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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Proposed_tanker_version" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposed_tanker_version"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Proposed tanker version</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposed_tanker_version-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Undeveloped_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Undeveloped_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Undeveloped variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Undeveloped_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Operators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Accidents and incidents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Accidents and incidents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notable_accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Notable accidents and incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Safety problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Specifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deliveries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deliveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Deliveries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deliveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D9%85_%D8%AF%D9%8A-11" title="ماكدونل دوغلاس أم دي-11 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماكدونل دوغلاس أم دي-11" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84_%D8%AF%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C-%DB%B1%DB%B1" title="مک‌دانل داگلاس ام‌دی-۱۱ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مک‌دانل داگلاس ام‌دی-۱۱" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EB%8F%84%EB%84%90_%EB%8D%94%EA%B8%80%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4_MD-11" title="맥도널 더글러스 MD-11 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맥도널 더글러스 MD-11" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%9C_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%A1_MD-11" title="מקדונל דאגלס MD-11 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מקדונל דאגלס MD-11" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell-Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell-Douglas MD-11 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="McDonnell-Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD%E2%80%9311" title="McDonnell Douglas MD–11 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD–11" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80-%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A7" title="मॅकडोनेल डग्लस एमडी-११ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॅकडोनेल डग्लस एमडी-११" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AF%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9_MD-11" title="マクドネル・ダグラス MD-11 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マクドネル・ダグラス MD-11" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="McDonnell Douglas MD-11" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MD-100" redirects here. For the Maryland state highway, see <a href="/wiki/Maryland_Route_100" title="Maryland Route 100">Maryland Route 100</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">MD-11</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KLM_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_PH-KCK_Ingrid_Bergman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KLM_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_PH-KCK_Ingrid_Bergman.jpg/300px-KLM_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_PH-KCK_Ingrid_Bergman.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KLM_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_PH-KCK_Ingrid_Bergman.jpg/450px-KLM_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_PH-KCK_Ingrid_Bergman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/KLM_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_PH-KCK_Ingrid_Bergman.jpg/600px-KLM_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_PH-KCK_Ingrid_Bergman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4570" data-file-height="3046" /></a></span> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">The MD-11 is a stretched & more advanced version of the <a href="/wiki/DC-10" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-10">DC-10</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">Wide-body</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jet airliner</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> (1988–97) <br /><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Commercial_Airplanes" title="Boeing Commercial Airplanes">Boeing Commercial Airplanes</a> (1997–2000)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">In cargo service</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary users</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx Express</a><div> <a href="/wiki/UPS_Airlines" title="UPS Airlines">UPS Airlines</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Western_Global_Airlines" title="Western Global Airlines">Western Global Airlines</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Cargo" title="Lufthansa Cargo">Lufthansa Cargo</a> (historical)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">200</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufactured</th><td class="infobox-data">1988–2000<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">December 20, 1990 with <a href="/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">January 10, 1990</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">October 26, 2014 (passenger service)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>McDonnell Douglas MD-11</b> is an American <a href="/wiki/Trijet" title="Trijet">tri-jet</a> <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">wide-body airliner</a> manufactured by American manufacturer <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a> (MDC) and later by <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. Following <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">DC-10</a> development studies, the MD-11 program was launched on December 30, 1986. Assembly of the first prototype began on March 9, 1988. Its <a href="/wiki/Maiden_flight" title="Maiden flight">maiden flight</a> occurred on January 10, 1990, and it achieved <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) certification on November 8. The first delivery was to <a href="/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a> on December 7 and it entered service on December 20, 1990. </p><p>It retains the basic <a href="/wiki/Trijet" title="Trijet">trijet</a> configuration of the DC-10 with updated <a href="/wiki/GE_CF6" class="mw-redirect" title="GE CF6">GE CF6</a>-80C2 or <a href="/wiki/PW4000" class="mw-redirect" title="PW4000">PW4000</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engines. Its wingspan is slightly larger than the DC-10 and it has <a href="/wiki/Wingtip_device" title="Wingtip device">winglets</a>. Its <a href="/wiki/Maximum_takeoff_weight" title="Maximum takeoff weight">maximum takeoff weight</a> (MTOW) is increased by 14% to 630,500 lb (286 t). Its <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> is stretched by 11% to 202 ft (61.6 m) to accommodate 298 passengers in three classes over a <a href="/wiki/Range_(aeronautics)" title="Range (aeronautics)">range</a> of up to 7,130 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nautical miles</a> [nmi] (13,200 km; 8,210 mi). It features a <a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">glass cockpit</a> that eliminates the need for a <a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">flight engineer</a>. </p><p>Originally positioned as a longer-range alternative to rival twinjets, the existing <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a> and the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a>, the MD-11 initially failed to meet its range and fuel burn targets, which impacted its sales despite a performance improvement program. McDonnell Douglas's finance struggles prevented further development of the MD-11 before it was acquired by Boeing in 1997; the unified company decided to terminate the MD-11 program after filling outstanding orders due to internal competition from Boeing's own 767 and 777. Only 200 examples were built, of which roughly a quarter were <a href="/wiki/Freight_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Freight aircraft">freight aircraft</a>, and production concluded in October 2000. In November 2014, it was officially retired from passenger service, last flown by <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a>. Many of the MD-11 passenger fleet were converted to freighter specification, with many remaining in service as of 2025. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MD11_AND_DC10_varig_comparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/MD11_AND_DC10_varig_comparison.jpg/310px-MD11_AND_DC10_varig_comparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/MD11_AND_DC10_varig_comparison.jpg/465px-MD11_AND_DC10_varig_comparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/MD11_AND_DC10_varig_comparison.jpg/620px-MD11_AND_DC10_varig_comparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="416" /></a><figcaption>The MD-11 on the left is 202 ft (61.6 m) long and has <a href="/wiki/Winglet" class="mw-redirect" title="Winglet">winglets</a> and a smaller tailplane while the <a href="/wiki/DC-10" class="mw-redirect" title="DC-10">DC-10</a> on the right is 181.6 ft (55.35 m) long.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the MD-11 program was launched in 1986, McDonnell Douglas had started to search for a DC-10 derivative as early as 1976. Two versions were considered then: a DC-10-10 with a fuselage stretch of 40 feet (12 m) and a DC-10-30 stretched by 30 feet (9.1 m). The latter version would have been capable of transporting up to 340 passengers in a multi-class configuration, or 277 passengers and their luggage over 5,300 nautical miles (9,800 km; 6,100 mi). At the same time, the manufacturer was seeking to reduce wing and engine drag on the trijet. Another version of the aircraft was also envisaged, the "DC-10 global", aimed to counter the risks of loss of orders for the DC-10-30 that the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747SP" title="Boeing 747SP">Boeing 747SP</a> and its range were causing. The DC-10 global would have incorporated more fuel tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-md-11_civil-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While continuing their research for a new aircraft, McDonnell Douglas designated the program DC-10 Super 60, previously known for a short time as DC-10 Super 50. The Super 60 was to be an intercontinental aircraft incorporating many aerodynamic improvements in the wings, and a fuselage lengthened by 26 feet 8 inches (8.13 m) to allow for up to 350 passengers to be seated in a mixed-class layout, compared to 275 in the same configuration of the DC-10.<sup id="cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-md-11_civil-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following more refinements, in 1979 the DC-10 Super 60 was proposed in three distinct versions like the DC-8. The DC-10-61 was designed to be a high-capacity medium-range aircraft. It would have a fuselage stretch of 40 feet (12 m) over the earlier DC-10 models, enabling it to carry 390 passengers in a mixed class or 550 passengers in an all-economy layout, similar to <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>'s later <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">777-300</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340-600</a>. Like the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">DC-8</a>, the series 62 was proposed for long-range routes. It would feature a more modest fuselage stretch of 26 ft 7 in (8.10 m), along with an increased wingspan and fuel capacity. It would be capable of carrying up to 350 passengers (mixed class) or 440 passengers (all-economy), similar to the later <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777-200</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330-300</a>/<a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">A340-300/500</a>. Finally, the series 63 would have incorporated the same fuselage as the DC-10-61 as well as the larger wing of the -62. After high-profile accidents in the 1970s, such as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines_Flight_981" title="Turkish Airlines Flight 981">Turkish Airlines Flight 981</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Flight_191" title="American Airlines Flight 191">American Airlines Flight 191</a>, the trijet's reputation was seriously damaged by doubts regarding its structural integrity. For these reasons, and due to a downturn in the airline industry, all work on the Super 60 was stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-md-11_civil-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11,_KLM_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_JP6102340.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_KLM_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_JP6102340.jpg/220px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_KLM_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_JP6102340.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_KLM_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_JP6102340.jpg/330px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_KLM_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_JP6102340.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_KLM_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_JP6102340.jpg/440px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_KLM_Royal_Dutch_Airlines_JP6102340.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Nine-abreast economy class</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1981, a <a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a> DC-10-10 (registration number N68048) was leased to conduct more research, particularly on the effects the newly designed winglets would have on aircraft performance. Different types of winglets were tested during that time in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> at the McDonnell Douglas flight test facility in <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwards_Air_Force_Base" title="Edwards Air Force Base">Edwards Air Force Base</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McDonnell Douglas was again planning new DC-10 versions that could incorporate winglets and more efficient engines developed at the time by <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney</a> (<a href="/wiki/PW2000" class="mw-redirect" title="PW2000">PW2037</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_plc" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolls-Royce plc">Rolls-Royce</a> (<a href="/wiki/RB211" class="mw-redirect" title="RB211">RB.211-535F4</a>). The manufacturer finally rationalized all these studies under the MD-EEE (Ecology-Economy-Efficiency) designation, which was later modified to the MD-100 following some more changes. The MD-100 was proposed in two versions: the Series 10, having an airframe shorter by 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) compared to the DC-10 and seating up to 270 passengers in a mixed-class configuration; and the Series 20, incorporating a fuselage stretch of 20 ft 6 in (6.25 m) over the DC-10 and able to seat up to 333 passengers in the same kind of configuration as the Series 10. Both versions could be powered by the same engine families as the actual MD-11 plus the RB.211-600. However, the situation for the manufacturer, and the airline industry in general, did not look bright. No new DC-10 orders were received, and many observers and customers doubted that the manufacturer would stay in business much longer. Thus, the board of directors decided in November 1983 to once again cease all work on the projected new trijet.<sup id="cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-md-11_civil-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year no new orders for the DC-10 were received. The production line was kept active thanks to earlier orders from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">U.S. Air Force</a> for 60 <a href="/wiki/KC-10_Extender" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-10 Extender">KC-10A</a> tankers. McDonnell Douglas was still convinced that a new derivative for the DC-10 was needed, as shown by the second-hand market for their Series 30 and the heavier DC-10-30ER version. Thus, in 1984 a new derivative aircraft version of the DC-10 was designated MD-11. From the very beginning, the MD-11X was conceived in two different versions. The MD-11X-10, based on a DC-10-30 airframe, offered a range of 6,500 nautical miles (12,000 km; 7,500 mi) with passengers. That first version would have had a <a href="/wiki/Maximum_takeoff_weight" title="Maximum takeoff weight">maximum takeoff weight</a> (MTOW) of 580,000 pounds (260,000 kg) and would have used <a href="/wiki/CF6" class="mw-redirect" title="CF6">CF6-80C2</a> or <a href="/wiki/PW4000" class="mw-redirect" title="PW4000">PW4000</a> engines. The MD-11X-20 was to have a longer fuselage, accommodating up to 331 passengers in a mixed-class layout, and a range of 6,000 nautical miles (11,000 km; 6,900 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-md-11_civil-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As more orders for the DC-10 were received, McDonnell Douglas used the time gained before the end of DC-10 production to consult with potential customers and to refine the proposed new trijet. In July 1985, the board of directors authorized the Long Beach plant to offer the MD-11 to potential customers. At the time, the aircraft was still proposed in two versions, both with the same fuselage length, a stretch of 22 ft 3 in (6.78 m) over the DC-10 airframe, as well as the same engine choice as the MD-11X. One version would have a range of 4,780 nautical miles (8,850 km; 5,500 mi) with a gross weight of 500,000 pounds (230,000 kg) and transport up to 337 passengers, while the second would carry 331 passengers over 6,900 nautical miles (12,800 km; 7,900 mi). A year later, as several airlines had committed to the MD-11, the situation was looking optimistic. The aircraft was now a 320-seater baseline and defined as an 18 ft 7 in (5.66 m) stretch over the DC-10-30 powered by the new advanced turbofans offered by the major engine manufacturers giving it a range of 6,800 nautical miles (12,600 km; 7,800 mi). Other versions, such as a shortened ER with a range of 7,500 nautical miles (13,900 km; 8,600 mi), an all-cargo offering a maximum payload of 200,970 pounds (91,160 kg), and a Combi with a provision for ten freight pallets on the main deck, were proposed. Further growth of the aircraft was also foreseen, such as the MD-11 Advanced.<sup id="cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-md-11_civil-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D-ALCL_(3119122609).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/D-ALCL_%283119122609%29.jpg/220px-D-ALCL_%283119122609%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/D-ALCL_%283119122609%29.jpg/330px-D-ALCL_%283119122609%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/D-ALCL_%283119122609%29.jpg/440px-D-ALCL_%283119122609%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption>The MD-11 has a center engine at the base of the vertical stabilizer, like the DC-10. Additionally, the nacelle has a bulge at the front, similar to the DC-10-40 variant.</figcaption></figure> <p>The lack of innovation from McDonnell Douglas during the MD-11's design had been attributed to the company's declining cash flow, as it struggled with problems with its military contracts and declining orders for its commercial jets.<sup id="cite_ref-iasa.com.au_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iasa.com.au-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Limited company resources resulted in the MD-11 being developed as a refinement of the existing DC-10, in contrast to rivals Airbus and Boeing who during this period developed all-new aircraft designs that would become the Airbus A330/A340 and Boeing 777. As a trijet, the MD-11 was less fuel-efficient but had a greater range than its mid-size widebody contemporaries which were twinjets (the existing <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a> and the upcoming Airbus A330 and Boeing 777).<sup id="cite_ref-KLM_Say_Goodbye_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLM_Say_Goodbye-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aerospace consultant Scott Hamilton, in a 2014 article, said that the MD-11 was "classically ill-timed" as "it came at the end of the three- or <a href="/wiki/Four-engined_jet_aircraft" title="Four-engined jet aircraft">four-engine</a> era, just ahead of the real move to <a href="/wiki/ETOPS" title="ETOPS">ETOPS</a> with the 777".<sup id="cite_ref-forbes_Good_Bye_MD-11_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes_Good_Bye_MD-11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McDonnell Douglas's initiative to "outsource everything but design, final assembly, and flight testing and sales of the MD-11" was also seen as contributing to the end of their commercial airline business.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Launch_and_costs">Launch and costs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Launch and costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On December 30, 1986, McDonnell Douglas launched the MD-11 with commitments for 52 firm orders and 40 options<sup id="cite_ref-Opportunity_lost_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opportunity_lost-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in three different versions (passenger, combi and freighter) from ten airlines (<a href="/wiki/Alitalia" title="Alitalia">Alitalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Caledonian" title="British Caledonian">British Caledonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragonair" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonair">Dragonair</a>, <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">Federal Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air" title="Korean Air">Korean Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swissair" title="Swissair">Swissair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai Airways">Thai Airways International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Varig" title="Varig">VARIG</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Opportunity_lost_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opportunity_lost-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and two leasing companies (<a href="/wiki/Guinness_Peat_Aviation" title="Guinness Peat Aviation">Guinness Peat Aviation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitsui" title="Mitsui">Mitsui</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Opportunity_lost_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opportunity_lost-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orders from Dragonair, Scandinavian, and <a href="/wiki/Union_des_Transports_A%C3%A9riens" class="mw-redirect" title="Union des Transports Aériens">UTA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Opportunity_lost_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opportunity_lost-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an undisclosed customer, were canceled by 1988. </p><p>In 1987, the program was to cost $1.5 billion (equivalent to $3.45 billion in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) with $500 million for <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_design_process" title="Aircraft design process">development</a> and almost $1 billion for <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tooling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inventory" title="Inventory">inventory</a>. The first 52 firm orders totaled $5 billion, or $95 million each, while the <a href="/wiki/A340" class="mw-redirect" title="A340">A340</a> sold for $67 million.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At certification in 1990, $2.5 billion were invested in initial production inventory, and $700 million for <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">engineering</a>, tools, and <a href="/wiki/Flight_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight testing">flight testing</a>. While it was selling for $100 million, the initial MD-11 jets cost $120 to $150 million to produce but this was to reduce to $90 million with <a href="/wiki/Experience_curve" class="mw-redirect" title="Experience curve">manufacturing experience</a> over the program life for an 11% <a href="/wiki/Gross_profit_margin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross profit margin">gross profit margin</a>, less than the 15% to 20% Boeing obtains.<sup id="cite_ref-LAtimes9nov1990_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAtimes9nov1990-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992, the $1.7 billion development cost was to be spread over the first 301 aircraft produced for $100 million each.<sup id="cite_ref-NYtimes21oct1992_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYtimes21oct1992-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, because costs and revenues could not be reasonably estimated over the program life, MDC took a pre-tax <a href="/wiki/Economic_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic loss">charge</a> of $1.838 billion (~$3.36 billion in 2023<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) for <a href="/wiki/Deferral" title="Deferral">deferred</a> production costs and for reduced support and tooling value.<sup id="cite_ref-FIapr2002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIapr2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, the unit cost was $132-$147.5 million<sup id="cite_ref-FIapr2002_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIapr2002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to $227-$253.7 million in 2023 dollars)<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_and_performance_issues">Production and performance issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Production and performance issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Finnair_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_(OH-LGB)_landing_at_Helsinki-Vantaa_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Finnair_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_%28OH-LGB%29_landing_at_Helsinki-Vantaa_Airport.jpg/220px-Finnair_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_%28OH-LGB%29_landing_at_Helsinki-Vantaa_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Finnair_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_%28OH-LGB%29_landing_at_Helsinki-Vantaa_Airport.jpg/330px-Finnair_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_%28OH-LGB%29_landing_at_Helsinki-Vantaa_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Finnair_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_%28OH-LGB%29_landing_at_Helsinki-Vantaa_Airport.jpg/440px-Finnair_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_%28OH-LGB%29_landing_at_Helsinki-Vantaa_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>The first MD-11 was delivered to <a href="/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a> on December 7, 1990, and made its first revenue on December 20, 1990.</figcaption></figure> <p>Assembly of the first MD-11 began on March 9, 1988, at McDonnell Douglas's Douglas Products Division in <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a>, and the mating of the fuselage with wings occurred in October of that year. The first flight was originally planned to occur in March 1989, but numerous problems with the manufacturing, delays with suppliers producing essential components, and labor industrial actions delayed the ceremonial rollout of the prototype until September of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parts for the MD-11 were sourced from a global network of subcontractors and suppliers. Subassembly tasks were spread across the McDonnell Douglas Corporation: the nose subassembly was produced in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, the control surface assembly in <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Frame_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (aeronautics)">structural rings</a> fabricated in <a href="/wiki/Torrance,_California" title="Torrance, California">Torrance, California</a>. The wings were manufactured by McDonnell Douglas Canada in <a href="/wiki/Malton,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Malton, Ontario">Malton, Ontario</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lester_B_Pearson_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Lester B Pearson International Airport">Lester B Pearson International Airport</a>, before being shipped to Long Beach.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Main fuselage sections for the MD-11, and previously for DC-10, KC-10 were built by General Dynamics' Convair Division in San Diego, which were transported by barge to <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach_Harbor" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Beach Harbor">Long Beach Harbor</a> and then by truck to the assembly plant.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following months of 1989 were used to prepare the prototype for its maiden flight, which finally happened on January 10, 1990. The first two aircraft manufactured were intended for FedEx and thus, were already fitted with the forward side cargo door. They remained with the manufacturer as test aircraft until 1991 before being completely converted to freighters and delivered to their customer. <a href="/wiki/FAA" class="mw-redirect" title="FAA">FAA</a> certification was achieved on November 8, 1990, while the European <a href="/wiki/Joint_Aviation_Authorities" title="Joint Aviation Authorities">Joint Aviation Authorities</a> (JAA) certified the MD-11 on October 17, 1991, after approximately 200 separate issues were resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-md-11_civil-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/JAT_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="JAT Airways">Yugoslav Airlines</a>, already flying several DC-10s, became the first customer of the MD-11. Three aircraft were manufactured but were never delivered due to the Yugoslav Wars. The first MD-11 was delivered to Finnair on December 7, 1990, and it accomplished the first revenue service by an MD-11 on December 20, 1990, carrying passengers from <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> to <a href="/wiki/Tenerife" title="Tenerife">Tenerife</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>. MD-11 service in the U.S. was inaugurated by <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> the following year. </p><p>It was during this period that flaws in the MD-11's performance became apparent. It failed to meet its targets for range and fuel burn.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> in particular was unimpressed with the 19 MD-11s that it received, as was <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> who canceled their order for 20 MD-11s and instead ordered 20 <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a>-300s. American Airlines cited problems with the performance of the engines and airframe, while Singapore Airlines stated that the MD-11 could not operate on the airline's long-haul routes.<sup id="cite_ref-SIA_orders_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIA_orders-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-flight estimates indicated that the P&W-powered MD-11 was to have a 7,000 nautical miles (13,000 km; 8,100 mi) range with 61,000 pounds (28 t) of payload. With the Phase 1 drag reduction in place, the aircraft could only achieve its full range with 48,500 pounds (22.0 t) of payload, or a reduced range of 6,493 nautical miles (12,025 km; 7,472 mi) with a full payload.<sup id="cite_ref-SIA_MD-11s_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIA_MD-11s-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990, McDonnell Douglas, along with Pratt & Whitney and <a href="/wiki/GE_Aerospace" title="GE Aerospace">General Electric</a> began a modification program known as the Performance Improvement Program (PIP) to improve the aircraft's weight, fuel capacity, engine performance, and aerodynamics. McDonnell Douglas worked with NASA's Langley Research Center to study aerodynamic improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-LARC_CFD_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARC_CFD-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PIP lasted until 1995 and recovered the range for the aircraft. In 1995, American Airlines sold its 19 MD-11s to FedEx, as the PIP program was not sufficient for the aircraft to fly the <a href="/wiki/Dallas%E2%80%93Fort_Worth_metroplex" title="Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex">Dallas–Fort Worth</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> route.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes_Good_Bye_MD-11_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes_Good_Bye_MD-11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the PIP, sales of the MD-11 had already been significantly impacted.<sup id="cite_ref-douglas_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-douglas-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prospective MD-11 customers instead selected the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">777</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330" title="Airbus A330">Airbus A330</a> in large numbers. These aforementioned twinjets soon received extended-range variants (767-300ER, 777-200ER, and A330-200)<sup id="cite_ref-Haenggi_2003_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haenggi_2003-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that nullified the MD-11's remaining advantage over the initial shorter-range versions, while remaining more fuel efficient than the trijet MD-11 and quadjet A340.<sup id="cite_ref-twin_MD-11_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twin_MD-11-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_concentrates_on_proposal_for_MD-11_Twin_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_concentrates_on_proposal_for_MD-11_Twin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ar_2023-02-08_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar_2023-02-08-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Airbus, which only had somewhat better success with the initial A340-200/300 than McDonnell Douglas with the MD-11, decided to invest into the next generation A340-500/600 (that would also distinguish it from the A330-200), while Boeing would follow suit with the second-generation 777-300ER/200LR which proved more successful.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KLM_Say_Goodbye_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLM_Say_Goodbye-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further development of the MD-11 to keep pace with Airbus and Boeing's developments, the MD-XX program which would have resulted in an MD-XX Stretch and MD-XX LR, was too financially costly for a struggling McDonnell Douglas.<sup id="cite_ref-Arthur_p92_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arthur_p92-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Airlines_MD-11_(6202604363).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/American_Airlines_MD-11_%286202604363%29.jpg/220px-American_Airlines_MD-11_%286202604363%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/American_Airlines_MD-11_%286202604363%29.jpg/330px-American_Airlines_MD-11_%286202604363%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/American_Airlines_MD-11_%286202604363%29.jpg/440px-American_Airlines_MD-11_%286202604363%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_fleet" title="American Airlines fleet">American Airlines</a> MD-11 front view</figcaption></figure> <p>After McDonnell Douglas merged with <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> in 1997, in order to avoid internal competition with the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">777</a>, the unified company decided that MD-11 production would continue exclusively with the freighter variant. In 1998, Boeing announced it would end MD-11 production after filling orders on hand due to lack of sufficient market demand.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last passenger MD-11 built was delivered to <a href="/wiki/Sabena" title="Sabena">Sabena</a> in April 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assembly of the last two MD-11s were completed in August and October 2000; they were delivered to <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Cargo" title="Lufthansa Cargo">Lufthansa Cargo</a> on February 22 and January 25, 2001, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McDonnell Douglas originally had projected that it would sell more than 300 MD-11 aircraft, but only 200 were built.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MD-11 assembly plant in <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach, California</a> later became Boeing's facility and manufactured the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">C-17 Globemaster III</a> until 29 November 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_retirements">Planned retirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Planned retirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a> plans to completely phase out its fleet of MD-11s by 2028.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UPS_Airlines" title="UPS Airlines">UPS</a> plans to retire their MD-11s and replace them with <a href="/wiki/Boeing_767" title="Boeing 767">Boeing 767-300Fs</a> in the years to come but has not decided on an exact date.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FedEx has retired 51 out of the 82 MD-11s they have received with 30 active and 1 parked. UPS has retired 20 out of the 49 MD-11s they have received with 29 active.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_Global_Airlines" title="Western Global Airlines">Western Global Airlines</a> has five remaining active MD-11s, having retired 14.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cockpit_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_(LBS_SR04-005964).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cockpit_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_%28LBS_SR04-005964%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Cockpit_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_%28LBS_SR04-005964%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cockpit_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_%28LBS_SR04-005964%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Cockpit_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_%28LBS_SR04-005964%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Cockpit_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_%28LBS_SR04-005964%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Cockpit_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_%28LBS_SR04-005964%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2308" /></a><figcaption>Two-crew <a href="/wiki/Glass_cockpit" title="Glass cockpit">glass cockpit</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The MD-11 is a medium- to long-range <a href="/wiki/Widebody" class="mw-redirect" title="Widebody">widebody</a> airliner, with two engines mounted on underwing pylons and a third engine at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">vertical stabilizer</a>, which has a two-segment <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a> for directional control. It is based on the DC-10 but features a stretched fuselage, increased wingspan winglets, refined airfoils on the wing and <a href="/wiki/Tailplane" title="Tailplane">tailplane</a> resulting in a reduced <a href="/wiki/Wetted_area" title="Wetted area">wetted area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Form_drag" class="mw-redirect" title="Form drag">form drag</a>, new engines, and increased use of composites.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most significant change in the tail section is the MD-11's horizontal tail being 30% smaller than that of the DC-10-30. The horizontal tail area on the DC-10 is 1,338 square feet (120 square meters), while on the MD-11, it's reduced to 920 square feet (82.8 square meters).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MD11's winglets are credited with improving <a href="/wiki/Fuel_efficiency" title="Fuel efficiency">fuel efficiency</a> by about 2.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MD-11 has a smaller <a href="/wiki/Empennage" title="Empennage">empennage</a> than the DC-10 it is based upon.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tail_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_in_Zurich-Kloten_(LBS_SR04-006818).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tail_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_in_Zurich-Kloten_%28LBS_SR04-006818%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tail_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_in_Zurich-Kloten_%28LBS_SR04-006818%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tail_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_in_Zurich-Kloten_%28LBS_SR04-006818%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Tail_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_in_Zurich-Kloten_%28LBS_SR04-006818%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Tail_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_in_Zurich-Kloten_%28LBS_SR04-006818%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Tail_of_a_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_of_Swissair_in_Zurich-Kloten_%28LBS_SR04-006818%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2295" /></a><figcaption>Tail view of MD-11 of <a href="/wiki/Swissair" title="Swissair">Swissair</a> at <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Airport" title="Zurich Airport">Zurich airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The MD-11 features a two-crew cockpit that incorporates six 8-inch interchangeable <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) display units and advanced <a href="/wiki/Honeywell_Aerospace_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Honeywell Aerospace Technologies">Honeywell</a> VIA 2000 computers. The cockpit design is called Advanced Common Flightdeck (ACF)<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is shared with the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">Boeing 717</a>. Flight deck features include an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Instrument_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Instrument System">Electronic Instrument System</a>, a dual <a href="/wiki/Flight_Management_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight Management System">Flight Management System</a>, a Central Fault Display System, and a <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">Global Positioning System</a>. Category IIIB <a href="/wiki/Automatic_landing" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic landing">automatic landing</a> capability for bad-weather operations and <a href="/wiki/Future_Air_Navigation_System" title="Future Air Navigation System">Future Air Navigation Systems</a> (FANS) are available.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MD-11 had a <a href="/wiki/Relaxed_stability" title="Relaxed stability">neutral stability</a> design and one of the first commercial designs to employ a computer-assisted pitch/longitudinal <a href="/wiki/Stability_Augmentation_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Stability Augmentation System">stability augmentation system</a> (LSAS) that featured a fuel ballast tank in the tailplane, and a partly computer-driven horizontal stabilizer, to compensate for the comparatively short horizontal stabilizer.<sup id="cite_ref-Boeing_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boeing-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Updates to the software package made the airplane's handling characteristics in manual flight similar to those of the DC-10, despite a smaller tailplane to reduce drag and increase fuel efficiency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The MD-11 incorporates <a href="/wiki/Fuse_(hydraulic)" title="Fuse (hydraulic)">hydraulic fuses</a> not included in the initial DC-10 design, to prevent catastrophic loss of control in the event of a hydraulic failure such as that which occurred on <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_232" title="United Airlines Flight 232">United Airlines Flight 232</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11,_American_Airlines_AN0195051.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_American_Airlines_AN0195051.jpg/220px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_American_Airlines_AN0195051.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_American_Airlines_AN0195051.jpg/330px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_American_Airlines_AN0195051.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_American_Airlines_AN0195051.jpg/440px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11%2C_American_Airlines_AN0195051.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> received 19 passenger MD-11s.</figcaption></figure> <p>The MD-11 was manufactured in five variants. </p> <ul><li><b>MD-11</b> (131 built): the passenger variant, was produced from 1988 to 1998. It was the first version on offer at the aircraft's launch in 1986 and was delivered to <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> (19), <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> (17), <a href="/wiki/Swissair" title="Swissair">Swissair</a> (16), <a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines" title="Japan Airlines">Japan Airlines</a> (10), <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a> (10), and other airlines with fewer aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>MD-11C</b> (five built): this <a href="/wiki/Combi_aircraft" title="Combi aircraft">combi aircraft</a> was the third variant on offer at launch in 1986 and was designed to accommodate both passengers and freight on the main deck, which featured a rear cargo compartment for up to ten pallets, each measuring 88 by 125 inches (2.2 m × 3.2 m) or 96 by 125 inches (2.4 m × 3.2 m). The main deck cargo compartment was accessible by a large rear port-side cargo door, which measured 160 by 102 inches (4.1 m × 2.6 m). The main deck cargo volume was 10,904 cubic feet (308.8 m<sup>3</sup>). Additional freight was also carried in below-deck compartments. The MD-11C could also be configured as an all-passenger aircraft. All five aircraft were manufactured between 1991 and 1992 and delivered to <a href="/wiki/Alitalia" title="Alitalia">Alitalia</a>, the only customer for that variant.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005 and 2006 the airline converted them to full-freighter configurations to be operated by Alitalia's cargo division. Following that division's closure, the five aircraft were returned to their lessor in January 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PH-MCT_Martinair_Cargo_(3247988286).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PH-MCT_Martinair_Cargo_%283247988286%29.jpg/220px-PH-MCT_Martinair_Cargo_%283247988286%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PH-MCT_Martinair_Cargo_%283247988286%29.jpg/330px-PH-MCT_Martinair_Cargo_%283247988286%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/PH-MCT_Martinair_Cargo_%283247988286%29.jpg/440px-PH-MCT_Martinair_Cargo_%283247988286%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Martinair" title="Martinair">Martinair</a> MD-11CF front section with forward cargo door and windows</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>MD-11CF</b> (six built): the Convertible Freighter variant was launched in 1991 by an order from <a href="/wiki/Martinair" title="Martinair">Martinair</a> for three aircraft plus two options. The MD-11CF features a large forward port-side cargo door (140 by 102 inches (3.6 m × 2.6 m)) located between the first two passenger doors and can be used in an all-passenger or in an all-cargo configuration. As a freighter, it can transport 26 pallets of the same dimensions (88 by 125 inches (2.2 m × 3.2 m)) or 96 by 125 inches (2.4 m × 3.2 m)) as for the MD-11C and MD-11F for a main-deck cargo volume of 14,508 cubic feet (410.8 m<sup>3</sup>) and offers a maximum payload of 196,928 pounds (89,325 kg). All six MD-11CFs were delivered to Martinair (four) and <a href="/wiki/World_Airways" title="World Airways">World Airways</a> (two) in 1995. The two World Airways aircraft were converted to freight-only in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>MD-11ER</b> (five built): the Extended Range version was launched by the manufacturer at the Singapore Air Show in February 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Opportunity_lost_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opportunity_lost-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MD-11ER incorporates all the Performance Improvement Program (PIP) options, including a maximum takeoff weight of 630,500 pounds (286,000 kg) and an extra fuel tank of 3,000 US gallons (11,000 L)) in the forward cargo hold<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to offer a range of 7,240 nautical miles (13,410 km; 8,330 mi), an increase of 400 nautical miles (740 km; 460 mi) over the standard passenger variant. MD-11ERs were delivered between 1995 and 1997 to <a href="/wiki/Garuda_Indonesia" title="Garuda Indonesia">Garuda Indonesia</a> (three) and World Airways (two). As of February 2007, only one Finnair MD-11ER has been converted to MD-11 with the removal of the extra fuel tank.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VP-BDR_MD11F_AFL_loading_(4473477269)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/VP-BDR_MD11F_AFL_loading_%284473477269%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-VP-BDR_MD11F_AFL_loading_%284473477269%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/VP-BDR_MD11F_AFL_loading_%284473477269%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-VP-BDR_MD11F_AFL_loading_%284473477269%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/VP-BDR_MD11F_AFL_loading_%284473477269%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-VP-BDR_MD11F_AFL_loading_%284473477269%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> MD-11F cargo door loading</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>MD-11F</b> (53 built): The freight transport aircraft was the second variant on offer at launch in 1986 and was the last and longest (1988–2000) manufactured version. The all-cargo aircraft features the same forward port-side cargo door (140 by 102 inches (3.6 m × 2.6 m)) as the MD-11CF, a main-deck volume of 15,530 cubic feet (440 m<sup>3</sup>), a maximum payload of 200,151 pounds (90,787 kg) and can transport 26 pallets of the same dimensions (88 by 125 inches (2.2 m × 3.2 m) or 96 by 125 inches (2.4 m × 3.2 m)) as for the MD-11C and MD-11CF. The MD-11F was delivered between 1991 and 2001 to <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx Express</a> (22), <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Cargo" title="Lufthansa Cargo">Lufthansa Cargo</a> (14), and other airlines with fewer aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>MD-11 Boeing Converted Freighter (BCF)</b> – Boeing and its group of international affiliates offer a conversion of used passenger airliners into freighters. The MD-11BCF is one of the models offered.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Note: Some or all the features of the MD-11ER, including the higher MTOW of 630,500 pounds (286.0 t), part or all of the PIPs aerodynamic improvements packages and composite panels were fitted to later-built MD-11s (except the extra fuel tank), and could be retrofitted to any of the variants, except for the PIP Phase IIIB larger aft-engine intake. Some airlines, such as Finnair, Martinair, and FedEx have made the structural changes required to allow their aircraft to have the higher MTOW. Swissair's 16 newest aircraft were retrofitted with all the features except for the extra fuel tank and were so-designated MD-11AH for Advanced Heavy.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_tanker_version">Proposed tanker version</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Proposed tanker version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After McDonnell Douglas did the <a href="/wiki/KDC-10" class="mw-redirect" title="KDC-10">KDC-10</a> conversion for the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Royal Netherlands Air Force</a> in 1992, they proposed a tanker/transport version of the MD-11CF which had the in-house designation KMD-11. McDD offered either conversion of second-hand aircraft (KMD-11) or new built aircraft (KC-10B), the proposed KMD-11 offered 35,000 lbs more cargo capacity and 8,400 lbs more transferable fuel than the KC-10A. It was offered to the RNAF and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Saudi_Air_Force" title="Royal Saudi Air Force">Royal Saudi Air Force</a> (RSAF) in the 1990s and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF) in the early 2000s.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Undeveloped_variants">Undeveloped variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Undeveloped variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-12#MD-XX" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-12">McDonnell Douglas MD-12, MD-XX section</a></div> <p>In 1993, 1995, and again in 1996, McDonnell Douglas performed studies on the feasibility of a twin-engine jet using MD-11 components, but nothing came of any of them.<sup id="cite_ref-twin_MD-11_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twin_MD-11-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Douglas_concentrates_on_proposal_for_MD-11_Twin_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglas_concentrates_on_proposal_for_MD-11_Twin-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ar_2023-02-08_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar_2023-02-08-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1997, just after the merger with Boeing, a presentation was made pitching an MD-11 twin with a new Boeing wing to fill the gap between the 767 and the 777, but again the proposal came to nothing, as it had nothing in common with other Boeing airliners in terms of production nor pilot type rating.<sup id="cite_ref-ar_2023-02-08_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ar_2023-02-08-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After ending the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-12" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-12">MD-12</a> program, McDonnell Douglas focused on 300–400-seat MD-11 derivatives. At the 1996 <a href="/wiki/Farnborough_Airshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Farnborough Airshow">Farnborough International Air Show</a>, the company presented plans for a new tri-jet with high seating and long range named "MD-XX".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was offered in the MD-XX Stretch and MD-XX LR versions. The MD-XX Stretch version was to have a longer fuselage than the MD-11 and seat 375 in a typical three-class arrangement. The MD-XX LR was to have a longer range and be the same length as the MD-11; it was to have typical three-class seating for 309. However, the MDC board of directors decided to end the MD-XX program in October 1996, because the financial investment was too large for the company.<sup id="cite_ref-Arthur_p92_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arthur_p92-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Operators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_operators" title="List of McDonnell Douglas MD-11 operators">List of McDonnell Douglas MD-11 operators</a></div> <p>As of December 2024, 67 of the 200 aircraft built are operational, serving three different cargo operators worldwide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg/220px-Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg/330px-Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg/440px-Fedex-md11-N525FE-051109-21-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>MD-11 operated by <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx Express</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the airlines that ordered the MD-11 for their long-haul passenger flights had replaced it with Airbus A330, A340, and Boeing 777 aircraft by the end of 2004. Some carriers converted their MD-11s to freighters such as <a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines" title="China Eastern Airlines">China Eastern Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air" title="Korean Air">Korean Air</a>. Korean Air announced as early as December 1994 its intention to convert its five passenger MD-11s to freighters for medium-range cargo routes.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> agreed to sell its 19 aircraft to FedEx, transferring the first MD-11 in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japan Airlines (JAL) announced the replacement of its 10 MD-11s in 2000; these aircraft were being converted into freighters and sold to UPS in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Swansong_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2007, <a href="/wiki/TAM_Linhas_A%C3%A9reas" class="mw-redirect" title="TAM Linhas Aéreas">TAM Linhas Aéreas</a> began operating the first of three leased passenger MD-11s, in a deal arranged by Boeing as an interim solution for TAM to quickly be able to operate newly granted intercontinental routes while waiting for four Boeing 777-300ERs to be delivered from late 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last MD-11 was retired from TAM's fleet in July 2009, which ended its use by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> airlines (<a href="/wiki/Varig" title="Varig">Varig</a>, <a href="/wiki/VASP" title="VASP">VASP</a>, and TAM).<sup id="cite_ref-avioesemusicas_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-avioesemusicas-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2007, Finnair announced the sale of their last two MD-11s to <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot-Cargo" title="Aeroflot-Cargo">Aeroflot-Cargo</a> to become part of the Russian airline cargo fleet in 2008 and 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Finnair_Aeroflot_MD-11s_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finnair_Aeroflot_MD-11s-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a> was the last airline to operate scheduled passenger flights with the passenger version of the MD-11. The final scheduled flight took place on October 26, 2014, from <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al-Trudeau" class="mw-redirect" title="Montréal-Trudeau">Montréal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Amsterdam International Airport">Amsterdam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by three special roundtrip flights on November 11, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lufthansa Cargo retired their last MD-11 on October 17, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two MD-11s were also operated in a <a href="/wiki/Very_Important_Person" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Important Person">VIP</a> configuration, one by <a href="/wiki/Saudia" title="Saudia">Saudia</a> Royal Flight<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for members of the Royal family, and one by <a href="/wiki/Mid_East_Jet" title="Mid East Jet">Mid East Jet</a> for ASACO Aviation; both are now stored.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents_and_incidents">Accidents and incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Accidents and incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of March 2024, the MD-11 has been involved in 49 <a href="/wiki/Aviation_accidents_and_incidents" title="Aviation accidents and incidents">aviation incidents</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including ten <a href="/wiki/Hull_loss" title="Hull loss">hull-loss accidents</a> with 244 fatalities.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_accidents_and_incidents">Notable accidents and incidents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable accidents and incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>On April 6, 1993, <a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines_Flight_583" title="China Eastern Airlines Flight 583">China Eastern Airlines Flight 583</a>, an MD-11 went into severe <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillations</a> when a crew member accidentally deployed the <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slats">slats</a> while cruising over the Pacific Ocean near the <a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands" title="Aleutian Islands">Aleutian Islands</a>. Two passengers were seriously injured and later died.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fedex_Flight_14%EF%BC%88N611FE%EF%BC%89_wreckage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fedex_Flight_14%EF%BC%88N611FE%EF%BC%89_wreckage.jpg/220px-Fedex_Flight_14%EF%BC%88N611FE%EF%BC%89_wreckage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fedex_Flight_14%EF%BC%88N611FE%EF%BC%89_wreckage.jpg/330px-Fedex_Flight_14%EF%BC%88N611FE%EF%BC%89_wreckage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fedex_Flight_14%EF%BC%88N611FE%EF%BC%89_wreckage.jpg/440px-Fedex_Flight_14%EF%BC%88N611FE%EF%BC%89_wreckage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="461" /></a><figcaption>The wreckage of <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express_Flight_14" title="FedEx Express Flight 14">FedEx Express Flight 14</a> after the fire was extinguished</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>On July 31, 1997, <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express_Flight_14" title="FedEx Express Flight 14">FedEx Express Flight 14</a>, MD-11 N611FE, crashed during a landing at <a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark Liberty International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. The aircraft flipped onto its back and subsequently burned, following a landing attempt from an unstabilized flare. The five occupants survived with injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On September 2, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Swissair_Flight_111" title="Swissair Flight 111">Swissair Flight 111</a>, a MD-11 registered as HB-IWF, crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a> while en route from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> to <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva, Switzerland</a>. All of the 229 passengers and crew on board died. The cause of the crash was determined to have been a fire caused by improper wiring of passenger <a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">entertainment system</a> units added by <a href="/wiki/Swissair" title="Swissair">Swissair</a>. The fire started at the front of the aircraft and quickly grew uncontrollable, attributed partly to the poor <a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">flame retardant</a> properties of its metalized <a href="/wiki/Mylar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mylar">mylar</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">insulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On April 15, 1999, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Cargo_Flight_6316" title="Korean Air Cargo Flight 6316">Korean Air Cargo Flight 6316</a>, MD-11 registration number HL7373, crashed shortly after takeoff while operating cargo flight KE6316 from <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Hongqiao_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport">Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>. After takeoff, the flight was cleared to climb to 4,900 feet (1,500 meters). The aircraft climbed to 4,500 ft (1,400 m). Due to confusion on the flight deck, the captain thought the aircraft was too high and needed to descend. The captain pushed the control column abruptly forward, causing the MD-11 to enter a rapid descent from which it could not be recovered. All three occupants on board and five people on the ground were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On August 22, 1999, <a href="/wiki/China_Airlines_Flight_642" title="China Airlines Flight 642">China Airlines Flight 642</a>, an MD-11 operated by subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Airlines" title="Mandarin Airlines">Mandarin Airlines</a>, crashed while landing at <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong International Airport</a> during <a href="/wiki/Tropical_Storm_Sam_(1999)" title="Tropical Storm Sam (1999)">Tropical Storm Sam</a> that exceeded its crosswind specifications, also flipping onto its back and burning. Three passengers were killed.</li> <li>On October 17, 1999, FedEx Express Flight 87, MD-11 N581FE, was written off after landing at <a href="/wiki/Subic_Bay_International_Airport" title="Subic Bay International Airport">Subic Bay International Airport</a>, Philippines. The aircraft was operating from <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Hongqiao_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport">Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport</a>. Upon landing, the aircraft rolled down the whole length of the runway before plunging into the bay where it was completely submerged except for the cockpit. An excessive approach and landing speed were pointed out as probable cause of the accident.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On March 23, 2009, <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express_Flight_80" title="FedEx Express Flight 80">FedEx Express Flight 80</a>, MD-11F N526FE, crashed at <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Narita International Airport</a>, Japan while landing in windy conditions. Airport surveillance video showed the aircraft becoming airborne again after the first touchdown, then impacting nose-first the second time and turning onto its left side, erupting into flames; the impact flipped the aircraft upside-down. The aircraft finally came to rest some distance left of the runway. The two flight crew members were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On November 28, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Avient_Aviation_Flight_324" title="Avient Aviation Flight 324">Avient Aviation Flight 324</a>, MD-11F Z-BAV (c/n 48408), crashed on takeoff from <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Pudong_International_Airport" title="Shanghai Pudong International Airport">Shanghai Pudong International Airport</a> on a flight to <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>-<a href="/wiki/Manas_International_Airport" title="Manas International Airport">Manas International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> with the loss of three lives.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aircraft was written off.<sup id="cite_ref-ASN281109_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN281109-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On July 27, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Cargo_Flight_8460" title="Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460">Lufthansa Cargo Flight 8460</a>, an MD-11F, crash-landed at <a href="/wiki/King_Khalid_International_Airport" title="King Khalid International Airport">King Khalid International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Riyadh" title="Riyadh">Riyadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. The captain and first officer evacuated the aircraft with injuries. This incident is very similar to <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express_Flight_80" title="FedEx Express Flight 80">FedEx Flight 80</a> and <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express_Flight_14" title="FedEx Express Flight 14">FedEx Flight 14</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On February 13, 2016, Western Global Airlines Flight 4425 was involved in a stowaway incident that was discovered when the plane had stopped in <a href="/wiki/Harare_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Harare Airport">Harare Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> for a fuel stop en route to <a href="/wiki/King_Shaka_International_Airport" title="King Shaka International Airport">King Shaka International Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> from <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. The deceased stowaway was located in the plane's cargo hold after ground staff at Harare noticed blood dripping from one of the MD-11's cargo doors. The crew initially stated that they believed the blood to have come from a <a href="/wiki/Bird_strike" title="Bird strike">bird strike</a> which had been noticed by ground staff at <a href="/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Munich Airport</a> earlier in the plane's journey, but the body of a man who had stowed away on the flight was discovered shortly after in the cargo hold of the plane and its crew were seized by Zimbabwean authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On June 6, 2016, UPS Airlines Flight 61, MD-11F N277UP suffered a <a href="/wiki/Runway_excursion" title="Runway excursion">runway excursion</a> and nose gear collapse in a takeoff accident at <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Seoul-Incheon International Airport (ICN)</a>. Takeoff from runway 33L was aborted and the aircraft continued past the end of the runway. The nose gear collapsed and the no.1 and 3 engines contacted the grass. The flight was bound for <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens_Anchorage_International_Airport" title="Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport">Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport</a>. All 4 crew members survived without injury. The aircraft was written off.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_problems">Safety problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Safety problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The MD-11 had problems with its flight control systems that have resulted in multiple accidents and incidents since the aircraft's introduction.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_issues_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_issues-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial design of the slat/flap lever in the cockpit left it prone to being accidentally dislodged by a crew in flight. The defect has been corrected since 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 2000s, Boeing improved the flight control software at the urging of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">FAA</a> to reduce the possibility of violent unintentional pitch movements.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_issues_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ_issues-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To improve fuel efficiency, McDonnell Douglas designed the MD-11's center of gravity to be much farther aft than that of other commercial aircraft. There was also a fuel-ballast tank in the MD-11's horizontal stabilizer since its tailplane was smaller than the DC-10's to improve fuel efficiency, but this was found to inhibit the MD-11's crosswind performance.<sup id="cite_ref-KLM_Say_Goodbye_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLM_Say_Goodbye-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These design features, coupled with standard landing speeds 20–30 knots (35–55 km/h) faster than those of comparable aircraft, significantly reduce the MD-11's margin for error during the takeoff and landing phases, making it more difficult to handle than the smaller DC-10.<sup id="cite_ref-forbes_Good_Bye_MD-11_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-forbes_Good_Bye_MD-11-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several operators have introduced special training to assist crews in safely handling the MD-11's <a href="/wiki/Sterile_flight_deck_rule" title="Sterile flight deck rule">critical phases of flight</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_v1.0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_v1.0.png/440px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_v1.0.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_v1.0.png/660px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_v1.0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_v1.0.png/880px-McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_v1.0.png 2x" data-file-width="2587" data-file-height="1608" /></a><figcaption>MD-11 multi-view</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"> <caption>MD-11 airplane characteristics<sup id="cite_ref-md-11_report_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-md-11_report-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Variant </th> <th>MD-11 </th> <th>MD-11<abbr title="Freighter">F</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Cockpit crew </th> <td colspan="2">Two </td></tr> <tr> <th>Main deck </th> <td>298: 16F + 56J + 226Y <br />or 323: 34J + 289Y <br />or 410Y, 10-abreast<sup id="cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-11-2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>26 96 × 125" pallets or <br />34 88 × 108" pallets <br />21,530 cu.ft / 609.7 m<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Lower deck </th> <td colspan="2">32 LD3 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Length </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/General_Electric_Aircraft_Engines" class="mw-redirect" title="General Electric Aircraft Engines">GE</a>: 202 ft 2 in / 61.6 m, <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">PW</a>: 200 ft 11 in / 61.2 m </td></tr> <tr> <th>Width </th> <td colspan="2">19 ft 9 in / 6.0 m fuselage, 225 in (572 cm) cabin </td></tr> <tr> <th>Wing </th> <td colspan="2">170 ft 6 in / 51.97 m span, 3,648 sq ft (338.9 m<sup>2</sup>) area<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-11-2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Height </th> <td colspan="2">57 ft 11 in (17.65 m)<sup id="cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-11-2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Maximum_takeoff_weight" title="Maximum takeoff weight">MTOW</a> </th> <td colspan="2">602,500 lb / 273,294 kg, <abbr title="Extended Range">ER</abbr>: 630,500 lb / 285,988 kg </td></tr> <tr> <th>Max. <a href="/wiki/Payload" title="Payload">payload</a> </th> <td>116,025 lb / 52,632 kg </td> <td>201,025 lb / 91,185 kg </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fuel capacity </th> <td colspan="2">38,615 US gal / 146,173 L, 258,721 lb / 117,356 kg<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Operating_empty_weight" title="Operating empty weight">OEW</a> </th> <td>283,975 lb / 128,808 kg </td> <td>260,275 lb / 118,061 kg </td></tr> <tr> <th>Engines (×3) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_PW4000" title="Pratt & Whitney PW4000">PW4460</a>/62 / <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_CF6" title="General Electric CF6">General Electric CF6</a>-80C2D1F </td></tr> <tr> <th>Maximum thrust (×3) </th> <td colspan="2">62,000 lbf (280 kN) / 61,500 lbf (274 kN)<sup id="cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-11-2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Speed </th> <td colspan="2">Mach 0.83 (479 kn; 886 km/h; 551 mph) cruise<sup id="cite_ref-freighter-2007_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freighter-2007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />Mach 0.88 (507 kn; 940 km/h; 584 mph) MMo<sup id="cite_ref-TCDS_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCDS-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Range </th> <td>6,725 nmi (12,455 km; 7,739 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-11-2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3,533 nmi (6,543 km; 4,066 mi)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-freighter-2007_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freighter-2007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ceiling </th> <td colspan="2">43,000 ft (13,100 m)<sup id="cite_ref-TCDS_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TCDS-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Takeoff distance at MTOW </th> <td colspan="2">9,725 ft (2,964 m), ER: 10,800 ft (3,292 m)<sup id="cite_ref-freighter-2007_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freighter-2007-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deliveries">Deliveries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Deliveries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">1990 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">1991 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">1992 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">1993 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">1994 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">1995 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">1996 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">1997 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">1998 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">1999 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">2000 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">2001 </th> <th style="color:#fff; font-weight:bold; background:#069; padding:0.3em;">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>31 </td> <td>42 </td> <td>36 </td> <td>17 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>12 </td> <td>8 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>2 </td> <td>200 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>McDonnell Douglas MD-11 deliveries (by year):</b><br /> </p> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_paaw2ornt4sj0nje1vxv17dml6dm02y"></map><img usemap="#timeline_paaw2ornt4sj0nje1vxv17dml6dm02y" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/paaw2ornt4sj0nje1vxv17dml6dm02y.png" /></div> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:green; color:white;"> </span> Deliveries</span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-style: italic">McDonnell Douglas MD-11 cutaway</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315050215/http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/civilaviation1949-2006cutaways/images/8837/mcdd-md-11-cutaway.jpg">McDonnell Douglas MD-11 cutaway from</a> <a href="/wiki/Flightglobal.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Flightglobal.com">Flightglobal.com</a> via web.archive.org</td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Related development</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-12" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-12">McDonnell Douglas MD-12</a></li></ul> <p><b>Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_777" title="Boeing 777">Boeing 777</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-96" title="Ilyushin Il-96">Ilyushin Il-96</a></li></ul> <p> <b>Related lists</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_jet_airliners" class="mw-redirect" title="List of jet airliners">List of jet airliners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft" title="List of civil aircraft">List of civil aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft" title="List of aircraft">List of aircraft</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excluding winglets</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">278,821 lb (126,471 kg) with optional 3,000 US gal (11,356 L) tank in 2 LD3 positions.<sup id="cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD-11-2007-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">298 pax. and bags, ER: 7,130 nmi (13,200 km; 8,210 mi).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ER, 200,309 lb / 91,185 kg payload.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flugrevue.de/zivil/die-diva-ist-geschichte-lufthansa-cargo-schliesst-das-kapitel-md-11f/">"Lufthansa Cargo schließt das Kapitel MD-11F"</a>. <i>Flugrevue</i> (in German). 17 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flugrevue&rft.atitle=Lufthansa+Cargo+schlie%C3%9Ft+das+Kapitel+MD-11F&rft.date=2021-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flugrevue.de%2Fzivil%2Fdie-diva-ist-geschichte-lufthansa-cargo-schliesst-das-kapitel-md-11f%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swansong-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Swansong_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffen2002" class="citation book cs1">Steffen, Arthur (January 2002). <i>McDonnell Douglas MD-11: A Long Beach Swansong</i>. Midland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-117-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-117-2"><bdi>1-85780-117-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McDonnell+Douglas+MD-11%3A+A+Long+Beach+Swansong&rft.pub=Midland&rft.date=2002-01&rft.isbn=1-85780-117-2&rft.aulast=Steffen&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.klm.com/klm-operates-last-md-11-passenger-flight/">"KLM's MD-11 History Comes To An End"</a> (Press release). KLM. 2014-10-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KLM%27s+MD-11+History+Comes+To+An+End&rft.pub=KLM&rft.date=2014-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.klm.com%2Fklm-operates-last-md-11-passenger-flight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-md-11_civil-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-md-11_civil_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarriott1992" class="citation book cs1">Marriott, Leo (December 1992). <i>McDonnell Douglas MD-11 (Modern Civil Aircraft: 12)</i>. Howell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2071-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-2071-X"><bdi>0-7110-2071-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McDonnell+Douglas+MD-11+%28Modern+Civil+Aircraft%3A+12%29&rft.pub=Howell+Press&rft.date=1992-12&rft.isbn=0-7110-2071-X&rft.aulast=Marriott&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteffen2001" class="citation book cs1">Steffen, Arthur A C (2001). <i>Aerofax: McDonnell Douglas MD-11: A Long Beach Swansong (Aerofax Series)</i>. Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857801170" title="Special:BookSources/9781857801170"><bdi>9781857801170</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aerofax%3A+McDonnell+Douglas+MD-11%3A+A+Long+Beach+Swansong+%28Aerofax+Series%29&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781857801170&rft.aulast=Steffen&rft.aufirst=Arthur+A+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iasa.com.au-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iasa.com.au_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasztor2000" class="citation web cs1">Pasztor, Andy (September 19, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170924025359/http://www.iasa.com.au/folders/sr111/forbidding.html">"Jet's Troubled History Raises Issues For the FAA and the Manufacturer"</a>. <i>iasa.com.au <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iasa.com.au/folders/sr111/forbidding.html">the original</a> on September 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iasa.com.au+The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Jet%27s+Troubled+History+Raises+Issues+For+the+FAA+and+the+Manufacturer&rft.date=2000-09-19&rft.aulast=Pasztor&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iasa.com.au%2Ffolders%2Fsr111%2Fforbidding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KLM_Say_Goodbye-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KLM_Say_Goodbye_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KLM_Say_Goodbye_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KLM_Say_Goodbye_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation web cs1">Brown, David Parker (August 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airlinereporter.com/2012/08/klm-prepares-to-say-good-bye-to-the-md-11/">"KLM Starts to Say Goodbye to the MD-11"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AirlineReporter.com" class="mw-redirect" title="AirlineReporter.com">AirlineReporter.com</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AirlineReporter.com&rft.atitle=KLM+Starts+to+Say+Goodbye+to+the+MD-11&rft.date=2012-08-24&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+Parker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airlinereporter.com%2F2012%2F08%2Fklm-prepares-to-say-good-bye-to-the-md-11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-forbes_Good_Bye_MD-11-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forbes_Good_Bye_MD-11_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forbes_Good_Bye_MD-11_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-forbes_Good_Bye_MD-11_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2014" class="citation web cs1">Reed, Ted (November 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tedreed/2014/11/15/good-bye-md-11-too-bad-nobody-ever-loved-you/">"Good Bye MD-11 -- Too Bad Nobody Ever Loved You"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Good+Bye+MD-11+--+Too+Bad+Nobody+Ever+Loved+You&rft.date=2014-11-15&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftedreed%2F2014%2F11%2F15%2Fgood-bye-md-11-too-bad-nobody-ever-loved-you%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTkacik2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Tkacik, Maureen (18 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/154944/boeing-737-max-investigation-indonesia-lion-air-ethiopian-airlines-managerial-revolution">"Crash Course"</a>. <i>The New Republic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Crash+Course&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft.aulast=Tkacik&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F154944%2Fboeing-737-max-investigation-indonesia-lion-air-ethiopian-airlines-managerial-revolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opportunity_lost-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Opportunity_lost_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opportunity_lost_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opportunity_lost_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opportunity_lost_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opportunity_lost_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilotfriend.com/photo_albums/timeline/airliners/33.htm">"McDonnell-Douglas MD-11"</a>. <i>pilotfriend.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pilotfriend.com&rft.atitle=McDonnell-Douglas+MD-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilotfriend.com%2Fphoto_albums%2Ftimeline%2Fairliners%2F33.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-USGDP-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-inflation-USGDP_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstonWilliamson2023" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/usgdp/">"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MeasuringWorth" title="MeasuringWorth">MeasuringWorth</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MeasuringWorth&rft.atitle=What+Was+the+U.S.+GDP+Then%3F&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.au=Williamson%2C+Samuel+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.measuringworth.com%2Fdatasets%2Fusgdp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span> United States <a href="/wiki/Gross_Domestic_Product_deflator" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Domestic Product deflator">Gross Domestic Product deflator</a> figures follow the <i>MeasuringWorth</i> series. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Greenhouse1987" class="citation news cs1">Steven Greenhouse (Feb 22, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1987/02/22/business/dicey-days-at-mcdonnell-douglas.html">"Dicey Days at McDonnell Douglas"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Dicey+Days+at+McDonnell+Douglas&rft.date=1987-02-22&rft.au=Steven+Greenhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1987%2F02%2F22%2Fbusiness%2Fdicey-days-at-mcdonnell-douglas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAtimes9nov1990-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAtimes9nov1990_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_Vartabedian1990" class="citation news cs1">Ralph Vartabedian (November 9, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-11-09-fi-4259-story.html">"A Big Day for the MD-11 : Aerospace: The government certifies the aircraft"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=A+Big+Day+for+the+MD-11+%3A+Aerospace%3A+The+government+certifies+the+aircraft&rft.date=1990-11-09&rft.au=Ralph+Vartabedian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-11-09-fi-4259-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYtimes21oct1992-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYtimes21oct1992_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteven_Greenhouse1992" class="citation news cs1">Steven Greenhouse (Oct 21, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/10/21/business/company-news-mcdonnell-said-to-plan-cut-in-output.html">"McDonnell Said to Plan Cut in Output"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=McDonnell+Said+to+Plan+Cut+in+Output&rft.date=1992-10-21&rft.au=Steven+Greenhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F10%2F21%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-mcdonnell-said-to-plan-cut-in-output.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIapr2002-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FIapr2002_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FIapr2002_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forecastinternational.com/archive/disp_old_pdf.cfm?ARC_ID=316">"Boeing MD-11"</a>. <i>Civil Aircraft Forecast</i>. Forecast International. April 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Civil+Aircraft+Forecast&rft.atitle=Boeing+MD-11&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forecastinternational.com%2Farchive%2Fdisp_old_pdf.cfm%3FARC_ID%3D316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes1989" class="citation web cs1">Hayes, Thomas C. (March 15, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/15/business/company-news-deal-set-by-mcdonnell-and-general-dynamics.html">"Deal Set by McDonnell And General Dynamics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deal+Set+by+McDonnell+And+General+Dynamics&rft.date=1989-03-15&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F03%2F15%2Fbusiness%2Fcompany-news-deal-set-by-mcdonnell-and-general-dynamics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-douglas-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-douglas_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-douglas_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorrisWagner,_Mark1999" class="citation book cs1">Norris, Guy; Wagner, Mark (1999). <i>Douglas Jetliners</i>. MBI Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0676-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0676-1"><bdi>0-7603-0676-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Douglas+Jetliners&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7603-0676-1&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIA_orders-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIA_orders_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%202038.html?search=SIA%20orders%20A340s">"SIA orders A340s and abandons MD-11 purchase"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a></i>. 7–13 August 1991<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=SIA+orders+A340s+and+abandons+MD-11+purchase&rft.date=1991-08-07%2F1991-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1991%2F1991%2520-%25202038.html%3Fsearch%3DSIA%2520orders%2520A340s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIA_MD-11s-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIA_MD-11s_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris1991" class="citation web cs1">Norris, Guy (7–13 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%202038.html?search=Update%20fails%20to%20save%20SIA%20MD11s">"Update fails to save SIA MD-lls"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAPA+-+Centre+for+Aviation&rft.atitle=777-300ER+fleet+report%3A+orders+have+peaked+but+Swiss%2C+United+and+Kuwait+new+operators+in+2016&rft.date=2016-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentreforaviation.com%2Fanalysis%2F777-300er-fleet-report-orders-have-peaked-but-swiss-united-and-kuwait-new-operators-in-2016-268001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arthur_p92-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arthur_p92_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arthur_p92_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur 2002, pp. 92–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boeing.mediaroom.com/1998-06-03-Boeing-Announces-Phase-Out-of-MD-11-Jetliner-Program">"Boeing Announces Phase-Out of MD-11 Jetliner Program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=flightlevel350.com&rft.atitle=McDonnell+Douglas+MD-11+Aircraft+Facts%2C+Dates+and+History&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightlevel350.com%2FMcDonnell_Douglas_MD-11_aircraft_facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boeing.mediaroom.com/2015-11-29-Final-Boeing-C-17-Globemaster-III-Departs-Long-Beach-Assembly-Facility">"Final Boeing C-17 Globemaster III Departs Long Beach Assembly Facility"</a> (Press release). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Final+Boeing+C-17+Globemaster+III+Departs+Long+Beach+Assembly+Facility&rft.pub=Boeing&rft.date=2015-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboeing.mediaroom.com%2F2015-11-29-Final-Boeing-C-17-Globemaster-III-Departs-Long-Beach-Assembly-Facility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2023" class="citation web cs1">Bailey, Aaron (2023-04-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simpleflying.com/fedex-retire-md-11-2028/">"FedEx To Retire Its MD-11s By 2028"</a>. <i>Simple Flying</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garuda+Indonesia+Takes+Delivery+of+First+MD-11ER&rft.date=1996-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FGaruda%2BIndonesia%2BTakes%2BDelivery%2Bof%2BFirst%2BMD-11ER-a018958313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2008/q2/080616a_nr.html">World's First 767-300 Boeing Converted Freighter Goes to ANA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080622133532/http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2008/q2/080616a_nr.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Boeing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://avgeekery.com/why-wasnt-there-a-md-11-based-tanker/">"Too Big For Its Own Good: Why A MD-11 Based Tanker Was Never Built"</a>. <i>Avgeekery.com</i>. 8 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(August 2024)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MD-11-2007-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MD-11-2007_80-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boeing.com/resources/boeingdotcom/company/about_bca/startup/pdf/historical/md11-passenger.pdf">"MD-11"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Boeing. 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MD-11F&rft.pub=Boeing&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boeing.com%2Fresources%2Fboeingdotcom%2Fcompany%2Fabout_bca%2Fstartup%2Fpdf%2Ffreighters%2FMD11f.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TCDS-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TCDS_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TCDS_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103074117/https://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/2cf3306625f6fd1586258281006f6d29/$FILE/A22WE_Rev_13.pdf">"Type Certificate Data Sheet A22WE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. FAA. April 30, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgMakeModel.nsf/0/2cf3306625f6fd1586258281006f6d29/$FILE/A22WE_Rev_13.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Type+Certificate+Data+Sheet+A22WE&rft.pub=FAA&rft.date=2018-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frgl.faa.gov%2FRegulatory_and_Guidance_Library%2FrgMakeModel.nsf%2F0%2F2cf3306625f6fd1586258281006f6d29%2F%24FILE%2FA22WE_Rev_13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Steffen, Arthur. <i>McDonnell Douglas MD-11: A Long Beach Swansong</i>. Hinckley, UK: Midland, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85780-117-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85780-117-2">1-85780-117-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThisdellMorris2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Thisdell, Dan; Morris, Rob (September 2018). "World Airliner Census". <i><a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a></i>. Vol. 194, no. 5650. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>47. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0015-3710">0015-3710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=World+Airliner+Census&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=5650&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=2018-09&rft.issn=0015-3710&rft.aulast=Thisdell&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft.au=Morris%2C+Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMcDonnell+Douglas+MD-11" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=McDonnell_Douglas_MD-11&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External 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href="/wiki/Douglas_mailplanes" title="Douglas mailplanes">M-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_mailplanes" title="Douglas mailplanes">M-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_mailplanes" title="Douglas mailplanes">M-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_mailplanes" title="Douglas mailplanes">M-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dolphin" title="Douglas Dolphin">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DF" title="Douglas DF">DF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-1" title="Douglas DC-1">DC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">DC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">DC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4E" title="Douglas DC-4E">DC-4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">DC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-5" title="Douglas DC-5">DC-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">DC-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-7" title="Douglas DC-7">DC-7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jet-engined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">DC-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9">DC-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">MD-80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-90">MD-90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">MD-95</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">DC-10</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MD-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Never built</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-74_Globemaster" title="Douglas C-74 Globemaster">DC-7 (C-74 derivative)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-7" title="Douglas DC-7">DC-7D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8_(piston_airliner)" title="Douglas DC-8 (piston airliner)">DC-8 piston airliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9">DC-9 (4-engined)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10_Twin" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10 Twin">DC-10 Twin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_941" title="Bréguet 941">188 / 188E / 210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_2229" title="Douglas 2229">Model 2229</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-94X" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-94X">MD-91X / -92X / -94X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-12" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-12">MD-12 / -XX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_High_Speed_Civil_Transport" title="McDonnell Douglas High Speed Civil Transport">High Speed Civil Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_119" title="McDonnell 119">McDonnell 119 / 220</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Douglas_and_McDonnell_Douglas_aircraft_production_timeline,_1950-2006178" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td colspan="10" width="17.54%">1950s </td> <td colspan="10" width="17.54%">1960s </td> <td colspan="10" width="17.54%">1970s </td> <td colspan="10" width="17.54%">1980s </td> <td colspan="10" width="17.54%">1990s </td> <td colspan="10" width="12.28%">2000s </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9 </td> <td>0</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#B7B258"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">Douglas DC-6</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="18" style="background-color:#B0D0D0"><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-9" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-9">McDonnell Douglas DC-9</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#B0D0D0"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_717" title="Boeing 717">MD-95 / B717</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#B7B258"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-7" title="Douglas DC-7">DC-7</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td colspan="20" style="background-color:#B0D0D0"><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-80" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-80">McDonnell Douglas MD-80</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#B0D0D0"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#B0D0D0"><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_MD-90" title="McDonnell Douglas MD-90">MDD MD-90</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="20" style="background-color:#B0D0B0"><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10</a> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#B0D0B0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MD-11</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td></tr> <tr style="font-weight:bold"> <td colspan="19"><span style="background-color:#B7B258; padding: 0 1em"> </span> = Piston-engined </td> <td colspan="19"><span 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