Atlantis - The Skeptic's Dictionary

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href="http://skepdic.com/contents.html#Y">y</a></li> <li><a href="http://skepdic.com/contents.html#Z">z</a></li> </ul> <webContent><h1>Atlantis</h1> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3">Atlantis is a legendary island in the Atlantic, west of Gibraltar, that sunk beneath the sea during a violent eruption of earthquakes and floods some 9,000 years before Plato wrote about it in his <i><a href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/timaeus.html">Timaeus</a></i> and <i><a href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/critias.html">Critias</a></i>. In a discussion of utopian societies, Plato claims that Egyptian priests told Solon about Atlantis. Plato was not describing a real place any more than his allegory of the cave describes a real cave. The purpose of Atlantis is to express a moral message in a discussion of ideal societies, a favorite theme of his. The fact that nobody in Greece for 9,000 years had mentioned a battle between Athens and Atlantis should serve as a clue that Plato was not talking about a real place or battle. Nevertheless, Plato is often cited as the primary source for the reality of a place on earth called Atlantis. Here is what the Egyptian priest allegedly told Solon:</font></p> <blockquote> <p><font face="Arial" size="3">Many great and wonderful deeds are recorded of your state in our histories. But one of them exceeds all the rest in greatness and valour. For these histories tell of a mighty power which unprovoked made an expedition against the whole of Europe and Asia, and to which your city put an end. This power came forth out of the Atlantic Ocean, for in those days the Atlantic was navigable; and there was an island situated in front of the straits which are by you called the Pillars of Heracles; the island was larger than Libya and Asia put together, and was the way to other islands, and from these you might pass to the whole of the opposite continent which surrounded the true ocean; for this sea which is within the Straits of Heracles is only a harbour, having a narrow entrance, but that other is a real sea, and the surrounding land may be most truly called a boundless continent.</font></p> <p><font face="Arial" size="3">Now in this island of Atlantis there was a great and wonderful empire which had rule over the whole island and several others, and over parts of the continent, and, furthermore, the men of Atlantis had subjected the parts of Libya within the columns of Heracles as far as Egypt, and of Europe as far as Tyrrhenia. This vast power, gathered into one, endeavoured to subdue at a blow our country and yours and the whole of the region within the straits; and then, Solon, your country shone forth, in the excellence of her virtue and strength, among all mankind. She was pre-eminent in courage and military skill, and was the leader of the Hellenes. And when the rest fell off from her, being compelled to stand alone, after having undergone the very extremity of danger, she defeated and triumphed over the invaders, and preserved from slavery those who were not yet subjugated, and generously liberated all the rest of us who dwell within the pillars. (</font><font color="#990000" face="Arial" size="3"><a href="http://classics.mit.edu/Plato/timaeus.html">Timaeus</a></font><font face="Arial" size="3">)</font></p> </blockquote> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3">The story is reminiscent of what Athens did against the Persians in the early 5th century BCE, but the battle with Atlantis allegedly took place in the 8th or 9th <i>millennium</i> BCE. It would not take much of a historical scholar to know that Athens in 9,000 BCE was either uninhabited or was occupied by very primitive people. This fact would not have concerned Plato's readers because they would have understood that he was not giving them an historical account of a real city. To assume, as many believers in Atlantis do, that there is a parallel between Homer's <i>Iliad</i> and <i>Odyssey</i> and Plato's <i>Critias</i> and <i>Timaeus</i> is simply absurd. And those who think that just as <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0486280799/roberttoddcarrolA/">Schliemann</a> found Troy so too will we someday crack Plato's code and find Atlantis are drawing an analogy where they should be drawing the curtains. Plato's purpose was not to <i>pass on</i> stories, but to <i>create</i> stories to teach moral lessons. What can we expect next from these lost scholars? A search for the grave of Cecrops, the serpent-tailed first king of Athens? The discovery of the true trident of Poseidon? </font> </p> <p align="left"><img src="graphics/atlantis.jpg" alt="1669 map by Athanasius Kircher. Map has south at the top." width="430" height="284" /></p> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3">Different seekers have located the mythical place in the mid-Atlantic, Cuba, the Andes, and dozens of other places. Some have equated ancient Thera with Atlantis. Thera is a volcanic Greek island in the Aegean Sea that was devastated by a volcanic eruption in 1625 BCE. Until then it had been associated with the <a href="http://projectsx.dartmouth.edu/history/bronze_age/">Minoan civilization on Crete</a>. </font> </p> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3">To many, however, Atlantis is not just a lost continent. It is a lost world. The Atlanteans were extraterrestrials who destroyed themselves with nuclear bombs or some other extraordinarily powerful device. Atlantis was a place of advanced civilization and technology. Lewis Spence, a Scottish mythologist who used "inspiration" instead of scientific methods, attributes Cro-Magnon cave paintings in Europe to displaced Atlanteans (Feder, 130). Helena Blavatsky and the <a HREF="theosoph.html">theosophists</a> of the late 19th century invented the notion that the Atlanteans had invented airplanes and explosives and grew extraterrestrial wheat. <a name="churchward" id="churchward"></a>The theosophists and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Churchward">James Churchward</a> also invented <i>Mu</i>, a lost continent in the Pacific Ocean. Psychic healer <a HREF="cayce.html">Edgar Cayce</a> claimed to have had psychic knowledge of Atlantean texts which assisted him in his prophecies and cures. J.Z. Knight claims that <a HREF="channel.html">Ramtha</a><b>, </b>the spirit she channels, is from Atlantis. </font> </p> <p> <img border="0" src="graphics/donnelly.gif" align="left" hspace="5" vspace="5" alt="Ignatius Donnelly" width="175" height="218">The serious investigator of the myth of Atlantis must read Ignatius Donnelly's <i>Atlantis: the Antediluvian World </i>(1882). In the spirit of <a HREF="vondanik.html">von D盲niken</a>, <a HREF="velikov.html">Velikovsky</a> and <a HREF="sitchin.html">Sitchin</a>, Donnelly ignored <a href="http://www.activemind.com/Mysterious/Topics/Atlantis/timaeus_and_critias.html">Plato's myth </a>and replaced it with a variation on the Biblical myth of the flood that wiped out everything except Noah, his family, and his menagerie. He wrote that Atlantis was sunk in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean during The Flood, but before the cataclysm Atlantis had given rise to the Egyptian and Mayan civilizations and to blue-eyed, red-haired Aryans of Ireland. </p> <blockquote> <p>Donnelly's theories about the location of Atlantis as a large land mass in the Atlantic Ocean and its destruction by sinking were eventually discarded with the advent of plate tectonics in the late 1960s. However, they fueled the imagination of many individuals, among them <a href="theosoph.html">Helena Blavatsky</a>, <a href="steiner.html">Rudolf Steiner</a>, <a href="#churchward">James Churchward</a>,<a href="cayce.html"> Edgar Cayce</a>, and <a href="#hancock">Graham Hancock</a>. The themes in his book are echoed by the plot of the 2009 film <a href="maya.html">2012</a> directed by Roland Emmerich.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignatius_Donnelly#Political_and_literary_career">*</a></p> </blockquote> <p align="left">Donnelly also promoted the idea that Francis Bacon wrote not only the works of Shakespeare, but Montaigne's <em>Essays</em> as well. (For good measure, Donnelly also credited Bacon with Robert Burton's <em>Anatomy of Melancholy</em> and all of Christopher Marlowe's work. See Sarah Bakewell's wonderful book on Montaigne for more about Donnelly's fantasies: <em>How to Live, or A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer</em>.)</p> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3">Much of the popularity of the myth of Atlantis, however, must go to popular writers such J.V. Luce (<i>The End of Atlantis</i>, 1970) and Charles Berlitz, the man who popularized the Bermuda Triangle and the discovery of Noah's Ark. His <i>Doomsday, 1999 A.D.</i> (1981) comes complete with maps of Atlantis and drawings by J. Manson Valentine. <a name="hancock" id="hancock"></a><a href="http://www.grahamhancock.com/">Graham Hancock</a> is doing much to keep alive this tradition of "alternative" and "speculative" history and archaeology which seeks a single source for ancient civilizations. <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/atlantisrebornagain.shtml">Scientists and the BBC</a> don't think too highly of Mr. Hancock's efforts. </font> </p> <h2 align="center">Atlantis and the aliens</h2> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3">These "alternative" archaeologists have credited the Atlanteans with teaching the Egyptians and the Mesoamericans how to build pyramids and how to write, etc., arguing similarly to <a HREF="vondanik.html">von D盲niken</a> that ancient civilizations burst on the scene in a variety of different places on earth and have a common source. Atlanteans or aliens, either way the case can be made for a common source for ancient civilizations only if one selectively ignores the gradual and lengthy development of those societies. One must also ignore that the writing of the Egyptians is no clue to the writing of the Mayans, or vice-versa, and that the purpose of their pyramids was quite different. The Mesoamericans rarely buried anyone in their pyramids; they were primarily for religious rituals and sacrifices. The Egyptians used pyramids exclusively for tombs or monuments over tombs. Why would the aliens or Atlanteans not teach the same writing techniques to the two cultures? And why teach step building in Mesoamerica, a technique not favored by the Egyptians? If you ignore the failures of the early pyramid builders and ignore their obvious development over time, including the development of underground tombs with several chambers, then you might be able to persuade uncritical minds that Giza couldn't have occurred without alien intervention. </font> </p> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3">Finally, one should wonder, I suppose, if the Atlanteans were such technological geniuses who shared their wisdom with the world, why did Plato depict them as arrogant warmongers? </font> </p> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3">Unfortunately for the New Age Atlanteans, there is no credible and convincing archaeological or geological evidence for either Atlantis or Mu. That has not stopped hundreds of people from concocting theories to the contrary. To paraphrase Whitehead, the belief in Atlantis, the ancient and great civilization, is another footnote to Plato. </font> </p> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b>See also</b> <a href="http://skepdic.com/refuge/altscience.html">alternative science</a>, <a href="http://skepdic.com/selectiv.html"></a><a href="http://skepdic.com/confirmbias.html">confirmation bias</a>, <a href="http://skepdic.com/pseudosc.html">pseudoscience</a>, <a href="http://skepdic.com/selectiv.html">selective thinking</a>, <a href="http://skepdic.com/selfdeception.html">self-deception</a>, any entry listed in <a href="http://skepdic.com/tinewage.html">New Age Nirvana</a>, or <a href="refuge/funk22.html#atlantis">Mass Media Funk 22. </a> </font> </p> <hr width="25%" align="left" noshade> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b><a HREF="comments/atlantcom.html">reader comments</a></b> </font> </p> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><b>further reading</b> </font> </p> <p><strong>books and articles</strong></p> <p align="left"><font size="3" face="Arial"><i>Atlantis</i></font><font size="3" face="Arial">, edited by Isaac Asimov, Martin H. Greenberg, and Charles G. Waugh (New York: New American Library, 1988). </font> </p> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3">de Camp, L. Sprague, <i>Lost Continents: the Atlantis Theme</i> (New York: Ballantine, 1975). </font> </p> <p align="left"> <font face="Arial" size="3"> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0375705821/roberttoddcarrolA/">Ellis, Richard. <i>Imagining Atlantis </i>(New York: Knopf, 1998).</a> </font> </p> <p align="left"> <font face="Arial" size="3"> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0415305934/roberttoddcarrolA/"> Fagan, Garrett G. <i>2006. Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public. </i>Routledge.</a></font></p> <p align="left"> <font face="Arial" size="3"> <a href="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=076742722X/roberttoddcarrolA/">Feder, Kenneth L. <i>Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries.</i> 4th ed. ch. 8, (Mountain View, California: Mayfield Publishing Co., 2001).</a> </font> </p> <p align="left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a HREF="http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0486203948/roberttoddcarrolA/">Gardner, Martin. <i>Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</i> (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1957), ch. 14.</a> </font> <p align="left"><b><font size="3">websites</font></b></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20060428063353/http:/www.parascope.com/en/bermuda2.htm">A Brief History of the Lost Continent </a>by D. Trull</font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"> <a href="http://web.archive.org/web/20021017121450/http:/www.intersurf.com/~chalcedony/wildside.shtml">The Wild Side of Geoarchaeology Page</a> by Paul Heinrich</font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/mom/atlantis.html">The Mysterious Origins of Man: Atlantis, Mammoths, and Crustal Shift </a>by Paul Heinrich</font></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <font face="Arial" size="3"> <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/1999/atlantisuncovered.shtml">Atlantis Uncovered - BBC Horizon (Oct 28,1999)</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"> <font face="Arial" size="3"> <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/atlantisrebornagain.shtml"> Atlantis Reborn - BBC Horizon (Dec 14, 2000)</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a href="http://www.ramtops.co.uk/">Archaeological/Skeptical Resources, Critiques of cult archaeology, Roman Britain links</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font face="Arial" size="3"><a href="http://www.csicop.org/sb/2001-09/atlantis.html">Atlantis: No way, No how, No where</a> Kevin Christopher</font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><b><font face="Arial" size="3">news stories</font></b></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font size="3" face="Arial"> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6568053.stm"> The wave that destroyed Atlantis</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font size="3" face="Arial"> <a href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,3-1360864,00.html">Atlantis discovered! This time it's under the sea off Cyprus</a> Nov 16, 2004</font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font size="3" face="Arial"> <a href="http://www.mythicalireland.com/ancientsites/tara/tara-atlantis.php">Atlantis is Ireland?</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font size="3" face="Arial"> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3766863.stm">Satellite images 'show Atlantis' [in Spain] by Paul Rincon BBC News June 6, 2004</a></font></p> <p style="text-align: left"><font size="3" face="Arial"> <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3227295.stm">Hunt for Lost City of Atlantis by Verity Murphy </a></font></p> <p></webContent>Last updated 20-Oct-2015 </p> <p> </p> <p></p> </div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="right_it"> <div class="search"> <form method="get" action="http://www.google.com/custom" target="_top"> <input type="hidden" name="domains" value="skepdic.com" /> <input type="text" name="q" maxlength="255" value="" size="20" /> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" /> <br /> <div class="search_2"> <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" value="" /> Web     <input type="radio" name="sitesearch" value="skepdic.com" checked="checked" /> Skepdic.com <br /> <img src="_images/logo_google.gif" alt="Google" width="48" height="19" /> </div> <input type="hidden" name="client" value="pub-3542920166946725" /> <input type="hidden" name="forid" value="1" /> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1" /> <input type="hidden" name="oe" value="ISO-8859-1" /> <input type="hidden" name="cof" value="GALT:#008000;GL:1;DIV:#336699;VLC:663399;AH:center;BGC:FFFFFF;LBGC:336699;ALC:0000FF;LC:0000FF;T:000000;GFNT:0000FF;GIMP:0000FF;FORID:1;" /> <input type="hidden" name="hl" value="en" /> </form> </div> <div class="adrt"> <p><a href="http://sd4kids.skepdic.com/atlantis.html">Atlantis in Mysteries and Science for Kids </a></p> </div> <div class="center"> <p align="right"><a href="http://skepdic.com/authorpage.html"><strong>Books by R. 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