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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" title="漢書">漢書</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div style="display: none"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2372785">@media all and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table.header{display:table!important}}</style> <table class="header" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%; margin-bottom:0px; border:1px solid var(--border-color-content-added,#93A6C0); background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#F9F9F9); color: inherit;text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="25%" align="left">　<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7055" title="漢書/卷055">衞青霍去病傳　第二十五</a> <span style="color:#999"> ◄ </span> </td> <td width="50%" align="center"><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" title="漢書">漢書</a></b><br />卷五十六 <b>董仲舒傳　第二十六</b> </td> <td width="25%" align="right"><span style="color:#999"> ► </span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7057%E4%B8%8A" title="漢書/卷057上">司馬相如傳　第二十七</a>　 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width:100%; background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#F8FCFF); color: inherit;font-size:small; border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-content-added,#93A6C0)"> <tbody><tr> <td><span style="color: #464646;"><ul id="plainSister" style="display:inline-block; font-size:93%; line-height:normal; list-style-type:none; list-style-image:none; list-style-position:outside; border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#AAA); float:right; clear:right; margin:0.5ex 0.5ex 0.5ex 0.5ex; padding:0.0ex 0.0ex 0.0ex 0.0ex; background-color:var(--background-color-base,#FFFFFF);color: inherit;"><li class="noprint sisitem"><span class="sisicon" style="padding-right:1ex;"><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5" title="Special:网站矩阵"><img alt="姊妹计划" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/18px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/27px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Wikimedia-logo.svg/36px-Wikimedia-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></span><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%AB%99%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5" title="Special:网站矩阵">姊妹计划</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q85390932" class="extiw" title="d:Q85390932">数据项</a></li></ul></span> <table style="font-size:0.9em; text-align:left; background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#F9F9F9); float:right;color: inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color: #999999;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>    Referenced:<br />    |*| <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?chapter=810577">https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?chapter=810577</a> (to be synced)<br />    |*| <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ctext.org/han-shu/dong-zhong-shu-zhuan">https://ctext.org/han-shu/dong-zhong-shu-zhuan</a> (checked)<br />    |*| <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.guoxue123.com/shibu/0101/00hs/066.htm">http://www.guoxue123.com/shibu/0101/00hs/066.htm</a> (checked)<br /><br />    [ <漢書>: <敘傳>:<br />|*| <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?chapter=449594&searchu=仲舒">https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?chapter=449594&searchu=仲舒</a><br />|*| <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://ctext.org/han-shu/xu-zhuan?searchu=仲舒&searchmode=showall#result">https://ctext.org/han-shu/xu-zhuan?searchu=仲舒&searchmode=showall#result</a><br />    抑抑仲舒, 再相諸侯. [ 師古曰: “<爾雅> 云: "抑抑, 密也".” ]<br />    身修國治, 致仕縣車.<br />    下帷覃思, 論道屬書. [ 師古曰: "屬音之欲反." ]<br />    讜言訪對, 為世純儒. [ 師古曰: "讜, 善言也. 訪對, 謂對所訪也. 讜音黨." ]<br /><br />    述 <董仲舒傳> 第二十六 (#26). ] </p> <dl><dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="维基百科" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/16px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/24px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span> 参阅<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91" class="extiw" title="w:维基百科">维基百科</a>中的：<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" class="extiw" title="w:董仲舒">董仲舒</a></dd> <dd><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="維基大典" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/16px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/24px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/32px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span> 閲文言<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh-classical:%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%B8" class="extiw" title="w:zh-classical:維基大典">維基大典</a>文：<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/zh-classical:%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" class="extiw" title="w:zh-classical:董仲舒">董仲舒</a></dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="董仲舒"><span id=".E8.91.A3.E4.BB.B2.E8.88.92"></span>董仲舒</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7056&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：董仲舒"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>    董仲舒, 廣川人也. 少治 <春秋>, 孝景時爲博士.<br />     下帷講誦, 弟子傳以久次相授業, 或莫見其面. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "言新學者但就其舊弟子受業, 不必親見仲舒."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 蓋三年不窺園, 其精如此. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "雖有園圃, 不窺視之, 言專學也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small><br />     進退容止, 非禮不行, 學士皆師尊之.<br /> <br />     武帝即位, 舉賢良文學之士前後百數, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "數音所具反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 而仲舒以賢良對策焉.<br />     [<br />     制曰: 朕獲承至尊休德, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "休, 美也. 言承先帝極尊之位至美之德也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 傳之亡窮, 而施之罔極, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "罔亦無也. 極, 盡也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 任大而守重, 是以夙夜不皇康寧, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "皇, 暇也. 康, 樂也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 永惟萬事之統, 猶懼有闕. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "永, 深也. 惟, 思也. 統, 緒也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故廣延四方之豪儁, 郡國諸侯公選賢良脩絜博習之士, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "郡, 郡守也. 國, 王國也. 諸侯, 列侯也. 郡國及諸侯, 揔謂四方在外者. 公選, 謂以公正之道選士, 無偏私也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 欲聞大道之要, 至論之極. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "極, 中也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 今子大夫褎然爲舉首, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>服虔曰: "子, 男子之美號也." 張晏曰: "褎, 進也, 爲舉賢良之首也." 師古曰: “褎然, 盛服貌也. <詩>: <邶風>: <旄丘> 之篇曰: "褎如充耳". 褎音弋授反.”<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 朕甚嘉之. 子大夫其精心致思, 朕垂聽而問焉.<br />     蓋聞五帝三王之道, 改制作樂而天下洽和, 百王同之. 當虞氏之樂莫盛於 <韶>, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<韶>, 舜樂."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 於周莫盛於 <勺>. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>張晏曰: "<勺>, 周頌篇也, 言能成先祖之功以養天下也." 師古曰: "勺讀與酌同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 聖王已沒, 鐘鼓筦絃之聲未衰, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "筦與管字同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 而大道微缺, 陵夷至虖桀紂之行, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "陵夷, 言漸穨替也. 解在成紀."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 王道大壞矣. 夫五百年之間, 守文之君, 當塗之士, 欲則先王之法以戴翼其世者甚衆, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "翼, 助也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 然猶不能反, 日以仆滅, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "反, 還也. 還於正道也. 仆, 斃也, 音赴."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 至後王而後止, 豈其所持操或誖繆而失其統與? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "操, 執也. 誖, 乖也. 統, 緒也. 操音千高反. 與讀曰歟. 後皆類此."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 固天降命不可復反, 必推之於大衰而後息與? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "息, 止也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 烏虖! <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "虖讀曰呼. 嗚呼, 歎辭也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 凡所爲屑屑, 夙興夜寐, 務法上古者, 又將無補與? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "屑屑, 動作之貌. 補, 益也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 三代受命, 其符安在? 災異之變, 何緣而起? 性命之情, 或夭或壽, 或仁或鄙, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "夭壽, 命也. 仁鄙, 性也. 鄙謂不通也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 習聞其號, 未燭厥理. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "燭, 照也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 伊欲風流而令行, 刑輕而姦改, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "伊, 惟也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 百姓和樂, 政事宣昭, 何脩何飭而膏露降, 百穀登, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "登, 成也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 德潤四海, 澤臻屮木, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "臻, 至也. 屮, 古草字也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 三光全, 寒暑平, 受天之祜, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "祜, 福也, 音怙."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 享鬼神之靈, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "爲鬼神所歆饗."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 德澤洋溢, 施虖方外, 延及羣生? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "施亦延也. 洋音羊. 施音弋豉反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small><br />     子大夫明先聖之業, 習俗化之變, 終始之序, 講聞高誼之日久矣, 其明以諭朕. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "諭謂曉告也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 科別其條, 勿猥勿并, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "猥, 積也. 并, 合也. 欲其一二疏理而言之."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 取之於術, 慎其所出. 迺其不正不直, 不忠不極, 枉于執事, 書之不泄, 興于朕躬, 毋悼後害. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "極, 中也. 公卿執事有不忠直而阿枉者, 皆令言之. 朕自發書, 不有漏泄, 勿懼有後害而不言也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 子大夫其盡心, 靡有所隱, 朕將親覽焉. ]<br /> <br /> <br />     仲舒對曰: [<br />     陛下發德音, 下明詔, 求天命與情性, 皆非愚臣之所能及也. 臣謹案 <春秋> 之中, 視前世已行之事, 以觀天人相與之際, 甚可畏也. 國家將有失道之敗, 而天迺先出災害以譴告之, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "譴, 責也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 不知自省, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "省, 視也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 又出怪異以警懼之, 尚不知變, 而傷敗迺至. 以此見天心之仁愛人君而欲止其亂也. 自非大亡道之世者, 天盡欲扶持而全安之, 事在彊勉而已矣. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "彊音其兩反. 此下並同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 彊勉學問, 則聞見博而知益明; 彊勉行道, 則德日起而大有功: 此皆可使還至而立有效者也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "還讀曰旋. 旋, 速也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> <詩> 曰 "夙夜匪解", <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "大雅烝人之詩也. 夙, 早也. 解讀曰懈. 懈, 怠也. 其下亦同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> <書> 云 "茂哉茂哉!" <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "虞書咎繇謨之辭也. 茂, 勉也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 皆彊勉之謂也.<br />     道者, 所繇適於治之路也, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "繇讀與由同. 由, 從也. 適, 往也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 仁義禮樂皆其具也. 故聖王已沒, 而子孫長久安寧數百歲, 此皆禮樂敎化之功也. 王者未作樂之時, 迺用先王之樂宜於世者, 而以深入敎化於民. 敎化之情不得, 雅頌之樂不成, 故王者功成作樂, 樂其德也. 樂者, 所以變民風, 化民俗也; 其變民也易, 其化人也著. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "著, 明也. 易音弋豉反. 著音竹箸反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故聲發於和而本於情, 接於肌膚, 臧於骨髓. 故王道雖微缺, 而筦絃之聲未衰也. 夫虞氏之不爲政久矣, 然而樂頌遺風猶有存者, 是以孔子在齊而聞 <韶> 也. 夫人君莫不欲安存而惡危亡, 然而政亂國危者甚衆, 所任者非其人, 而所繇者非其道, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "繇讀與由同. 下亦類此."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 是以政日以仆滅也. 夫周道衰於幽, 厲: 非道亡也, 幽, 厲不繇也. 至於宣王, 思昔先王之德, 興滯補弊, 明文, 武之功業, 周道粲然復興, 詩人美之而作, 上天祐之, 爲生賢佐, 後世稱誦, 至今不絕. 此夙夜不解行善之所致也. 孔子曰 "人能弘道, 非道弘人" 也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言也. 言明智之人則能行道. 內無其質, 非道所化."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故治亂廢興在於己, 非天降命不可得反, 其所操持誖謬失其統也.<br />     臣聞天之所大奉使之王者, 必有非人力所能致而自至者, 此受命之符也. 天下之人同心歸之, 若歸父母, 故天瑞應誠而至. <書> 曰 "白魚入于王舟, 有火復于王屋, 流爲烏", <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "今文尚書泰誓之辭也. 謂伐紂之時有此瑞也. 復, 歸也, 音扶目反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 此蓋受命之符也. 周公曰 "復哉復哉", <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: “周公視火烏之瑞, 乃曰: "復哉復哉!" 復, 報也, 言周有盛德, 故天報以此瑞也. 亦見今文泰誓也.”<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 孔子曰 "德不孤, 必有鄰", <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言也. 鄰, 近也. 言修德者不獨空爲之而已, 必有近助也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 皆積善絫德之效也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "絫, 古累字."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 及至後世, 淫佚衰微, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "佚與逸同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 不能統理羣生, 諸侯背畔, 殘賊良民以爭壤土, 廢德敎而任刑罰. 刑罰不中, 則生邪氣; <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "中音竹仲反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 邪氣積於下, 怨惡畜於上. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "畜讀曰蓄. 蓄, 聚也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 上下不和, 則陰陽繆盭而妖孽生矣. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "盭, 古戾字. 孽, 災也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 此災異所緣而起也.<br />     臣聞命者天之令也, 性者生之質也, 情者人之欲也. 或夭或壽, 或仁或鄙, 陶冶而成之, 不能粹美, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "陶以喻造瓦, 冶以喻鑄金也. 言天之生人有似於此也. 粹, 純也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 有治亂之所生, 故不齊也. 孔子曰: "君子之德風也, 小人之德屮也, 屮上之風必偃." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言也. 言人之從化, 若草遇風則偃仆也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故堯, 舜行德則民仁壽. 桀, 紂行暴則民鄙夭. 夫上之化下, 下之從上, 猶泥之在鈞, 唯甄者之所爲; <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "甄, 作瓦之人也. 鈞, 造瓦之法其中旋轉者. 甄音吉延反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 猶金之在鎔, 唯冶者之所鑄. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "鎔謂鑄器之模範也. 鎔音容."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> "綏之斯倈, 動之斯和", 此之謂也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載子貢對陳子禽之言也. 綏, 安也. 言治國家者, 安之則競來, 動之則和悅耳."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small><br />     臣謹案 <春秋> 之文, 求王道之端, 得之於正. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "謂正月也, 音之成反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 正次王, 王次春. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: “解 <春秋> 書 "春王正月" 之一句也.”<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 春者, 天之所爲也; 正者, 王之所爲也. 其意曰, 上承天之所爲, 而下以正其所爲, 正王道之端云爾. 然則王者欲有所爲, 宜求其端於天. 天道之大者在陰陽. 陽爲德, 陰爲刑; 刑主殺而德主生. 是故陽常居大夏, 而以生育養長爲事; 陰常居大冬, 而積於空虛不用之處. 以此見天之任德不任刑也. 天使陽出布施於上而主歲功, 使陰入伏於下而時出佐陽; 陽不得陰之助, 亦不能獨成歲. 終陽以成歲爲名, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>蘇林曰: "卒以陽名歲, 尚德不尚刑也." 師古曰: “謂年首稱春也. 即上文所云 "王次春" 者是也.”<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 此天意也. 王者承天意以從事, 故任德敎而不任刑. 刑者不可任以治世, 猶陰之不可任以成歲也. 爲政而任刑, 不順於天, 故先王莫之肯爲也. 今廢先王德敎之官, 而獨任執法之吏治民, 毋乃任刑之意與! <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "與讀曰歟."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 孔子曰: "不敎而誅謂之虐." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 虐政用於下, 而欲德敎之被四海, 故難成也.<br />     臣謹案 <春秋> 謂一元之意, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "釋公始即位何不稱一年而言元年也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 一者萬物之所從始也, 元者辭之所謂大也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: “易稱 "元者善之長也", 故曰辭之所謂大也.”<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 謂一爲元者, 視大始而欲正本也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "視讀曰示."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> <春秋> 深探其本, 而反自貴者始. 故爲人君者, 正心以正朝廷, 正朝廷以正百官, 正百官以正萬民, 正萬民以正四方. 四方正, 遠近莫敢不壹於正, 而亡有邪氣奸其間者. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "奸, 犯也, 音干."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 是以陰陽調而風雨時, 群生和而萬民殖, 五穀孰而屮木茂, 天地之間被潤澤而大豐美, 四海之內聞盛德而皆倈臣, 諸福之物, 可致之祥, 莫不畢至, 而王道終矣.<br />     孔子曰: "鳳鳥不至, 河不出圖, 吾已矣夫!" <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 自悲可致此物, 而身卑賤不得致也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "鳳鳥河圖, 皆王者之瑞. 仲尼自歎有德無位, 故不至也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 今陛下貴爲天子, 富有四海, 居得致之位, 操可致之勢, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "操, 執持也, 音千高反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 又有能致之資, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "資, 材質也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 行高而恩厚, 知明而意美, 愛民而好士, 可謂誼主矣. 然而天地未應而美祥莫至者, 何也? 凡以敎化不立而萬民不正也. 夫萬民之從利也, 如水之走下, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "走音奏."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 不以敎化隄防之, 不能止也. 是故敎化立而姦邪皆止者, 其隄防完也; 敎化廢而姦邪並出, 刑罰不能勝者, 其隄防壞也. 古之王者明於此, 是故南面而治天下, 莫不以敎化爲大務. 立大學以敎於國, 設庠序以化於邑, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: “庠序, 敎學之處也, 所以養老而行禮焉. 禮學記曰 "古之敎者, 家有塾, 黨有庠, 術有序, 國有學" 也.”<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 漸民以仁, 摩民以誼, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "漸謂浸潤之, 摩謂砥礪之也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 節民以禮, 故其刑罰甚輕而禁不犯者, 敎化行而習俗美也.<br />     聖王之繼亂世也, 掃除其迹而悉去之, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "去亦除也, 音丘呂反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 復脩敎化而崇起之. 敎化已明, 習俗已成, 子孫循之, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "循, 順也, 順而行之."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 行五六百歲尚未敗也. 至周之末世, 大爲亡道, 以失天下. 秦繼其後, 獨不能改, 又益甚之, 重禁文學, 不得挾書, 棄捐禮誼而惡聞之, 其心欲盡滅先王之道, 而顓爲自恣苟簡之治, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>蘇林曰: "苟爲簡易之治也." 師古曰: "此說非也. 苟謂苟於權利也, 簡謂簡於仁義也. 簡易乾坤之德, 豈秦所行乎? 顓與專同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故立爲天子十四歲而國破亡矣. 自古以來, 未甞有以亂濟亂, 大敗天下之民如秦者也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "濟, 益也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 其遺毒餘烈, 至今未滅, 使習俗薄惡, 人民嚚頑, 抵冒殊扞, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>文穎曰: "扞, 突也." 師古曰: "口不道忠信之言爲嚚. 心不則德義之經爲頑. 抵, 觸也. 冒, 犯也. 殊, 絕也. 扞, 距也. 冒讀如字, 又音莫克反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 孰爛如此之甚者也. 孔子曰: "腐朽之木不可彫也, 糞土之牆不可圬也." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言也. 圬, 鏝也, 所以泥飾牆也. 言內質敗壞不可脩治也. 圬音一胡反. 鏝音莫干反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small><br />     今漢繼秦之後, 如朽木糞牆矣, 雖欲善治之, 亡可柰何. 法出而姦生, 令下而詐起, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "下音胡亞反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 如以湯止沸, 抱薪救火, 愈甚亡益也. 竊譬之琴瑟不調, 甚者必解而更張之, 乃可鼓也; 爲政而不行, 甚者必變而更化之, 乃可理也. 當更張而不更張, 雖有良工不能善調也; 當更化而不更化, 雖有大賢不能善治也. 故漢得天下以來, 常欲善治而至今不可善治者, 失之於當更化而不更化也. 古人有言曰: "臨淵羨魚, 不如退而結網." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "言當自求之."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 今臨政而願治七十餘歲矣, 不如退而更化; 更化則可善治, 善治則災害日去, 福祿日來. <詩> 云: "宜民宜人, 受祿于天." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "大雅假樂之詩也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 爲政而宜於民者, 固當受祿于天. 夫仁, 誼, 禮, 知, 信五常之道, 王者所當脩飭也. 五者脩飭, 故受天之祐, 而享鬼神之靈, 德施于方外, 延及群生也. ]<br /> <br /> <br />     天子覽其對而異焉, 乃復冊之曰: [<br />     制曰: 蓋聞虞舜之時, 游於巖廊之上, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>文穎曰: "巖廊, 殿下小屋也." 晉灼曰: "堂邊廡巖廊, 謂嚴峻之廊也." 師古曰: "晉說是也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 垂拱無爲, 而天下太平. 周文王至於日昃不暇食, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "昃亦𣅳字."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 而宇內亦治. 夫帝王之道, 豈不同條共貫與? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "與讀曰歟."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 何逸勞之殊也?<br />     蓋儉者不造玄黃旌旗之飾. 及至周室, 設兩觀, 乘大路, 朱干玉戚, 八佾陳於庭, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "兩觀, 謂闕也. 大路, 玉路之車也. 干, 盾也. 戚, 鉞也. 朱丹其盾, 玉爲戚杷也. 佾, 列也, 舞者之行列也. 一列八人, 天子八列, 六十四人也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 而頌聲興. 夫帝王之道豈異指哉? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "言意趣不同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 或曰良玉不瑑, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "瑑謂彫刻爲文也, 音篆. 下皆類此."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 又云非文亡以輔德, 二端異焉.<br />     殷人執五刑以督姦, 傷肌膚以懲惡. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "督, 視責也. 懲, 止也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 成, 康不式, 四十餘年<small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "式, 用也. 成康之時刑措不用."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 天下不犯, 囹圄空虛. 秦國用之, 死者甚衆, 刑者相望, 秏矣哀哉! <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "秏, 虛也. 言用刑酷烈, 誅殺甚衆, 天下空虛也. 秏音呼到反. 或曰秏, 不明也, 言刑罰闇亂, 音莫報反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small><br />     烏虖! <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "虖讀曰呼."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 朕夙寤晨興, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "夙, 早也. 寤, 寐之覺也. 興, 起也. 覺音工孝反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 惟前帝王之憲, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "憲, 法也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 永思所以奉至尊, 章洪業, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "永, 深也. 章, 明也. 洪, 大也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 皆在力本任賢. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "力本, 謂勤力行於本業也. 本謂農也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 今朕親耕藉田以爲農先, 勸孝弟, 崇有德, 使者冠蓋相望, 問勤勞, 恤孤獨, 盡思極神, 功烈休德未始云獲也. 今陰陽錯繆, 氛氣充塞, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "氛, 惡氣也. 充, 滿也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 群生寡遂, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "遂, 成也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 黎民未濟, 廉恥貿亂, 賢不肖渾殽, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "貿, 易也. 渾殽, 雜也. 貿音武又反. 渾音胡本反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 未得其真, 故詳延特起之士, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "詳, 盡也, 一曰審也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 意庶幾乎! 今子大夫待詔百有餘人, 或道世務而未濟, 稽諸上古之不同, 考之于今而難行, 毋乃牽於文繫而不得騁與? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "牽於文繫, 謂懼於文吏之法."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 將所繇異術, 所聞殊方與? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "繇讀與由同. 方謂道也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 各悉對, 著于篇, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "悉謂盡意而對也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 毋諱有司. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "言不當忌畏有司而不極言."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 明其指略, 切磋究之, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "究, 極也. 磋音千何反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 以稱朕意. ]<br /> <br /> <br />     仲舒對曰: [<br />     臣聞堯受命, 以天下爲憂, 而未以位爲樂也, 故誅逐亂臣, 務求賢聖, 是以得舜, 禹, 稷, 卨, 咎繇. 衆聖輔德, 賢能佐職, 敎化大行, 天下和洽, 萬民皆安仁樂誼, 各得其宜, 動作應禮, 從容中道. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "從音千容反. 中音竹仲反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故孔子曰 "如有王者, 必世而後仁", 此之謂也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言也. 言如有受命王者, 必三十年, 仁政乃成."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 堯在位七十載, 廼遜于位以禪虞舜. 堯崩, 天下不歸堯子丹朱而歸舜. 舜知不可辟, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "辟讀曰避."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 乃即天子之位, 以禹爲相, 因堯之輔佐, 繼其統業, 是以垂拱無爲而天下治. 孔子曰 "<韶> 盡美矣, 又盡善也", <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言. 韶, 舜樂也. 孔子嘉舜之德, 故聽其樂, 而云盡善盡美矣."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 此之謂也. 至於殷紂, 逆天暴物, 殺戮賢知, 殘賊百姓. 伯夷, 太公皆當世賢者, 隱處而不爲臣. 守職之人皆奔走逃亡, 入于河海. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "謂若鼓方叔, 播鼗武, 少師陽之屬也. 事在 <禮樂志>."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 天下秏亂, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "秏, 不明也, 音莫報反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 萬民不安, 故天下去殷而從周. 文王順天理物, 師用賢聖, 是以閎夭, 大顛, 散宜生等亦聚於朝廷. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>臣瓚曰: "皆文王賢臣."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 愛施兆民, 天下歸之, 故太公起海濱而即三公也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "濱, 涯也. 即, 就也. 濱音賓, 又音頻."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 當此之時, 紂尚在上, 尊卑昬亂, 百姓散亡, 故文王悼痛而欲安之, 是以日昃而不暇食也. 孔子作 <春秋>, 先正王而繫萬事, 見素王之文焉. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "見, 顯示也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 繇此觀之, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "繇讀與由同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 帝王之條貫同, 然而勞逸異者, 所遇之時異也. 孔子曰 "<武> 盡美矣, 未盡善也", <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "亦 <<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言也. 武, 周武王樂也. 以其用兵伐紂, 故有慚德, 未盡善也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 此之謂也.<br />     臣聞制度文采玄黃之飾, 所以明尊卑, 異貴賤, 而勸有德也. 故 <春秋> 受命所先制者, 改正朔, 易服色, 所以應天也. 然則宮室旌旗之制, 有法而然者也. 故孔子曰: "奢則不遜, 儉則固." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言. 遜, 順也. 固, 陋也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 儉非聖人之中制也. 臣聞良玉不瑑, 資質潤美, 不待刻瑑, 此亡異於達巷黨人不學而自知也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>孟康曰: "人, 項橐也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 然則常玉不瑑, 不成文章; 君子不學, 不成其德.<br />     臣聞聖王之治天下也, 少則習之學, 長則材諸位, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>服虔曰: "在位當知材知日有益於政也." 應劭曰: "隨其材之優劣而授之位也." 師古曰: "應說近之. 謂授之位以試其材也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 爵祿以養其德, 刑罰以威其惡, 故民曉於禮誼而恥犯其上. 武王行大誼, 平殘賊, 周公作禮樂以文之, 至於成康之隆, 囹圄空虛四十餘年, 此亦敎化之漸而仁誼之流, 非獨傷肌膚之效也. 至秦則不然. 師申商之法, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "申, 申不害也. 商, 商鞅也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 行韓非之說, 憎帝王之道, 以貪狼爲俗, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "狼性皆貪, 故謂貪爲貪狼也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 非有文德以敎訓於天下也. 誅名而不察實, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "誅, 責也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 爲善者不必免, 而犯惡者未必刑也. 是以百官皆飾空言虛辭而不顧實: 外有事君之禮, 內有背上之心. 造僞飾詐, 趣利無恥; 又好用憯酷之吏, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "憯, 痛也, 音千感反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 賦斂亡度, 竭民財力, 百姓散亡, 不得從耕織之業, 羣盜並起. 是以刑者甚衆, 死者相望, 而姦不息, 俗化使然也. 故孔子曰 "導之以政, 齊之以刑, 民免而無恥", <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言也. 言以政法敎導之, 以刑戮整齊之, 則人苟免而已, 無恥愧也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 此之謂也.<br />     今陛下并有天下, 海內莫不率服, 廣覽兼聽, 極羣下之知, 盡天下之美, 至德昭然, 施於方外. 夜郎, 康居, 殊方萬里, 說德歸誼, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "夜郎, 西南夷也. 康居, 西域國也. 說讀曰悅."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 此太平之致也. 然而功不加於百姓者, 殆王心未加焉. 曾子曰: "尊其所聞, 則高明矣; 行其所知, 則光大矣. 高明光大, 不在於它, 在乎加之意而已." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "曾子之書也. 曾子, 曾參."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 願陛下因用所聞, 設誠於內而致行之, 則三王何異哉!<br />     陛下親耕藉田以爲農先, 夙寤晨興, 憂勞萬民, 思惟往古, 而務以求賢, 此亦堯舜之用心也, 然而未云獲者, 士素不厲也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "厲謂勸勉之也. 一曰砥礪其行也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 夫不素養士而欲求賢, 譬猶不瑑玉而求文采也. 故養士之大者, 莫大虖太學; 太學者, 賢士之所關也, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "關, 由也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 敎化之本原也. 今以一郡一國之衆, 對亡應書者, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "書謂舉賢良文學之詔書也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 是王道往往而絕也. 臣願陛下興太學, 置明師, 以養天下之士, 數考問以盡其材, 則英俊宜可得矣. 今之郡守, 縣令, 民之師帥, 所使承流而宣化也; 故師帥不賢, 則主德不宣, 恩澤不流. 今吏旣亡敎訓於下, 或不承用主上之法, 暴虐百姓, 與姦爲市, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "言小吏有爲姦欺者, 守令不舉, 乃反與之交易求利也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 貧窮孤弱, 冤苦失職, 甚不稱陛下之意. 是以陰陽錯繆, 氛氣充塞, 羣生寡遂, 黎民未濟, 皆長吏不明, 使至於此也.<br />     夫長吏多出於郎中, 中郎, 吏二千石子弟選郎吏, 又以富訾, 未必賢也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "訾與資同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 且古所謂功者, 以任官稱職爲差, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "差, 次也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 非所謂積日絫久也. 故小材雖絫日, 不離於小官; 賢材雖未久, 不害爲輔佐. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "害猶妨也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 是以有司竭力盡知, 務治其業而以赴功.<br />     今則不然: 累日以取貴, 積久以致官, 是以廉恥貿亂, 賢不肖渾殽, 未得其真. 臣愚以爲使諸列侯, 郡守, 二千石各擇其吏民之賢者, 歲貢各二人以給宿衞, 且以觀大臣之能; 所貢賢者有賞, 所貢不肖者有罰. 夫如是, 諸侯, 吏二千石皆盡心於求賢, 天下之士可得而官使也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "授之以官, 以使其材也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 徧得天下之賢人, 則三王之盛易爲, 而堯舜之名可及也. 毋以日月爲功, 實試賢能爲上, 量材而授官, 錄德而定位, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "錄謂存視也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 則廉恥殊路, 賢不肖異處矣. 陛下加惠, 寬臣之罪, 令勿牽制於文, 使得切磋究之, 臣敢不盡愚! ]<br /> <br /> <br />     於是天子復冊之: [<br />     制曰: 蓋聞 “善言天者必有徵於人, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "徵, 證也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 善言古者必有驗於今”. 故朕垂問虖天人之應, 上嘉唐虞, 下悼桀紂, 濅微濅滅濅明濅昌之道, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "濅, 古浸字. 濅, 漸也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 虛心以改. 今子大夫明於陰陽所以造化, 習於先聖之道業, 然而文采未極, 豈惑虖當世之務哉? 條貫靡竟, 統紀未終, 意朕之不明與? 聽若眩與? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "眩, 惑也, 音郡縣之縣. 與讀皆曰歟."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 夫三王之敎所祖不同, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "祖, 始也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 而皆有失, 或謂久而不易者道也, 意豈異哉? 今子大夫旣已著大道之極, 陳治亂之端矣, 其悉之究之, 孰之復之. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "悉, 盡也. 究, 竟也. 復, 反復重言之也. 復音扶目反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> <詩> 不云虖: "嗟爾君子, 毋常安息, 神之聽之, 介爾景福."? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "小雅小明之詩也. 安息, 安處也. 介, 助也. 景, 大也. 言人君不當苟自安處而已, 若能靖恭其位, 直道而行, 則神聽而知之, 助以大福也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 朕將親覽焉, 子大夫其茂明之. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "茂, 勉也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> ]<br /> <br /> <br />     仲舒復對曰: [<br />     臣聞 <<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 曰: "有始有卒者, 其唯聖人虖!" <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言. 卒, 終也, 言終始如一者, 唯聖人能之."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 今陛下幸加惠, 留聽於承學之臣, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "言轉承師說而學之, 蓋謙辭也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 復下明冊, 以切其意, 而究盡聖德, 非愚臣之所能具也. 前所上對, 條貫靡竟, 統紀不終, 辭不別白, 指不分明, 此臣淺陋之罪也.<br />     冊曰: "善言天者必有徵於人, 善言古者必有驗於今." 臣聞天者群物之祖也. 故徧覆包函而無所殊, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "函與含同. 殊, 異也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 建日月風雨以和之, 經陰陽寒暑以成之. 故聖人法天而立道, 亦溥愛而亡私, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "溥, 遍也, 音普."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 布德施仁以厚之, 設誼立禮以導之. 春者天之所以生也, 仁者君之所以愛也; 夏者天之所以長也, 德者君之所以養也; 霜者天之所以殺也, 刑者君之所以罰也. 繇此言之, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "繇讀與由同. 下皆類此."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 天人之徵, 古今之道也. 孔子作 <春秋>, 上揆之天道, 下質諸人情, 參之於古, 考之於今. 故 <春秋> 之所譏, 災害之所加也; <春秋> 之所惡, 怪異之所施也. 書邦家之過, 兼災異之變, 以此見人之所爲, 其美惡之極, 乃與天地流通而往來相應, 此亦言天之一端也. 古者修敎訓之官, 務以德善化民, 民已大化之後, 天下常亡一人之獄矣. 今世廢而不脩, 亡以化民, 民以故棄行誼而死財利, 是以犯法而罪多, 一歲之獄以萬千數. 以此見古之不可不用也, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "古謂古法也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故春秋變古則譏之. 天令之謂命, 命非聖人不行; 質樸之謂性, 性非敎化不成; 人欲之謂情, 情非度制不節. 是故王者上謹於承天意, 以順命也; 下務明敎化民, 以成性也; 正法度之宜, 別上下之序, 以防欲也: 脩此三者, 而大本舉矣. 人受命於天, 固超然異於羣生, 入有父子兄弟之親, 出有君臣上下之誼, 會聚相遇, 則有耆老長幼之施; <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "施, 設也, 陳設其序."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 粲然有文以相接, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "粲, 明貌."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 驩然有恩以相愛, 此人之所以貴也. 生五穀以食之, 桑麻以衣之, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "食讀曰飤. 衣音於旣反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 六畜以養之, 服牛乘馬, 圈豹檻虎, 是其得天之靈, 貴於物也. 故孔子曰: "天地之性人爲貴." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "孝經載孔子之言也. 性, 生也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 明於天性, 知自貴於物; 知自貴於物, 然後知仁誼; 知仁誼, 然後重禮節; 重禮節, 然後安處善; <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "處於善道以爲安."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 安處善, 然後樂循理; <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "循, 順也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 樂循理, 然後謂之君子. 故孔子曰 "不知命, 亡以爲君子", <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 此之謂也.<br />     冊曰: "上嘉唐虞, 下悼桀紂, 寖微寖滅寖明寖昌之道, 虛心以改." 臣聞衆少成多, 積小致鉅, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "鉅, 大也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故聖人莫不以晻致明, 以微致顯. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "晻與暗同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 是以堯發於諸侯, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "謂從唐侯升天子之位."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 舜興虖深山, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>孟康曰: "舜耕於歷山."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 非一日而顯也, 蓋有漸以致之矣. 言出於己, 不可塞也; 行發於身, 不可掩也. 言行, 治之大者, 君子之所以動天地也. 故盡小者大, 慎微者著. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "能盡衆小, 則致高大; 能慎至微, 則著明也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> <詩> 云: "惟此文王, 小心翼翼." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "大雅大明之詩也. 翼翼, 恭肅貌."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故堯兢兢日行其道, 而舜業業日致其孝, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "兢兢, 戒慎也. 業業, 危懼也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 善積而名顯, 德章而身尊, 此其寖明寖昌之道也. 積善在身, 猶長日加益, 而人不知也; <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "長言身形之脩短, 自幼及壯也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 積惡在身, 猶火之銷膏, 而人不見也. 非明虖情性察虖流俗者, 孰能知之? 此唐虞之所以得令名, 而桀紂之可爲悼懼者也. 夫善惡之相從, 如景鄉之應形聲也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "鄉讀曰響."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故桀紂暴謾, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "謾與慢同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 讒賊並進, 賢知隱伏, 惡日顯, 國日亂, 晏然自以如日在天, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "晏然, 自安意也. 如日在天, 言終不墜亡也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 終陵夷而大壞. 夫暴逆不仁者, 非一日而亡也, 亦以漸至, 故桀, 紂雖亡道, 然猶享國十餘年, 此其寖微寖滅之道也.<br />     冊曰: "三王之敎所祖不同, 而皆有失, 或謂久而不易者道也, 意豈異哉?" 臣聞夫樂而不亂, 復而不厭者謂之道; <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "復謂反復行之也, 音扶目反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 道者萬世亡弊, 弊者道之失也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "言有弊非道, 由失道故有弊."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 先王之道必有偏而不起之處, 故政有眊而不行, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "眊, 不明也, 音莫報反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 舉其偏者以補其弊而已矣. 三王之道所祖不同, 非其相反, 將以捄溢扶衰, 所遭之變然也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "捄, 古救字."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故孔子曰: "亡爲而治者, 其舜虖!" <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 改正朔, 易服色, 以順天命而已; 其餘盡循堯道, 何更爲哉! 故王者有改制之名, 亡變道之實. 然夏上忠, 殷上敬, 周上文者, 所繼之捄, 當用此也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "繼謂所受先代之次也. 救謂救其弊也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 孔子曰: "殷因於夏禮, 所損益可知也; 周因於殷禮, 所損益可知也; 其或繼周者, 雖百世可知也." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "<<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>> 載孔子之言. 謂忠敬與文因循爲敎, 立政垂則, 不遠此也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 此言百王之用, 以此三者矣. 夏因於虞, 而獨不言所損益者, 其道如一而所上同也. 道之大原出于天, 天不變, 道亦不變, 是以禹繼舜, 舜繼堯, 三聖相受而守一道, 亡救弊之政也, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "言政和平, 不須救弊也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故不言其所損益也. 繇是觀之, 繼治世者其道同, 繼亂世者其道變. 今漢繼大亂之後, 若宜少損周之文致, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "致, 至極也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 用夏之忠者.<br />     陛下有明德嘉道, 愍世俗之靡薄, 悼王道之不昭, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "靡, 散也. 薄, 輕也. 昭, 明也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故舉賢良方正之士, 論誼考問, 將欲興仁誼之休德, 明帝王之法制, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "休, 美也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 建太平之道也. 臣愚不肖, 述所聞, 誦所學, 道師之言, 厪能勿失耳. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "厪與僅同. 僅, 少也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 若迺論政事之得失, 察天下之息秏, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "息, 生也. 秏, 虛也. 秏音呼到反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 此大臣輔佐之職, 三公九卿之任, 非臣仲舒所能及也. 然而臣竊有怪者. 夫古之天下亦今之天下, 今之天下亦古之天下, 共是天下, 古亦大治, 上下和睦, 習俗美盛, 不令而行, 不禁而止, 吏亡姦邪, 民亡盜賊, 囹圄空虛, 德潤草木, 澤被四海, 鳳皇來集, 麒麟來游, 以古準今, 壹何不相逮之遠也! 安所繆盭而陵夷若是? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "安, 焉也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 意者有所失於古之道與? 有所詭於天之理與? <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "與讀皆曰歟. 詭, 違也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 試迹之古, 返之於天, 黨可得見乎. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "返謂還歸之也. 黨音他朗反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small><br />     夫天亦有所分予, 予之齒者去其角, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "謂牛無上齒則有角, 其餘無角者則有上齒."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 傅其翼者兩其足, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "傅讀曰附. 附, 箸也. 言鳥不四足."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 是所受大者不得取小也. 古之所予祿者, 不食於力, 不動於末, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "末謂工商之業也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 是亦受大者不得取小, 與天同意者也. 夫已受大, 又取小: 天不能足, 而況人虖? 此民之所以囂囂苦不足也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "囂讀與嗷同, 音敖. 嗷嗷, 衆怨愁聲也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 身寵而載高位, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "載亦乘也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 家溫而食厚祿, 因乘富貴之資力, 以與民爭利於下, 民安能如之哉! 是故衆其奴婢, 多其牛羊, 廣其田宅, 博其產業, 畜其積委, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "畜讀曰蓄."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 務此而亡已, 以迫蹵民, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "蹵音子育反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 民日削月朘, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>孟康曰: "朘音揎, 謂轉褰踧也." 蘇林曰: "朘音鐫石. 俗語謂縮肭爲朘縮." 師古曰: "孟說是也. 揎音宣. 踧音子六反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 寖以大窮. 富者奢侈羨溢, 貧者窮急愁苦; <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "羨, 饒也, 讀與衍同, 音弋戰反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 窮急愁苦而上不救, 則民不樂生; 民不樂生, 尚不避死, 安能避罪! 此刑罰之所以蕃而姦邪不可勝者也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "蕃, 多也, 音扶元反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 故受祿之家, 食祿而已, 不與民爭業, 然後利可均布, 而民可家足. 此上天之理, 而亦太古之道, 天子之所宜法以爲制, 大夫之所當循以爲行也. 故公儀子相魯, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "公儀休."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 之其家見織帛, 怒而出其妻, 食於舍而茹葵, 慍而拔其葵, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "食菜曰茹, 音汝."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 曰: "吾已食祿, 又奪園夫紅女利虖!" <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "紅讀曰工."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 古之賢人君子在列位者皆如是, 是故下高其行而從其敎, 民化其廉而不貪鄙. 及至周室之衰, 其卿大夫緩於誼而急於利, 亡推讓之風而有爭田之訟. 故詩人疾而刺之, 曰: "節彼南山, 惟石巖巖, 赫赫師尹, 民具爾瞻." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "小雅節南山之詩也. 節, 高峻貌, 巖巖, 積石貌. 赫赫, 顯盛也. 師尹, 周太師尹氏也. 言三公之位, 人所瞻仰, 若山之高也. 節音才結反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 爾好誼, 則民鄉仁而俗善; <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "爾, 汝也. 鄉讀曰嚮."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 爾好利, 則民好邪而俗敗. 由是觀之, 天子大夫者, 下民之所視效, 遠方之所四面而內望也. 近者視而放之, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "放, 依也, 音甫往反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 遠者望而效之, 豈可以居賢人之位而爲庶人行哉! 夫皇皇求財利常恐乏匱者, 庶人之意也; <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "皇皇, 急速之貌也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 皇皇求仁義常恐不能化民者, 大夫之意也. <易> 曰: "負且乘, 致宼至." <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "此易解卦六三爻辭也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 乘車者君子之位也, 負擔者小人之事也, 此言居君子之位而爲庶人之行者, 其患禍必至也. 若居君子之位, 當君子之行, 則舍公儀休之相魯, 亡可爲者矣. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "舍, 廢也. 言爲君子之行者, 當如公儀休. 若廢其所行, 則無可爲也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small><br />     <春秋> 大一統者, 天地之常經, 古今之通誼也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: “一統者, 萬物之統皆歸於一也. <春秋公羊傳>: "隱公元年, 春王正月. 何言乎王正月? 大一統也." 此言諸侯皆係統天子, 不得自專也.”<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 今師異道, 人異論, 百家殊方, 指意不同, 是以上亡以持一統; 法制數變, 下不知所守. 臣愚以爲諸不在六蓺之科孔子之術者, 皆絕其道, 勿使並進. 邪辟之說滅息, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "辟讀曰僻."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 然後統紀可一而法度可明, 民知所從矣. ]<br /> <br /> <br />     對旣畢, 天子以仲舒爲江都相, 事易王.<br />     易王, 帝兄, 素驕, 好勇.<br />     仲舒以禮誼匡正, 王敬重焉.<br />     .<br />     久之, 王問仲舒曰: [<br />     粵王句踐與大夫泄庸, 種, 蠡謀伐吳, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "種, 大夫種也. 蠡, 范蠡也. 種音之勇反. 蠡音禮."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 遂滅之.<br />     孔子稱殷有三仁, 寡人亦以爲粵有三仁: <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "泄庸一也, 大夫種二也, 范蠡三也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small><br />     桓公決疑於管仲, 寡人決疑於君. ]<br /> <^>    仲舒對曰: [<br />     臣愚不足以奉大對. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "大對, 謂對大問也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small><br />     聞昔者魯君問柳下惠 <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "魯大夫展禽也. 柳下, 所食采邑之名. 惠, 謚也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>: "吾欲伐齊, 何如?"<br />     柳下惠曰: "不可."<br />     歸而有憂色, 曰: "吾聞伐國不問仁人, 此言何爲至於我哉?!"<br />     .<br />     徒見問耳, 且猶羞之, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "徒, 但也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 況設詐以伐吳虖?<br />     繇此言之, 粵本無一仁.<br /> <br />     夫仁人者: 正其誼不謀其利. 明其道不計其功.<br />     是以仲尼之門, 五尺之童羞稱五伯, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "伯讀曰霸. 次下亦同."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 爲其先詐力而後仁誼也.<br />     苟爲詐而已, 故不足稱於大君子之門也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>張晏曰: "仲尼之門, 故稱大也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small><br />     五伯比於他諸侯爲賢, 其比三王, 猶武夫之與美玉也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>應劭曰: "武夫, 石而似玉者也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> ]<br /> <^>    王曰: "善."<br /> <br />     仲舒治國, 以 <春秋> 災異之變推陰陽所以錯行, 故求雨, 閉諸陽, 縱諸陰, 其止雨反是; <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "謂若閉南門, 禁舉火, 及開北門, 水灑人之類是也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 行之一國, 未甞不得所欲. 中廢爲中大夫. 先是遼東高廟, 長陵高園殿災, 仲舒居家推說其意, 屮稾未上, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "所作起草爲稿也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 主父偃候仲舒, 私見, 嫉之, 竊其書而奏焉. 上召視諸儒, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "視讀曰示."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 仲舒弟子呂步舒不知其師書, 以爲大愚. 於是下仲舒吏, 當死, 詔赦之. 仲舒遂不敢復言災異.<br />     仲舒爲人廉直. 是時方外攘四夷, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "攘, 卻也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 公孫弘治 <春秋> 不如仲舒, 而弘希世用事, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "希, 觀相也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 位至公卿. 仲舒以弘爲從諛, 弘嫉之. 膠西王亦上兄也, 尤縱恣, 數害吏二千石. 弘乃言於上曰: "獨董仲舒可使相膠西王." 膠西王聞仲舒, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "素聞其賢也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 大善待之. 仲舒恐久獲辠, 病免. 凡相兩國, 輒事驕王, 正身以率下, 數上疏諫爭, 敎令國中, 所居而治. 及去位歸居, 終不問家產業, 以脩學著書爲事.<br />     仲舒在家, 朝廷如有大議, 使使者及廷尉張湯就其家而問之, 其對皆有明灋. 自武帝初立, 魏其, 武安侯爲相而隆儒矣. 及仲舒對冊, 推明孔氏, 抑黜百家. 立學校之官, <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "校音下敎反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 州郡舉茂材孝廉, 皆自仲舒發之. 年老, 以壽終於家. 家徙茂陵, 子及孫皆以學至大官.<br /> <br />     仲舒所著, 皆明經術之意.<br />     及上疏條敎, 凡百二十三篇.<br />     而說 <春秋> 事得失: <聞舉>, <玉杯>, <蕃露>, <清明>, <竹林> 之屬 <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "皆其所著書名也. 杯音布回反. 蕃音扶元反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>; 復數十篇, 十餘萬言: 皆傳於後世.<br />     掇其切當世施朝廷者著于篇. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "掇, 采拾也, 音丁活反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="[贊]"><span id=".5B.E8.B4.8A.5D"></span>[贊]</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7056&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：[贊]"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>    贊曰:<br /> <br />     劉向稱: [<br />     董仲舒有王佐之材. 雖伊, 呂亡以加. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "伊, 伊尹. 呂, 呂望也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small><br />     筦晏之屬, 伯者之佐, 殆不及也. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "筦, 筦仲也. 晏, 晏嬰也. 伯者, 齊桓, 晉文之屬也. 伯讀曰霸."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> ]<br /> <br />     至向子歆以爲: [<br />     伊呂乃聖人之耦 <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "耦, 對也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>, 王者不得則不興.<br />     故顏淵死, 孔子曰: "噫! 天喪余!" <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "事見 <<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="論語">論語</a>>. 噫, 歎聲也. 言失其輔佐也. 噫音於其反."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> 唯此一人爲能當之.<br />     自宰我, 子贛, 子游, 子夏不與焉. <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "與讀曰豫."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small> ]<br /> <br />     仲舒遭漢承秦滅學之後, 六經離析.<br />     下帷發憤, 潛心大業: 令後學者有所統壹, 爲群儒首.<br />     然考其師友淵源所漸: 猶未及虖游, 夏 <small style="color:var(--color-destructive--visited,#996666)"><span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〈</span>師古曰: "漸, 浸潤也. 游, 子游. 夏, 子夏也."<span style="color:transparent;font-size:0px">〉</span></small>; 而曰筦晏弗及, 伊呂不加: 過矣.<br /> <br />     至向曾孫龔, 篤論君子也: 以歆之言爲然. </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="ws-noexport noprint" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-content-added,#a3d3ff); background-color: var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff); width:100%; margin-bottom:0px; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20%" align="left">　<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7055" title="漢書/卷055">衞青霍去病傳　第二十五</a> </td> <td><span style="color:#999"> ◄ </span> </td> <td width="50%" align="center"><a href="#top">↑返回頂部</a> </td> <td><span style="color:#999"> ► </span> </td> <td width="20%" align="right"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8/%E5%8D%B7057%E4%B8%8A" title="漢書/卷057上">司馬相如傳　第二十七</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2435851">.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer{box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:1em;margin-bottom:0.25em;clear:both;width:auto;page-break-before:always;break-before:page}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child{display:table;border:2px solid var(--border-subtle,#8888aa);border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0 0;empty-cells:hide;box-sizing:border-box;margin:0 auto 0 auto;width:100%;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f7f8ff);color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .licenseContainer>div:first-child>div:first-child{display:table-row-group}.mw-parser-output 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