" microparticle"> microparticle</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neutral%20molecules" title=" neutral molecules"> neutral molecules</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pre-breakdown%20conduction" title=" pre-breakdown conduction"> pre-breakdown conduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown" title=" vacuum breakdown"> vacuum breakdown</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114665/effect-of-supply-frequency-on-pre-breakdown-and-breakdown-phenomena-in-unbridged-vacuum-gaps" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/114665.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">162</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">691</span> Soft Ground Improved by Prefabricated Vertical Drains with Vacuum and Thermal Preloading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gia%20Lam%20Le">Gia Lam Le</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dennis%20T.%20Bergado"> Dennis T. Bergado</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Thi%20Ngoc%20Truc%20Nguyen"> Thi Ngoc Truc Nguyen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study focuses on behaviors of improved soft clay using prefabricated vertical drain (PVD) combined with vacuum and electro-osmotic preloading. Large-scale consolidations of reconstituted soft Bangkok clay were conducted for PVD improvement with vacuum (vacuum-PVD), and vacuum combined with heat (vacuum-thermo-PVD). The research revealed that vacuum-thermo-PVD gives high efficiency of the consolidation rate compared to the vacuum-PVD. In addition, the magnitude of settlement of the specimen improved by the vacuum-thermo-PVD is higher than the vacuum-PVD because the assistance of heat causes the collapse of the clay structure. Particularly, to reach 90% degree of consolidation, the thermal-vacuum-PVD reduced about 58% consolidation time compared to the vacuum-PVD. The increase in consolidation rate is resulted from the increase in horizontal coefficient of consolidation, Ch, the reduction of the smear effect expressed by the ratio of the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the undisturbed zone, kh, and the horizontal hydraulic conductivity in the smeared zone, ks. Furthermore, the shear strength, Su, increased about 100% when compared using the vacuum-thermal-PVD to the vacuum PVD. In addition, numerical simulations gave reasonable results compared to the laboratory data. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PVD%20improvement" title="PVD improvement">PVD improvement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20preloading" title=" vacuum preloading"> vacuum preloading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prefabricated%20vertical%20drain" title=" prefabricated vertical drain"> prefabricated vertical drain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20PVD" title=" thermal PVD"> thermal PVD</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73298/soft-ground-improved-by-prefabricated-vertical-drains-with-vacuum-and-thermal-preloading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73298.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">465</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">690</span> In₀.₁₈Al₀.₈₂N/AlN/GaN/Si Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Heterostructure Field-Effect Transistors with Backside Metal-Trench Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20S%20Lee">C. S Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=W.%20C.%20Hsu"> W. C. Hsu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H.%20Y.%20Liu"> H. Y. Liu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20J.%20Lin"> C. J. Lin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20C.%20Yao"> S. C. Yao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20T.%20Shen"> Y. T. Shen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20C.%20Lin"> Y. C. Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In₀.₁₈Al₀.₈₂N/AlN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor heterostructure field-effect transistors (MOS-HFETs) having Al₂O₃ gate-dielectric and backside metal-trench structure are investigated. The Al₂O₃ gate oxide was formed by using a cost-effective non-vacuum ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition (USPD) method. In order to enhance the heat dissipation efficiency, metal trenches were etched 3-µm deep and evaporated with a 150-nm thick Ni film on the backside of the Si substrate. The present In₀.₁₈Al₀.₈₂N/AlN/GaN MOS-HFET (Schottky-gate HFET) has demonstrated improved maximum drain-source current density (IDS, max) of 1.08 (0.86) A/mm at VDS = 8 V, gate-voltage swing (GVS) of 4 (2) V, on/off-current ratio (Ion/Ioff) of 8.9 × 10⁸ (7.4 × 10⁴), subthreshold swing (SS) of 140 (244) mV/dec, two-terminal off-state gate-drain breakdown voltage (BVGD) of -191.1 (-173.8) V, turn-on voltage (Von) of 4.2 (1.2) V, and three-terminal on-state drain-source breakdown voltage (BVDS) of 155.9 (98.5) V. Enhanced power performances, including saturated output power (Pout) of 27.9 (21.5) dBm, power gain (Gₐ) of 20.3 (15.5) dB, and power-added efficiency (PAE) of 44.3% (34.8%), are obtained. Superior breakdown and RF power performances are achieved. The present In₀.₁₈Al₀.₈₂N/AlN/GaN MOS-HFET design with backside metal-trench is advantageous for high-power circuit applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=backside%20metal-trench" title="backside metal-trench">backside metal-trench</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=InAlN%2FAlN%2FGaN" title=" InAlN/AlN/GaN"> InAlN/AlN/GaN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MOS-HFET" title=" MOS-HFET"> MOS-HFET</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-vacuum%20ultrasonic%20spray%20pyrolysis%20deposition" title=" non-vacuum ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition"> non-vacuum ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85398/in018al082nalngansi-metal-oxide-semiconductor-heterostructure-field-effect-transistors-with-backside-metal-trench-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/85398.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">254</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">689</span> Inverted Geometry Ceramic Insulators in High Voltage Direct Current Electron Guns for Accelerators</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Hernandez-Garcia">C. Hernandez-Garcia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=P.%20Adderley"> P. Adderley</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=D.%20Bullard"> D. Bullard</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=J.%20Grames"> J. Grames</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20A.%20Mamun"> M. A. Mamun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G.%20Palacios-Serrano"> G. Palacios-Serrano</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Poelker"> M. Poelker</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Stutzman"> M. Stutzman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Suleiman"> R. Suleiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Y.%20Wang"> Y. Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q="></a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=S.%20Zhang">S. Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> High-energy nuclear physics experiments performed at the Jefferson Lab (JLab) Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility require a beam of spin-polarized ps-long electron bunches. The electron beam is generated when a circularly polarized laser beam illuminates a GaAs semiconductor photocathode biased at hundreds of kV dc inside an ultra-high vacuum chamber. The photocathode is mounted on highly polished stainless steel electrodes electrically isolated by means of a conical-shape ceramic insulator that extends into the vacuum chamber, serving as the cathode electrode support structure. The assembly is known as a dc photogun, which has to simultaneously meet the following criteria: high voltage to manage space charge forces within the electron bunch, ultra-high vacuum conditions to preserve the photocathode quantum efficiency, no field emission to prevent gas load when field emitted electrons impact the vacuum chamber, and finally no voltage breakdown for robust operation. Over the past decade, JLab has tested and implemented the use of inverted geometry ceramic insulators connected to commercial high voltage cables to operate a photogun at 200kV dc with a 10 cm long insulator, and a larger version at 300kV dc with 20 cm long insulator. Plans to develop a third photogun operating at 400kV dc to meet the stringent requirements of the proposed International Linear Collider are underway at JLab, utilizing even larger inverted insulators. This contribution describes approaches that have been successful in solving challenging problems related to breakdown and field emission, such as triple-point junction screening electrodes, mechanical polishing to achieve mirror-like surface finish and high voltage conditioning procedures with Kr gas to extinguish field emission. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electron%20guns" title="electron guns">electron guns</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20voltage%20techniques" title=" high voltage techniques"> high voltage techniques</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insulators" title=" insulators"> insulators</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20insulation" title=" vacuum insulation"> vacuum insulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115179/inverted-geometry-ceramic-insulators-in-high-voltage-direct-current-electron-guns-for-accelerators" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/115179.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">113</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">688</span> Structure Design of Vacuum Vessel with Large Openings for Spacecraft Thermal Vacuum Test</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Han%20Xiao">Han Xiao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ruan%20Qi"> Ruan Qi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Lei"> Zhang Lei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Qi%20Yan"> Qi Yan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Space environment simulator is a facility used to conduct thermal test for spacecraft, and vacuum vessel is the main body of it. According to the requirements for thermal tests of the spacecraft and its solar array panels, the primary vessel and the side vessels are designed to be a combinative structure connected with aperture, which ratio reaches 0.7. Since the vacuum vessel suffers 0.1MPa external pressure during the process of thermal test, in order to ensure the simulator’s reliability and safety, it’s necessary to calculate the vacuum vessel’s intensity and stability. Based on the impact of large openings to vacuum vessel structure, this paper explored the reinforce design and analytical way of vacuum vessel with large openings, using a large space environment simulator’s vacuum vessel design as an example. Tests showed that the reinforce structure is effective to fulfill the requirements of external pressure and the gravity. This ensured the reliability of the space environment simulator, providing a guarantee for developing the spacecraft. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20vessel" title="vacuum vessel">vacuum vessel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=large%20opening" title=" large opening"> large opening</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=space%20environment%20simulator" title=" space environment simulator"> space environment simulator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=structure%20design" title=" structure design"> structure design</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10540/structure-design-of-vacuum-vessel-with-large-openings-for-spacecraft-thermal-vacuum-test" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10540.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">535</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">687</span> Drying Kinetics of Vacuum Dried Beef Meat Slices</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Elif%20Aykin%20Dincer">Elif Aykin Dincer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mustafa%20Erbas"> Mustafa Erbas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The vacuum drying behavior of beef slices (10 x 4 x 0.2 cm3) was experimentally investigated at the temperature of 60, 70, and 80°C under 25 mbar ultimate vacuum pressure and the mathematical models (Lewis, Page, Midilli, Two-term, Wangh and Singh and Modified Henderson and Pabis) were used to fit the vacuum drying of beef slices. The increase in drying air temperature resulted in a decrease in drying time. It took approximately 206, 180 and 157 min to dry beef slices from an initial moisture content to a final moisture content of 0.05 kg water/kg dry matter at 60, 70 and 80 °C of vacuum drying, respectively. It is also observed that the drying rate increased with increasing drying temperature. The coefficients (R2), the reduced chi-square (x²) and root mean square error (RMSE) values were obtained by application of six models to the experimental drying data. The best model with the highest R2 and, the lowest x² and RMSE values was selected to describe the drying characteristics of beef slices. The Page model has shown a better fit to the experimental drying data as compared to other models. In addition, the effective moisture diffusivities of beef slices in the vacuum drying at 60 - 80 °C varied in the range of 1.05 – 1.09 x 10-10 m2/s. Consequently, this results can be used to simulate vacuum drying process of beef slices and improve efficiency of the drying process. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beef%20slice" title="beef slice">beef slice</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drying%20models" title=" drying models"> drying models</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effective%20diffusivity" title=" effective diffusivity"> effective diffusivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum" title=" vacuum"> vacuum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66896/drying-kinetics-of-vacuum-dried-beef-meat-slices" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/66896.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">686</span> Construction Technology of Modified Vacuum Pre-Loading Method for Slurry Dredged Soil</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20H.%20Mahfouz">Ali H. Mahfouz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gao%20Ming-Jun"> Gao Ming-Jun</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Sharif"> Mohamad Sharif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Slurry dredged soil at coastal area has a high water content, poor permeability, and low surface intensity. Hence, it is infeasible to use vacuum preloading method to treat this type of soil foundation. For the special case of super soft ground, a floating bridge is first constructed on muddy soil and used as a service road and platform for implementing the modified vacuum preloading method. The modified technique of vacuum preloading and its construction process for the super soft soil foundation improvement is then studied. Application of modified vacuum preloading method shows that the technology and its construction process are highly suitable for improving the super soft soil foundation in coastal areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=super%20soft%20foundation" title="super soft foundation">super soft foundation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dredger%20fill" title=" dredger fill"> dredger fill</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20preloading" title=" vacuum preloading"> vacuum preloading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=foundation%20treatment" title=" foundation treatment"> foundation treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=construction%20technology" title=" construction technology"> construction technology</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46474/construction-technology-of-modified-vacuum-pre-loading-method-for-slurry-dredged-soil" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/46474.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">609</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">685</span> Study on Breakdown Voltage Characteristics of Different Types of Oils with Contaminations</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=C.%20Jouhar">C. Jouhar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=B.%20Rajesh%20Kamath"> B. Rajesh Kamath</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20K.%20Veeraiah"> M. K. Veeraiah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Z.%20Kurian"> M. Z. Kurian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Since long time ago, petroleum-based mineral oils have been used for liquid insulation in high voltage equipments. Mineral oils are widely used as insulation for transmission and distribution power transformers, capacitors and other high voltage equipment. Petroleum-based insulating oils have excellent dielectric properties such as high electric field strength, low dielectric losses and good long-term performance. Due to environmental consideration, an attempt to search the alternate liquid insulation is required. The influence of particles on the voltage breakdown in insulating oil and other liquids has been recognized for many years. Particles influence both AC and DC voltage breakdown in insulating oil. Experiments are conducted under AC voltage. The breakdown process starts with a microscopic bubble, an area of large distance where ions or electrons initiate avalanches. Insulating liquids drive their dielectric strength from the much higher density compare to gases. Experiments are carried out under High Voltage AC (HVAC) in different types of oils namely castor oil, vegetable oil and mineral oil. The Breakdown Voltage (BDV) with presence of moisture and particle contamination in different types of oils is studied. The BDV of vegetable oil is better when compared to other oils without contamination. The BDV of mineral oil is better when compared to other types of oils in presence of contamination. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=breakdown%20voltage" title="breakdown voltage">breakdown voltage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20voltage%20AC" title=" high voltage AC"> high voltage AC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insulating%20oil" title=" insulating oil"> insulating oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20breakdown" title=" oil breakdown"> oil breakdown</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52370/study-on-breakdown-voltage-characteristics-of-different-types-of-oils-with-contaminations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52370.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">341</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">684</span> Theoretical Study of Flexible Edge Seals for Vacuum Glazing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Arya">Farid Arya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trevor%20Hyde"> Trevor Hyde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The development of vacuum glazing represents a significant advancement in the area of low heat loss glazing systems with the potential to substantially reduce building heating and cooling loads. Vacuum glazing consists of two or more glass panes hermetically sealed together around the edge with a vacuum gap between the panes. To avoid the glass panes from collapsing and touching each other under the influence of atmospheric pressure an array of support pillars is provided between the glass panes. A high level of thermal insulation is achieved by evacuating the spaces between the glass panes to a very low pressure which greatly reduces conduction and convection within the space; therefore heat transfer through this kind of glazing is significantly lower when compared with conventional insulating glazing. However, vacuum glazing is subject to inherent stresses due to atmospheric pressure and temperature differentials which can lead to fracture of the glass panes and failure of the edge seal. A flexible edge seal has been proposed to minimise the impact of these issues. In this paper, vacuum glazing system with rigid and flexible edge seals is theoretically studied and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flexible%20edge%20seal" title="flexible edge seal">flexible edge seal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=support%20pillar" title=" support pillar"> support pillar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20glazing" title=" vacuum glazing"> vacuum glazing</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72593/theoretical-study-of-flexible-edge-seals-for-vacuum-glazing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/72593.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">234</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">683</span> Experimental Measurements of Evacuated Enclosure Thermal Insulation Effectiveness for Vacuum Flat Plate Solar Thermal Collectors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Henshall">Paul Henshall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philip%20Eames"> Philip Eames</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roger%20Moss"> Roger Moss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stan%20Shire"> Stan Shire</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Arya"> Farid Arya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trevor%20Hyde"> Trevor Hyde</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Encapsulating the absorber of a flat plate solar thermal collector in vacuum by an enclosure that can be evacuated can result in a significant increase in collector performance and achievable operating temperatures. This is a result of the thermal insulation effectiveness of the vacuum layer surrounding the absorber, as less heat is lost during collector operation. This work describes experimental thermal insulation characterization tests of prototype vacuum flat plate solar thermal collectors that demonstrate the improvement in absorber heat loss coefficients. Furthermore, this work describes the selection and sizing of a getter, suitable for maintaining the vacuum inside the enclosure for the lifetime of the collector, which can be activated at low temperatures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum" title="vacuum">vacuum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal" title=" thermal"> thermal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flat-plate%20solar%20collector" title=" flat-plate solar collector"> flat-plate solar collector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=insulation" title=" insulation"> insulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48208/experimental-measurements-of-evacuated-enclosure-thermal-insulation-effectiveness-for-vacuum-flat-plate-solar-thermal-collectors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/48208.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">395</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">682</span> Electrical Power Distribution Reliability Improvement by Retrofitting 4.16 kV Vacuum Contactor in Badak LNG Plant</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=David%20Hasurungan">David Hasurungan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper objective is to assess the power distribution reliability improvement by retrofitting obsolete vacuum contactor. The case study in Badak Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant is presented in this paper. To support plant operational, Badak LNG is equipped with 4.16 kV switchgear for supplying the storage and loading facilities, utilities facilities, and train facilities. However, there is a problem in two switch gears of sixteen switch gears. The problem is the obsolescence issue in its vacuum contactor. Not only that, but the same switchgear also has suffered from electrical fault due to contact fingering misalignment. In order to improve the reliability in switchgear, the vacuum contactor retrofit project is done. The retrofit will introduce new vacuum contactor design. The comparison between existing design and the new design is presented in this paper. Meanwhile, The reliability assessment and calculation are performed using software Reliasoft 7. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=reliability" title="reliability">reliability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=obsolescence" title=" obsolescence"> obsolescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=retrofit" title=" retrofit"> retrofit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20contactor" title=" vacuum contactor"> vacuum contactor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71414/electrical-power-distribution-reliability-improvement-by-retrofitting-416-kv-vacuum-contactor-in-badak-lng-plant" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/71414.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">291</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">681</span> Current Developments in Flat-Plate Vacuum Solar Thermal Collectors</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Arya">Farid Arya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trevor%20Hyde"> Trevor Hyde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Henshall"> Paul Henshall</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Phillip%20Eames"> Phillip Eames</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Roger%20Moss"> Roger Moss</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Stan%20Shire"> Stan Shire</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vacuum flat plate solar thermal collectors offer several advantages over other collectors namely the excellent optical and thermal characteristics they exhibit due to a combination of their wide surface area and high vacuum thermal insulation. These characteristics can offer a variety of applications for industrial process heat as well as for building integration as they are much thinner than conventional collectors making installation possible in limited spaces. However, many technical challenges which need to be addressed to enable wide scale adoption of the technology still remain. This paper will discuss the challenges, expectations and requirements for the flat-plate vacuum solar collector development. In addition, it will provide an overview of work undertaken in Ulster University, Loughborough University, and the University of Warwick on flat-plate vacuum solar thermal collectors. Finally, this paper will present a detailed experimental investigation on the development of a vacuum panel with a novel sealing method which will be used to accommodate a novel slim hydroformed solar absorber. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hot%20box%20calorimeter" title="hot box calorimeter">hot box calorimeter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrared%20thermography" title=" infrared thermography"> infrared thermography</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solar%20thermal%20collector" title=" solar thermal collector"> solar thermal collector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20insulation" title=" vacuum insulation"> vacuum insulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49273/current-developments-in-flat-plate-vacuum-solar-thermal-collectors" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49273.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">311</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">680</span> Effect of Packaging Methods and Storage Time on Oxidative Stability of Traditional Fermented Sausage</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Vladimir%20M.%20Tomovi%C4%87">Vladimir M. Tomović</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Branislav%20V.%20%C5%A0oji%C4%87"> Branislav V. Šojić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Predrag%20M.%20Ikoni%C4%87"> Predrag M. Ikonić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ljiljana%20S.%20Petrovi%C4%87"> Ljiljana S. Petrović</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Anamarija%20I.%20Mandi%C4%87"> Anamarija I. Mandić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Natalija%20R.%20D%C5%BEini%C4%87"> Natalija R. Džinić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sne%C5%BEana%20B.%20%C5%A0kaljac"> Snežana B. Škaljac</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tatjana%20A.%20Tasi%C4%87"> Tatjana A. Tasić</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Marija%20R.%20Jokanovi%C4%87"> Marija R. Jokanović</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper influence of packaging method (vacuum and modified atmosphere packaging) on lipid oxidative stability and sensory properties of odor and taste of the traditional sausage Petrovská klobása were examined. These parameters were examined during storage period (7 months). In the end of storage period, vacuum packed sausage showed better oxidative stability. Propanal content was significantly lower (P<0.05) in vacuum packed sausage compared to these values in unpacked and modified atmosphere packaging sausage. Hexanal content in vacuum packed sausage was 1.85 µg/g, in MAP sausage 2.98 µg/g and in unpacked sausage 4.94 µg/g. After 2 and 7 months of storage, sausages packed in vacuum had the highest grades for sensory properties of odor and taste. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lipid%20oxidation" title="lipid oxidation">lipid oxidation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MAP" title=" MAP"> MAP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sensory%20properties" title=" sensory properties"> sensory properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=traditional%20sausage" title=" traditional sausage"> traditional sausage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum" title=" vacuum"> vacuum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9941/effect-of-packaging-methods-and-storage-time-on-oxidative-stability-of-traditional-fermented-sausage" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/9941.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">679</span> Diagnostic of Breakdown in High Voltage Bushing Power Transformer 500 kV Cirata Substation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andika%20Bagaskara">Andika Bagaskara</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andhika%20Rizki%20Pratama"> Andhika Rizki Pratama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lalu%20Arya%20Repatmaja"> Lalu Arya Repatmaja</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Septhian%20Ditaputra%20Raharja"> Septhian Ditaputra Raharja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The power transformer is one of the critical things in system transmission. Regular testing of the power transformer is very important to maintain the reliability of the power. One of the causes of the failure of the transformer is the breakdown of insulation caused by the presence of voids in the equipment that is electrified. As a result of the voids that occur in this power transformer equipment, it can cause partial discharge. Several methods were used to determine the occurrence of damage to the power transformer equipment, such as Sweep Frequency Response Analysis (SFRA) and Tan Delta. In Inter Bus Transformer (IBT) 500/150 kV Cirata Extra High Voltage (EHV) Substation, a breakdown occurred in the T-phase tertiary bushing. From the lessons learned in this case, a complete electrical test was carried out. From the results of the complete electrical test, there was a suspicion of deterioration in the post-breakdown SFRA results. After overhaul and inspection, traces of voids were found on the tertiary bushing, which indicated a breakdown in the tertiary bushing of the IBT 500/150kV Cirata Substation transformer. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=void" title="void">void</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bushing" title=" bushing"> bushing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=SFRA" title=" SFRA"> SFRA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tan%20Delta" title=" Tan Delta"> Tan Delta</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158237/diagnostic-of-breakdown-in-high-voltage-bushing-power-transformer-500-kv-cirata-substation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/158237.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">141</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">678</span> A Study on the Response of Vacuum Consolidation on Soft Clay in Combination with Prefabricated Vertical Drain (PVD), Embankment and Surcharge Preloading</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sharmeelee%20Subramaniam">Sharmeelee Subramaniam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhd%20Harris%20Ramli"> Muhd Harris Ramli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fauziah%20Ahmad"> Fauziah Ahmad</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The application of vacuum pressure to accelerate ground consolidation has been growing significantly in recent years. This ground improvement technique has its advantages, especially in areas where suitable fill is scarce, as it minimizes the surcharge fill height required for the preloading. A study was carried out to examine the response of soft subsoil subjected to vacuum consolidation in combination with embankment loading, surcharge preloading and PVD with two-way drainage. This paper shall describe a procedure to determine the optimum surcharge height and penetration depth of prefabricated vertical drains (PVD) where vacuum consolidation is combined with the use of PVD in soft clay deposits with two-way drainage. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prefabricated%20vertical%20drain" title="prefabricated vertical drain">prefabricated vertical drain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soft%20soil" title=" soft soil"> soft soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=surcharge%20preload" title=" surcharge preload"> surcharge preload</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20consolidation" title=" vacuum consolidation"> vacuum consolidation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163568/a-study-on-the-response-of-vacuum-consolidation-on-soft-clay-in-combination-with-prefabricated-vertical-drain-pvd-embankment-and-surcharge-preloading" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/163568.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">83</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">677</span> Iranian Refinery Vacuum Residue Upgrading Using Microwave Irradiation: Effects of Catalyst Type and Amount</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zarrin%20Nasri">Zarrin Nasri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Microwave irradiation is an innovative technology in the petroleum industry. This kind of energy has been considered to convert vacuum residue of oil refineries into useful products. The advantages of microwaves energy are short time, fast heating, high energy efficiency, and precise process control. In this paper, the effects of catalyst type and amount have been investigated on upgrading of vacuum residue using microwave irradiation. The vacuum residue used in this research is from Tehran oil refinery, Iran. Additives include different catalysts, active carbon as sensitizer, and sodium borohydride as a solid hydrogen donor. Various catalysts contain iron, nickel, molybdenum disulfide, iron oxide and copper. The amount of catalysts in two cases of presence and absence of sodium borohydride have been evaluated. The objective parameters include temperature, asphaltene, viscosity, and API. The specifications of vacuum residue are API, 8.79, viscosity, 16391 cSt (60°C), asphaltene, 13.3 wt %. The results show that there is a significant difference between the effects of catalysts. Among the used catalysts, Fe powder is the best catalyst for upgrading vacuum residue using microwave irradiation and resulted in asphaltene reduction, 31.3 %; viscosity reduction, 76.43 %; and 23.43 % in API increase. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=asphaltene" title="asphaltene">asphaltene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microwave" title=" microwave"> microwave</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=upgrading" title=" upgrading"> upgrading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20residue" title=" vacuum residue"> vacuum residue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=viscosity" title=" viscosity"> viscosity</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81731/iranian-refinery-vacuum-residue-upgrading-using-microwave-irradiation-effects-of-catalyst-type-and-amount" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/81731.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">676</span> Complex Shaped Prepreg Part Drapability Using Vacuum Bagging</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saran%20Toure">Saran Toure</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Complex shaped parts manufactured using out of autoclave prepreg vacuum bagging has a high quality finish. This is not only due to in the control of resin to fibre ratio in prepregs, but also to a reduction in fibre misalignment, slippage and stresses occurring within plies during compaction. In a bid to further reduce deformation modes and control failure modes, we carried experiments where, we introduced wetted fabrics within a prepreg plybook during compaction. Here are presented the results obtained from the vacuum bagging of a complex shaped part. The shape is that of a turbine fan blade with smooth curves all throughout ending with sharp edged angles. The quality of the final part made from this blade is compared to that of the same blade made from standard vacuum bagging process of prepregs, without introducing wetted fabrics. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=complex%20shaped%20part" title="complex shaped part">complex shaped part</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prepregs" title=" prepregs"> prepregs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drapability" title=" drapability"> drapability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20bagging" title=" vacuum bagging"> vacuum bagging</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17132/complex-shaped-prepreg-part-drapability-using-vacuum-bagging" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/17132.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">366</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">675</span> Unsteady Characteristics Investigation on the Precessing Vortex Breakdown and Energy Separation in a Vortex Tube</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiangji%20Guo">Xiangji Guo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bo%20Zhang"> Bo Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, the phenomenon of vortex breakdown in a vortex tube was analyzed within the scope of unsteady character in swirl flows. A 3-D Unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) closed by the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) was adopted to simulate the large-scale vortex structure in vortex tube, and the numerical model was verified by the steady results. The swirl number was calculated for the vortex tube and the flow field was classed as strong swirl flow. According to the results, a time-dependent spiral flow field gyrates around a central recirculation zone which is precessing around the axis of the tube, and manifests the flow structure is the spiral type (S-type) vortex breakdown. The vortex breakdown is crucial for the formation of the central recirculation zone (CRZ), a further discussion was about the affection on CRZ with the different external conditions of vortex tube, the study on the unsteady characters was expected to hope to design of vortex tube and analyze the energy separation effect. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vortex%20tube" title="vortex tube">vortex tube</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vortex%20breakdown" title=" vortex breakdown"> vortex breakdown</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=central%20recirculation%20zone" title=" central recirculation zone"> central recirculation zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unsteady" title=" unsteady"> unsteady</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20separation" title=" energy separation"> energy separation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52531/unsteady-characteristics-investigation-on-the-precessing-vortex-breakdown-and-energy-separation-in-a-vortex-tube" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/52531.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">318</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">674</span> Breakdown Voltage Measurement of High Voltage Transformers Oils Using an Active Microwave Resonator Sensor</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmed%20A.%20Al-Mudhafar">Ahmed A. Al-Mudhafar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20A.%20Abduljabar"> Ali A. Abduljabar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hayder%20Jawad%20Albattat"> Hayder Jawad Albattat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This work suggests a new microwave resonator sensor (MRS) device for measuring the oil’s breakdown voltage of high voltage transformers. A precise high-sensitivity sensor is designed and manufactured based on a microstrip split ring resonator (SRR). To improve the sensor sensitivity, a RF amplifier of 30 dB gain is linked through a transmission line of 50Ω.The sensor operates at a microwave band (L) with a quality factor of 1.35x105 when it is loaded with an empty tube. In this work, the sensor has been tested with three samples of high voltage transformer oil of different ages (new, middle, and damaged) where the quality factor differs with each sample. A mathematical model was built to calculate the breakdown voltage of the transformer oils and the accuracy of the results was higher than 90%. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=active%20resonator%20sensor" title="active resonator sensor">active resonator sensor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oil%20breakdown%20voltage" title=" oil breakdown voltage"> oil breakdown voltage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transformers%20oils" title=" transformers oils"> transformers oils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quality%20factor" title=" quality factor"> quality factor</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157297/breakdown-voltage-measurement-of-high-voltage-transformers-oils-using-an-active-microwave-resonator-sensor" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/157297.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">269</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">673</span> Working Mode and Key Technology of Thermal Vacuum Test Software for Spacecraft Test</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhang%20Lei">Zhang Lei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhan%20Haiyang"> Zhan Haiyang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gu%20Miao"> Gu Miao</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A universal software platform is developed for improving the defects in the practical one. This software platform has distinct advantages in modularization, information management, and the interfaces. Several technologies such as computer technology, virtualization technology, network technology, etc. are combined together in this software platform, and four working modes are introduced in this article including single mode, distributed mode, cloud mode, and the centralized mode. The application area of the software platform is extended through the switch between these working modes. The software platform can arrange the thermal vacuum test process automatically. This function can improve the reliability of thermal vacuum test. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=software%20platform" title="software platform">software platform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20vacuum%20test" title=" thermal vacuum test"> thermal vacuum test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=control%20and%20measurement" title=" control and measurement"> control and measurement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=work%20mode" title=" work mode"> work mode</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54112/working-mode-and-key-technology-of-thermal-vacuum-test-software-for-spacecraft-test" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54112.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">415</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">672</span> Non-Perturbative Vacuum Polarization Effects in One- and Two-Dimensional Supercritical Dirac-Coulomb System</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrey%20Davydov">Andrey Davydov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Konstantin%20Sveshnikov"> Konstantin Sveshnikov</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yulia%20Voronina"> Yulia Voronina</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> There is now a lot of interest to the non-perturbative QED-effects, caused by diving of discrete levels into the negative continuum in the supercritical static or adiabatically slowly varying Coulomb fields, that are created by the localized extended sources with Z > Z_cr. Such effects have attracted a considerable amount of theoretical and experimental activity, since in 3+1 QED for Z > Z_cr,1 ≈ 170 a non-perturbative reconstruction of the vacuum state is predicted, which should be accompanied by a number of nontrivial effects, including the vacuum positron emission. Similar in essence effects should be expected also in both 2+1 D (planar graphene-based hetero-structures) and 1+1 D (one-dimensional ‘hydrogen ion’). This report is devoted to the study of such essentially non-perturbative vacuum effects for the supercritical Dirac-Coulomb systems in 1+1D and 2+1D, with the main attention drawn to the vacuum polarization energy. Although the most of works considers the vacuum charge density as the main polarization observable, vacuum energy turns out to be not less informative and in many respects complementary to the vacuum density. Moreover, the main non-perturbative eﬀects, which appear in vacuum polarization for supercritical fields due to the levels diving into the lower continuum, show up in the behavior of vacuum energy even more clear, demonstrating explicitly their possible role in the supercritical region. Both in 1+1D and 2+1D, we explore firstly the renormalized vacuum density in the supercritical region using the Wichmann-Kroll method. Thereafter, taking into account the results for the vacuum density, we formulate the renormalization procedure for the vacuum energy. To evaluate the latter explicitly, an original technique, based on a special combination of analytical methods, computer algebra tools and numerical calculations, is applied. It is shown that, for a wide range of the external source parameters (the charge Z and size R), in the supercritical region the renormalized vacuum energy could significantly deviate from the perturbative quadratic growth up to pronouncedly decreasing behavior with jumps by (-2 x mc^2), which occur each time, when the next discrete level dives into the negative continuum. In the considered range of variation of Z and R, the vacuum energy behaves like ~ -Z^2/R in 1+1D and ~ -Z^3/R in 2+1D, exceeding deeply negative values. Such behavior conﬁrms the assumption of the neutral vacuum transmutation into the charged one, and thereby of the spontaneous positron emission, accompanying the emergence of the next vacuum shell due to the total charge conservation. To the end, we also note that the methods, developed for the vacuum energy evaluation in 2+1 D, with minimal complements could be carried over to the three-dimensional case, where the vacuum energy is expected to be ~ -Z^4/R and so could be competitive with the classical electrostatic energy of the Coulomb source. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-perturbative%20QED-e%EF%AC%80ects" title="non-perturbative QED-eﬀects">non-perturbative QED-eﬀects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=one-%20and%20two-dimensional%20Dirac-Coulomb%20systems" title=" one- and two-dimensional Dirac-Coulomb systems"> one- and two-dimensional Dirac-Coulomb systems</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=supercritical%20%EF%AC%81elds" title=" supercritical ﬁelds"> supercritical ﬁelds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20polarization" title=" vacuum polarization"> vacuum polarization</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82860/non-perturbative-vacuum-polarization-effects-in-one-and-two-dimensional-supercritical-dirac-coulomb-system" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/82860.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">671</span> Fabrication of High-Power AlGaN/GaN Schottky Barrier Diode with Field Plate Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Jui%20Yu">Chia-Jui Yu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chien-Ju%20Chen"> Chien-Ju Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jyun-Hao%20Liao"> Jyun-Hao Liao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chia-Ching%20Wu"> Chia-Ching Wu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Meng-Chyi%20Wu"> Meng-Chyi Wu</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this letter, we demonstrate high-performance AlGaN/GaN planar Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) on the silicon substrate with field plate structure for increasing breakdown voltage <em>V</em><sub>B</sub>. A low turn-on resistance R<sub>ON</sub> (3.55 mΩ-cm<sup>2</sup>), low reverse leakage current (< 0.1 µA) at -100 V, and high reverse breakdown voltage <em>V</em><sub>B</sub> (> 1.1 kV) SBD has been fabricated. A virgin SBD exhibited a breakdown voltage (measured at 1 mA/mm) of 615 V, and with the field plate technology device exhibited a breakdown voltage (measured at 1 mA/mm) of 1525 V (the anode–cathode distance was L<sub>AC</sub> = 40 µm). Devices without the field plate design exhibit a Baliga’s figure of merit of <em>V</em><sub>B</sub><sup>2</sup>/ R<sub>ON</sub> = 60.2 MW/cm<sup>2</sup>, whereas devices with the field plate design show a Baliga’s figure of merit of <em>V</em><sub>B</sub><sup>2</sup>/ R<sub>ON</sub> = 340.9 MW/cm<sup>2</sup> (the anode–cathode distance was L<sub>AC</sub> = 20 µm). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=AlGaN%2FGaN%20heterostructure" title="AlGaN/GaN heterostructure">AlGaN/GaN heterostructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=silicon%20substrate" title=" silicon substrate"> silicon substrate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Schottky%20barrier%20diode%20%28SBD%29" title=" Schottky barrier diode (SBD)"> Schottky barrier diode (SBD)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=high%20breakdown%20voltage" title=" high breakdown voltage"> high breakdown voltage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Baliga%E2%80%99s%20figure-of-merit" title=" Baliga’s figure-of-merit"> Baliga’s figure-of-merit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=field%20plate" title=" field plate"> field plate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73759/fabrication-of-high-power-algangan-schottky-barrier-diode-with-field-plate-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73759.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">306</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">670</span> The Effect of Dark energy on Amplitude of Gravitational Waves</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jafar%20Khodagholizadeh">Jafar Khodagholizadeh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this talk, we study the tensor mode equation of perturbation in the presence of nonzero $-\Lambda$ as dark energy, whose dynamic nature depends on the Hubble parameter $ H$ and/or its time derivative. Dark energy, according to the total vacuum contribution, has little effect during the radiation-dominated era, but it reduces the squared amplitude of gravitational waves (GWs) up to $60\%$ for the wavelengths that enter the horizon during the matter-dominated era. Moreover, the observations bound on dark energy models, such as running vacuum model (RVM), generalized running vacuum model (GRVM), and generalized running vacuum subcase (GRVS), are effective in reducing the GWs’ amplitude. Although this effect is less for the wavelengths that enter the horizon at later times, this reduction is stable and permanent. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gravitational%20waves" title="gravitational waves">gravitational waves</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=dark%20energy" title=" dark energy"> dark energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GW%27s%20amplitude" title=" GW's amplitude"> GW's amplitude</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=all%20stage%20universe" title=" all stage universe"> all stage universe</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144763/the-effect-of-dark-energy-on-amplitude-of-gravitational-waves" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144763.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">155</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">669</span> Quantifying Freeway Capacity Reductions by Rainfall Intensities Based on Stochastic Nature of Flow Breakdown</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hoyoung%20Lee">Hoyoung Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong-Kyu%20Kim"> Dong-Kyu Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Seung-Young%20Kho"> Seung-Young Kho</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=R.%20Eddie%20Wilson"> R. Eddie Wilson</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p class="Abstract"><span lang="EN-US">This study quantifies a decrement in freeway capacity during rainfall. Traffic and rainfall data were gathered from Highway Agencies and Wunderground weather service. Three inter-urban freeway sections and its nearest weather stations were selected as experimental sites. Capacity analysis found reductions of maximum and mean pre-breakdown flow rates due to rainfall. The Kruskal-Wallis test also provided some evidence to suggest that the variance in the pre-breakdown flow rate is statistically insignificant. Potential application of this study lies in the operation of real time traffic management schemes such as Variable Speed Limits (VSL), Hard Shoulder Running (HSR), and Ramp Metering System (RMS), where speed or flow limits could be set based on a number of factors, including rainfall events and their intensities.<o:p> </o:p></span> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capacity%20randomness" title="capacity randomness">capacity randomness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=flow%20breakdown" title=" flow breakdown"> flow breakdown</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=freeway%20capacity" title=" freeway capacity"> freeway capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rainfall" title=" rainfall"> rainfall</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69639/quantifying-freeway-capacity-reductions-by-rainfall-intensities-based-on-stochastic-nature-of-flow-breakdown" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69639.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">382</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">668</span> Causes Analysis of Vacuum Consolidation Failure to Soft Foundation Filled by Newly Dredged Mud</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bao%20Shu-Feng">Bao Shu-Feng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lou%20Yan"> Lou Yan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dong%20Zhi-Liang"> Dong Zhi-Liang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mo%20Hai-Hong"> Mo Hai-Hong</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chen%20Ping-Shan"> Chen Ping-Shan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> For soft foundation filled by newly dredged mud, after improved by Vacuum Preloading Technology (VPT), the soil strength was increased only a little, the effective improved depth was small, and the ground bearing capacity is still low. To analyze the causes in depth, it was conducted in laboratory of several comparative single well model experiments of VPT. It was concluded: (1) it mainly caused serious clogging problem and poor drainage performance in vertical drains of high content of fine soil particles and strong hydrophilic minerals in dredged mud, too fast loading rate at the early stage of vacuum preloading (namely rapidly reaching-80kPa) and too small characteristic opening size of the filter of the existed vertical drains; (2) it commonly reduced the drainage efficiency of drainage system, in turn weaken vacuum pressure in soils and soil improvement effect of the greater partial loss and friction loss of vacuum pressure caused by larger curvature of vertical drains and larger transfer resistance of vacuum pressure in horizontal drain. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=newly%20dredged%20mud" title="newly dredged mud">newly dredged mud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=single%20well%20model%20experiments%20of%20vacuum%20preloading%20technology" title=" single well model experiments of vacuum preloading technology"> single well model experiments of vacuum preloading technology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poor%20drainage%20performance%20of%20vertical%20drains" title=" poor drainage performance of vertical drains"> poor drainage performance of vertical drains</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=poor%20soil%20improvement%20effect" title=" poor soil improvement effect"> poor soil improvement effect</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=causes%20analysis" title=" causes analysis"> causes analysis</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2509/causes-analysis-of-vacuum-consolidation-failure-to-soft-foundation-filled-by-newly-dredged-mud" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/2509.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">287</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">667</span> The Effect of Glass Thickness on Stress in Vacuum Glazing</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Farid%20Arya">Farid Arya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Trevor%20Hyde"> Trevor Hyde</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andrea%20Trevisi"> Andrea Trevisi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paolo%20Basso"> Paolo Basso</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Danilo%20Bardaro"> Danilo Bardaro</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heat transfer through multiple pane windows can be reduced by creating a vacuum pressure less than 0.1 Pa between the glass panes, with low emittance coatings on one or more of the internal surfaces. Fabrication of vacuum glazing (VG) requires the formation of a hermetic seal around the periphery of the glass panes together with an array of support pillars between the panes to prevent them from touching under atmospheric pressure. Atmospheric pressure and temperature differentials induce stress which can affect the integrity of the glazing. Several parameters define the stresses in VG including the glass thickness, pillar specifications, glazing dimensions and edge seal configuration. Inherent stresses in VG can result in fractures in the glass panes and failure of the edge seal. In this study, stress in VG with different glass thicknesses is theoretically studied using Finite Element Modelling (FEM). Based on the finding in this study, suggestions are made to address problems resulting from the use of thinner glass panes in the fabrication of VG. This can lead to the development of high performance, light and thin VG. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20glazing" title="vacuum glazing">vacuum glazing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stress" title=" stress"> stress</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20insulation" title=" vacuum insulation"> vacuum insulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=support%20pillars" title=" support pillars"> support pillars</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93497/the-effect-of-glass-thickness-on-stress-in-vacuum-glazing" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/93497.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">191</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">666</span> Measurement of VIP Edge Conduction Using Vacuum Guarded Hot Plate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bongsu%20Choi">Bongsu Choi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tae-Ho%20Song"> Tae-Ho Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Vacuum insulation panel (VIP) is a promising thermal insulator for buildings, refrigerator, LNG carrier and so on. In general, it has the thermal conductivity of 2~4 mW/m•K. However, this thermal conductivity is that measured at the center of VIP. The total effective thermal conductivity of VIP is larger than this value due to the edge conduction through the envelope. In this paper, the edge conduction of VIP is examined theoretically, numerically and experimentally. To confirm the existence of the edge conduction, numerical analysis is performed for simple two-dimensional VIP model and a theoretical model is proposed to calculate the edge conductivity. Also, the edge conductivity is measured using the vacuum guarded hot plate and the experiment is validated against numerical analysis. The results show that the edge conductivity is dependent on the width of panel and thickness of Al-foil. To reduce the edge conduction, it is recommended that the VIP should be made as big as possible or made of thin Al film envelope. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=envelope" title="envelope">envelope</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=edge%20conduction" title=" edge conduction"> edge conduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=thermal%20conductivity" title=" thermal conductivity"> thermal conductivity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20insulation%20panel" title=" vacuum insulation panel"> vacuum insulation panel</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19366/measurement-of-vip-edge-conduction-using-vacuum-guarded-hot-plate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19366.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">406</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">665</span> Development of a Vacuum System for Orthopedic Drilling Processes and Determination of Optimal Processing Parameters for Temperature Control</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kadir%20G%C3%B6k">Kadir Gök</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this study, a vacuum system was developed for orthopedic drilling processes, and the most efficient processing parameters were determined using statistical analysis of temperature rise. A reverse engineering technique was used to obtain a 3D model of the chip vacuum system, and the obtained point cloud data was transferred to Solidworks software in STL format. An experimental design method was performed by selecting different parameters and their levels, such as RPM, feed rate, and drill bit diameter, to determine the most efficient processing parameters in temperature rise using ANOVA. Additionally, the bone chip-vacuum device was developed and performed successfully to collect the whole chips and fragments in the bone drilling experimental tests, and the chip-collecting device was found to be useful in removing overheating from the drilling zone. The effects of processing parameters on the temperature levels during the chip-vacuuming were determined, and it was found that bone chips and fractures can be used as autograft and allograft for tissue engineering. Overall, this study provides significant insights into the development of a vacuum system for orthopedic drilling processes and the use of bone chips and fractures in tissue engineering applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20system" title="vacuum system">vacuum system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=orthopedic%20drilling" title=" orthopedic drilling"> orthopedic drilling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=temperature%20rise" title=" temperature rise"> temperature rise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bone%20chips" title=" bone chips"> bone chips</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169783/development-of-a-vacuum-system-for-orthopedic-drilling-processes-and-determination-of-optimal-processing-parameters-for-temperature-control" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/169783.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">98</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">664</span> Influence of Vacuum Pressure on the Thermal Bonding Energy of Water in Wood</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aleksandar%20Dedic">Aleksandar Dedic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dusko%20Salemovic"> Dusko Salemovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Milorad%20Danilovic"> Milorad Danilovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Radomir%20Kuzmanovic"> Radomir Kuzmanovic</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper takes into consideration the influence of bonding energy of water on energy demand of vacuum wood drying using the specific method of obtaining sorption isotherms. The experiment was carried out on oak wood at vacuum pressures of: 0.7 bar, 0.5bar and 0.3bar. The experimental work was done to determine a mathematical equation between the moisture content and energy of water-bonding. This equation helps in finding the average amount of energy of water-bonding necessary in calculation of energy consumption by use of the equation of heat balance in real drying chambers. It is concluded that the energy of water-bonding is large enough to be included into consideration. This energy increases at lower values of moisture content, when drying process approaches to the end, and its average values are lower on lower pressure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bonding%20energy" title="bonding energy">bonding energy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=drying" title=" drying"> drying</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=isosters" title=" isosters"> isosters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oak" title=" oak"> oak</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum" title=" vacuum"> vacuum</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69758/influence-of-vacuum-pressure-on-the-thermal-bonding-energy-of-water-in-wood" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/69758.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">273</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">663</span> Alternative Animal Feed Additive Obtain with Different Drying Methods from Carrot Unsuitable for Human Consumption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rabia%20G%C3%B6%C3%A7men">Rabia Göçmen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=G%C3%BCl%C5%9Fah%20Kanbur"> Gülşah Kanbur</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sinan%20Sefa%20Parlat"> Sinan Sefa Parlat</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was conducted to determine that carrot powder obtain by different drying methods (oven and vacuum-freeze dryer) of carrot unfit for human consumption that whether feed additives in animal nutrition or not. Carrots randomly divided 2 groups. First group was dried by using oven, second group was by using vacuum freeze dryer methods. Dried carrot prepared from fresh carrot was analysed nutrient matter (energy, crude protein, crude oil, crude ash, beta carotene, mineral concentration and colour). The differences between groups in terms of energy, crude protein, ash, Ca and Mg was not significant (P> 0,05). Crude oil, P, beta carotene content and colour values (L, a, b) with vacuum-freeze dryer group was greater than oven group (P<0,05). Consequently, carrot powder obtained by drying the vacuum-freeze dryer method can be used as a source of carotene. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=carrot" title="carrot">carrot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20freeze%20dryer" title=" vacuum freeze dryer"> vacuum freeze dryer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=oven" title=" oven"> oven</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=beta%20carotene" title=" beta carotene"> beta carotene</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28419/alternative-animal-feed-additive-obtain-with-different-drying-methods-from-carrot-unsuitable-for-human-consumption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28419.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">324</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=23">23</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=24">24</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=vacuum%20breakdown&page=2" 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